1
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Karin BR, Lough-Stevens M, Lin TE, Reilly SB, Barley AJ, Das I, Iskandar DT, Arida E, Jackman TR, McGuire JA, Bauer AM. The natural and human-mediated expansion of a human-commensal lizard into the fringes of Southeast Asia. BMC Ecol Evol 2024; 24:25. [PMID: 38378475 PMCID: PMC10880348 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-024-02212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human-commensal species often display deep ancestral genetic structure within their native range and founder-effects and/or evidence of multiple introductions and admixture in newly established areas. We investigated the phylogeography of Eutropis multifasciata, an abundant human-commensal scincid lizard that occurs across Southeast Asia, to determine the extent of its native range and to assess the sources and signatures of human introduction outside of the native range. We sequenced over 350 samples of E. multifasciata for the mitochondrial ND2 gene and reanalyzed a previous RADseq population genetic dataset in a phylogenetic framework. RESULTS Nuclear and mitochondrial trees are concordant and show that E. multifasciata has retained high levels of genetic structure across Southeast Asia despite being frequently moved by humans. Lineage boundaries in the native range roughly correspond to several major biogeographic barriers, including Wallace's Line and the Isthmus of Kra. Islands at the outer fringe of the range show evidence of founder-effects and multiple introductions. CONCLUSIONS Most of enormous range of E. multifasciata across Southeast Asia is native and it only displays signs of human-introduction or recent expansion along the eastern and northern fringe of its range. There were at least three events of human-introductions to Taiwan and offshore islands, and several oceanic islands in eastern Indonesia show a similar pattern. In Myanmar and Hainan, there is a founder-effect consistent with post-warming expansion after the last glacial maxima or human introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Karin
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA.
| | - Michael Lough-Stevens
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
- Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Te-En Lin
- Endemic Species Research Institute, 1, Minsheng E Rd., Jiji Township, Nantou County, 55244, Taiwan
| | - Sean B Reilly
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Anthony J Barley
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, 2320 Storer Hall, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Indraneil Das
- Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Djoko T Iskandar
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, 10 Jalan Ganesa, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
- Basic Sciences Commission, Indonesian Academy of Sciences, 11 Jalan Medan Merdeka Selatan, Jakarta, 10110, Indonesia
| | - Evy Arida
- Research Center for Ecology and Ethnobiology, Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN), Cibinong Science Center, Jalan Raya Jakarta-Bogor km 46, Cibinong, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Todd R Jackman
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Jimmy A McGuire
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Aaron M Bauer
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
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2
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Hinckley A, Camacho-Sanchez M, Ruedi M, Hawkins MTR, Mullon M, Cornellas A, Tuh Yit Yuh F, Leonard JA. Evolutionary history of Sundaland shrews (Eulipotyphla: Soricidae: Crocidura) with a focus on Borneo. Zool J Linn Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The hyperdiverse shrew genus Crocidura is one of few small mammal genera distributed across Sundaland and all of its boundaries. This represents a rare opportunity to study the geological history of this region through the evolutionary history of these shrews. We generate a phylogeny of all recognized species of Sundaland Crocidura and show that most speciation events took place during the Pleistocene, prior to the inundation of the Sunda Shelf around 400 000 years ago. We find east–west differentiation within two separate lineages on Borneo, and that the current taxonomy of its two endemic species does not reflect evolutionary history, but ecophenotypic variation of plastic traits related to elevation. Sulawesi shrews are monophyletic, with a single notable exception: the black-footed shrew (C. nigripes). We show that the black-footed shrew diverged from its relatives on Borneo recently, suggesting a human-assisted breach of Wallace’s line. Overall, the number of Crocidura species, especially on Borneo, probably remains an underestimate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlo Hinckley
- Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Miguel Camacho-Sanchez
- Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
- Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria, Pesquera, Alimentaria y de la Producción Ecológica (IFAPA) Centro Las Torres, Alcalá del Río, Spain
| | | | - Melissa T R Hawkins
- National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution, USA
| | | | - Anna Cornellas
- Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | | | - Jennifer A Leonard
- Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
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3
