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Sun Y, Song X, Chen C, Li S, Gu J, Shao X. A New Record of Pogonatum tahitense (Polytrichaceae) from Tibet, China: Taxonomic Description, Range Expansion, and Biogeographic History. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:846. [PMID: 38592873 PMCID: PMC10974980 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The genus Pogonatum stands out as the most diverse within the family Polytrichaceae, encompassing over 50 species. Pogonatum tahitense has been recorded across various Pacific regions, including Hawaii in the United States and Tahiti in French Polynesia, as well as in Asia, such as in Taiwan in China, Java in Indonesia, and Sabah in Malaysia. In the current study, a specimen collected in Tibet, China, is described, confirming its taxonomic classification as P. tahitense through a comprehensive analysis integrating morphological evidence and molecular study based on sequences from the plastid (rbcL, rps4, trnL-F), mitochondrial (nad5), and nuclear (ITS2) regions. This documentation represents the first record of the species within mainland China. A time-calibrated, molecular-based phylogenetic analysis was conducted, employing various approaches for ancestral range inference. The findings suggest that P. tahitense originated during the Pleistocene epoch, approximately 1.8 mya, in Tibet, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9, Zhiqing Rd., Jiujiang 332900, China; (Y.S.); (C.C.); (S.L.)
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xiaotong Song
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (J.G.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chunfa Chen
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9, Zhiqing Rd., Jiujiang 332900, China; (Y.S.); (C.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Shuang Li
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9, Zhiqing Rd., Jiujiang 332900, China; (Y.S.); (C.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Jiqi Gu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (J.G.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaoming Shao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (J.G.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Resources & Environment College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi 860000, China
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Roig-Oliver M, Douthe C, Bota J, Flexas J. Cell wall thickness and composition are related to photosynthesis in Antarctic mosses. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:1914-1925. [PMID: 34432898 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall thickness (Tcw ) has been proposed as an important anatomical trait that could determine photosynthesis through land plants' phylogeny, bryophytes being the plant group presenting the thickest walls and the lowest photosynthetic rates. Also, it has recently been suggested that cell wall composition may have the potential to influence both thickness and mesophyll conductance (gm ), representing a novel trait that could ultimately affect photosynthesis. However, only a few studies in spermatophytes have demonstrated this issue. In order to explore the role of cell wall composition in determining both Tcw and gm in mosses, we tested six species grown under field conditions in Antarctica. We performed gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements, an anatomical characterization, and a quantitative analysis of cell wall main composition (i.e., cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectins) in these six species. We found the photosynthetic rates to vary between the species, and they also presented differences in anatomical characteristics and in cell wall composition. Whilst gm correlated negatively with Tcw and pectins content, a positive relationship between Tcw and pectins emerged, suggesting that pectins could contribute to determine cell wall porosity. Although our results do not allow us to provide conclusive statements, we suggest for the first time that cell wall composition-with pectins playing a key role-could strongly influence Tcw and gm in Antarctic mosses, ultimately defining photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margalida Roig-Oliver
- Departament de Biologia, Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), INAGEA, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Cyril Douthe
- Departament de Biologia, Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), INAGEA, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Josefina Bota
- Departament de Biologia, Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), INAGEA, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Jaume Flexas
