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Pérez-Calle V, Bellot S, Kuhnhäuser BG, Pillon Y, Forest F, Leitch IJ, Baker WJ. Phylogeny, biogeography and ecological diversification of New Caledonian palms (Arecaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 134:85-100. [PMID: 38527418 PMCID: PMC11161567 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The geographical origin and evolutionary mechanisms underpinning the rich and distinctive New Caledonian flora remain poorly understood. This is attributable to the complex geological past of the island and to the scarcity of well-resolved species-level phylogenies. Here, we infer phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of New Caledonian palms, which comprise 40 species. We use this framework to elucidate the biogeography of New Caledonian palm lineages and to explore how extant species might have formed. METHODS A phylogenetic tree including 37 New Caledonian palm species and 77 relatives from tribe Areceae was inferred from 151 nuclear genes obtained by targeted sequencing. Fossil-calibrated divergence times were estimated and ancestral ranges inferred. Ancestral and extant ecological preferences in terms of elevation, precipitation and substrate were compared between New Caledonian sister species to explore their possible roles as drivers of speciation. KEY RESULTS New Caledonian palms form four well-supported clades, inside which relationships are well resolved. Our results support the current classification but suggest that Veillonia and Campecarpus should be resurrected and fail to clarify whether Rhopalostylidinae is sister to or nested in Basseliniinae. New Caledonian palm lineages are derived from New Guinean and Australian ancestors, which reached the island through at least three independent dispersal events between the Eocene and Miocene. Palms then dispersed out of New Caledonia at least five times, mainly towards Pacific islands. Geographical and ecological transitions associated with speciation events differed across time and genera. Substrate transitions were more frequently associated with older events than with younger ones. CONCLUSIONS Neighbouring areas and a mosaic of local habitats shaped the palm flora of New Caledonia, and the island played a significant role in generating palm diversity across the Pacific region. This new spatio-temporal framework will enable population-level ecological and genetic studies to unpick the mechanisms underpinning New Caledonian palm endemism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Pérez-Calle
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John’s, Newfoundland A1B 3X9, Canada
| | | | | | - Yohan Pillon
- DIADE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Félix Forest
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE, UK
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Burin G, Campbell LCE, Renner SS, Kiers ET, Chomicki G. Mutualisms drive plant trait evolution beyond interaction-related traits. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14379. [PMID: 38361469 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Mutualisms have driven the evolution of extraordinary structures and behavioural traits, but their impact on traits beyond those directly involved in the interaction remains unclear. We addressed this gap using a highly evolutionarily replicated system - epiphytes in the Rubiaceae forming symbioses with ants. We employed models that allow us to test the influence of discrete mutualistic traits on continuous non-mutualistic traits. Our findings are consistent with mutualism shaping the pace of morphological evolution, strength of selection and long-term mean of non-mutualistic traits in function of mutualistic dependency. While specialised and obligate mutualisms are associated with slower trait change, less intimate, facultative and generalist mutualistic interactions - which are the most common - have a greater impact on non-mutualistic trait evolution. These results challenge the prevailing notion that mutualisms solely affect the evolution of interaction-related traits via stabilizing selection and instead demonstrate a broader role for mutualisms in shaping trait evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Susanne S Renner
- Department of Biology, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Carriconde F, Gardes M, Bellanger JM, Letellier K, Gigante S, Gourmelon V, Ibanez T, McCoy S, Goxe J, Read J, Maggia L. Host effects in high ectomycorrhizal diversity tropical rainforests on ultramafic soils in New Caledonia. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Barrabé L, Lavergne S, Karnadi-Abdelkader G, Drew BT, Birnbaum P, Gâteblé G. Changing Ecological Opportunities Facilitated the Explosive Diversification of New Caledonian Oxera (Lamiaceae). Syst Biol 2019; 68:460-481. [PMID: 30365031 PMCID: PMC6472440 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syy070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenies recurrently demonstrate that oceanic island systems have been home to rapid clade diversification and adaptive radiations. The existence of adaptive radiations posits a central role of natural selection causing ecological divergence and speciation, and some plant radiations have been highlighted as paradigmatic examples of such radiations. However, neutral processes may also drive speciation during clade radiations, with ecological divergence occurring following speciation. Here, we document an exceptionally rapid and unique radiation of Lamiaceae within the New Caledonian biodiversity hotspot. Specifically, we investigated various biological, ecological, and geographical drivers of species diversification within the genus Oxera. We found that Oxera underwent an initial