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Sodré CFL, Macedo W, Feitosa LM, Sousa NSM, Carvalho-Neta RNF, Carvalho Costa LF, Nunes JLS, Tchaicka L. Molecular identification of sharks from the genus Sphyrna (Elasmobranchii: Chondrichthyes) in Maranhão Coast (Brazil). BRAZ J BIOL 2024; 84:e274862. [PMID: 38511772 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.274862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Sharks of the genus Sphyrna are under intense exploitation globally. In Brazil's northern coast, this genus represents a high proportion of fisheries landings and comprises four species. However, due to difficulty of specific identification when specimens are landed, most of the records are limited to the genus level. Here we analyzed the effectiveness of ITS2 (Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 of rDNA) fragment length protocol (Abercrombie et al., 2005) for identifying hammerhead shark species, comparing with the analysis of COI (Cytochrome oxidase subunit I) and ITS2 sequences. We evaluated samples of muscle tissue acquired in the main fishing ports of Maranhão: Carutapera, Raposa e Tutóia. Sampling was conducted between March 2017 to March 2018 and complemented with material deposited in collection (2015). COI results indicated the occurrence of endangered species which are prohibited to be landed. These include Sphyrna mokarran (67%), S. lewini (15%), S. tudes (3%), and S. tiburo (15%). For the ITS2 marker, we investigated the optimization of the protocol developed by Abercrombie (2005) for to improve the use in this geographical area througout design of a new primers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F L Sodré
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - W Macedo
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Aquáticos e Pesca, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - L M Feitosa
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Laboratório de Dinâmica de Populações Marinhas - DIMAR, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - N S M Sousa
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - R N F Carvalho-Neta
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, São Luís, MA, Brasil
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, Programa de Pos-graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia/BIONORTE, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - L F Carvalho Costa
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - J L S Nunes
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, Programa de Pos-graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia/BIONORTE, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - L Tchaicka
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, São Luís, MA, Brasil
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, Programa de Pos-graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia/BIONORTE, São Luís, MA, Brasil
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Byrum SR, Frazier BS, Grubbs RD, Naylor GJP, Fraser GJ. Embryonic development in the bonnethead (Sphyrna tiburo), a viviparous hammerhead shark. Dev Dyn 2024; 253:351-362. [PMID: 37767812 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hammerhead sharks (family Sphyrnidae) are an immediately recognizable group of sharks due to their unique head shape. Though there has long been an interest in hammerhead development, there are currently no explicit staging tables published for any members of the group. The bonnethead Sphyrna tiburo is the smallest member of Sphyrnidae and is abundant in estuarine and nearshore waters in the Gulf of Mexico and Western North Atlantic Ocean. Due to their relative abundance, close proximity to shore, and brief gestation period, it has been possible to collect and document multiple embryonic specimens at progressive stages of development. RESULTS We present the first comprehensive embryonic staging series for the Bonnethead, a viviparous hammerhead shark. Our stage series covers a period of development from stages that match the vertebrate phylotypic period, from Stage 23, through stages of morphological divergence to complete development at birth-Stage 35). Notably, we use a variety of techniques to document crucial stages that lead to their extreme craniofacial diversity, resulting in the formation of one of the most distinctive characters of any shark species, the cephalofoil or hammer-like head. CONCLUSION Documenting the development of hard-to-access vertebrates, like this viviparous shark species, offers important information about how new and diverse morphologies arise that otherwise may remain poorly studied. This work will serve as a platform for future comparative developmental research both within sharks and across the phylogeny of vertebrates, underpinning the extreme potential of craniofacial development and morphological diversity in vertebrate animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Byrum
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Bryan S Frazier
- South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - R Dean Grubbs
- Florida State University Coastal and Marine Laboratory, St. Teresa, Florida, USA
| | | | - Gareth J Fraser
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Ebersole JA, Kelosky AT, Huerta-Beltrán BL, Cicimurri DJ, Drymon JM. Observations on heterodonty within the dentition of the Atlantic Sharpnose Shark, Rhizoprionodon terraenovae (Richardson, 1836), from the north-central Gulf of Mexico, USA, with implications on the fossil record. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15142. [PMID: 37070096 PMCID: PMC10105564 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Atlantic Sharpnose Shark, Rhizoprionodon terraenovae (Richardson, 1836), is the most common small coastal requiem shark in the north-central Gulf of Mexico, USA. Despite this fact, little is known about the dental variation within this taxon. To help rectify this shortcoming, we examined 126 male and female R. terraenovae jaws sets across all maturity stages to document the various types of heterodonty occurring in the dentition of this taxon. Quantitative data gathered from a subset of our sample allowed for us to place teeth within the dentition of R. terraenovae into standardized upper and lower parasymphyseal/symphyseal, anterior lateral, and posterior tooth groups. As with all carcharhinid sharks, the dentition of R. terraenovae exhibits monognathic and dignathic heterodonty. We also observed significant ontogenetic heterodonty in the species, as the teeth and dentition progress through five generalized developmental stages as the shark matures. The ontogenetic development of serrations on the teeth appears to be closely related to documented dietary changes as the shark matures. Initial diets are comprised of high percentages of invertebrate prey like shrimp, crabs, and squid, but this transitions through ontogeny to a diet that is more reliant on fishes. We also provide the first documentation of gynandric heterodonty in mature male R. terraenovae, with development of these seasonal teeth likely enabling a male to grasp female sharks during copulation. Our analysis revealed a tremendous amount of variation in the dentition of R. terraenovae, which has direct implications on the taxonomy of fossil Rhizoprionodon. A comparison of the jaws in our sample to those of the extant species of Rhizoprionodon and the morphologically similar Loxodon, Scoliodon, and Sphyrna allowed us to formulate a list of generic-level characteristics to assist with the identification of isolated teeth. When applied to the fossil record, it is shown that some species previously assigned to Rhizoprionodon likely belong to one of the other aforementioned genera. The earliest occurrence of unequivocal Rhizoprionodon teeth in the fossil record are those of the Eocene †R. ganntourensis (Arambourg, 1952), the oldest records of which occur in early Ypresian deposits in Alabama and Mississippi, USA. The early Eocene occurrence of unequivocal fossil Rhizoprionodon teeth in Alabama predates the first occurrence of Negaprion, Galeocerdo, and Carcharhinus teeth in the state, supporting published molecular and morphological phylogenies positing a basal position for Rhizoprionodon within the Carcharhinidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun A. Ebersole