- Departament de Biologia, Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), INAGEA, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Liu Y, Johnson MG, Cox CJ, Medina R, Devos N, Vanderpoorten A, Hedenäs L, Bell NE, Shevock JR, Aguero B, Quandt D, Wickett NJ, Shaw AJ, Goffinet B. Resolution of the ordinal phylogeny of mosses using targeted exons from organellar and nuclear genomes. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1485. [PMID: 30940807 PMCID: PMC6445109 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09454-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosses are a highly diverse lineage of land plants, whose diversification, spanning at least 400 million years, remains phylogenetically ambiguous due to the lack of fossils, massive early extinctions, late radiations, limited morphological variation, and conflicting signal among previously used markers. Here, we present phylogenetic reconstructions based on complete organellar exomes and a comparable set of nuclear genes for this major lineage of land plants. Our analysis of 142 species representing 29 of the 30 moss orders reveals that relative average rates of non-synonymous substitutions in nuclear versus plastid genes are much higher in mosses than in seed plants, consistent with the emerging concept of evolutionary dynamism in mosses. Our results highlight the evolutionary significance of taxa with reduced morphologies, shed light on the relative tempo and mechanisms underlying major cladogenic events, and suggest hypotheses for the relationships and delineation of moss orders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Fairy Lake Botanical Garden & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518004, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | | | - Cymon J Cox
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Gambelas, 8005-319, Faro, Portugal
| | - Rafael Medina
- Department of Biology, Augustana College, Rock Island, IL, 61201, USA
| | - Nicolas Devos
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | | | - Lars Hedenäs
- Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Box 50007, 10405, Sweden
| | - Neil E Bell
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK
| | - James R Shevock
- California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
| | - Blanka Aguero
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Dietmar Quandt
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | | | - A Jonathan Shaw
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Bernard Goffinet
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
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Bippus AC, Escapa IE, Tomescu AMF. Wanted dead or alive (probably dead): Stem group Polytrichaceae. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:1243-1263. [PMID: 29893495 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The Polytrichaceae are a widespread and morphologically isolated moss lineage. Early attempts to characterize phylogenetic relationships within the family suggested that morphology is not phylogenetically informative. Two well-characterized fossils similar to basal and derived Polytrichaceae (Meantoinea alophosioides and Eopolytrichum antiquum, respectively), are known from Cretaceous rocks. To assess the phylogenetic positions of these fossils and compare hypotheses of relationships recovered using molecular vs. morphological methods, we conducted a comprehensive morphology-based phylogenetic study of Polytrichaceae. METHODS We evaluated the phylogenetic relationships of Polytrichaceae using a data set of 100 morphological characters (including 11 continuously varying traits codified as continuous characters) scored for 44 species of acrocarpous mosses and parsimony as the optimality criterion. KEY RESULTS Continuous characters significantly increased the resolving power of the analyses. The overall ingroup topology was sensitive to rooting as determined by outgroup selection, with some analyses yielding results that were incongruent with those of molecular studies. Both fossils had stable phylogenetic relationships, irrespective of outgroup sampling. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that morphology is useful in resolving phylogenetic relationships in the Polytrichaceae, if both discrete and continuous characters are used. However, our rooting experiments demonstrate that there is no superior way to root analyses and indicate that relationships within the family are best evaluated using unrooted networks without outgroup taxa. These rooting problems suggest that additional information is needed to understand the phylogenetic relationships of Polytrichaceae. Such additional information could come from fossils of stem group polytrichaceous mosses, which await discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Bippus
- Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, 95521, USA
| | - Ignacio E Escapa
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio, Avenida Fontana 140, 9100, Trelew, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Alexandru M F Tomescu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, 95521, USA
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Prasetyo RH, Hestianah EP. Honey can repairing damage of liver tissue due to protein energy malnutrition through induction of endogenous stem cells. Vet World 2017; 10:711-715. [PMID: 28717326 PMCID: PMC5499091 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.711-715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study was to evaluate effect of honey in repairing damage of liver tissue due to energy protein malnutrition and in mobilization of endogenous stem cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male mice model of degenerative liver was obtained through food fasting but still have drinking water for 5 days. It caused energy protein malnutrition and damage of liver tissue. The administration of 50% (v/v) honey was performed for 10 consecutive days, while the positive control group was fasted and not given honey and the negative control not fasted and without honey. Observations of regeneration the liver tissue based on histologically examination, observation of Hsp70 expression, and homing signal based on vascular endothelial growth factor-1 (VEGF-1) expression using immunohistochemistry technique. Observation on expression of CD34 and CD45 as the marker of auto mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells using flow cytometry technique. RESULTS There is regeneration of the liver tissue due to protein energy malnutrition, decrease of Hsp70 expression, increase of VEGF-1 expression, and high expression of CD34 and CD45. CONCLUSION Honey can improve the liver tissue based on: (1) Mobilization of endogenous stem cells (CD34 and CD45); (2) Hsp70 and VEGF-1 expressions as regeneration marker of improvement, and (3) regeneration histologically of liver tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Heru Prasetyo
