1
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Kanippayoor RL, Soeder C, Hsiang T, Jones CD, Moehring AJ. Identification and genetic analysis of a pervasive 'needle-eye' sperm phenotype in Drosophila sterile hybrid males. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20240483. [PMID: 38889778 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Interspecies hybrid sterility has been extensively studied, especially in the genus Drosophila. Hybrid sterility is more often found in the heterogametic (XY or ZW) sex, a trend called Haldane's rule. Although this phenomenon is pervasive, identification of a common genetic mechanism remains elusive, with modest support found for a range of potential theories. Here, we identify a single precise morphological phenotype, which we call 'needle-eye sperm', that is associated with hybrid sterility in three separate species pairs that span the Drosophila genus. The nature of the phenotype indicates a common point of meiotic failure in sterile hybrid males. We used 10 generations of backcross selection paired with whole-genome pooled sequencing to genetically map the regions underlying the needle-eye (NE) sperm phenotype. Surprisingly, the sterility phenotype was present in ~50% of males even after 10 generations of backcrossing, and only a single region of the X chromosome was associated with sterility in one direction of backcross. Owing to the common phenotype among sterile male hybrids, and the strong effect of individual loci, further exploration of these findings may identify a universal mechanism for the evolution of hybrid sterility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles Soeder
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Tom Hsiang
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Corbin D Jones
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Amanda J Moehring
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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2
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Seto Y, Iwasaki Y, Ogawa Y, Tamura K, Toda MJ. Skeleton phylogeny reconstructed with transcriptomes for the tribe Drosophilini (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2024; 191:107978. [PMID: 38013068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The family Drosophilidae is one of the most important model systems in evolutionary biology. Thanks to advances in high-throughput sequencing technology, a number of molecular phylogenetic analyses have been undertaken by using large data sets of many genes and many species sampled across this family. Especially, recent analyses using genome sequences have depicted the family-wide skeleton phylogeny with high confidence. However, the taxon sampling is still insufficient for minor lineages and non-Drosophila genera. In this study, we carried out phylogenetic analyses using a large number of transcriptome-based nucleotide sequences, focusing on the largest, core tribe Drosophilini in the Drosophilidae. In our analyses, some noise factors against phylogenetic reconstruction were taken into account by removing putative paralogy from the datasets and examining the effects of missing data, i.e. gene occupancy and site coverage, and incomplete lineage sorting. The inferred phylogeny has newly resolved the following phylogenetic positions/relationships at the genomic scale: (i) the monophyly of the subgenus Siphlodora including Zaprionus flavofasciatus to be transferred therein; (ii) the paraphyly of the robusta and melanica species groups within a clade comprised of the robusta, melanica and quadrisetata groups and Z. flavofasciatus; (iii) Drosophila curviceps (representing the curviceps group), D. annulipes (the quadrilineata subgroup of the immigrans group) and D. maculinotata clustered into a clade sister to the Idiomyia + Scaptomyza clade, forming together the expanded Hawaiian drosophilid lineage; (iv) Dichaetophora tenuicauda (representing the lineage comprised of the Zygothrica genus group and Dichaetophora) placed as the sister to the clade of the expanded Hawaiian drosophilid lineage and Siphlodora; and (v) relationships of the subgenus Drosophila and the genus Zaprionus as follows: (Zaprionus, (the quadrilineata subgroup, ((D. sternopleuralis, the immigrans group proper), (the quinaria radiation, the tripunctata radiation)))). These results are to be incorporated into the so-far published phylogenomic tree as a backbone (constraint) tree for grafting much more species based on sequences of a limited number of genes. Such a comprehensive, highly confident phylogenetic tree with extensive and dense taxon sampling will provide an essential framework for comparative studies of the Drosophilidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Seto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Experimental Chemotherapy, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yuma Iwasaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yoshitaka Ogawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Koichiro Tamura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan; Research Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masanori J Toda
- Hokkaido University Museum, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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3
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Kopp A, Barmina O. Interspecific variation in sex-specific gustatory organs in Drosophila. J Comp Neurol 2022; 530:2439-2450. [PMID: 35603778 PMCID: PMC9339527 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila males use leg gustatory bristles to discriminate between male and female cuticular pheromones as an important part of courtship behavior. In Drosophila melanogaster, several male-specific gustatory bristles are present on the anterior surface of the first tarsal segment of the prothoracic leg, in addition to a larger set of gustatory bristles found in both sexes. These bristles are thought to be specialized for pheromone detection. Here, we report the number and location of sex-specific gustatory bristles in 27 other Drosophila species. Although some species have a pattern similar to D. melanogaster, others lack anterior male-specific bristles but have many dorsal male-specific gustatory bristles instead. Some species have both anterior and dorsal male-specific bristles, while others lack sexual dimorphism entirely. In several distantly related species, the number of gustatory bristles is much greater in males than in females due to a male-specific transformation of ancestrally mechanosensory bristles to a chemosensory identity. This variation in the extent and pattern of sexual dimorphism may affect the formation and function of neuronal circuits that control Drosophila courtship and contribute to the evolution of mating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artyom Kopp
