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Vuts J, Powers SJ, Venter E, Szentesi Á. A semiochemical view of the ecology of the seed beetle Acanthoscelides obtectus Say (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae). THE ANNALS OF APPLIED BIOLOGY 2024; 184:19-36. [PMID: 38516560 PMCID: PMC10953445 DOI: 10.1111/aab.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The dried bean beetle, Acanthoscelides obtectus, is an economically important pest of stored legumes worldwide. Tracking the human-aided dispersion of its primary hosts, the Phaseolus vulgaris beans, it is now widespread in most bean-growing areas of the tropics and subtropics. In temperate regions where it can only occasionally overwinter in the field, A. obtectus proliferates in granaries, having multiple generations a year. Despite its negative impact on food production, no sensitive detection or monitoring tools exist, and the reduction of local populations still relies primarily on inorganic insecticides as fumigating agents. However, in the quest to produce more nutritious food more sustainably and healthily, the development of environmentally benign crop protection methods is vital against A. obtectus. For this, knowledge of the biology and chemistry of both the host plant and its herbivore will underpin the development of, among others, chemical ecology-based approaches to form an essential part of the toolkit of integrated bruchid management. We review the semiochemistry of the mate- and host-finding behaviour of A. obtectus and provide new information about the effect of seed chemistry on the sensory and behavioural ecology of host acceptance and larval development.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Vuts
- Protecting Crops and the Environment DepartmentRothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
| | | | - Eudri Venter
- Rothamsted BioimagingRothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
- JEOL UKWelwyn Garden CityUK
| | - Árpád Szentesi
- Department of Systematic Zoology and EcologyEötvös Loránd UniversityBudapestHungary
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Cognato AI, Smith SM, Jordal BH. Patterns of host tree use within a lineage of saproxlic snout-less weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Scolytini). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 159:107107. [PMID: 33609714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The influence of plants in the diversification of herbivorous insects, specifically those that utilize moribund and dead hosts, is little explored. Host shifts are expected because the effectiveness of toxic secondary chemicals is lessened by decay of dead plants. Feeding on dead plants also releases herbivorous insect lineages from diversifying within a particular plant lineage. Thus, phylogenetic constraints on the herbivorous insect lineage imposed by the host plants are diminished and repeated patterns of species diversification in an association with unrelated host trees is hypothesized (i.e., taxon cycle). Scolytini, a diverse weevil tribe, specialize on many different dead and moribund plant taxa as a source of food. These species and their hosts offer an opportunity to examine the association between dead host plants and the extent of phylogenetic constraints. A phylogeny of the Scolytini was reconstructed with likelihood and Bayesian analyses of DNA sequence data from nuclear (28S, CAD, ArgK) and mitochondrial (COI) genes. Ancestral host usage and geography was reconstructed using likelihood criteria and conservation of host use was tested. Results supported a monophyletic Scolytini, Ceratolepis, Loganius, and a paraphyletic Scolytus, Camptocerus and Cnemonyx. Diversification of the Scolytini generally occurred well after their host taxa diversified and suggests a sequential evolution of host use. In this scenario the beetle imposes little selection pressure on the tree but the tree provides a platform for beetle evolution. Major changes in host tree use occurred during periods of global cooling associated with changes in beetle biogeography. Diversification of beetles occurred on common and widespread hosts and there was likely a single origination of conifer-feeding from angiosperm-feeding species during the early Pliocene and a radiation of beetle species from the Palearctic to the Nearctic. Overall, the observed patterns of Scolytini host use are conserved and are similar to those expected in a taxon pulse diversification. That is, after a host switch to an unrelated tree, the beetles diversify within the host plant lineage. The need to locate an ephemeral food resource, i.e., a dying tree, likely maintains host specificity once a host shift occurs. These findings suggest that characteristics of dead and moribund host plants (e.g. secondary chemicals) influence the diversification of these saproxlic weevils despite the reduction of selection pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony I Cognato
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Lane, Room 243, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Sarah M Smith
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Lane, Room 243, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Bjarte H Jordal
- Natural History Museum, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway.