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Eka Pramyrtha Hestianah
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
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Alavilli H, Lee H, Park M, Lee BH. Antarctic Moss Multiprotein Bridging Factor 1c Overexpression in Arabidopsis Resulted in Enhanced Tolerance to Salt Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1206. [PMID: 28744295 PMCID: PMC5504242 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polytrichastrum alpinum is one of the moss species that survives extreme conditions in the Antarctic. In order to explore the functional benefits of moss genetic resources, P. alpinum multiprotein-bridging factor 1c gene (PaMBF1c) was isolated and characterized. The deduced amino acid sequence of PaMBF1c comprises of a multiprotein-bridging factor (MBF1) domain and a helix-turn-helix (HTH) domain. PaMBF1c expression was induced by different abiotic stresses in P. alpinum, implying its roles in stress responses. We overexpressed PaMBF1c in Arabidopsis and analyzed the resulting phenotypes in comparison with wild type and/or Arabidopsis MBF1c (AtMBF1c) overexpressors. Overexpression of PaMBF1c in Arabidopsis resulted in enhanced tolerance to salt and osmotic stress, as well as to cold and heat stress. More specifically, enhanced salt tolerance was observed in PaMBF1c overexpressors in comparison to wild type but not clearly observable in AtMBF1c overexpressing lines. Thus, these results implicate the evolution of PaMBF1c under salt-enriched Antarctic soil. RNA-Seq profiling of NaCl-treated plants revealed that 10 salt-stress inducible genes were already up-regulated in PaMBF1c overexpressing plants even before NaCl treatment. Gene ontology enrichment analysis with salt up-regulated genes in each line uncovered that the terms lipid metabolic process, ion transport, and cellular amino acid biosynthetic process were significantly enriched in PaMBF1c overexpressors. Additionally, gene enrichment analysis with salt down-regulated genes in each line revealed that the enriched categories in wild type were not significantly overrepresented in PaMBF1c overexpressing lines. The up-regulation of several genes only in PaMBF1c overexpressing lines suggest that enhanced salt tolerance in PaMBF1c-OE might involve reactive oxygen species detoxification, maintenance of ATP homeostasis, and facilitation of Ca2+ signaling. Interestingly, many salt down-regulated ribosome- and translation-related genes were not down-regulated in PaMBF1c overexpressing lines under salt stress. These differentially regulated genes by PaMBF1c overexpression could contribute to the enhanced tolerance in PaMBF1c overexpressing lines under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyoungseok Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research InstituteIncheon, South Korea
| | - Mira Park
- Department of Life Science, Sogang UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research InstituteIncheon, South Korea
| | - Byeong-ha Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Byeong-ha Lee,
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Tian Y, Kubatko LS. Expected pairwise congruence among gene trees under the coalescent model. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 106:144-150. [PMID: 27693467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although it is widely appreciated that gene trees may differ from the overall species tree and from one another due to various evolutionary processes (e.g., incomplete lineage sorting (ILS), horizontal gene transfer, etc.), the extent of this incongruence is rarely quantified and discussed. Here we consider the expected amount of incongruence arising from ILS, as modeled by the coalescent process. In particular, we compute the probability that two gene trees randomly sampled from the same species tree agree with one another as well as the distribution of the Robinson-Foulds distance between them, for species trees with three to eight taxa. We demonstrate that, as expected under the coalescent model, the amount of discordance is affected by species tree-specific factors such as speciation times and effective population sizes for the species under consideration. Our results highlight the fact that substantial discordance may occur, even when the number of species is very small, which has implications both for larger taxon samples and for any method that uses estimated gene trees as the basis for further statistical inference. The amount of incongruence is substantial enough that such methods may need to be modified to account for variability in the underlying gene trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Laura S Kubatko
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, United States; Department of Statistics, The Ohio State University, United States.