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis
| | - Olga Barmina
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis
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4
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Gao JJ, Barmina O, Thompson A, Kim BY, Suvorov A, Tanaka K, Watabe H, Toda MJ, Chen JM, Katoh TK, Kopp A. Secondary reversion to sexual monomorphism associated with tissue-specific loss of doublesex expression. Evolution 2022; 76:2089-2104. [PMID: 35841603 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Animal evolution is characterized by frequent turnover of sexually dimorphic traits-new sex-specific characters are gained, and some ancestral sex-specific characters are lost, in many lineages. In insects, sexual differentiation is predominantly cell autonomous and depends on the expression of the doublesex (dsx) transcription factor. In most cases, cells that transcribe dsx have the potential to undergo sex-specific differentiation, while those that lack dsx expression do not. Consistent with this mode of development, comparative research has shown that the origin of new sex-specific traits can be associated with the origin of new spatial domains of dsx expression. In this report, we examine the opposite situation-a secondary loss of the sex comb, a male-specific grasping structure that develops on the front legs of some drosophilid species. We show that while the origin of the sex comb is linked to an evolutionary gain of dsx expression in the leg, sex comb loss in a newly identified species of Lordiphosa (Drosophilidae) is associated with a secondary loss of dsx expression. We discuss how the developmental control of sexual dimorphism affects the mechanisms by which sex-specific traits can evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Gao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, China
| | - Olga Barmina
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ammon Thompson
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Bernard Y Kim
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Anton Suvorov
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Kohtaro Tanaka
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Hideaki Watabe
- The Hokkaido University Museum, Kita-10, Nishi-8, Kitaku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Masanori J Toda
- The Hokkaido University Museum, Kita-10, Nishi-8, Kitaku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Ji-Min Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, China
| | - Takehiro K Katoh
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, China
| | - Artyom Kopp
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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5
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Finet C, Kassner VA, Carvalho AB, Chung H, Day JP, Day S, Delaney EK, De Ré FC, Dufour HD, Dupim E, Izumitani HF, Gautério TB, Justen J, Katoh T, Kopp A, Koshikawa S, Longdon B, Loreto EL, Nunes MDS, Raja KKB, Rebeiz M, Ritchie MG, Saakyan G, Sneddon T, Teramoto M, Tyukmaeva V, Vanderlinde T, Wey EE, Werner T, Williams TM, Robe LJ, Toda MJ, Marlétaz F. DrosoPhyla: Resources for Drosophilid Phylogeny and Systematics. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:evab179. [PMID: 34343293 PMCID: PMC8382681 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster is a pivotal model for invertebrate development, genetics, physiology, neuroscience, and disease. The whole family Drosophilidae, which contains over 4,400 species, offers a plethora of cases for comparative and evolutionary studies. Despite a long history of phylogenetic inference, many relationships remain unresolved among the genera, subgenera, and species groups in the Drosophilidae. To clarify these relationships, we first developed a set of new genomic markers and assembled a multilocus data set of 17 genes from 704 species of Drosophilidae. We then inferred a species tree with highly supported groups for this family. Additionally, we were able to determine the phylogenetic position of some previously unplaced species. These results establish a new framework for investigating the evolution of traits in fruit flies, as well as valuable resources for systematics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Finet
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Victoria A Kassner
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Antonio B Carvalho
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Henry Chung
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, USA
| | - Jonathan P Day
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Day
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Emily K Delaney
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California-Davis, USA
| | - Francine C De Ré
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Héloïse D Dufour
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Eduardo Dupim
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hiroyuki F Izumitani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Thaísa B Gautério
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jessa Justen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Toru Katoh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Artyom Kopp
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California-Davis, USA
| | - Shigeyuki Koshikawa
- The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research and Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Ben Longdon
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Elgion L Loreto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maria D S Nunes