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Janicke T, Häderer IK, Lajeunesse MJ, Anthes N. Darwinian sex roles confirmed across the animal kingdom. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1500983. [PMID: 26933680 PMCID: PMC4758741 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Since Darwin's conception of sexual selection theory, scientists have struggled to identify the evolutionary forces underlying the pervasive differences between male and female behavior, morphology, and physiology. The Darwin-Bateman paradigm predicts that anisogamy imposes stronger sexual selection on males, which, in turn, drives the evolution of conventional sex roles in terms of female-biased parental care and male-biased sexual dimorphism. Although this paradigm forms the cornerstone of modern sexual selection theory, it still remains untested across the animal tree of life. This lack of evidence has promoted the rise of alternative hypotheses arguing that sex differences are entirely driven by environmental factors or chance. We demonstrate that, across the animal kingdom, sexual selection, as captured by standard Bateman metrics, is indeed stronger in males than in females and that it is evolutionarily tied to sex biases in parental care and sexual dimorphism. Our findings provide the first comprehensive evidence that Darwin's concept of conventional sex roles is accurate and refute recent criticism of sexual selection theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Janicke
- Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, École Pratique des Hautes Études, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Ines K. Häderer
- Animal Evolutionary Ecology Group, Institute for Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc J. Lajeunesse
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Nils Anthes
- Animal Evolutionary Ecology Group, Institute for Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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4
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Kergoat GJ, Le Ru BP, Sadeghi SE, Tuda M, Reid CAM, György Z, Genson G, Ribeiro-Costa CS, Delobel A. Evolution of Spermophagus seed beetles (Coleoptera, Bruchinae, Amblycerini) indicates both synchronous and delayed colonizations of host plants. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 89:91-103. [PMID: 25916187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Seed beetles are a group of specialized chrysomelid beetles, which are mostly associated with plants of the legume family (Fabaceae). In the legume-feeding species, a marked trend of phylogenetic conservatism of host use has been highlighted by several molecular phylogenetics studies. Yet, little is known about the evolutionary patterns of association of species feeding outside the legume family. Here, we investigate the evolution of host use in Spermophagus, a species-rich seed beetle genus that is specialized on two non-legume host-plant groups: morning glories (Convolvulaceae) and mallows (Malvaceae: Malvoideae). Spermophagus species are widespread in the Old World, especially in the Afrotropical, Indomalaya and Palearctic regions. In this study we rely on eight gene regions to provide the first phylogenetic framework for the genus, along with reconstructions of host use evolution, estimates of divergence times and historical biogeography analyses. Like the legume-feeding species, a marked trend toward conservatism of host use is revealed, with one clade specializing on Convolvulaceae and the other on Malvoideae. Comparisons of plants' and insects' estimates of divergence times yield a contrasted pattern: on one hand a quite congruent temporal framework was recovered for morning-glories and their seed-predators; on the other hand the diversification of Spermophagus species associated with mallows apparently lagged far behind the diversification of their hosts. We hypothesize that this delayed colonization of Malvoideae can be accounted for by the respective biogeographic histories of the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gael J Kergoat
- INRA, UMR 1062 CBGP (INRA, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro), 755 Avenue du campus Agropolis, 34988 Montferrier/Lez, France.
| | - Bruno P Le Ru
- IRD/CNRS, Laboratoire Evolution Génomes Spéciation, Avenue de la terrasse, BP1, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay, France; Unité de Recherche IRD 072, African Insect Science for Food and Health (ICIPE), PO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Seyed E Sadeghi
- Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands of Iran, PO Box 13185-116, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Midori Tuda
- Institute of Biological Control, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 812-8581 Fukuoka, Japan; Laboratory of Insect Natural Enemies, Division of Agricultural Bioresource Sciences, Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 812-8581 Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Chris A M Reid
- Department of Entomology, Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Zoltán György
- Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, H-1088 Budapest, Baross u. 13, Hungary.
| | - Gwenaëlle Genson
- INRA, UMR 1062 CBGP (INRA, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro), 755 Avenue du campus Agropolis, 34988 Montferrier/Lez, France
| | - Cibele S Ribeiro-Costa
- Laboratório de Sistemática e Bioecologia de Coleoptera, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19020, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Alex Delobel
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 45 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France.