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Climate threat on the Macaronesian endemic bryophyte flora. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29156. [PMID: 27377592 PMCID: PMC4932530 DOI: 10.1038/srep29156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Oceanic islands are of fundamental importance for the conservation of biodiversity because they exhibit high endemism rates coupled with fast extinction rates. Nowhere in Europe is this pattern more conspicuous than in the Macaronesian biogeographic region. A large network of protected areas within the region has been developed, but the question of whether these areas will still be climatically suitable for the globally threatened endemic element in the coming decades remains open. Here, we make predictions on the fate of the Macaronesian endemic bryophyte flora in the context of ongoing climate change. The potential distribution of 35 Macaronesian endemic bryophyte species was assessed under present and future climate conditions using an ensemble modelling approach. Projections of the models under different climate change scenarios predicted an average decrease of suitable areas of 62-87% per species and a significant elevational increase by 2070, so that even the commonest species were predicted to fit either the Vulnerable or Endangered IUCN categories. Complete extinctions were foreseen for six of the studied Macaronesian endemic species. Given the uncertainty regarding the capacity of endemic species to track areas of suitable climate within and outside the islands, active management associated to an effective monitoring program is suggested.
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Carter BE, Shaw B, Shaw AJ. Endemism in the moss flora of North America. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:769-779. [PMID: 27056933 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Identifying regions of high endemism is a critical step toward understanding the mechanisms underlying diversification and establishing conservation priorities. Here, we identified regions of high moss endemism across North America. We also identified lineages that contribute disproportionately to endemism and document the progress of efforts to inventory the endemic flora. METHODS To understand the documentation of endemic moss diversity in North America, we tabulated species publication dates to document the progress of species discovery across the continent. We analyzed herbarium specimen data and distribution data from the Flora of North America project to delineate major regions of moss endemism. Finally, we surveyed the literature to assess the importance of intercontinental vs. within-continent diversification for generating endemic species. KEY RESULTS Three primary regions of endemism were identified and two of these were further divided into a total of nine subregions. Overall endemic richness has two peaks, one in northern California and the Pacific Northwest, and the other in the southern Appalachians. Description of new endemic species has risen steeply over the last few decades, especially in western North America. Among the few studies documenting sister species relationships of endemics, recent diversification appears to have played a larger role in western North America, than in the east. CONCLUSIONS Our understanding of bryophyte endemism continues to grow rapidly. Large continent-wide data sets confirm early views on hotspots of endemic bryophyte richness and indicate a high rate of ongoing species discovery in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Carter
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - Blanka Shaw
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - A Jonathan Shaw
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA
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Patiño J, Goffinet B, Sim-Sim M, Vanderpoorten A. Is the sword moss (Bryoxiphium) a preglacial Tertiary relict? Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 96:200-206. [PMID: 26708122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The disjunction of floras between East Asia, Southeast North America, West North America, and Southwest Eurasia has been interpreted in terms of the fragmentation of a once continuous mixed mesophytic forest that occurred throughout the Northern Hemisphere due to the climatic and geological changes during the late Tertiary. The sword moss, Bryoxiphium, exhibits a distribution that strikingly resembles that of the mesophytic forest elements such as Liriodendron and is considered as the only living member of an early Tertiary flora in Iceland. These hypotheses are tested here using molecular dating analyses and ancestral area estimations. The results suggest that the extant range of Bryoxiphium results from the fragmentation of a formerly wider range encompassing North America and Southeast Asia about 10 million years ago. The split of continental ancestral populations is too recent to match with a continental drift scenario but is spatially and temporally remarkably congruent with that observed in Tertiary angiosperm relict species. The timing of the colonization of Iceland from Macaronesian ancestors, about two million years ago, is, however, incompatible with the hypothesis that Bryoxiphium is the only living member of an early Tertiary flora of the island. Alaska was recurrently colonized from East Asia. The ability of Bryoxiphium to overcome large oceanic barriers is further evidenced by its occurrence on remote oceanic archipelagos. In particular, Madeira was colonized twice independently from American and East Asian ancestors, respectively. The striking range disjunction of Bryoxiphium is interpreted in terms of its mating system, as the taxon exhibits a very singular pattern of spatial segregation of the sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Patiño