process of rapid cladogenesis likely triggered by a dramatic period of aridity during the early Pliocene. This early diversification of Oxera was associated with an important phase of ecological diversification triggered by significant shifts of pollination syndromes, dispersal modes, and life forms. Finally, recent diversification of Oxera appears to have been further driven by the interplay of allopatry and habitat shifts likely related to climatic oscillations. This suggests that Oxera could be regarded as an adaptive radiation at an early evolutionary stage that has been obscured by more recent joint habitat diversification and neutral geographical processes. Diversification within Oxera has perhaps been triggered by varied ecological and biological drivers acting in a leapfrog pattern, but geographic processes may have been an equally important driver. We suspect that strictly adaptive radiations may be rare in plants and that most events of rapid clade diversification may have involved a mixture of geographical and ecological divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Barrabé
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), Equipes ARBOREAL and SOLVEG, BP 711, Mont-Dore 98810, New Caledonia.,Endemia, Plant Red List Authority, 7 rue Pierre Artigue, Nouméa 98800, New Caledonia
| | - Sébastien Lavergne
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, CNRS - Université Grenoble Alpes, UMR 5553, Grenoble F-38000, France
| | - Giliane Karnadi-Abdelkader
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), Equipes ARBOREAL and SOLVEG, BP 711, Mont-Dore 98810, New Caledonia
| | - Bryan T Drew
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska-Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
| | - Philippe Birnbaum
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), Equipes ARBOREAL and SOLVEG, BP 711, Mont-Dore 98810, New Caledonia.,UMR AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Montpellier 34398, France
| | - Gildas Gâteblé
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), Equipes ARBOREAL and SOLVEG, BP 711, Mont-Dore 98810, New Caledonia
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5
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Heads M. Recent advances in New Caledonian biogeography. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 94:957-980. [PMID: 30523662 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The biota of New Caledonia is one of the most unusual in the world. It displays high diversity and endemism, many peculiar absences, and far-flung biogeographic affinities. For example, New Caledonia is the only place on Earth with both main clades of flowering plants - the endemic Amborella and 'all the rest', and it also has the highest concentration of diversity in conifers. The discovery of Amborella's phylogenetic position led to a surge of interest in New Caledonian biogeography, and new studies are appearing at a rapid rate. This paper reviews work on the topic (mainly molecular studies) published since 2013. One current debate is focused on whether any biota survived the marine transgressions of the Paleocene and Eocene. Total submersion would imply that the entire fauna was derived by long-distance dispersal from continental areas since the Eocene, but only if no other islands (now submerged) were emergent. A review of the literature suggests there is little actual evidence in geology for complete submersion. An alternative explanation for New Caledonia's diversity is that the archipelago acted as a refugium, and that the biota avoided the extinctions that occurred in Australia. However, this is contradicted by the many groups that are anomalously absent or depauperate in New Caledonia, although represented there by a sister group. The anomalous absences, together with the unusual levels of endemism, can both be explained by vicariance at breaks in and around New Caledonia. New Caledonia has always been situated at or near a plate boundary, and its complex geological history includes the addition of new terranes (by accretion), orogeny, and rifting. New Caledonia comprises 'basement' terranes that were part of Gondwana, as well as island arc and forearc terranes that accreted to the basement after it separated from Gondwana. The regional tectonic history helps explain the regional biogeography, as well as distribution patterns within New Caledonia. These include endemics on the basement terranes (for example, the basal angiosperm, Amborella), disjunctions at the West Caledonian fault zone, and great biotic differences between Grande Terre and the Loyalty Islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Heads
- Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, NY 14211-1293, U.S.A
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Yang CJ, Hu JM. Bacterial Leaf Nodule Symbiosis in Flowering Plants. Symbiosis 2018. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.73078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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7