- Collections Department, McWane Science Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Abigail T. Kelosky
- Collections Department, McWane Science Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Bryan L. Huerta-Beltrán
- School of Biological, Environmental, and Earth Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, United States
| | - David J. Cicimurri
- Natural History Department, South Carolina State Museum, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - J. Marcus Drymon
- Coastal Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Biloxi, Mississippi, United States
- Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium, Ocean Springs, Mississippi, United States
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Dalrymple KM, de Buron I, Hill-Spanik KM, Galloway AS, Barker A, Portnoy DS, Frazier BS, Boeger WA. Hexabothriidae and Monocotylidae (Monogenoidea) from the gills of neonate hammerhead sharks (Sphyrnidae) Sphyrna gilberti, Sphyrna lewini and their hybrids from the western North Atlantic Ocean. Parasitology 2022; 149:1910-1927. [PMID: 35943055 PMCID: PMC11010515 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022001007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neonates of hammerhead sharks (Sphyrnidae), Sphyrna lewini (Griffith and Smith, 1834), the sympatric cryptic species, Sphyrna gilberti Quattro et al., 2013, and their hybrids were captured in the western North Atlantic, along the coast of South Carolina, USA, between 2018 and 2019 and examined for gill monogenoids. Parasites were identified and redescribed from the gills of 79 neonates, and DNA sequences from partial fragments of the nuclear 28S ribosomal RNA (rDNA) and cytochrome c oxidase I mitochondrial DNA (COI) genes were generated to confirm species identifications. Three species of monogenoids from Hexabothriidae Price, 1942 and Monocotylidae Taschenberg, 1879 were determined and redescribed. Two species of Hexabothriidae, Erpocotyle microstoma (Brooks, 1934) and Erpocotyle sphyrnae (MacCallum, 1931), infecting both species of Sphyrna and hybrids; and 1 species of Monocotylidae, Loimosina wilsoni Manter, 1944, infecting only S. lewini and hybrids. Loimosina wilsoni 28S rDNA sequences matched those of Loimosina sp. from the southern coast of Brazil. Based on limited morphological analysis, Loimosina parawilsoni is likely a junior synonym of L. wilsoni. This is the first taxonomic study of monogenoids infecting S. gilberti and hybrids of S. gilberti and S. lewini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M. Dalrymple
- Laboratory of Biological Interactions, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81531-980, Brazil
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29424, USA
| | - Isaure de Buron
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29424, USA
| | | | - Ashley S. Galloway
- South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Marine Resources Research Institute, 217 Fort Johnson Drive, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Amanda Barker
- Marine Genomics Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
| | - David S. Portnoy
- Marine Genomics Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
| | - Bryan S. Frazier
- South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Marine Resources Research Institute, 217 Fort Johnson Drive, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Walter A. Boeger
- Laboratory of Biological Interactions, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81531-980, Brazil
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Gonzalez C, Postaire B, Domingues RR, Feldheim KA, Caballero S, Chapman D. Phylogeography and population genetics of the cryptic bonnethead shark Sphyrna aff. tiburo in Brazil and the Caribbean inferred from mtDNA markers. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:1899-1911. [PMID: 34476811 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Resolving the identity, phylogeny and distribution of cryptic species within species complexes is an essential precursor to management. The bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo, is a small coastal shark distributed in the Western Atlantic from North Carolina (U.S.A.) to southern Brazil. Genetic analyses based on mitochondrial markers revealed that bonnethead sharks comprise a species complex with at least two lineages in the Northwestern Atlantic and the Caribbean (S. tiburo and Sphyrna aff. tiburo, respectively). The phylogeographic and phylogenetic analysis of two mitochondrial markers [control region (mtCR) and cytochrome oxidase I (COI)] showed that bonnethead sharks from southeastern Brazil correspond to S. aff. tiburo, extending the distribution of this cryptic species >5000 km. Bonnethead shark populations are only managed in the U.S.A. and in the 2000s were considered to be regionally extinct or collapsed in southeast Brazil. The results indicate that there is significant genetic differentiation between S. aff. tiburo from Brazil and other populations from the Caribbean (ΦST = 0.9053, P < 0.000), which means that collapsed populations in the former are unlikely to be replenished from Caribbean immigration. The species identity of bonnethead sharks in the Southwest Atlantic and their relationship to North Atlantic and Caribbean populations still remains unresolved. Taxonomic revision and further sampling are required to reevaluate the status of the bonnethead shark complex through its distribution range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Gonzalez
- Predator Ecology and Conservation Lab, Biological Sciences Department, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33181, USA
| | - Bautisse Postaire
- Predator Ecology and Conservation Lab, Biological Sciences Department, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33181, USA
| | - Rodrigo R Domingues
- Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Instituto do Mar, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kevin A Feldheim
- Pritzker Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and Evolution, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Susana Caballero
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular de Vertebrados Acuáticos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Demian Chapman
- Predator Ecology and Conservation Lab, Biological Sciences Department, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33181, USA
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6