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Solís-Lemus C, Knowles LL, Ané C. Bayesian species delimitation combining multiple genes and traits in a unified framework. Evolution 2015; 69:492-507. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Solís-Lemus
- Department of Statistics; University of Wisconsin; 1300 University Avenue Madison Wisconsin 53706
| | - L. Lacey Knowles
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Zoology; University of Michigan; 1109 Geddes Ave Ann Arbor Michigan 48109
| | - Cécile Ané
- Department of Statistics; University of Wisconsin; 1300 University Avenue Madison Wisconsin 53706
- Department of Botany; University of Wisconsin; 430 Lincoln Drive Madison Wisconsin 53706
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Kergoat GJ, Bouchard P, Clamens AL, Abbate JL, Jourdan H, Jabbour-Zahab R, Genson G, Soldati L, Condamine FL. Cretaceous environmental changes led to high extinction rates in a hyperdiverse beetle family. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:220. [PMID: 25331733 PMCID: PMC4210489 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-014-0220-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As attested by the fossil record, Cretaceous environmental changes have significantly impacted the diversification dynamics of several groups of organisms. A major biome turnover that occurred during this period was the rise of angiosperms starting ca. 125 million years ago. Though there is evidence that the latter promoted the diversification of phytophagous insects, the response of other insect groups to Cretaceous environmental changes is still largely unknown. To gain novel insights on this issue, we assess the diversification dynamics of a hyperdiverse family of detritivorous beetles (Tenebrionidae) using molecular dating and diversification analyses. Results Age estimates reveal an origin after the Triassic-Jurassic mass extinction (older than previously thought), followed by the diversification of major lineages during Pangaean and Gondwanan breakups. Dating analyses indicate that arid-adapted species diversified early, while most of the lineages that are adapted to more humid conditions diversified much later. Contrary to other insect groups, we found no support for a positive shift in diversification rates during the Cretaceous; instead there is evidence for an 8.5-fold increase in extinction rates that was not compensated by a joint increase in speciation rates. Conclusions We hypothesize that this pattern is better explained by the concomitant reduction of arid environments starting in the mid-Cretaceous, which likely negatively impacted the diversification of arid-adapted species that were predominant at that time. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-014-0220-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gael J Kergoat
- INRA - UMR 1062 CBGP (INRA, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro), Campus de Baillarguet, Montferrier-sur-Lez, 34988, France.
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Kirsch R, Gramzow L, Theißen G, Siegfried BD, Ffrench-Constant RH, Heckel DG, Pauchet Y. Horizontal gene transfer and functional diversification of plant cell wall degrading polygalacturonases: Key events in the evolution of herbivory in beetles. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 52:33-50. [PMID: 24978610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are the largest reservoir of organic carbon on earth. To breach and utilize this carbohydrate-rich protective barrier, microbes secrete plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) targeting pectin, cellulose and hemicelluloses. There is a growing body of evidence that genomes of some herbivorous insects also encode PCWDEs, raising questions about their evolutionary origins and functions. Among herbivorous beetles, pectin-degrading polygalacturonases (PGs) are found in the diverse superfamilies Chrysomeloidea (leaf beetles, long-horn beetles) and Curculionoidea (weevils). Here our aim was to test whether these arose from a common ancestor of beetles or via horizontal gene transfer (HGT), and whether PGs kept their ancestral function in degrading pectin or evolved novel functions. Transcriptome data derived from 10 beetle species were screened for PG-encoding sequences and used for phylogenetic comparisons with their bacterial, fungal and plant counterparts. These analyses revealed a large family of PG-encoding genes of Chrysomeloidea and Curculionoidea sharing a common ancestor, most similar to PG genes of ascomycete fungi. In addition, 50 PGs from beetle digestive systems were heterologously expressed and functionally characterized, showing a set of lineage-specific consecutively pectin-degrading enzymes, as well as conserved but enzymatically inactive PG proteins. The evidence indicates that a PG gene was horizontally transferred ∼200 million years ago from an ascomycete fungus to a common ancestor of Chrysomeloidea and Curculionoidea. This has been followed by independent duplications in these two lineages, as well as independent replacement in two sublineages of Chrysomeloidea by two other subsequent HGTs. This origin, leading to subsequent functional diversification of the PG gene family within its new hosts, was a key event promoting the evolution of herbivory in these beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Kirsch
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Lydia Gramzow
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Günter Theißen
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Blair D Siegfried
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, 312A Entomology Hall, Lincoln, 68583-0816 NE, United States
| | | | - David G Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Yannick Pauchet
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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Soldati L, Kergoat GJ, Clamens AL, Jourdan H, Jabbour-Zahab R, Condamine FL. Integrative taxonomy of New Caledonian beetles: species delimitation and definition of the Uloma isoceroides species group (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae, Ulomini), with the description of four new species. Zookeys 2014; 415:133-67. [PMID: 25009426 PMCID: PMC4089822 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.415.6623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