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Ibanez T, Blanchard E, Hequet V, Keppel G, Laidlaw M, Pouteau R, Vandrot H, Birnbaum P. High endemism and stem density distinguish New Caledonian from other high-diversity rainforests in the Southwest Pacific. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:25-35. [PMID: 29077788 PMCID: PMC5786226 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The biodiversity hotspot of New Caledonia is globally renowned for the diversity and endemism of its flora. New Caledonia's tropical rainforests have been reported to have higher stem densities, higher concentrations of relictual lineages and higher endemism than other rainforests. This study investigates whether these aspects differ in New Caledonian rainforests compared to other high-diversity rainforests in the Southwest Pacific. METHODS Plants (with a diameter at breast height ≥10 cm) were surveyed in nine 1-ha rainforest plots across the main island of New Caledonia and compared with 14 1-ha plots in high-diversity rainforests of the Southwest Pacific (in Australia, Fiji, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands). This facilitated a comparison of stem densities, taxonomic composition and diversity, and species turnover among plots and countries. KEY RESULTS The study inventoried 11 280 stems belonging to 335 species (93 species ha-1 on average) in New Caledonia. In comparison with other rainforests in the Southwest Pacific, New Caledonian rainforests exhibited higher stem density (1253 stems ha-1 on average) including abundant palms and tree ferns, with the high abundance of the latter being unparalleled outside New Caledonia. In all plots, the density of relictual species was ≥10 % for both stems and species, with no discernible differences among countries. Species endemism, reaching 89 % on average, was significantly higher in New Caledonia. Overall, species turnover increased with geographical distance, but not among New Caledonian plots. CONCLUSIONS High stem density, high endemism and a high abundance of tree ferns with stem diameters ≥10 cm are therefore unique characteristics of New Caledonian rainforests. High endemism and high spatial species turnover imply that the current system consisting of a few protected areas is inadequate, and that the spatial distribution of plant species needs to be considered to adequately protect the exceptional flora of New Caledonian rainforests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ibanez
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), Diversité biologique et fonctionnelle des écosystèmes terrestres, Nouméa, New Caledonia
- For correspondence. Email
| | - E Blanchard
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), Diversité biologique et fonctionnelle des écosystèmes terrestres, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - V Hequet
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR AMAP, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - G Keppel
- School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, GPO, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - M Laidlaw
- Queensland Herbarium, Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
| | - R Pouteau
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), Diversité biologique et fonctionnelle des écosystèmes terrestres, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - H Vandrot
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), Diversité biologique et fonctionnelle des écosystèmes terrestres, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - P Birnbaum
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), Diversité biologique et fonctionnelle des écosystèmes terrestres, Nouméa, New Caledonia
- Cirad, UMR AMAP, Montpellier, France
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Johnson MA, Clark JR, Wagner WL, McDade LA. A molecular phylogeny of the Pacific clade of Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) reveals a Fijian origin, recent diversification, and the importance of founder events. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 116:30-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Schmitt S, Pouteau R, Justeau D, Boissieu F, Birnbaum P. ssdm
: An
r
package to predict distribution of species richness and composition based on stacked species distribution models. Methods Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Schmitt
- Botany and Applied Plant Ecology LaboratoryNew Caledonian Agronomic Institute (IAC) Nouméa New Caledonia
| | - Robin Pouteau
- Botany and Applied Plant Ecology LaboratoryNew Caledonian Agronomic Institute (IAC) Nouméa New Caledonia
| | - Dimitri Justeau
- Botany and Applied Plant Ecology LaboratoryNew Caledonian Agronomic Institute (IAC) Nouméa New Caledonia
| | - Florian Boissieu
- Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD) Noumea New Caledonia
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Nattier R, Pellens R, Robillard T, Jourdan H, Legendre F, Caesar M, Nel A, Grandcolas P. Updating the Phylogenetic Dating of New Caledonian Biodiversity with a Meta-analysis of the Available Evidence. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3705. [PMID: 28623347 PMCID: PMC5473893 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02964-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
For a long time, New Caledonia was considered a continental island, a fragment of Gondwana harbouring old clades that originated by vicariance and so were thought to be locally ancient. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies dating diversification and geological data indicating important events of submergence during the Paleocene and Eocene (until 37 Ma) brought evidence to dismiss this old hypothesis. In spite of this, some authors still insist on the idea of a local permanence of a Gondwanan biota, justifying this assumption through a complex scenario of survival by hopping to and from nearby and now-vanished islands. Based on a comprehensive review of the literature, we found 40 studies dating regional clades of diverse organisms and we used them to test the hypothesis that New Caledonian and inclusive Pacific island clades are older than 37 Ma. The results of this meta-analysis provide strong evidence for refuting the hypothesis of a Gondwanan refuge with a biota that originated by vicariance. Only a few inclusive Pacific clades (6 out of 40) were older than the oldest existing island. We suggest that these clades could have extinct members either on vanished islands or nearby continents, emphasizing the role of dispersal and extinction in shaping the present-day biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Nattier