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Fahmi, Tibbetts IR, Bennett MB, Dudgeon CL. Delimiting cryptic species within the brown-banded bamboo shark, Chiloscyllium punctatum in the Indo-Australian region with mitochondrial DNA and genome-wide SNP approaches. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:121. [PMID: 34134613 PMCID: PMC8207608 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01852-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Delimiting cryptic species in elasmobranchs is a major challenge in modern taxonomy due the lack of available phenotypic features. Employing stand-alone genetics in splitting a cryptic species may prove problematic for further studies and for implementing conservation management. In this study, we examined mitochondrial DNA and genome-wide nuclear single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the brown-banded bambooshark, Chiloscyllium punctatum to evaluate potential cryptic species and the species-population boundary in the group. Results Both mtDNA and SNP analyses showed potential delimitation within C. punctatum from the Indo-Australian region and consisted of four operational taxonomic units (OTUs), i.e. those from Indo-Malay region, the west coast of Sumatra, Lesser Sunda region, and the Australian region. Each OTU can be interpreted differently depending on available supporting information, either based on biological, ecological or geographical data. We found that SNP data provided more robust results than mtDNA data in determining the boundary between population and cryptic species. Conclusion To split a cryptic species complex and erect new species based purely on the results of genetic analyses is not recommended. The designation of new species needs supportive diagnostic morphological characters that allow for species recognition, as an inability to recognise individuals in the field creates difficulties for future research, management for conservation and fisheries purposes. Moreover, we recommend that future studies use a comprehensive sampling regime that encompasses the full range of a species complex. This approach would increase the likelihood of identification of operational taxonomic units rather than resulting in an incorrect designation of new species. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-021-01852-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahmi
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia. .,Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jalan Pasir Putih I No. 1 Ancol, Jakarta, 14430, Indonesia.
| | - Ian R Tibbetts
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Michael B Bennett
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Christine L Dudgeon
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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But GWC, Wu HY, Shao KT, Shaw PC. Rapid detection of CITES-listed shark fin species by loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay with potential for field use. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4455. [PMID: 32157111 PMCID: PMC7064571 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Shark fin is a delicacy in many Asian countries. Overexploitation of sharks for shark fin trading has led to a drastic reduction in shark population. To monitor international trade of shark fin products and protect the endangered species from further population decline, we present rapid, user-friendly and sensitive diagnostic loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and effective polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for all twelve CITES-listed shark species. Species-specific LAMP and PCR primers were designed based on cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and NADH2 regions. Our LAMP and PCR assays have been tested on 291 samples from 93 shark and related species. Target shark species could be differentiated from non-target species within three hours from DNA extraction to LAMP assay. The LAMP assay reported here is a simple and robust solution for on-site detection of CITES-listed shark species with shark fin products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Wing-Chiu But
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Hoi-Yan Wu
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR.,Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Kwang-Tsao Shao
- Systematics and Biodiversity Information Division, Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pang-Chui Shaw
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR. .,Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR. .,Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR.
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8
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Gonzalez C, Gallagher AJ, Caballero S. Conservation genetics of the bonnethead shark Sphyrna tiburo in Bocas del Toro, Panama: Preliminary evidence of a unique stock. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220737. [PMID: 31415593 PMCID: PMC6695166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo, is a small elasmobranch distributed in the Eastern Pacific from southern California to Ecuador, and along the Western Atlantic, with preferences for continental margins of North, Central and South America, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean. Recent studies have suggested that it could be under a process of cryptic speciation, with the possibility to find different species in similar geographic locations. Here we assessed the population structure and genetic diversity of this highly philopatric and non-dispersive species in the Bocas del Toro Archipelago, Panama. Fragments of the mitochondrial genes cytochrome oxidase I and control region, were used to test the genetic structure of adult and juvenile S. tiburo in this area, and were compared with other locations of the Western Atlantic and Belize. We found significant genetic differentiation between Caribbean bonnethead sharks from Bocas del Toro and Belize, when compared to bonnetheads from other locations of the Western Atlantic. These results also suggest that Bocas del Toro could constitute a different genetic population unit for this species, whereby bonnethead sharks in this area could belong to a unique stock. The information obtained in this study could improve our understanding of the population dynamics of the bonnethead shark throughout its distribution range, and may be used as a baseline for future conservation initiatives for coastal sharks in Central America, a poorly studied an often overlooked region for shark conservation and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Gonzalez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular de Vertebrados Acuáticos—LEMVA, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Austin J. Gallagher
- Beneath the Waves Inc, Herndon, Virginia, United States of America
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama City, Republic of Panama
- Rosentiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Susana Caballero
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular de Vertebrados Acuáticos—LEMVA, Bogota, Colombia
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9
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Félix-López DG, Bolaño-Martinez N, Díaz-Jaimes P, Oñate-González EC, Ramírez-Pérez JS, García-Rodríguez E, Corro-Espinosa D, Osuna-Soto JE, Saavedra-Sotelo NC. Possible female philopatry of the smooth hammerhead shark Sphyrna zygaena revealed by genetic structure patterns. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2019; 94:671-679. [PMID: 30847921 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the spatial pattern of genetic structure of smooth hammerhead shark Sphyrna zygaena in 10 localities from the Northern Mexican Pacific. A total of 35 haplotypes were identified in 129 sequences of the mtDNA control region. The results showed slight but significant genetic structure among localities (ΦST = 0.044, P < 0.001). In addition, the localities with highest number of juveniles were genetically different (ΦST = 0.058, P < 0.024), which may be representative of nursery areas. The genetic differentiation pattern can be associated to female philopatry and preference for particular birthing sites. Finally, historical demography shows that S. zygaena populations present a recent demographic expansion that occurred during glacial events in the late Pleistocene to early Holocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela G Félix-López