New Caledonia is an important biodiversity hotspot with much undocumented biodiversity, especially in many insect groups. Here we used an integrative approach to explore species diversity in the tenebrionid genus Uloma (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae, Ulomini), which encompasses about 150 species, of which 22 are known from New Caledonia. To do so, we focused on a morphologically homogeneous group by comparing museum specimens with material collected during several recent field trips. We also conducted molecular phylogenetic analyses based on a concatenated matrix of four mitochondrial and three nuclear genes for 46 specimens. The morphological study allowed us to discover and describe four new species that belong to the group of interest, the Uloma isoceroides group. Molecular analyses confirmed the species boundaries of several of the previously described species and established the validity of the four new species. The phylogenetic analyses also provided additional information on the evolutionary history of the group, highlighting that a species that was thought to be unrelated to the group was in fact a member of the same evolutionary lineage. Molecular species delimitation confirmed the status of the sampled species of the group and also suggested some hidden (cryptic) biodiversity for at least two species of the group. Altogether this integrative taxonomic approach has allowed us to better define the boundaries of the Uloma isoceroides species group, which comprises at least 10 species: Uloma isoceroides (Fauvel, 1904), Uloma opacipennis (Fauvel, 1904), Uloma caledonica Kaszab, 1982, Uloma paniei Kaszab, 1982, Uloma monteithi Kaszab, 1986, Uloma robusta Kaszab, 1986, Uloma clamensae sp. n., Uloma condaminei sp. n., Uloma jourdani sp. n., and Uloma kergoati sp. n. We advocate more studies on other New Caledonian groups, as we expect that much undocumented biodiversity can be unveiled through the use of similar approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Soldati
- NRA, UMR 1062 CBGP (INRA, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro), Campus de Baillarguet, 34988, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Gael J. Kergoat
- NRA, UMR 1062 CBGP (INRA, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro), Campus de Baillarguet, 34988, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Anne-Laure Clamens
- NRA, UMR 1062 CBGP (INRA, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro), Campus de Baillarguet, 34988, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Hervé Jourdan
- IRD, UMR 237 IMBE (IRD, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Université d’Avignon et des pays de Vaucluse), Centre IRD de Nouméa, 98848, Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie
| | - Roula Jabbour-Zahab
- CNRS, UMR 5175 CEFE (CNRS, Université Montpellier 2), 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabien L. Condamine
- CNRS, UMR 7641 CMAP (CNRS, École Polytechnique), Route de Saclay, 91128, Palaiseau, France
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Wang B, Zhang H, Jarzembowski EA. Early Cretaceous angiosperms and beetle evolution. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:360. [PMID: 24062759 PMCID: PMC3770909 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Coleoptera (beetles) constitute almost one-fourth of all known life-forms on earth. They are also among the most important pollinators of flowering plants, especially basal angiosperms. Beetle fossils are abundant, almost spanning the entire Early Cretaceous, and thus provide important clues to explore the co-evolutionary processes between beetles and angiosperms. We review the fossil record of some Early Cretaceous polyphagan beetles including Tenebrionoidea, Scarabaeoidea, Curculionoidea, and Chrysomeloidea. Both the fossil record and molecular analyses reveal that these four groups had already diversified during or before the Early Cretaceous, clearly before the initial rise of angiosperms to widespread floristic dominance. These four beetle groups are important pollinators of basal angiosperms today, suggesting that their ecological association with angiosperms probably formed as early as in the Early Cretaceous. With the description of additional well-preserved fossils and improvements in phylogenetic analyses, our knowledge of Mesozoic beetle-angiosperm mutualisms will greatly increase during the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Steinmann Institute, University of BonnBonn, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjing, China
| | - Haichun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjing, China
| | - Edmund A. Jarzembowski
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjing, China
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History MuseumLondon, UK
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10
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Labandeira CC. Deep-time patterns of tissue consumption by terrestrial arthropod herbivores. Naturwissenschaften 2013; 100:355-64. [PMID: 23525577 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-013-1035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A survey of the fossil record of land-plant tissues and their damage by arthropods reveals several results that shed light on trophic trends in host-plant resource use by arthropods. All 14 major plant tissues were present by the end of the Devonian, representing the earliest 20% of the terrestrial biota. During this interval, two types of time lags separate the point between when tissues first originated from their earliest consumption by herbivorous arthropods. For epidermis, parenchyma, collenchyma and xylem, live tissue consumption was rapid, occurring on average 10 m.y. after the earliest tissue records. By contrast, structural tissues (periderm, sclerenchyma), tissues with actively dividing cells (apical, lateral, intercalary meristems), and reproductive tissues (spores, megagametophytes, integuments) experienced approximately a 9-fold (92 m.y.) delay in arthropod herbivory, extending well into the Carboniferous Period. Phloem similarly presents a delay of 85 m.y., but this incongruously long lag-time may be attributed to the lack of preservation of this tissue in early vascular plants. Nevertheless, the presence of phloem can be indicated from planar spaces adjacent well-preserved xylem, or inferred from a known anatomy of the same plant taxon in better preserved material, especially permineralisations. The trophic partitioning of epidermis, parenchyma, phloem and xylem increases considerably to the present, probably a consequence of dietary specialization or consumption of whole leaves by several herbivore functional feeding groups. Structural tissues, meristematic tissues and reproductive tissues minimally have been consumed throughout the fossil record, consistent with their long lags to herbivory during the earlier Paleozoic. Neither angiosperm dominance in floras nor global environmental perturbations had any discernible effect on herbivore trophic partitioning of plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad C Labandeira
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA.
