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Ametrano A, Picchietti S, Guerra L, Giacomelli S, Oreste U, Coscia MR. Comparative Analysis of the pIgR Gene from the Antarctic Teleost Trematomus bernacchii Reveals Distinctive Features of Cold-Adapted Notothenioidei. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147783. [PMID: 35887127 PMCID: PMC9321927 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The IgM and IgT classes were previously identified and characterized in the Antarctic teleost Trematomus bernacchii, a species belonging to the Perciform suborder Notothenoidei. Herein, we characterized the gene encoding the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) in the same species and compared it to the pIgR of multiple teleost species belonging to five perciform suborders, including 11 Antarctic and 1 non-Antarctic (Cottoperca gobio) notothenioid species, the latter living in the less-cold peri-Antarctic sea. Antarctic pIgR genes displayed particularly long introns marked by sites of transposable elements and transcription factors. Furthermore, analysis of T. bernacchii pIgR cDNA unveiled multiple amino acid substitutions unique to the Antarctic species, all introducing adaptive features, including N-glycosylation sequons. Interestingly, C. gobio shared most features with the other perciforms rather than with the cold-adapted relatives. T. bernacchii pIgR transcripts were predominantly expressed in mucosal tissues, as indicated by q-PCR and in situ hybridization analysis. These results suggest that in cold-adapted species, pIgR preserved its fundamental role in mucosal immune defense, although remarkable gene structure modifications occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Ametrano
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.A.); (S.G.); (U.O.)
| | - Simona Picchietti
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (S.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Laura Guerra
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (S.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Stefano Giacomelli
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.A.); (S.G.); (U.O.)
| | - Umberto Oreste
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.A.); (S.G.); (U.O.)
| | - Maria Rosaria Coscia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.A.); (S.G.); (U.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-6132556
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2
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Bunnoy A, Na-Nakorn U, Srisapoome P. Mystifying Molecular Structure, Expression and Repertoire Diversity of IgM Heavy Chain Genes (Ighμ) in Clarias Catfish and Hybrids: Two Novel Transcripts in Vertebrates. Front Immunol 2022; 13:884434. [PMID: 35784299 PMCID: PMC9247300 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.884434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two novel immunoglobulin heavy chain (Ighμ) transcripts encoding membrane-bound forms of IgM (mIgM) were discovered in bighead catfish, Clarias macrocephalus. The first transcript contains four constant and two transmembrane domains [Cμ1-Cμ2-Cμ3-Cμ4-TM1-TM2] that have never been reported in teleosts, and the second transcript is an unusual mIgM that has never been identified in any vertebrate [Cμ1-(Cδ2-Cδ3-Cδ4-Cδ5)-Cμ2-Cμ3-TM1-TM2]. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in bighead catfish, North African catfish (C. gariepinus) and hybrid catfish revealed a single copy of Ighμ in individual parent catfish, while two gene copies were found in diploid hybrid catfish. Intensive sequence analysis demonstrated multiple distinct structural variabilities in the VH domain in Clarias, and hybrid catfish were defined and used to generate diversity with various mechanisms. Expression analysis of Ighμ in Aeromonas hydrophila infection of the head kidney, peripheral blood leukocytes and spleen revealed significantly higher levels in North African catfish and hybrid catfish than in bighead catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurak Bunnoy
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Uthairat Na-Nakorn
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Genetics, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prapansak Srisapoome
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Prapansak Srisapoome,
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3
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Ametrano A, Coscia MR. Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of Immunoglobulin Genes from Antarctic Fish by PCR Methods. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2498:351-362. [PMID: 35727556 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2313-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We describe different applications of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to amplify up to 2.5-kb DNA regions of the immunoglobulin genes from Antarctic teleost fishes and to evaluate their expression in different tissues. To enhance amplification of poorly expressed transcripts or difficult to amplify, for example, products generated by 5' or 3' RACE, we have set up optimal primer annealing conditions based on a three-step cycle strategy.The protocols reported here along with materials required and general tips are modifications of conventional PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Ametrano
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology-National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Coscia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology-National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy.