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, United Kingdom
- Centre for Functional Genomics, Oxford Brookes University, United Kingdom
| | - Komal K B Raja
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, USA
| | - Mark Rebeiz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | | | - Gayane Saakyan
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California-Davis, USA
| | - Tanya Sneddon
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Machiko Teramoto
- The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research and Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Japan
| | | | - Thyago Vanderlinde
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emily E Wey
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, USA
| | - Thomas Werner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, USA
| | | | - Lizandra J Robe
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Masanori J Toda
- Hokkaido University Museum, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ferdinand Marlétaz
- Centre for Life’s Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, United Kingdom
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6
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Zhang Y, Katoh TK, Finet C, Izumitani HF, Toda MJ, Watabe HA, Katoh T. Phylogeny and evolution of mycophagy in the Zygothrica genus group (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 163:107257. [PMID: 34252547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite numerous phylogenetic studies on the family Drosophilidae, relationships among some important lineages are still poorly resolved. An example is the equivocal position of the Zygothrica genus group that is mostly comprised of the mycophagous genera Hirtodrosophila, Mycodrosophila, Paramycodrosophila, and Zygothrica. To fill this gap, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis by assembling a dataset of 24 genes from 92 species, including 42 species of the Zygothrica genus group mainly from the Palearctic and Oriental regions. The resulting tree shows that the Zygothrica genus group is monophyletic and places it as the sister to the genus Dichaetophora, and the clade Zygothrica genus group + Dichaetophora is sister to the Siphlodora + Idiomyia/Scaptomyza clade. Within the Zygothrica genus group, the genera Mycodrosophila and Paramycodrosophila are both recognized as monophyletic, while neither the genus Zygothrica nor Hirtodrosophila is monophyletic. We also used this phylogenetic tree to investigate the evolution of mycophagy by reconstructing ancestral food habit in the Drosophilidae. We found that fungus-feeding habit has been gained independently in two lineages. The most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of the subgenus Drosophila was estimated to have acquired mycophagy by expanding its ancestral feeding niche on fermenting fruits to decayed fungi, while the MRCA of the Zygothrica genus group shifted its niche from fruits to fungi as a specialist probably preferring fresh fruiting bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Natural History Science, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takehiro K Katoh
- Laboratory of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Cédric Finet
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, 138527, Singapore
| | - Hiroyuki F Izumitani
- Department of Natural History Science, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Masanori J Toda
- Hokkaido University Museum, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hide-Aki Watabe
- Hokkaido University Museum, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Toru Katoh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
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7
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Sturm S, Dowle A, Audsley N, Isaac RE. Mass spectrometric characterisation of the major peptides of the male ejaculatory duct, including a glycopeptide with an unusual zwitterionic glycosylation. J Proteomics 2021; 246:104307. [PMID: 34174476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Peptides present in the seminal fluid of Drosophila melanogaster can function as antimicrobial agents, enzyme inhibitors and as pheromones that elicit physiological and behavioural responses in the post-mated female. Understanding the molecular interactions by which these peptides influence reproduction requires detailed knowledge of their molecular structures. However, this information is often lacking and cannot be gleaned from just gene sequences and standard proteomic data. We now report the native structures of four seminal fluid peptides (andropin, CG42782, Met75C and Acp54A1) from the ejaculatory duct of male D. melanogaster. The mature CG42782, Met75C and Acp54A1 peptides each have a cyclic structure formed by a disulfide bond, which will reduce conformational freedom and enhance metabolic stability. In addition, the presence of a penultimate Pro in CG42782 and Met75C will help prevent degradation by carboxypeptidases. Met75C has undergone more extensive post-translational modifications with the formation of an N-terminal pyroglutamyl residue and the attachment of a mucin-like O-glycan to the side chain of Thr4. Both of these modifications are expected to further enhance the stability of the secreted peptide. The glycan has a rare zwitterionic structure comprising an O-linked N-acetyl hexosamine, a hexose and, unusually, phosphoethanolamine. A survey of various genomes showed that andropin, CG42782, and Acp54A1 are relatively recent genes and are restricted to the melanogaster subgroup. Met75C, however, was also found in members of the obscura species groups and in Scaptodrosophila lebanonensis. Andropin is related to the cecropin gene family and probably arose by tandem gene duplication, whereas CG42782, Met75C and Acp54A1 possibly emerged de novo. We speculate that the post-translational modifications that we report for these gene products will be important not only for a biological function, but also for metabolic stability and might also facilitate transport across tissue barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier of the female insect. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Seminal fluid peptides of D. melanogaster function as antimicrobials, enzyme inhibitors and as pheromones, eliciting physiological and behavioural responses in the post-mated female. A fuller understanding of how these peptides influence reproduction requires knowledge not only of their primary structure, but also of their post-translational modification. However, this information is often lacking and difficult to glean from standard proteomic data. The reported modifications, including the unusual glycosylation, adds much to our knowledge of this important class of peptides in this model organism, par excellence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Dowle