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Phylogenetics and evolution of host-plant use in leaf-mining sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Heterarthrinae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2012; 64:331-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Toussaint EFA, Condamine FL, Kergoat GJ, Capdevielle-Dulac C, Barbut J, Silvain JF, Le Ru BP. Palaeoenvironmental shifts drove the adaptive radiation of a noctuid stemborer tribe (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Apameini) in the miocene. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41377. [PMID: 22859979 PMCID: PMC3409182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Between the late Oligocene and the early Miocene, climatic changes have shattered the faunal and floral communities and drove the apparition of new ecological niches. Grassland biomes began to supplant forestlands, thus favouring a large-scale ecosystem turnover. The independent adaptive radiations of several mammal lineages through the evolution of key innovations are classic examples of these changes. However, little is known concerning the evolutionary history of other herbivorous groups in relation with this modified environment. It is especially the case in phytophagous insect communities, which have been rarely studied in this context despite their ecological importance. Here, we investigate the phylogenetic and evolutionary patterns of grass-specialist moths from the species-rich tribe Apameini (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). The molecular dating analyses carried out over the corresponding phylogenetic framework reveal an origin around 29 million years ago for the Apameini. Ancestral state reconstructions indicate (i) a potential Palaearctic origin of the tribe Apameini associated with a major dispersal event in Afrotropics for the subtribe Sesamiina; (ii) a recent colonization from Palaearctic of the New World and Oriental regions by several independent lineages; and (iii) an ancestral association of the tribe Apameini over grasses (Poaceae). Diversification analyses indicate that diversification rates have not remained constant during the evolution of the group, as underlined by a significant shift in diversification rates during the early Miocene. Interestingly, this age estimate is congruent with the development of grasslands at this time. Rather than clade ages, variations in diversification rates among genera better explain the current differences in species diversity. Our results underpin a potential adaptive radiation of these phytophagous moths with the family Poaceae in relation with the major environmental shifts that have occurred in the Miocene.
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Nyman T, Linder HP, Peña C, Malm T, Wahlberg N. Climate-driven diversity dynamics in plants and plant-feeding insects. Ecol Lett 2012; 15:889-98. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pitfalls in comparisons of genetic distances: a case study of the avian family Acrocephalidae. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2011; 62:319-28. [PMID: 22023826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetic distances are increasingly being used for identification and species delimitation, especially since the introduction of "barcoding". While for phylogenetic inferences great care is generally taken to choose the best-fit evolutionary model, this is usually neglected in calculating genetic distances. Moreover, distances obtained from others than best-fit models, different lengths of sequences, and even different loci are often freely compared. We examined the influence of different methods on calculating genetic distances using mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences for the passerine family Acrocephalidae. We found substantial differences between: (1) corrected distances based on the best-fit model (TrN+Γ) vs. uncorrected p-distances; (2) distances calculated based on different parts of the same gene; and (3) distances calculated using the methods of "complete deletion" vs. "pairwise deletion" for sequences that included uncertain nucleotides. All these methodological differences affected comparisons between species and potential taxonomical conclusions. We suggest that (1) different loci are incomparable. (2) Only perfectly homologous regions (same length, same part of locus) should be compared. (3) In the case of sequences with some uncertain nucleotides, only distances calculated by the method of "complete deletion" are fully comparable. (4) Only distances based on the optimal substitution model should be used. (5) Even within the same locus, corrected genetic distances are unique to the study in which they are calculated, as they are conditional on the particular dataset and model selected for that dataset.
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