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4
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Ametrano A, Gerdol M, Vitale M, Greco S, Oreste U, Coscia MR. The evolutionary puzzle solution for the origins of the partial loss of the Cτ2 exon in notothenioid fishes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 116:124-139. [PMID: 34038801 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cryonotothenioidea is the main group of fishes that thrive in the extremely cold Antarctic environment, thanks to the acquisition of peculiar morphological, physiological and molecular adaptations. We have previously disclosed that IgM, the main immunoglobulin isotype in teleosts, display typical cold-adapted features. Recently, we have analyzed the gene encoding the heavy chain constant region (CH) of the IgT isotype from the Antarctic teleost Trematomus bernacchii (family Nototheniidae), characterized by the near-complete deletion of the CH2 domain. Here, we aimed to track the loss of the CH2 domain along notothenioid phylogeny and to identify its ancestral origins. To this end, we obtained the IgT gene sequences from several species belonging to the Antarctic families Nototheniidae, Bathydraconidae and Artedidraconidae. All species display a CH2 remnant of variable size, encoded by a short Cτ2 exon, which retains functional splicing sites and therefore is included in the mature transcript. We also considered representative species from the three non-Antarctic families: Eleginopsioidea (Eleginops maclovinus), Pseudaphritioidea (Pseudaphritis urvillii) and Bovichtidae (Bovichtus diacanthus and Cottoperca gobio). Even though only E. maclovinus, the sister taxa of Cryonotothenioidea, shared the partial loss of Cτ2, the other non-Antarctic notothenioid species displayed early molecular signatures of this event. These results shed light on the evolutionary path that underlies the origins of this remarkable gene structural modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Ametrano
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology - National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy; Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Marco Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria Vitale
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology - National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Samuele Greco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Umberto Oreste
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology - National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Coscia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology - National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy.
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5
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Dara M, Giulianini PG, Manfrin C, Parisi MG, Parrinello D, La Corte C, Vasta GR, Cammarata M. F-type lectin from serum of the Antarctic teleost fish Trematomus bernacchii (Boulenger, 1902): Purification, structural characterization, and bacterial agglutinating activity. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 256:110633. [PMID: 34126205 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The increasing availability of sequenced genomes has enabled a deeper understanding of the complexity of fish lectin repertoires involved in early development and immune recognition. The teleost fucose-type lectin (FTL) family includes proteins that preferentially bind fucose and display tandemly arrayed carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs) or are found in mosaic combinations with other domains. They function as opsonins, promoting phagocytosis and the clearance of microbial pathogens. The Antarctic fish Trematomus bernacchii is a Perciforme living at extremely low temperatures (-1.68 °C) which is considered a model for studying adaptability to the variability of environmental waters. Here, we isolated a Ca++-independent fucose-binding protein from the serum of T. bernacchii by affinity chromatography with apparent molecular weights of 32 and 30 kDa under reducing and non-reducing conditions, respectively. We have characterized its carbohydrate binding properties, thermal stability and potential ability to recognize bacterial pathogens. In western blot analysis, the protein showed intense cross-reactivity with antibodies specific for a sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fucose-binding lectin. In addition, its molecular and structural aspects, showing that it contains two CRD-FTLs confirmed that T. bernacchii FTL (TbFTL) is a bona fide member of the FTL family, with binding activity at low temperatures and the ability to agglutinate bacteria, thereby suggesting it participates in host-pathogen interactions in low temperature environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Dara
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | | | - Chiara Manfrin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Building Q - room 306, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Maria Giovanna Parisi
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Daniela Parrinello
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Claudia La Corte
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Gerardo R Vasta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, UMB, IMET, Suite 236, Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
| | - Matteo Cammarata
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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6