- Bioscience Technology Facility, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Neil Audsley
- Institute for Agri-Food Research and Innovation, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - R Elwyn Isaac
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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8
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Conner WR, Delaney EK, Bronski MJ, Ginsberg PS, Wheeler TB, Richardson KM, Peckenpaugh B, Kim KJ, Watada M, Hoffmann AA, Eisen MB, Kopp A, Cooper BS, Turelli M. A phylogeny for the Drosophila montium species group: A model clade for comparative analyses. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 158:107061. [PMID: 33387647 PMCID: PMC7946709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.107061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila montium species group is a clade of 94 named species, closely related to the model species D. melanogaster. The montium species group is distributed over a broad geographic range throughout Asia, Africa, and Australasia. Species of this group possess a wide range of morphologies, mating behaviors, and endosymbiont associations, making this clade useful for comparative analyses. We use genomic data from 42 available species to estimate the phylogeny and relative divergence times within the montium species group, and its relative divergence time from D. melanogaster. To assess the robustness of our phylogenetic inferences, we use 3 non-overlapping sets of 20 single-copy coding sequences and analyze all 60 genes with both Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods. Our analyses support monophyly of the group. Apart from the uncertain placement of a single species, D. baimaii, our analyses also support the monophyly of all seven subgroups proposed within the montium group. Our phylograms and relative chronograms provide a highly resolved species tree, with discordance restricted to estimates of relatively short branches deep in the tree. In contrast, age estimates for the montium crown group, relative to its divergence from D. melanogaster, depend critically on prior assumptions concerning variation in rates of molecular evolution across branches, and hence have not been reliably determined. We discuss methodological issues that limit phylogenetic resolution - even when complete genome sequences are available - as well as the utility of the current phylogeny for understanding the evolutionary and biogeographic history of this clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Conner
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA(1)
| | - Emily K Delaney
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michael J Bronski
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Paul S Ginsberg
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA(1)
| | - Timothy B Wheeler
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA(1)
| | - Kelly M Richardson
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioScience, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Brooke Peckenpaugh
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA(1)
| | - Kevin J Kim
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Masayoshi Watada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioScience, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Michael B Eisen
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Artyom Kopp
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brandon S Cooper
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA(1)
| | - Michael Turelli
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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9
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Hughes JT, Williams ME, Johnson R, Grover S, Rebeiz M, Williams TM. Gene Regulatory Network Homoplasy Underlies Recurrent Sexually Dimorphic Fruit Fly Pigmentation. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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10
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Kopp A, Barmina O, Prigent SR. Phylogenetic position of the Drosophila fima and dentissima lineages, and the status of the D. melanogaster species group. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 139:106543. [PMID: 31247309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The subgenus Sophophora of Drosophila, which includes D. melanogaster, is an important model for the study of molecular evolution, comparative genomics, and evolutionary developmental biology. Numerous phylogenetic studies have examined species relationships in the well-known melanogaster, obscura, willistoni, and saltans species groups, as well as the relationships among these clades. In contrast, other species groups of Sophophora have been relatively neglected and have not been subjected to molecular phylogenetic analysis. Here, we focus on the endemic African Drosophila fima and dentissima lineages. We find that both these clades fall within the broadly defined melanogaster species group, but are otherwise distantly related to each other. The new phylogeny supports pervasive divergent and convergent evolution of male-specific grasping structures (sex combs). We discuss the implications of these results for defining the boundaries of the melanogaster species group, and weigh the relative merits of "splitting" and "lumping" approaches to the taxonomy of this key model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kopp
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, United States.