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico
- Departamento de Oceanografía Biológica, Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Nataly Bolaño-Martinez
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Unidad CDMX, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Pindaro Díaz-Jaimes
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Unidad CDMX, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Erick C Oñate-González
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Jorge S Ramírez-Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Emiliano García-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Oceanografía Biológica, Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - David Corro-Espinosa
- Centro Regional de Investigación Pesquera, Instituto Nacional de Pesca, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Jesus E Osuna-Soto
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Nancy C Saavedra-Sotelo
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico
- Cátedras CONACYT, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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10
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Carrillo-Briceño JD, Carrillo JD, Aguilera OA, Sanchez-Villagra MR. Shark and ray diversity in the Tropical America (Neotropics)-an examination of environmental and historical factors affecting diversity. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5313. [PMID: 30042900 PMCID: PMC6055692 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the first comprehensive review of the present and past shark and ray diversity in marine waters of Tropical America, examining the patterns of distribution in the Eastern Central Pacific (EP) and Western Central Atlantic (WA) realms. We identified the major regions of diversity and of endemism, and explored the relations to physical variables. We found a strong relationship between shark and ray diversity with area and coastal length of each province. The Tropical Northwestern Atlantic Province is characterized by high diversity and greater occurrence of endemic species, suggesting this province as the hotspot of sharks and rays in Tropical America. The historical background for the current biogeography is explored and analyzed. Referential data from 67 geological units in 17 countries, from both shallow and deep-water habitats, across five time-clusters from the Miocene to the Pleistocene were studied. New data include 20 new assemblages from six countries. The most diverse Neogene and extant groups of shark and ray are Carcharhiniformes and Myliobatiformes, respectively. The differentiation between Pacific and Atlantic faunas goes to at least the middle Miocene, probably related with the increasing closure of the Central American Seaway acting as a barrier. The highest faunal similarity between the assemblages from the EP and the WA at the early Miocene could be related to the lack of a barrier back then, but increased sampling is needed to substantiate this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan D Carrillo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Orangel Antonio Aguilera
- Laboratorio de Paleoecologia Marinha e Mudanças Globais, Campus de Gragoatá, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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11
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Moreira RA, Gomes UL, de Carvalho MR. Systematic implications of the caudal fin skeletal anatomy in ground sharks, order Carcharhiniformes (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii). Zool J Linn Soc 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renan A Moreira
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ulisses L Gomes
- Laboratório de Taxonomia de Elasmobrânquios, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo R de Carvalho
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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12
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Hoffmann SL, Warren SM, Porter ME. Regional variation in undulatory kinematics of two hammerhead species: the bonnethead ( Sphyrna tiburo) and the scalloped hammerhead ( Sphyrna lewini). J Exp Biol 2017; 220:3336-3343. [PMID: 28705829 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.157941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hammerhead sharks (Sphyrnidae) exhibit a large amount of morphological variation within the family, making them the focus of many studies. The size of the laterally expanded head, or cephalofoil, is inversely correlated with pectoral fin area. The inverse relationship between cephalofoil and pectoral fin size in this family suggests that they might serve a complementary role in lift generation. The cephalofoil is also hypothesized to increase olfaction, electroreception and vision; however, little is known about how morphological variation impacts post-cranial swimming kinematics. Previous studies demonstrate that the bonnethead and scalloped hammerhead have significantly different yaw amplitude, and we hypothesized that these species utilize varied frequency and amplitude of undulation along the body. We analyzed video of free-swimming sharks to examine kinematics and 2D morphological variables of the bonnethead and scalloped hammerhead. We also examined the second moment of area along the length of the body and over a size range of animals to determine whether there were shape differences along the body of these species and whether those changed over ontogeny. We found that both species swim with the same standardized velocity and Strouhal number, but there was no correlation between two-dimensional morphology and swimming kinematics. However, the bonnethead has a dorso-ventrally compressed anterior trunk and undulates with greater amplitude, whereas the scalloped hammerhead has a laterally compressed anterior trunk and undulates with lower amplitude. We propose that differences in cross-sectional trunk morphology account for interspecific differences in undulatory amplitude. We also found that for both species, undulatory frequency is significantly greater in the anterior body compared with all other body regions. We hypothesize that the bonnethead and scalloped hammerhead swim with a double oscillation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Hoffmann
- Florida Atlantic University, Department of Biological Sciences, 777 Glades Rd, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Steven M Warren
- Florida Atlantic University, Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering, 777 Glades Rd, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Marianne E Porter
- Florida Atlantic University, Department of Biological Sciences, 777 Glades Rd, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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13
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Wallis GP, Cameron-Christie SR, Kennedy HL, Palmer G, Sanders TR, Winter DJ. Interspecific hybridization causes long-term phylogenetic discordance between nuclear and mitochondrial genomes in freshwater fishes. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:3116-3127. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graham P. Wallis
- Department of Zoology; University of Otago; PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Sophia R. Cameron-Christie
- Women's and Children's Health; Paediatrics & Child Health; Dunedin School of Medicine; University of Otago; PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Hannah L. Kennedy
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory; Canterbury Health Laboratories; PO Box 151 Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
- Department of Pathology; University of Otago; Riccarton Avenue PO Box 4345 Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Gemma Palmer