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Oreste U, Ametrano A, Coscia MR. On Origin and Evolution of the Antibody Molecule. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020140. [PMID: 33578914 PMCID: PMC7916673 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Like many other molecules playing vital functions in animals, the antibody molecule possesses a complex structure with distinctive features. The structure of the basic unit, i.e., the immunoglobulin domain of very ancient origin is substantially simple. However, high complexity resides in the types and numbers of the domains composing the whole molecule. The emergence of the antibody molecule during evolution overturned the effectiveness of the organisms’ defense system. The particular organization of the coding genes, the mechanisms generating antibody diversity, and the plasticity of the overall protein structure, attest to an extraordinary successful evolutionary history. Here, we attempt to trace, across the evolutionary scale, the very early origins of the most significant features characterizing the structure of the antibody molecule and of the molecular mechanisms underlying its major role in recognizing an almost unlimited number of pathogens. Abstract The vertebrate immune system provides a powerful defense because of the ability to potentially recognize an unlimited number of pathogens. The antibody molecule, also termed immunoglobulin (Ig) is one of the major mediators of the immune response. It is built up from two types of Ig domains: the variable domain, which provides the capability to recognize and bind a potentially infinite range of foreign substances, and the constant domains, which exert the effector functions. In the last 20 years, advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and structural features of antibody in mammals and in a variety of other organisms have uncovered the underlying principles and complexity of this fundamental molecule. One notable evolutionary topic is the origin and evolution of antibody. Many aspects have been clearly stated, but some others remain limited or obscure. By considering a wide range of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms through a literature survey about the topic, we have provided an integrated view of the emergence of antibodies in evolution and underlined the very ancient origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Oreste
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (U.O.); (A.A.)
| | - Alessia Ametrano
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (U.O.); (A.A.)
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Coscia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (U.O.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-6132556
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7
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Bilal S, Etayo A, Hordvik I. Immunoglobulins in teleosts. Immunogenetics 2021; 73:65-77. [PMID: 33439286 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-020-01195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins are glycoproteins which are produced as membrane-bound receptors on B-cells or in a secreted form, known as antibodies. In teleosts, three immunoglobulin isotypes, IgM, IgT, and IgD, are present, each comprising two identical heavy and two identical light polypeptide chains. The basic mechanisms for generation of immunoglobulin diversity are similar in teleosts and higher vertebrates. The B-cell pre-immune repertoire is diversified by VDJ recombination, junctional flexibility, addition of nucleotides, and combinatorial association of light and heavy chains, while the post-immune repertoire undergoes somatic hypermutation during clonal expansion. Typically, the teleost immunoglobulin heavy chain gene complex has a modified translocon arrangement where the Dτ-Jτ-Cτ cluster of IgT is generally located between the variable heavy chain (VH) region and the Dμ/δ-Jμ/δ-Cμ-Cδ gene segments, or within the set of VH gene segments. However, multiple genome duplication and deletion events and loss of some individual genes through evolution has complicated the IgH gene organization. The IgH gene arrangement allows the expression of either IgT or IgM/IgD. Alternative splicing is responsible for the regulation of IgM/IgD expression and the secreted versus transmembrane forms of IgT, IgD, and IgM. The overall structure of IgM and IgT is usually conserved across species, whereas IgD has a large variety of structures. IgM is the main effector molecule in both systemic and mucosal immunity and shows a broad range of concentrations in different teleost species. Although IgM is usually present in higher concentrations under normal conditions, IgT is considered the main mucosal Ig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaira Bilal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Angela Etayo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ivar Hordvik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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8
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Development of a Monoclonal Antibody Specific to the IgM Heavy Chain of Bighead Catfish ( Clarias macrocephalus): A Biomolecular Tool for the Detection and Quantification of IgM Molecules and IgM + Cells in Clarias Catfish. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040567. [PMID: 32272764 PMCID: PMC7226592 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Catfish is a commonly-cultivated freshwater fish in Thailand and many Southeast Asian countries. The molecular data obtained for the IgM heavy chain (IgMH) of catfish have been useful for distinguishing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). A mAb specific to Cμ1 of the IgMH of catfish (IgMHCμ1 mAb) was developed in a rabbit model using sequence information from bighead catfish (Clarias macrocephalus). The IgMHCμ1 mAb strongly recognized the IgM heavy chain of the tested catfish, namely, bighead catfish, African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and their hybrid (C. macrocephalus × C. gariepinus), in immunological Western blot analysis and competitive ELISAs. Additionally, the IgMHCμ1 mAb successfully recognized IgM+ cells by detecting IgM molecules in both secreted and membrane-bound forms in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs). The IgMHCμ1 mAb was further used to quantify the percentage of IgM+ cells among PBLs through flow cytophotometry. The IgM+ cell percentages of healthy bighead catfish, African catfish and their hybrid were 38.0–39.9%, 45.6–53.2%, and 58.7–60.0%, respectively. Furthermore, the IgMHCμ1 mAb showed no cross-reactivity with the IgM of zebrafish. These findings suggest that this mAb can be used as an immunological tool for monitoring the health, immune status, and immune development of cultivated Clarias catfish.