| | - O Barmina
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, United States
| | - S R Prigent
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), UMR7205, CNRS-MNHN-UPMC-EPHE, PSL University, 45 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
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11
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Abstract
Understanding phylogenetic relationships among taxa is key to designing and implementing comparative analyses. The genus Drosophila, which contains over 1600 species, is one of the most important model systems in the biological sciences. For over a century, one species in this group, Drosophila melanogaster, has been key to studies of animal development and genetics, genome organization and evolution, and human disease. As whole-genome sequencing becomes more cost-effective, there is increasing interest in other members of this morphologically, ecologically, and behaviorally diverse genus. Phylogenetic relationships within Drosophila are complicated, and the goal of this paper is to provide a review of the recent taxonomic changes and phylogenetic relationships in this genus to aid in further comparative studies.
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12
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Ma S, Avanesov AS, Porter E, Lee BC, Mariotti M, Zemskaya N, Guigo R, Moskalev AA, Gladyshev VN. Comparative transcriptomics across 14 Drosophila species reveals signatures of longevity. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12740. [PMID: 29671950 PMCID: PMC6052463 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lifespan varies dramatically among species, but the biological basis is not well understood. Previous studies in model organisms revealed the importance of nutrient sensing, mTOR, NAD/sirtuins, and insulin/IGF1 signaling in lifespan control. By studying life-history traits and transcriptomes of 14 Drosophila species differing more than sixfold in lifespan, we explored expression divergence and identified genes and processes that correlate with longevity. These longevity signatures suggested that longer-lived flies upregulate fatty acid metabolism, downregulate neuronal system development and activin signaling, and alter dynamics of RNA splicing. Interestingly, these gene expression patterns resembled those of flies under dietary restriction and several other lifespan-extending interventions, although on the individual gene level, there was no significant overlap with genes previously reported to have lifespan-extension effects. We experimentally tested the lifespan regulation potential of several candidate genes and found no consistent effects, suggesting that individual genes generally do not explain the observed longevity patterns. Instead, it appears that lifespan regulation across species is modulated by complex relationships at the system level represented by global gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siming Ma
- Division of GeneticsDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Genome Institute of SingaporeA*STARSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Andrei S. Avanesov
- Division of GeneticsDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Emily Porter
- Division of GeneticsDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Byung Cheon Lee
- Division of GeneticsDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- College of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyKorea UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Marco Mariotti
- Division of GeneticsDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Bioinformatics and Genomics ProgramCentre for Genomic Regulation and Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelonaSpain
| | - Nadezhda Zemskaya
- Institute of BiologyKomi Science CenterRussian Academy of SciencesSyktyvkarRussia
| | - Roderic Guigo
- Bioinformatics and Genomics ProgramCentre for Genomic Regulation and Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelonaSpain
| | - Alexey A. Moskalev
- Institute of BiologyKomi Science CenterRussian Academy of SciencesSyktyvkarRussia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and TechnologyDolgoprudny, Moscow RegionRussia
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular BiologyRussian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
| | - Vadim N. Gladyshev
- Division of GeneticsDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Belozersky Institute of Physico‐Chemical BiologyMoscow State UniversityMoscowRussia
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13
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Fartyal RS, Sati PC, Pradhan S, Kandpal MC, Toda MJ, Chatterjee RN, Singh BK, Bhardwai A. A review of the genus Lordiphosa Basden in India, with descriptions of four new species from the Himalayan region (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Zookeys 2017:49-79. [PMID: 29118592 PMCID: PMC5672582 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.688.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