- University of Liege, Institute of Botany, B22 Sart Tilman, Liege, Belgium; cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes and Platform for Enhancing Ecological Research & Sustainability, Universidade dos Açores, Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Açores, Portugal; Department of Plant Biology, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Bernard Goffinet
- University of Connecticut, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Manuela Sim-Sim
- cE3c, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal and Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência, Jardim Botânico, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alain Vanderpoorten
- University of Liege, Institute of Botany, B22 Sart Tilman, Liege, Belgium; cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes and Platform for Enhancing Ecological Research & Sustainability, Universidade dos Açores, Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Açores, Portugal
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Yuan W, Cheng X, Wang P, Jia Y, Liu Q, Tang W, Wang X. Polytrichum commune L.ex Hedw ethyl acetate extract-triggered perturbations in intracellular Ca²⁺ homeostasis regulates mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 172:410-420. [PMID: 26151243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Polytrichum commune L.ex Hedw (PCLH), a moss of Bryopsida, has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine and shown to possess anticancer activities. Previous studies have indicated its anti-leukemia effect but the potential mechanisms have not been fully explained. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aimed to further investigate the efficacy of PCLH ethyl acetate fraction (PC-EEF) and the associated mechanisms in human leukemia cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Phytochemical analysis of PC-EEF was performed by spectrophotometry and HPLC. MTT analysis and trypan blue exclusion assay were adopted to examine its cytotoxicity on a panel of leukemia cells (K562, U937, HL-60 and K562/DOX cells) and non-cancerous cells (human PBMCs). Anti-proliferative effect was monitored by colony formation assay and EdU incorporation assay. Ultrastructural alterations on K562 cell membrane surface were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Changes on plasma membrane integrity, cell membrane potential, mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. Fluorescence microscope was performed to assess [Ca(2+)]i level, mitochondrial injury and cytochrome c release. Apoptosis-associated protein expression was analyzed by western blot. The role of Ca(2+) in PC-EEF-induced cell death was investigated by Ca(2+) chelating reagent BAPTA-AM. RESULTS PC-EEF possessed relatively high flavonoid content (about 88.84 ± 0.89%) and showed significant cytotoxicity to human leukemia cells. PC-EEF could cause obvious cell morphological deformation, membrane integrity loss and membrane depolarization. Meanwhile, PC-EEF treatment could dramatically potentiate perturbations in cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis. Subsequently, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) collapse, cytochrome c release and Bcl-2/Bax down-regulation were all observed. Consistent with these results, PC-EEF treatment resulted in significant activation of caspase 3, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) degradation and apoptosis. Moreover, PC-EEF-caused cytotoxicity, membrane damage, mitochondrial injury and apoptosis were remarkably reversed by BAPTA-AM. CONCLUSIONS PC-EEF damaged the membrane system and triggered Ca(2+)-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis, which may provide some new insights into its efficacy against human leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoxia Cheng
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yali Jia
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Quanhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Tang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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Perley DS, Jesson LK. Hybridization is associated with changes in sexual system in the bryophyte genus Atrichum. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2015; 102:555-565. [PMID: 25878089 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Over 50% of bryophytes have separate sexes, and numerous transitions have occurred between combined and separate sexes. Polyploidy and hybridization is one proximate mechanism hypothesized to cause evolutionary transitions to hermaphroditism in bryophytes because sex is expressed at the haploid stage and in nonpolyploid dioecious species males have a single V chromosome and females a U. Hermaphroditism can arise if gametophytes of allopolyploids have both U and V chromosomes. We examined the association between polyploidy and hermaphroditism in the bryophyte genus Atrichum, which has species where gametophytes can be haploid, diploid, or triploid, and some species have hermaphroditic individuals. METHODS We generated phylogenies of Atrichum from sequences of three plastid regions (rbcL, rps4, and trnL-trnF) and the second intron for the nuclear gene Leafy/Floricaula to further understand the relationships among haploid, diploid, and triploid species, and those with combined or separate sexes. KEY RESULTS The existence of multiple sequences of Leafy/Floricaula in diploid and triploid, but not haploid, individuals is consistent with independent allopolyploid origins of the diploid and triploid species. Allopolyploidy was associated with a likely gain in hermaphroditism in triploid Atrichum undulatum and possibly diploid A. altecristatum, but not in the allopolyploid A. crispulum (diploid at the gametophyte level). CONCLUSIONS These results highlight a role for hybridization and polyploidy in sexual system evolution, but the presence of diploid (allopolyploid) dioecious species suggest that other factors may influence the maintenance of sexual systems after an evolutionary transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle S Perley