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9
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New insights into evolution of IgT genes coming from Antarctic teleosts. Mar Genomics 2015; 24 Pt 1:55-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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10
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Melillo D, Varriale S, Giacomelli S, Natale L, Bargelloni L, Oreste U, Pinto MR, Coscia MR. Evolution of the complement system C3 gene in Antarctic teleosts. Mol Immunol 2015; 66:299-309. [PMID: 25909494 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.03.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Notothenioidei are typical Antarctic teleosts evolved to adapt to the very low temperatures of the Antarctic seas. Aim of the present paper is to investigate sequence and structure of C3, the third component of the complement system of the notothenioid Trematomus bernacchii and Chionodraco hamatus. We determined the complete nucleotide sequence of two C3 isoforms of T. bernacchii and a single C3 isoform of C. hamatus. These sequences were aligned against other homologous teleost sequences to check for the presence of diversifying selection. Evidence for positive selection was observed in the evolutionary lineage of Antarctic teleost C3 sequences, especially in that of C. hamatus, the most recently diverged species. Adaptive selection affected numerous amino acid positions including three residues located in the anaphylatoxin domain. In an attempt to evaluate the link between sequence variants and specific structural features, we constructed molecular models of Antarctic teleost C3s, of their proteolytic fragments C3b and C3a, and of the corresponding molecules of the phylogenetically related temperate species Epinephelus coioides, using human crystallographic structures as templates. Subsequently, we compared dynamic features of these models by molecular dynamics simulations and found that the Antarctic C3s models show higher flexibility, which likely allows for more pronounced movements of both the TED domain in C3b and the carboxyl-terminal region of C3a. As such dynamic features are associated to positively selected sites, it appears that Antarctic teleost C3 molecules positively evolved toward an increased flexibility, to cope with low kinetic energy levels of the Antarctic marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Melillo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli (SZN), Italy
| | - Sonia Varriale
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefano Giacomelli
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Lenina Natale
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli (SZN), Italy
| | - Luca Bargelloni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Umberto Oreste
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Pinto
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli (SZN), Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Coscia
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
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11
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Coscia MR, Simoniello P, Giacomelli S, Oreste U, Motta CM. Investigation of immunoglobulins in skin of the Antarctic teleost Trematomus bernacchii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 39:206-214. [PMID: 24821425 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The presence and production of IgM in the skin of the Antarctic teleost Trematomus bernacchii were investigated in this study. Immunoglobulins purified from cutaneous mucus and analysed by SDS-PAGE run under non-reducing and reducing conditions, were composed of heavy and light chains of 78 kDa and 25 kDa respectively, with a relative molecular mass of 830 kDa indicating that mucus IgM are tetramers as the serum IgM. Mature transcripts encoding the constant domains of both the secretory and membrane-bound Igμ chain were seen in T. bernacchii skin using a PCR strategy and the expression of the secretory Igμ chain in the skin was compared with that in other tissues by Real-time PCR. Cytological investigations revealed the presence of either immunoglobulins or their transcripts in occasional lymphocytes distributed close to the basal membrane. IgM once produced here, enters the filament-containing cells and is released into the mucus when these cells degenerate and detach from the epidermis. Our findings indicate that a cutaneous defence mechanism, functioning as anatomical and physiological barrier under subzero conditions, is present in this Antarctic species as an important component of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Coscia
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, CNR, via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Palma Simoniello
- Department of Biological Science, University of Naples Federico II, via Mezzocannone 8, 80134 Naples, Italy; GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstrasse 1, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefano Giacomelli
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, CNR, via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Umberto Oreste
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, CNR, via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Maria Motta
- Department of Biological Science, University of Naples Federico II, via Mezzocannone 8, 80134 Naples, Italy