All Indian species of the genus Lordiphosa Basden are reviewed, with descriptions of four new species, L.curva Fartyal & Toda, sp. n. of the denticeps species group and L.ayarpathaensis Kandpal & Singh, sp. n., L.makaibarensis Pradhan & Chatterjee, sp. n. and L.srinagarensis Sati & Fartyal, sp. n. of the nigricolor species group. Two of the new species, L.ayarpathaensis and L.makaibarensis, were found visiting flowers of Hedychiumspicatum and Daturasuaveolens, respectively. This is the first record of flower visitation in Lordiphosa flies. In addition, L.parantillaria (Kumar & Gupta, 1990), syn. n. is synonymized with L.antillaria (Okada, 1984). Supplementary and revised descriptions for L.antillaria and L.neokurokawai (Singh & Gupta, 1981) and a key to all Indian species of Lordiphosa are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra S Fartyal
- Systematics, Cytogenetics and Molecular Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Biotechnology, Srinagar-Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pradeep C Sati
- Systematics, Cytogenetics and Molecular Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Biotechnology, Srinagar-Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sushmika Pradhan
- P.G. Department of Zoology, Darjeeling Government College, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India.,Genetics Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, West Bengal, India
| | - Mukul C Kandpal
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Masanori J Toda
- Hokkaido University Museum, Hokkaido University, N10, W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Rabindra N Chatterjee
- Genetics Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, West Bengal, India
| | - Birendra K Singh
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Asha Bhardwai
- Systematics, Cytogenetics and Molecular Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Biotechnology, Srinagar-Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
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14
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Izumitani HF, Kusaka Y, Koshikawa S, Toda MJ, Katoh T. Phylogeography of the Subgenus Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae): Evolutionary History of Faunal Divergence between the Old and the New Worlds. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160051. [PMID: 27462734 PMCID: PMC4962979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The current subgenus Drosophila (the traditional immigrans-tripunctata radiation) includes major elements of temperate drosophilid faunas in the northern hemisphere. Despite previous molecular phylogenetic analyses, the phylogeny of the subgenus Drosophila has not fully been resolved: the resulting trees have more or less varied in topology. One possible factor for such ambiguous results is taxon-sampling that has been biased towards New World species in previous studies. In this study, taxon sampling was balanced between Old and New World species, and phylogenetic relationships among 45 ingroup species selected from ten core species groups of the subgenus Drosophila were analyzed using nucleotide sequences of three nuclear and two mitochondrial genes. Based on the resulting phylogenetic tree, ancestral distributions and divergence times were estimated for each clade to test Throckmorton’s hypothesis that there was a primary, early-Oligocene disjunction of tropical faunas and a subsequent mid-Miocene disjunction of temperate faunas between the Old and the New Worlds that occurred in parallel in separate lineages of the Drosophilidae. Our results substantially support Throckmorton’s hypothesis of ancestral migrations via the Bering Land Bridge mainly from the Old to the New World, and subsequent vicariant divergence of descendants between the two Worlds occurred in parallel among different lineages of the subgenus Drosophila. However, our results also indicate that these events took place multiple times over a wider time range than Throckmorton proposed, from the late Oligocene to the Pliocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki F. Izumitani
- Department of Natural History Science, Graduate school of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yohei Kusaka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Koshikawa
- The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research and Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masanori J. Toda
- Hokkaido University Museum, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Toru Katoh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- * E-mail:
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15
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Russo CAM, Mello B, Frazão A, Voloch CM. Phylogenetic analysis and a time tree for a large drosophilid data set (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Zool J Linn Soc 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A. M. Russo
- Genetics Department; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Beatriz Mello
- Genetics Department; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Annelise Frazão
- Genetics Department; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Carolina M. Voloch
- Genetics Department; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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16
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Abstract