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, 10 Bailey Dr, Fredericton, Canada E3B5A3
| | - Linley K Jesson
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, 10 Bailey Dr, Fredericton, Canada E3B5A3 Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
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13
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Bell NE, Boore JL, Mishler BD, Hyvönen J. Organellar genomes of the four-toothed moss, Tetraphis pellucida. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:383. [PMID: 24884426 PMCID: PMC4035505 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosses are the largest of the three extant clades of gametophyte-dominant land plants and remain poorly studied using comparative genomic methods. Major monophyletic moss lineages are characterised by different types of a spore dehiscence apparatus called the peristome, and the most important unsolved problem in higher-level moss systematics is the branching order of these peristomate clades. Organellar genome sequencing offers the potential to resolve this issue through the provision of both genomic structural characters and a greatly increased quantity of nucleotide substitution characters, as well as to elucidate organellar evolution in mosses. We publish and describe the chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes of Tetraphis pellucida, representative of the most phylogenetically intractable and morphologically isolated peristomate lineage. RESULTS Assembly of reads from Illumina SBS and Pacific Biosciences RS sequencing reveals that the Tetraphis chloroplast genome comprises 127,489 bp and the mitochondrial genome 107,730 bp. Although genomic structures are similar to those of the small number of other known moss organellar genomes, the chloroplast lacks the petN gene (in common with Tortula ruralis) and the mitochondrion has only a non-functional pseudogenised remnant of nad7 (uniquely amongst known moss chondromes). CONCLUSIONS Structural genomic features exist with the potential to be informative for phylogenetic relationships amongst the peristomate moss lineages, and thus organellar genome sequences are urgently required for exemplars from other clades. The unique genomic and morphological features of Tetraphis confirm its importance for resolving one of the major questions in land plant phylogeny and for understanding the evolution of the peristome, a likely key innovation underlying the diversity of mosses. The functional loss of nad7 from the chondrome is now shown to have occurred independently in all three bryophyte clades as well as in the early-diverging tracheophyte Huperzia squarrosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil E Bell
- />Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, PO Box 7, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- />Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jeffrey L Boore
- />Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, 1005 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140 USA
| | - Brent D Mishler
- />Department of Integrative Biology and University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Bldg, Berkeley, CA 94720-2465 USA
| | - Jaakko Hyvönen
- />Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Poczai
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, PO Box 65, Helsinki, Finland.
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15
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Chang Y, Graham SW. Patterns of clade support across the major lineages of moss phylogeny. Cladistics 2013; 30:590-606. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chang
- Department of Botany; University of British Columbia; 6270 University Boulevard Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- UBC Botanical Garden & Centre for Plant Research; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Sean W. Graham
- Department of Botany; University of British Columbia; 6270 University Boulevard Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- UBC Botanical Garden & Centre for Plant Research; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
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16
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Collen B, Turvey ST, Waterman C, Meredith HMR, Kuhn TS, Baillie JEM, Isaac NJB. Investing in evolutionary history: implementing a phylogenetic approach for mammal conservation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 366:2611-22. [PMID: 21844040 PMCID: PMC3140731 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Under the impact of human activity, global extinction rates have risen a thousand times higher than shown in the fossil record. The resources available for conservation are insufficient to prevent the loss of much of the world's threatened biodiversity during this crisis. Conservation planners have been forced to prioritize their protective activities, in the context of great uncertainty. This has become known as 'the agony of choice'. A range of methods have been proposed for prioritizing species for conservation attention; one of the most strongly supported is prioritizing those species that maximize phylogenetic distinctiveness (PD). We evaluate how a composite measure of extinction risk and phylogenetic isolation (EDGE) has been used to prioritize species according to their degree of unique evolutionary history (evolutionary distinctiveness, ED) weighted by conservation urgency (global endangerment, GE). We review PD-based approaches and provide an updated list of EDGE mammals using the 2010 IUCN Red List. We evaluate how robust this method is to changes in phylogenetic uncertainty, knowledge of taxonomy and extinction risk, and examine how mammalian species that rank highly in EDGE score are representative of the collective from which they are drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Collen
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK.