- Melbourne IVF; Suite 10 320 Victoria Parade East Melbourne Vic. 3002 Australia
| | - Tessa R. Sanders
- National Institutes of Health; 9000 Rockville Pike Bethesda MD 20892 USA
| | - David J. Winter
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences; Massey University; Private Bag 11 222 Palmerston North 4442 New Zealand
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14
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Fields AT, Feldheim KA, Gelsleichter J, Pfoertner C, Chapman DD. Population structure and cryptic speciation in bonnethead sharks Sphyrna tiburo in the south-eastern U.S.A. and Caribbean. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2016; 89:2219-2233. [PMID: 27600497 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Population structure and lineage diversification within a small, non-dispersive hammerhead shark species, the bonnethead shark Sphyrna tiburo, was assessed. Sphyrna tiburo is currently described as one continuously distributed species along the Atlantic continental margins of North, Central and South America, but recent genetic analysis of an insular population (Trinidad) suggests the possibility of cryptic speciation. To address this issue S. tiburo were sampled at six sites along c. 6200 km of continuous, continental coastline and from one island location (Grand Bahama) across a discontinuity in their distribution (the Straits of Florida), in order to test if they constitute a single lineage over this distribution. A total of 1030 bp of the mitochondrial control region (CR) was obtained for 239 S. tiburo, revealing 73 distinct haplotypes, high nucleotide diversity (0·01089) and a pair of highly divergent lineages estimated to have separated 3·61-5·62 million years ago. Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and nuclear internal transcribed spacer loci show the same pattern. Divergence is similar within S. tiburo to that observed between established elasmobranch sister species, providing further evidence of cryptic speciation. A global AMOVA based on CR confirms that genetic diversity is primarily partitioned among populations (ΦST = 0·828, P < 0·001) because the divergent lineages are almost perfectly segregated between Belize and North America-The Bahamas. An AMOVA consisting solely of the North American and Bahamian samples is also significantly different from zero (ΦST = 0·088, P < 0·001) and pairwise FST is significantly different between all sites. These findings suggest that S. tiburo comprises a species complex and supports previous research indicating fine population structure, which has implications for fisheries management and biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Fields
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, U.S.A..
| | - K A Feldheim
- Pritzker Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and Evolution, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, U.S.A
| | - J Gelsleichter
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, U.S.A
| | - C Pfoertner
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, U.S.A
| | - D D Chapman
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, U.S.A
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Great hammerhead sharks swim on their side to reduce transport costs. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12289. [PMID: 27457414 PMCID: PMC4963531 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals exhibit various physiological and behavioural strategies for minimizing travel costs. Fins of aquatic animals play key roles in efficient travel and, for sharks, the functions of dorsal and pectoral fins are considered well divided: the former assists propulsion and generates lateral hydrodynamic forces during turns and the latter generates vertical forces that offset sharks' negative buoyancy. Here we show that great hammerhead sharks drastically reconfigure the function of these structures, using an exaggerated dorsal fin to generate lift by swimming rolled on their side. Tagged wild sharks spend up to 90% of time swimming at roll angles between 50° and 75°, and hydrodynamic modelling shows that doing so reduces drag—and in turn, the cost of transport—by around 10% compared with traditional upright swimming. Employment of such a strongly selected feature for such a unique purpose raises interesting questions about evolutionary pathways to hydrodynamic adaptations, and our perception of form and function. Sharks' dorsal fins are thought to assist propulsion and turns while pectoral fins are thought to oppose sharks' negative buoyancy. Here, Payne and colleagues show that hammerhead sharks use an exaggerated dorsal fin to generate lift by swimming on their side.
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16
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Feutry P, Kyne PM, Chen X. The phylogenomic position of the Winghead Shark Eusphyra blochii (Carcharhiniformes, Sphyrnidae) inferred from the mitochondrial genome. MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B-RESOURCES 2016; 1:386-387. [PMID: 33473491 PMCID: PMC7800558 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2016.1172049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The complete mitogenome of the Winghead Shark Eusphyra blochii (Carcharhiniformes: Sphyrnidae) is determined in this study, which is 16,727 bp with a nucleotide base composition: 31.6% A, 25.7% C, 13.0% G and 29.7% T, containing 37 genes with the typical gene arrangement pattern and translate orientation in vertebrates. Two start codons (ATG and GTG) and two stop codons (TAG and TAA/T) are found in the protein-coding genes. The 22 tRNA genes range from 67 bp (tRNA-Cys and tRNA-Ser2) to 75 bp (tRNA-Leu1). The phylogenetic position showed that E. blochii clustered with the Sphyrna clade with strong posterior probability (100%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Feutry
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Peter M Kyne
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Xiao Chen
- Guangxi Key Lab for Mangrove Conservation and Utilization, Guangxi Mangrove Research Center, Beihai, PR China
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17
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Díaz-Jaimes P, Bayona-Vásquez NJ, Adams DH, Uribe-Alcocer M. Complete mitochondrial DNA genome of bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo, and phylogenetic relationships among main superorders of modern elasmobranchs. Meta Gene 2016; 7:48-55. [PMID: 27014583 PMCID: PMC4794228 DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Elasmobranchs are one of the most diverse groups in the marine realm represented by 18 orders, 55 families and about 1200 species reported, but also one of the most vulnerable to exploitation and to climate change. Phylogenetic relationships among main orders have been controversial since the emergence of the Hypnosqualean hypothesis by Shirai (1992) that considered batoids as a sister group of sharks. The use of the complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) may shed light to further validate this hypothesis by increasing the number of informative characters. We report the mtDNA genome of the bonnethead shark Sphyrna tiburo, and compare it with mitogenomes of other 48 species to assess phylogenetic relationships. The mtDNA genome of S. tiburo, is quite similar in size to that of congeneric species but also similar to the reported mtDNA genome of other Carcharhinidae species. Like most vertebrate mitochondrial genomes, it contained 13 protein coding genes, two rRNA genes and 22 tRNA genes and the control region of 1086 bp (D-loop). The Bayesian analysis of the 49 mitogenomes supported the view that sharks and batoids are separate groups.