The diversity of animal and plant forms is shaped by nested evolutionary innovations. Understanding the genetic and molecular changes responsible for these innovations is therefore one of the key goals of evolutionary biology. From the genetic point of view, the origin of novel traits implies the origin of new regulatory pathways to control their development. To understand how these new pathways are assembled in the course of evolution, we need model systems that combine relatively recent innovations with a powerful set of genetic and molecular tools. One such model is provided by the Drosophila sex comb-a male-specific morphological structure that evolved in a relatively small lineage related to the model species D. melanogaster. Our extensive knowledge of sex comb development in D. melanogaster provides the basis for investigating the genetic changes responsible for sex comb origin and diversification. At the same time, sex combs can change on microevolutionary timescales and differ spectacularly among closely related species, providing opportunities for direct genetic analysis and for integrating developmental and population-genetic approaches. Sex comb evolution is associated with the origin of novel interactions between Hox and sex determination genes. Activity of the sex determination pathway was brought under the control of the Hox code to become segment-specific, while Hox gene expression became sexually dimorphic. At the same time, both Hox and sex determination genes were integrated into the intrasegmental spatial patterning network, and acquired new joint downstream targets. Phylogenetic analysis shows that similar sex comb morphologies evolved independently in different lineages. Convergent evolution at the phenotypic level reflects convergent changes in the expression of Hox and sex determination genes, involving both independent gains and losses of regulatory interactions. However, the downstream cell-differentiation programs have diverged between species, and in some lineages, similar adult morphologies are produced by different morphogenetic mechanisms. These features make the sex comb an excellent model for examining not only the genetic changes responsible for its evolution, but also the cellular processes that translate DNA sequence changes into morphological diversity. The origin and diversification of sex combs provides insights into the roles of modularity, cooption, and regulatory changes in evolutionary innovations, and can serve as a model for understanding the origin of the more drastic novelties that define higher order taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artyom Kopp
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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17
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Li T, Gao JJ, Lu JM, Ji XL, Chen HW. Phylogenetic relationship among East Asian species of the Stegana genus group (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2013; 66:412-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Atallah J, Watabe H, Kopp A. Many ways to make a novel structure: a new mode of sex comb development in Drosophilidae. Evol Dev 2012; 14:476-83. [DOI: 10.1111/ede.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Atallah
- Department of Evolution and Ecology; University of California, Davis; CA; 95616; USA
| | - Hideaki Watabe
- Biological Laboratory; Sapporo Campus Hokkaido University of Education, Ainosato 5-3-1; Sapporo; 002-8075; Japan
| | - Artyom Kopp
- Department of Evolution and Ecology; University of California, Davis; CA; 95616; USA
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19
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Obbard DJ, Maclennan J, Kim KW, Rambaut A, O'Grady PM, Jiggins FM. Estimating divergence dates and substitution rates in the Drosophila phylogeny. Mol Biol Evol 2012; 29:3459-73. [PMID: 22683811 PMCID: PMC3472498 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/mss150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An absolute timescale for evolution is essential if we are to associate evolutionary phenomena, such as adaptation or speciation, with potential causes, such as geological activity or climatic change. Timescales in most phylogenetic studies use geologically dated fossils or phylogeographic events as calibration points, but more recently, it has also become possible to use experimentally derived estimates of the mutation rate as a proxy for substitution rates. The large radiation of drosophilid taxa endemic to the Hawaiian islands has provided multiple calibration points for the Drosophila phylogeny, thanks to the "conveyor belt" process by which this archipelago forms and is colonized by species. However, published date estimates for key nodes in the Drosophila phylogeny vary widely, and many are based on simplistic models of colonization and coalescence or on estimates of island age that are not current. In this study, we use new sequence data from seven species of Hawaiian Drosophila to examine a range of explicit coalescent models and estimate substitution rates. We use these rates, along with a published experimentally determined mutation rate, to date key events in drosophilid evolution. Surprisingly, our estimate for the date for the most recent common ancestor of the genus Drosophila based on mutation rate (25-40 Ma) is closer to being compatible with independent fossil-derived dates (20-50 Ma) than are most of the Hawaiian-calibration models and also has smaller uncertainty. We find that Hawaiian-calibrated dates are extremely sensitive to model choice and give rise to point estimates that range between 26 and 192 Ma, depending on the details of the model. Potential problems with the Hawaiian calibration may arise from systematic variation in the molecular clock due to the long generation time of Hawaiian Drosophila compared with other Drosophila and/or uncertainty in linking island formation dates with colonization dates. As either source of error will bias estimates of divergence time, we suggest mutation rate estimates be used until better models are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren J Obbard