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Krishnan A, Singh A, Tamma K. Visual signal evolution along complementary color axes in four bird lineages. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio052316. [PMID: 32878876 PMCID: PMC7520455 DOI: 10.1242/bio.052316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian color patterns function in varied behavioral contexts, most being produced by only a handful of mechanisms including feather nanostructures and pigments. Within a clade, colors may not occupy the entire available space, and incorporating complementary colors may increase the contrast and efficacy of visual signals. Here, we describe plumage patterns in four ecologically and phylogenetically diverse bird families to test whether they possess complementary colors. We present evidence that plumage colors in each clade cluster along a line in tetrachromatic color space. Additionally, we present evidence that in three of these clades, this line contains colors on opposite sides of a line passing through the achromatic point (putatively complementary colors, presenting higher chromatic contrast). Finally, interspecific color variation over at least some regions of the body is not constrained by phylogenetic relatedness. By describing plumage patterns in four diverse lineages, we add to the growing body of literature suggesting that the diversity of bird visual signals is constrained. Further, we tentatively hypothesize that in at least some clades possessing bright colors, species-specific plumage patterns may evolve by swapping the distributions of a complementary color pair. Further research on other bird clades may help confirm whether these patterns are general across bird families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Krishnan
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pashan Road, Pune 411008, India
| | | | - Krishnapriya Tamma
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
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4
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Chen D, Liu Y, Davison G, Yong DL, Gao S, Hu J, Li SH, Zhang Z. Disentangling the evolutionary history and biogeography of hill partridges (Phasianidae, Arborophila) from low coverage shotgun sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 151:106895. [PMID: 32562823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The advent of the phylogenomic era has significantly improved our understanding of the evolutionary history and biogeography of Southeast Asia's diverse avian fauna. However, the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of many Southeast Asian birds remain poorly resolved, especially for those with large geographic ranges, which might have experienced both ancient and recent geological and environmental changes. In this study, we examined the evolutionary history and biogeography of the hill partridges (Galliformes: Phasianidae: Arborophila spp.), currently the second most speciose galliform genus, and thought to have colonized Southeast Asia from Africa. We present a well-resolved phylogeny of 14 Arborophila species inferred from ultra-conserved elements, exons, and mitochondrial genomes from both fresh and museum samples, which representing almost complete coverage of the genus. Our fossil-calibrated divergence time estimates and biogeographic modeling showed the ancestor of Arborophila arrived in Indochina during the early Miocene, but the initial divergence within Arborophila did not occur until ~10 Ma when global cooling intensified. Subsequent dispersal and diversification within Arborophila were driven by several tectonic and climatic events. In particular, we found evidence of rapid radiation in Indochinese Arborophila during the Pliocene global cooling and extensive dispersal and speciation of Sundaic Arborophila during the Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations. Taken together, these results suggest that the evolutionary history and biogeography of Arborophila were influenced by complex interactions among historical, geological and climatic events in Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology/School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Geoffrey Davison
- National Biodiversity Centre, National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, 259569, Singapore
| | - Ding Li Yong
- BirdLife International (Asia), 354 Tanglin Road, #01-16/17, Tanglin International Centre, Singapore 247672, Singapore; Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Shenghan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Junhua Hu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shou-Hsien Li
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan, China
| | - Zhengwang Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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5
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Description and molecular characteristics of Morishitium polonicum malayense Urabe, Nor Hashim & Uni, n. subsp. (Trematoda: Cyclocoelidae) from the Asian glossy starling, Aplonis panayensis strigata (Passeriformes: Sturnidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Parasitol Int 2020; 76:102074. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Miles MC, Fuxjager MJ. Phenotypic Diversity Arises from Secondary Signal Loss in the Elaborate Visual Displays of Toucans and Barbets. Am Nat 2019; 194:152-167. [PMID: 31318292 DOI: 10.1086/704088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Complexity and diversity are fundamental characteristics of life, but the relationship between the two remains murky. For example, both gaining and losing complexity can support diversity-so how exactly does complexity influence the emergence of unique phenotypes? Here we address this question by examining how complexity underlies the diversity of elaborate visual displays in the avian clade Ramphastides (toucans and barbets). These species communicate in part by using body movement and colorful ornaments on the tail. We find that sexual size dimorphism predicts the evolution of one specific signal, the tail-cock gesture, implying that tail cocking is more likely to evolve under stronger sexual selection. We also discover process-level constraints on the evolution of complexity: signals are gained along a strict order of operations, where the tail-cock gesture arises before other colors and gestures. Yet virtually any signal can be lost at any time. As a result, many extant phenotypes were more likely to arise through loss of complexity, highlighting the importance of secondary signal loss to phenotypic diversity. Collectively, our results demonstrate how sexual selection catalyzes the evolution of complex phenotypes, which indirectly support diversity by allowing different traits to be modified or lost in the future.