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Key Words
- ATP, Adenosine triphosphate
- Bonnethead
- CO, Cytochrome oxidase
- Cytb, Cytochrome B
- D-loop, Control region
- Hypnosqualea hypothesis
- ML, Maximum likelihood
- Mitogenome
- ND, Nicotine adenine dehydrogenase
- PCR, Polymerase chain reaction
- Phylogeny
- bp, Base pairs
- mt, Mitochondrial
- myr, Million years
- rRNA, Ribosomal RNA
- tRNA, Transference RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Píndaro Díaz-Jaimes
- Laboratorio de Genética de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de
Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo.
Postal 70-305, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Natalia J. Bayona-Vásquez
- Laboratorio de Genética de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de
Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo.
Postal 70-305, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Douglas H. Adams
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and
Wildlife Research Institute, 1220 Prospect Avenue, Suite 285, Melbourne, FL
32901, USA
| | - Manuel Uribe-Alcocer
- Laboratorio de Genética de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de
Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo.
Postal 70-305, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
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18
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Navia AF, Mejía-Falla PA, Hleap JS. Zoogeography of Elasmobranchs in the Colombian Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea. NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20140134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT In order to investigate zoogeographical patterns of the marine elasmobranch species of Colombia, species richness of the Pacific and Caribbean and their subareas (Coastal Pacific, Oceanic Pacific, Coastal Caribbean, Oceanic Caribbean) was analyzed. The areas shared 10 families, 10 genera and 16 species of sharks, and eight families, three genera and four species of batoids. Carcharhinidae had the highest contribution to shark richness, whereas Rajidae and Urotrygonidae had the greatest contribution to batoid richness in the Caribbean and Pacific, respectively. Most elasmobranchs were associated with benthic and coastal habitats. The similarity analysis allowed the identification of five groups of families, which characterize the elasmobranch richness in both areas. Beta diversity indicated that most species turnover occurred between the Coastal Pacific and the two Caribbean subareas. The difference in species richness and composition between areas may be due to vicariant events such as the emergence of the Isthmus of Panama. It is unlikely that the Colombian elasmobranch diversity originated from a single colonization event. Local diversification/speciation, dispersal from the non-tropical regions of the Americas, a Pacific dispersion and an Atlantic dispersion are origin possibilities without any of them excluding the others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Felipe Navia
- Fundación Colombiana para la Investigación y Conservación de Tiburones y Rayas, Colombia
| | | | - José Sergio Hleap
- Fundación Colombiana para la Investigación y Conservación de Tiburones y Rayas, Colombia
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19
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Mara KR, Motta PJ, Martin AP, Hueter RE. Constructional morphology within the head of hammerhead sharks (sphyrnidae). J Morphol 2015; 276:526-39. [PMID: 25684106 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The study of functional trade-offs is important if a structure, such as the cranium, serves multiple biological roles, and is, therefore, shaped by multiple selective pressures. The sphyrnid cephalofoil presents an excellent model for investigating potential trade-offs among sensory, neural, and feeding structures. In this study, hammerhead shark species were chosen to represent differences in head form through phylogeny. A combination of surface-based geometric morphometrics, computed tomography (CT) volumetric analysis, and phylogenetic analyses were utilized to investigate potential trade-offs within the head. Hammerhead sharks display a diversity of cranial morphologies where the position of the eyes and nares vary among species, with only minor changes in shape, position, and volume of the feeding apparatus through phylogeny. The basal winghead shark, Eusphyra blochii, has small anteriorly positioned eyes. Through phylogeny, the relative size and position of the eyes change, such that derived species have larger, more medially positioned eyes. The lateral position of the external nares is highly variable, showing no phylogenetic trend. Mouth size and position are conserved, remaining relatively unchanged. Volumetric CT analyses reveal no trade-offs between the feeding apparatus and the remaining cranial structures. The few trade-offs were isolated to the nasal capsule volume's inverse correlation with braincase, chondrocranial, and total cephalofoil volume. Eye volume also decreased as cephalofoil width increased. These data indicate that despite considerable changes in head shape, much of the head is morphologically conserved through sphyrnid phylogeny, particularly the jaw cartilages and their associated feeding muscles, with shape change and morphological trade-offs being primarily confined to the lateral wings of the cephalofoil and their associated sensory structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Mara
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33620
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20
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Bolaño-Martínez N, Bayona-Vasquez N, Uribe-Alcocer M, Díaz-Jaimes P. The mitochondrial genome of the hammerhead Sphyrna zygaena. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2014; 27:2098-9. [PMID: 25395081 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2014.982574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The hammerhead shark (Sphyrna zygaena) is listed as a "Vulnerable" species for the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Here we report the complete sequence for the mitochondrial genome of the hammerhead shark of a specimen collected from the eastern Pacific Ocean. The genome structure is quite similar to other reported mtDNA shark species. It has a total length of 16,731 base pairs (bp); the base composition was A (31.54%), T (30.23%) C (25.03%) and G: 13.20, contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes; 21 tRNA genes. In addition, most of the starting (ATG) and ending codons (TAA) for the mtDNA gene regions were registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataly Bolaño-Martínez
- a Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Laboratorio de Genética de Organismos Acuáticos , Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Circuito exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria , México D.F. , México , and
| | - Natalia Bayona-Vasquez
- a Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Laboratorio de Genética de Organismos Acuáticos , Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Circuito exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria , México D.F. , México , and
| | - Manuel Uribe-Alcocer
- b Laboratorio de Genética de Organismos Acuáticos , Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Circuito exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria , México D.F. , México