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12
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Fillatreau S, Six A, Magadan S, Castro R, Sunyer JO, Boudinot P. The astonishing diversity of Ig classes and B cell repertoires in teleost fish. Front Immunol 2013; 4:28. [PMID: 23408183 PMCID: PMC3570791 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With lymphoid tissue anatomy different than mammals, and diverse adaptations to all aquatic environments, fish constitute a fascinating group of vertebrate to study the biology of B cell repertoires in a comparative perspective. Fish B lymphocytes express immunoglobulin (Ig) on their surface and secrete antigen-specific antibodies in response to immune challenges. Three antibody classes have been identified in fish, namely IgM, IgD, and IgT, while IgG, IgA, and IgE are absent. IgM and IgD have been found in all fish species analyzed, and thus seem to be primordial antibody classes. IgM and IgD are normally co-expressed from the same mRNA through alternative splicing, as in mammals. Tetrameric IgM is the main antibody class found in serum. Some species of fish also have IgT, which seems to exist only in fish and is specialized in mucosal immunity. IgM/IgD and IgT are expressed by two different sub-populations of B cells. The tools available to investigate B cell responses at the cellular level in fish are limited, but the progress of fish genomics has started to unravel a rich diversity of IgH and immunoglobulin light chain locus organization, which might be related to the succession of genome remodelings that occurred during fish evolution. Moreover, the development of deep sequencing techniques has allowed the investigation of the global features of the expressed fish B cell repertoires in zebrafish and rainbow trout, in steady state or after infection. This review provides a description of the organization of fish Ig loci, with a particular emphasis on their heterogeneity between species, and presents recent data on the structure of the expressed Ig repertoire in healthy and infected fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Fillatreau
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Leibniz Institute Berlin, Germany
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13
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Immunoglobulin from Antarctic fish species of Rajidae family. Mar Genomics 2012; 5:35-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Coscia MR, Varriale S, Giacomelli S, Oreste U. Antarctic teleost immunoglobulins: more extreme, more interesting. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:688-696. [PMID: 21044686 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the immunoglobulin molecule and the genes encoding it in teleosts living in the Antarctic seas at the constant temperature of -1.86 °C. The majority of Antarctic teleosts belong to the suborder Notothenioidei (Perciformes), which includes only a few non-Antarctic species. Twenty-one Antarctic and two non-Antarctic Notothenioid species were included in our studies. We sequenced immunoglobulin light chains in two species and μ heavy chains, partially or totally, in twenty species. In the case of heavy chain, genomic DNA and the cDNA encoding the secreted and the membrane form were analyzed. From one species, Trematomus bernacchii, a spleen cDNA library was constructed to evaluate the diversity of VH gene segments. T. bernacchii IgM, purified from the serum and bile, was characterized. Homology Modelling and Molecular Dynamics were used to determine the molecular structure of T. bernacchii and Chionodraco hamatus immunoglobulin domains. This paper sums up the previous results and broadens them with the addition of unpublished data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Coscia
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Quiniou SMA, Wilson M, Boudinot P. Processing of fish Ig heavy chain transcripts: diverse splicing patterns and unusual nonsense mediated decay. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:949-58. [PMID: 21168434 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
While the diversification of the antigen-binding sites is realized by genomic VDJ rearrangements during B cell differentiation, different forms of immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy (H) chains can be produced through multiple splicing pathways. In most vertebrates, the secreted (S) and membrane (Mb) forms of IgM chain are created by alternative splicing through usage of a cryptic splice site in Cμ4 allowing the junction to the TM exon. The processing pattern for Igμ is different in teleosts, which generally use the Cμ3 donor site instead. In ancient fish lineages, multiple unusual splicing patterns were found for Ig H chain, involving donor sites that do not always follow the classical consensus. The production of IgD versus IgM H chains seems to be generally realized by alternative splicing in all vertebrates, but typical teleost IgD H chains are chimeric and contains a Cμ1 domain. Together, these observations raise questions on how different fish regulate RNA splicing and if their splicing machinery is especially complex. A preliminary scan of the zebrafish and stickleback genomes provides evidence that gene orthologs to the mammalian main splice factors are highly conserved as single copy genes, while the snRNPs U repertoire may be different and may explain other particular features of RNA processing in fish.