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7
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Ito T, Koyabu D. Biogeographic variation in skull morphology across the Kra Isthmus in dusky leaf monkeys. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Ito
- Department of Evolution and Phylogeny; Primate Research Institute; Kyoto University; Inuyama Aichi Japan
| | - Daisuke Koyabu
- The University Museum; The University of Tokyo; Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Japan
- Department of Humanities and Sciences; Musashino Art University
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8
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Karin BR, Das I, Jackman TR, Bauer AM. Ancient divergence time estimates in Eutropis rugifera support the existence of Pleistocene barriers on the exposed Sunda Shelf. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3762. [PMID: 29093993 PMCID: PMC5661453 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Episodic sea level changes that repeatedly exposed and inundated the Sunda Shelf characterize the Pleistocene. Available evidence points to a more xeric central Sunda Shelf during periods of low sea levels, and despite the broad land connections that persisted during this time, some organisms are assumed to have faced barriers to dispersal between land-masses on the Sunda Shelf. Eutropis rugifera is a secretive, forest adapted scincid lizard that ranges across the Sunda Shelf. In this study, we sequenced one mitochondrial (ND2) and four nuclear (BRCA1, BRCA2, RAG1, and MC1R) markers and generated a time-calibrated phylogeny in BEAST to test whether divergence times between Sundaic populations of E. rugifera occurred during Pleistocene sea-level changes, or if they predate the Pleistocene. We find that E. rugifera shows pre-Pleistocene divergences between populations on different Sundaic land-masses. The earliest divergence within E. rugifera separates the Philippine samples from the Sundaic samples approximately 16 Ma; the Philippine populations thus cannot be considered conspecific with Sundaic congeners. Sundaic populations diverged approximately 6 Ma, and populations within Borneo from Sabah and Sarawak separated approximately 4.5 Ma in the early Pliocene, followed by further cladogenesis in Sarawak through the Pleistocene. Divergence of peninsular Malaysian populations from the Mentawai Archipelago occurred approximately 5 Ma. Separation among island populations from the Mentawai Archipelago likely dates to the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary approximately 3.5 Ma, and our samples from peninsular Malaysia appear to coalesce in the middle Pleistocene, about 1 Ma. Coupled with the monophyly of these populations, these divergence times suggest that despite consistent land-connections between these regions throughout the Pleistocene E. rugifera still faced barriers to dispersal, which may be a result of environmental shifts that accompanied the sea-level changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Karin
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, United States of America.,Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Indraneil Das
- Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Todd R Jackman
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, United States of America
| | - Aaron M Bauer
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, United States of America
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9
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Corlett RT. Frugivory and seed dispersal by vertebrates in tropical and subtropical Asia: An update. Glob Ecol Conserv 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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10
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Moyle RG, Manthey JD, Hosner PA, Rahman M, Lakim M, Sheldon FH. A genome-wide assessment of stages of elevational parapatry in Bornean passerine birds reveals no introgression: implications for processes and patterns of speciation. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3335. [PMID: 28533979 PMCID: PMC5438588 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Topographically complex regions often contain the close juxtaposition of closely related species along elevational gradients. The evolutionary causes of these elevational replacements, and thus the origin and maintenance of a large portion of species diversity along elevational gradients, are usually unclear because ecological differentiation along a gradient or secondary contact following allopatric diversification can produce the same pattern. We used reduced representation genomic sequencing to assess genetic relationships and gene flow between three parapatric pairs of closely related songbird taxa (Arachnothera spiderhunters, Chloropsis leafbirds, and Enicurus forktails) along an elevational gradient in Borneo. Each taxon pair presents a different elevational range distribution across the island, yet results were uniform: little or no gene flow was detected in any pairwise comparisons. These results are congruent with an allopatric "species-pump" model for generation of species diversity and elevational parapatry of congeners on Borneo, rather than in situ generation of species by "ecological speciation" along an elevational gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Moyle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Joseph D Manthey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Peter A Hosner
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mustafa Rahman