| | - Píndaro Díaz-Jaimes
- b Laboratorio de Genética de Organismos Acuáticos , Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Circuito exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria , México D.F. , México
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21
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Molecular phylogeny of the bamboo sharks (Chiloscyllium spp.). BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:213896. [PMID: 25013766 PMCID: PMC4071782 DOI: 10.1155/2014/213896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Chiloscyllium, commonly called bamboo shark, can be found inhabiting the waters of the Indo-West Pacific around East Asian countries such as Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Singapore, and Indonesia. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List has categorized them as nearly threatened sharks out of their declining population status due to overexploitation. A molecular study was carried out to portray the systematic relationships within Chiloscyllium species using 12S rRNA and cytochrome b gene sequences. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian were used to reconstruct their phylogeny trees. A total of 381 bp sequences' lengths were successfully aligned in the 12S rRNA region, with 41 bp sites being parsimony-informative. In the cytochrome b region, a total of 1120 bp sites were aligned, with 352 parsimony-informative characters. All analyses yield phylogeny trees on which C. indicum has close relationships with C. plagiosum. C. punctatum is sister taxon to both C. indicum and C. plagiosum while C. griseum and C. hasseltii formed their own clade as sister taxa. These Chiloscyllium classifications can be supported by some morphological characters (lateral dermal ridges on the body, coloring patterns, and appearance of hypobranchials and basibranchial plate) that can clearly be used to differentiate each species.
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22
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Gallagher AJ, Hammerschlag N, Shiffman DS, Giery ST. Evolved for Extinction: The Cost and Conservation Implications of Specialization in Hammerhead Sharks. Bioscience 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biu071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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23
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Molecular phylogeny of elasmobranchs inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 41:447-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2879-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Mello W, Brito PMM. Contributions to the tooth morphology in early embryos of three species of hammerhead sharks (Elasmobranchii: Sphyrnidae) and their evolutionary implications. C R Biol 2013; 336:466-71. [PMID: 24161244 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2013.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The tooth types in the embryos of the hammerhead sharks Sphyrna tiburo, Sphyrna tudes and Eusphyra blochii are here described in labial and lingual views, and, in some cases, in additional views. The presence of cusplets was observed in the anterior teeth of S. tiburo and S. tudes, which is secondarily lost after early embryonic stages. Many aligned root foramina were detected in the sphyrnids, which, as the cusplets, are shared by many phylogenetic-related carcharhinids. Other anatomic features, related to the root and central cusp, are presented for the first time. Such characters represent the first step to compare the teeth of extant and fossil species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldiney Mello
- Departamento de Zoologia, Laboratório de Ictiologia, Tempo e Espaço, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, CEP 20550-900 Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Faculdade de Biologia, Centro Universitário Celso Lisboa, Rua Vinte e Quatro de Maio, 797, CEP 20950-092 Engenho Novo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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25
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Healy K, McNally L, Ruxton GD, Cooper N, Jackson AL. Metabolic rate and body size are linked with perception of temporal information. Anim Behav 2013; 86:685-696. [PMID: 24109147 PMCID: PMC3791410 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Body size and metabolic rate both fundamentally constrain how species interact with their environment, and hence ultimately affect their niche. While many mechanisms leading to these constraints have been explored, their effects on the resolution at which temporal information is perceived have been largely overlooked. The visual system acts as a gateway to the dynamic environment and the relative resolution at which organisms are able to acquire and process visual information is likely to restrict their ability to interact with events around them. As both smaller size and higher metabolic rates should facilitate rapid behavioural responses, we hypothesized that these traits would favour perception of temporal change over finer timescales. Using critical flicker fusion frequency, the lowest frequency of flashing at which a flickering light source is perceived as constant, as a measure of the maximum rate of temporal information processing in the visual system, we carried out a phylogenetic comparative analysis of a wide range of vertebrates that supported this hypothesis. Our results have implications for the evolution of signalling systems and predator–prey interactions, and, combined with the strong influence that both body mass and metabolism have on a species' ecological niche, suggest that time perception may constitute an important and overlooked dimension of niche differentiation. Animals vary in their ability to perceive changes in their environment visually. Temporal perception can be quantified using critical flicker fusion (CFF). High CFF indicates an ability to perceive rapid changes in the visual field. We show that high metabolism and small body size are associated with high CFF. We argue that these findings have both ecological and evolutionary implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Healy
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland ; Trinity Centre for Biodiversity Research, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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26