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Hikima JI, Jung TS, Aoki T. Immunoglobulin genes and their transcriptional control in teleosts. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:924-936. [PMID: 21078341 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig), which exists only in jawed vertebrates, is one of the most important molecules in adaptive immunity. In the last two decades, many teleost Ig genes have been identified by in silico data mining from the enormous gene and EST databases of many fish species. In this review, the organization of Ig gene segments, the expressed Ig isotypes and their transcriptional controls are discussed. The Ig heavy chain (IgH) locus in teleosts encodes the variable (V), the diversity (D), the joining (J) segments and three different isotypic constant (C) regions including Cμ, Cδ, and Cζ/τ genes, and is organized as a "translocon" type like the IgH loci of higher vertebrates. In contrast, the Ig light (L) chain locus is arranged in a "multicluster" or repeating set of VL, JL, and CL segments. The IgL chains have four isotypes; two κ L1/G and L3/F), σ (L2) and λ. The transcription of IgH genes in teleosts is regulated by a VH promoter and the Eμ3' enhancer, which both function in a B cell-specific manner. The location of the IgH locus, structure and transcriptional function of the Eμ3' enhancer are important to our understanding of the evolutional changes that have occurred in the IgH gene locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Hikima
- Aquatic Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, South Korea
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Magadán-Mompó S, Sánchez-Espinel C, Gambón-Deza F. Immunoglobulin heavy chains in medaka (Oryzias latipes). BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:165. [PMID: 21676244 PMCID: PMC3141427 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bony fish present an immunological system, which evolved independently from those of animals that migrated to land 400 million years ago. The publication of whole genome sequences and the availability of several cDNA libraries for medaka (Oryzias latipes) permitted us to perform a thorough analysis of immunoglobulin heavy chains present in this teleost. RESULTS We identified IgM and IgD coding ESTs, mainly in spleen, kidney and gills using published cDNA libraries but we did not find any sequence that coded for IgT or other heavy chain isotypes described in fish. The IgM - ESTs corresponded with the secreted and membrane forms and surprisingly, the latter form only presented two constant heavy chain domains. This is the first time that this short form of membrane IgM is described in a teleost. It is different from that identified in Notothenioid teleost because it does not present the typical splicing pattern of membrane IgM. The identified IgD-ESTs only present membrane transcripts, with Cμ1 and five Cδ exons. Furthermore, there are ESTs with sequences that do not have any VH which disrupt open reading frames. A scan of the medaka genome using transcripts and genomic short reads resulted in five zones within a region on chromosome 8 with Cμ and Cδ exons. Some of these exons do not form part of antibodies and were at times interspersed, suggesting a recombination process between zones. An analysis of the ESTs confirmed that no antibodies are expressed from zone 3. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the IGH locus duplication is very common among teleosts, wherein the existence of a recombination process explains the sequence homology between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Magadán-Mompó
- Oceanographic Center of Vigo, Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Christian Sánchez-Espinel
- Shared Unit of Immunology, University of Vigo - Vigo University Hospital Complex (Hospital Meixoeiro), Edificio de Ciencias Experimentales, Rua das Abeleiras, Campus As LagoasMarcosende, Vigo 36310, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Francisco Gambón-Deza
- Unidad de Inmunología, Hospital do Meixoeiro, Servizo Galego de Saude (SERGAS), Carretera de Madrid s/n, Vigo 36210, Pontevedra, Spain
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