- Faculty of Natural Science and Sustainability, University College Sabah Foundation, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | | | - Frederick H Sheldon
- Museum of Natural Science and Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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11
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Demos TC, Achmadi AS, Giarla TC, Handika H, Maharadatunkamsi, Rowe KC, Esselstyn JA. Local endemism and within-island diversification of shrews illustrate the importance of speciation in building Sundaland mammal diversity. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:5158-5173. [PMID: 27552382 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Island systems are important models for evolutionary biology because they provide convenient, discrete biogeographic units of study. Continental islands with a history of intermittent dry land connections confound the discrete definitions of islands and have led zoologists to predict (1) little differentiation of terrestrial organisms among continental shelf islands and (2) extinction, rather than speciation, to be the main cause of differences in community composition among islands. However, few continental island systems have been subjected to well-sampled phylogeographic studies, leaving these biogeographic assumptions of connectivity largely untested. We analyzed nine unlinked loci from shrews of the genus Crocidura from seven mountains and two lowland localities on the Sundaic continental shelf islands of Sumatra and Java. Coalescent species delimitation strongly supported all currently recognized Crocidura species from Sumatra (six species) and Java (five species), as well as one undescribed species endemic to each island. We find that nearly all species of Crocidura in the region are endemic to a single island and several of these have their closest relative(s) on the same island. Intra-island genetic divergence among allopatric, conspecific populations is often substantial, perhaps indicating species-level diversity remains underestimated. One recent (Pleistocene) speciation event generated two morphologically distinct, syntopic species on Java, further highlighting the prevalence of within-island diversification. Our results suggest that both between- and within-island speciation processes generated local endemism in Sundaland, supplementing the traditional view that the region's fauna is relictual and primarily governed by extinction. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence C Demos
- Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.,Science and Education, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - Anang S Achmadi
- Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Center for Biology-LIPI, Cibinong, Bogor, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Thomas C Giarla
- Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.,Department of Biology, Siena College, Loudonville, NY, 12211, USA
| | - Heru Handika
- Sciences Department, Museum Victoria, Melbourne, 3001, VIC, Australia.,School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3001, VIC, Australia
| | - Maharadatunkamsi
- Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Center for Biology-LIPI, Cibinong, Bogor, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Kevin C Rowe
- Sciences Department, Museum Victoria, Melbourne, 3001, VIC, Australia.,School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3001, VIC, Australia
| | - Jacob A Esselstyn
- Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
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12
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Krishnan A, Tamma K. Divergent morphological and acoustic traits in sympatric communities of Asian barbets. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160117. [PMID: 27853589 PMCID: PMC5108939 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The opposing effects of environmental filtering and competitive interactions may influence community assembly and coexistence of related species. Competition, both in the domain of ecological resources, and in the sensory domain (for example, acoustic interference) may also result in sympatric species evolving divergent traits and niches. Delineating these scenarios within communities requires understanding trait distributions and phylogenetic structure within the community, as well as patterns of trait evolution. We report that sympatric assemblages of Asian barbets (frugivorous canopy birds) consist of a random phylogenetic sample of species, but are divergent in both morphological and acoustic traits. Additionally, we find that morphology is more divergent than expected under Brownian evolution, whereas vocal frequency evolution is close to the pattern expected under Brownian motion (i.e. a random walk). Together, these patterns are consistent with a role for competition or competitive exclusion in driving community assembly. Phylogenetic patterns of morphological divergence between related species suggest that these traits are key in species coexistence. Because vocal frequency and size are correlated in barbets, we therefore hypothesize that frequency differences between sympatric barbets are a by-product of their divergent morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Krishnan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Authors for correspondence: Anand Krishnan e-mail: ;
| | - Krishnapriya Tamma
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India
- Authors for correspondence: Krishnapriya Tamma e-mail:
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13
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Styring AR, Ragai R, Zakaria M, Sheldon FH. Foraging ecology and occurrence of 7 sympatric babbler species (Timaliidae) in the lowland rainforest of Borneo and peninsular Malaysia. Curr Zool 2016; 62:345-355. [PMID: 29491923 PMCID: PMC5804282 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zow022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding foraging strategies of birds is essential to understanding mechanisms of their community assembly. To provide such information on a key Southeast Asian rainforest family, the babblers (Timaliidae), we evaluated foraging behavior and abundance in 7 morphologically and behaviorally similar sympatric species (Cyanoderma erythropterum, C. rufifrons, Stachyris maculata, S. nigricollis, S. poliocephala, Macronus ptilosus, and Mixornis gularis) in 5 habitats defined by structural complexity: (1) continuous native rainforest, (2) logged native rainforest fragments, (3) mature industrial tree plantation, (4) young industrial plantation, and (5) oil palm plantation. Enough data were obtained to compare abundance in all 7 species and foraging behavior in 5. All species were common in forest fragments and mature industrial tree plantations and less so in continuous rainforest and young industrial plantations; only M. gularis occurred in oil palm. In terms of foraging, M. gularis was the greatest generalist; C. rufifrons foraged mainly on live leaves in the forest midstory; and S. maculata, C. erythropterum, and M. ptilosus foraged mainly on dead leaves suspended in understory vegetation at significantly different heights. The dead-leaf substrate depends on a rich supply of falling leaves and extensive understory structure, conditions most common in native forest and old industrial plantations, and less so in mature forest, young plantations, and oil palm. Because of the importance of foraging data to understanding and managing biodiversity, we encourage the development of foraging fields in eBird (ebird.org), so that birdwatchers may help collect these relatively rare data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roslina Ragai
- Grand Perfect Sdn. Bhd., ParkCity Commerce Square, 97000 Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Zakaria
- Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, and
| | - Frederick H. Sheldon
- Museum of Natural Science and Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA 70803
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14
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Agarwal I, Bauer AM, Jackman TR, Karanth KP. Insights into Himalayan biogeography from geckos: A molecular phylogeny of Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 80:145-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Zarowiecki M, Linton YM, Post RJ, Bangs MJ, Htun PT, Hlaing T, Seng CM, Baimai V, Ding TH, Sochantha T, Walton C. Repeated landmass reformation limits diversification in the widespread littoral zone mosquito Anopheles sundaicus sensu lato in the Indo-Oriental Region. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:2573-89. [PMID: 24750501 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Southeast Asia harbours abundant biodiversity, hypothesized to have been generated by Pliocene and Pleistocene climatic and environmental change. Vicariance between the island of Borneo, the remaining Indonesian archipelago and mainland Southeast Asia caused by elevated sea levels during interglacial periods has been proposed to lead to diversification in the littoral zone mosquito Anopheles (Cellia) sundaicus (Rodenwaldt) sensu lato. To test this biogeographical hypothesis, we inferred the population history and assessed gene flow of A. sundaicus s.l. sampled from 18 populations across its pan-Asian species range, using sequences from mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1), the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and the mannose phosphate isomerase (Mpi) gene. A hypothesis of ecological speciation for A. sundaicus involving divergent adaptation to brackish and freshwater larval habitats was also previously proposed, based on a deficiency of heterozygotes for Mpi allozyme alleles in sympatry. This hypothesis was not supported by Mpi sequence data, which exhibited no fixed differences between brackish and freshwater larval habitats. Mpi and CO1 supported the presence of up to eight genetically distinct population groupings. Counter to the hypothesis of three allopatric species, divergence was often no greater between Borneo, Sumatra/Java and the Southeast Asian mainland than it was between genetic groupings within these landmasses. An isolation-with-migration (IM) model indicates recurrent gene flow between the current major landmasses. Such gene flow would have been possible during glacial periods when the current landmasses merged, presenting opportunities for dispersal along expanding and contracting coastlines. Consequently, Pleistocene climatic variation has proved a homogenizing, rather than diversifying, force for A. sundaicus diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zarowiecki
- Parasite Genomics Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
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den Tex RJ, Leonard JA. The phylogeography of red and yellow coppersmith barbets (Aves: Megalaima haemacephala). Front Ecol Evol 2014. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2014.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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