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Naylor GJP, Caira JN, Jensen K, Rosana KAM, White WT, Last PR. A DNA Sequence–Based Approach To the Identification of Shark and Ray Species and Its Implications for Global Elasmobranch Diversity and Parasitology. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2012. [DOI: 10.1206/754.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Maisey JG. What is an 'elasmobranch'? The impact of palaeontology in understanding elasmobranch phylogeny and evolution. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2012; 80:918-51. [PMID: 22497368 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The Subclass Elasmobranchii is widely considered nowadays to be the sister group of the Subclass Holocephali, although chimaeroid fishes were originally classified as elasmobranchs along with modern sharks and rays. While this modern systematic treatment provides an accurate reflection of the phylogenetic relationships among extant taxa, the classification of many extinct non-holocephalan shark-like chondrichthyans as elasmobranchs is challenged. A revised, apomorphy-based definition of elasmobranchs is presented in which they are considered the equivalent of neoselachians, i.e. a monophyletic group of modern sharks and rays which not only excludes all stem and crown holocephalans, but also many Palaeozoic shark-like chondrichthyans and even close extinct relatives of neoselachians such as hybodonts. The fossil record of elasmobranchs (i.e. neoselachians) is reviewed, focusing not only on their earliest records but also on their subsequent distribution patterns through time. The value and limitations of the fossil record in answering questions about elasmobranch phylogeny are discussed. Extinction is seen as a major factor in shaping early elasmobranch history, especially during the Triassic. Extinctions may also have helped shape modern lamniform diversity, despite uncertainties surrounding the phylogenetic affinities of supposedly extinct clades such as cretoxyrhinids, anacoracids and odontids. Apart from these examples, and the supposed Cretaceous extinction of 'sclerorhynchids', elasmobranch evolution since the Jurassic has mostly involved increased diversification (especially during the Cretaceous). The biogeographical distribution of early elasmobranchs may be obscured by sampling bias, but the earliest records of numerous groups are located within the Tethyan realm. The break-up of Gondwana, and particularly the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean (together with the development of epicontinental seaways across Brazil and Africa during the Cretaceous), provided repeated opportunities for dispersal from both eastern (European) and western (Caribbean) Tethys into newly formed ocean basins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Maisey
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, 79th Street & Central Park West, New York, NY 10024-5192, USA.
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Li C, Matthes-Rosana KA, Garcia M, Naylor GJP. Phylogenetics of Chondrichthyes and the problem of rooting phylogenies with distant outgroups. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2012; 63:365-73. [PMID: 22300842 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Erroneous estimates of ingroup relationships can be caused by attributes in the outgroup chosen to root the tree. Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences frequently yield incorrect estimates of ingroup relationships when the outgroup used to "root" the tree is highly divergent from the ingroup. This is especially the case when the outgroup has a different base composition than the ingroup. Unfortunately, in many instances, alternative less divergent outgroups are not available. In such cases, investigators must either target genes with attributes that minimize the problem (slowly evolving genes with stationary base compositions--which are often not ideal for estimating relationships among the more closely related ingroup taxa) or use inference models that are explicitly tailored to deal with an attenuated historical signal with a superimposed non-stationary base composition. In this paper we explore the problem both empirically and through simulation. For the empirical component we looked at the phylogenetic relationships among elasmobranch fishes (sharks and rays), a group whose closest living outgroup, the holocephalan Ghost fishes, are separated from the elasmobranchs by more than 100 million years of evolution. We compiled a data set for analysis comprising 10 single-copy nuclear protein-coding genes (12,096 bp) for representatives of the major lineages within elasmobranchs and holocephalans. For the simulation, we used an evolutionary model on a fixed tree topology to generate DNA sequence data sets which varied both in their distance to the outgroup, and in their base compositional difference between ingroup and outgroup. Results from both the empirical data set and the simulation, support the idea that deviation from base compositional stationarity, in conjunction with distance from the root can act in concert to compromise accuracy of estimated relationships within the ingroup. We tested several approaches to mitigate such problems. We found, that excluding genes with overall faster rates and heterogeneous base compositions, while the least sophisticated of the methods evaluated, seemed to be the most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhong Li
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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Mello WC, de Carvalho JJ, Brito PMM. Microstructural morphology in early dermal denticles of hammerhead sharks (Elasmobranchii: Sphyrnidae) and related taxa. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.2011.00547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nance HA, Klimley P, Galván-Magaña F, Martínez-Ortíz J, Marko PB. Demographic processes underlying subtle patterns of population structure in the scalloped hammerhead shark, Sphyrna lewini. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21459. [PMID: 21789171 PMCID: PMC3137562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic diversity (θ), effective population size (N(e)), and contemporary levels of gene flow are important parameters to estimate for species of conservation concern, such as the globally endangered scalloped hammerhead shark, Sphyrna lewini. Therefore, we have reconstructed the demographic history of S. lewini across its Eastern Pacific (EP) range by applying classical and coalescent population genetic methods to a combination of 15 microsatellite loci and mtDNA control region sequences. In addition to significant population genetic structure and isolation-by-distance among seven coastal sites between central Mexico and Ecuador, the analyses revealed that all populations have experienced a bottleneck and that all current values of θ are at least an order of magnitude smaller than ancestral θ, indicating large decreases in N(e) (θ = 4N(e)μ), where μ is the mutation rate. Application of the isolation-with-migration (IM) model showed modest but significant genetic connectivity between most sampled sites (point estimates of Nm = 0.1-16.7), with divergence times (t) among all populations significantly greater than zero. Using a conservative (i.e., slow) fossil-based taxon-specific phylogenetic calibration for mtDNA mutation rates, posterior probability distributions (PPDs) for the onset of the decline in N(e) predate modern fishing in this region. The cause of decline over the last several thousand years is unknown but is highly atypical as a post-glacial demographic history. Regardless of the cause, our data and analyses suggest that S. lewini was far more abundant throughout the EP in the past than at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A. Nance
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Peter Klimley
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | | | | | - Peter B. Marko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
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Vélez-Zuazo X, Agnarsson I. Shark tales: A molecular species-level phylogeny of sharks (Selachimorpha, Chondrichthyes). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2011; 58:207-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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