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, and Centre for Infection Immunity and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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20
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Soleimani P, Barzegar A, Movafeghi A. Phylogenetic study of SIVcpz MT145 virus based on proteome and genome analysis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2012; 30:328-37. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2012.680032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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21
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Tanaka K, Barmina O, Sanders LE, Arbeitman MN, Kopp A. Evolution of sex-specific traits through changes in HOX-dependent doublesex expression. PLoS Biol 2011; 9:e1001131. [PMID: 21886483 PMCID: PMC3160335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost every animal lineage is characterized by unique sex-specific traits, implying that such traits are gained and lost frequently in evolution. However, the genetic mechanisms responsible for these changes are not understood. In Drosophila, the activity of the sex determination pathway is restricted to sexually dimorphic tissues, suggesting that spatial regulation of this pathway may contribute to the evolution of sex-specific traits. We examine the regulation and function of doublesex (dsx), the main transcriptional effector of the sex determination pathway, in the development and evolution of Drosophila sex combs. Sex combs are a recent evolutionary innovation and show dramatic diversity in the relatively few Drosophila species that have them. We show that dsx expression in the presumptive sex comb region is activated by the HOX gene Sex combs reduced (Scr), and that the male isoform of dsx up-regulates Scr so that both genes become expressed at high levels in this region in males but not in females. Precise spatial regulation of dsx is essential for defining sex comb position and morphology. Comparative analysis of Scr and dsx expression reveals a tight correlation between sex comb morphology and the expression patterns of both genes. In species that primitively lack sex combs, no dsx expression is observed in the homologous region, suggesting that the origin and diversification of this structure were linked to the gain of a new dsx expression domain. Two other, distantly related fly lineages that independently evolved novel male-specific structures show evolutionary gains of dsx expression in the corresponding tissues, where dsx may also be controlled by Scr. These findings suggest that changes in the spatial regulation of sex-determining genes are a key mechanism that enables the evolution of new sex-specific traits, contributing to some of the most dramatic examples of phenotypic diversification in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohtaro Tanaka
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California–Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Olga Barmina
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California–Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Laura E. Sanders
- Section of Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michelle N. Arbeitman
- Section of Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Artyom Kopp
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California–Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Cao H, Wang X, Gao J, Prigent SR, Watabe H, Zhang Y, Chen H. Phylogeny of the African and Asian Phortica (Drosophilidae) deduced from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2011; 61:677-85. [PMID: 21864697 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic relationships of 26 Phortica species were investigated based on DNA sequence data of two mitochondrial (ND2, COI) and one nuclear (28S rRNA) genes. Five monophyletic groups were recovered in the genus Phortica, of which three were established as new subgenera, Alloparadisa, Ashima, and Shangrila. The subgenus Allophortica was suggested as the most basal lineage in Phortica, followed by the lineage of P. helva + P. sobodo + P. varipes. The remaining Phortica species, most of Oriental distribution, formed a monophyletic group, and were subdivided into three lineages (i.e., the subgenera Ashima, Phortica, and Shangrila). The subgenera Shangrila and Phortica were suggested as sister taxa, and four clades were recovered in the subgenus Ashima. The result of reconstruction of ancestral distribution and estimation of divergence times indicates that, the ancestor of the genus Phortica restricted to Africa, its initial diversification was dated back to ca. 23 Mya (coinciding with the Oligocene/Miocene boundary); sympatric speciation and an Africa-to-Asia dispersal was proposed to account for the current distribution of Allophortica and the rest Phortica; most of the rest diversification of Phortica occurred in southern China, and the divergence between the African clade and its Oriental counterpart was suggested as a result of vicariance following a dispersal of their ancestral species from southern China to Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiluo Cao
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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