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17
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Poczai P, Hyvönen J. On the origin of Solanum nigrum: can networks help? Mol Biol Rep 2011; 38:1171-85. [PMID: 20574711 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0215-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Black nightshades are a group of species best known for their 'poisonous' or noxious weedy reputation. It is not so well known that species of this group serve as emerging food source in many countries worldwide especially in the African continent. Despite the fact that the section has recently been studied extensively, taxonomy is still unsettled and debated because of inter- and intraspecific hybridization, phenotypic plasticity and polyploidization. In this study we analyze the genetic relationships among diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid species of sect. Solanum, which have possibly taken part in the formation of Solanum nigrum, utilizing multi-locus (SCoT, ISSR) markers combined with chloroplast trnL-F sequence data and morphological characters. We scored 51 morphological characters united with SCoT (171), ISSR (224) and trnL-F (1042), for simultaneous analysis of 49 terminals and 1488 characters. The topology of the tree is concordant with the results of the network analysis. In the phylogenetic networks, all the accessions of the diploid species shared a split with all of the polyploid species. This reflected a high portion of shared ISSR and SCoT bands between diploids and polyploids. In addition, a strong split divided the diploid species. The history of S. nigrum might be reticulate with hybrid speciation playing an important rule. Genetically differentiated diploids in few combinations have created a series of genetically distinct polyploid populations. The insufficient isolation that permitted further recombination between ancient polyploids and diploids have resulted in high level of genotypic and phenotypic polymorphism. This high level of novel genomic variability obviously enabled species to succeed in their new environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Poczai
- Plant Biology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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Heads M. Old Taxa on Young Islands: A Critique of the Use of Island Age to Date Island-Endemic Clades and Calibrate Phylogenies. Syst Biol 2010; 60:204-18. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syq075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Heads
- Buffalo Museum of Science, 1020 Humboldt Parkway, Buffalo, NY 14211-1293, USA
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Bell NE, Hyvönen J. A phylogenetic circumscription of Polytrichastrum (Polytrichaceae): Reassessment of sporophyte morphology supports molecular phylogeny. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2010; 97:566-578. [PMID: 21622419 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0900161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Mosses arguably possess the most structurally complex sporangia of any extant land plants, a consequence of being the monosporangiophyte lineage most strongly adapted to terrestrial environments. Morphological and functional variation in the mechanisms that regulate spore release in one of the major classes of mosses, the Polytrichopsida, is largely unexplored, while recent research indicates that the most distinctive structure, the peristome, has evolved independently in the Polytrichopsida and in other mosses. The genus Polytrichastrum was separated from Polytrichum on the basis of such sporangial characters, although the critical features had until recently only been examined using light microscopy, and strong evidence from molecular data indicated that Polytrichastrum as currently circumscribed is polyphyletic. Here we use Bayesian ancestral character state reconstruction in conjunction with extensive scanning electron micrographic studies to elucidate probable morphology at ancestral nodes and define natural taxa. As well as clarifying the structure, evolution, and aspects of development of the peristome-epiphragm complex in this highly prominent group of mosses, the results provide a basis for a revised phylogenetic taxonomy in which the species of Polytrichastrum sect. Aporotheca are recognized once more within Polytrichum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil E Bell
- Botanical Museum, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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