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, CP 50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Roseli Pellens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, CP 50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Tony Robillard
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, CP 50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Jourdan
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille Univ., Univ. Avignon, CNRS, IRD, Centre IRD Nouméa, BP A5, 98848, Nouméa Cedex, New Caledonia
| | - Frédéric Legendre
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, CP 50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Maram Caesar
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, CP 50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - André Nel
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, CP 50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Grandcolas
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, CP 50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
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Partner abundance controls mutualism stability and the pace of morphological change over geologic time. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:3951-3956. [PMID: 28341706 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1616837114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutualisms that involve symbioses among specialized partners may be more stable than mutualisms among generalists, and theoretical models predict that in many mutualisms, partners exert reciprocal stabilizing selection on traits directly involved in the interaction. A corollary is that mutualism breakdown should increase morphological rates of evolution. We here use the largest ant-plant clade (Hydnophytinae), with different levels of specialization for mutualistic ant symbionts, to study the ecological context of mutualism breakdown and the response of a key symbiosis-related trait, domatium entrance hole size, which filters symbionts by size. Our analyses support three predictions from mutualism theory. First, all 12 losses apparently only occur from a generalist symbiotic state. Second, mutualism losses occurred where symbionts are scarce, in our system at high altitudes. Third, domatium entrance hole size barely changes in specialized symbiotic species, but evolves rapidly once symbiosis with ants has broken down, with a "morphorate map" revealing that hotspots of entrance hole evolution are clustered in high-altitude areas. Our study reveals that mutualistic strategy profoundly affects the pace of morphological change in traits involved in the interaction and suggests that shifts in partners' relative abundances may frequently drive reversions of generalist mutualisms to autonomy.
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13
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Desutter-Grandcolas L, Anso J, Jourdan H. Crickets of New Caledonia (Insecta, Orthoptera, Grylloidea): a key to genera, with diagnoses of extant genera and descriptions of new taxa. ZOOSYSTEMA 2016. [DOI: 10.5252/z2016n4a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Pinto-Carbó M, Sieber S, Dessein S, Wicker T, Verstraete B, Gademann K, Eberl L, Carlier A. Evidence of horizontal gene transfer between obligate leaf nodule symbionts. THE ISME JOURNAL 2016; 10:2092-105. [PMID: 26978165 PMCID: PMC4989318 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2016.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Burkholderia establish an obligate symbiosis with plant species of the Rubiaceae and Primulaceae families. The bacteria, housed within the leaves, are transmitted hereditarily and have not yet been cultured. We have sequenced and compared the genomes of eight bacterial leaf nodule symbionts of the Rubiaceae plant family. All of the genomes exhibit features consistent with genome erosion. Genes potentially involved in the biosynthesis of kirkamide, an insecticidal C7N aminocyclitol, are conserved in most Rubiaceae symbionts. However, some have partially lost the kirkamide pathway due to genome erosion and are unable to synthesize the compound. Kirkamide synthesis is therefore not responsible for the obligate nature of the symbiosis. More importantly, we find evidence of intra-clade horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events affecting genes of the secondary metabolism. This indicates that substantial gene flow can occur at the early stages following host restriction in leaf nodule symbioses. We propose that host-switching events and plasmid conjugative transfers could have promoted these HGTs. This genomic analysis of leaf nodule symbionts gives, for the first time, new insights in the genome evolution of obligate symbionts in their early stages of the association with plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pinto-Carbó
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Sieber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steven Dessein
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Botanic Garden, Meise, Belgium
| | - Thomas Wicker
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Brecht Verstraete
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Botanic Garden, Meise, Belgium
| | - Karl Gademann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leo Eberl
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aurelien Carlier
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Belgium, Switzerland
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Chomicki G, Staedler YM, Schönenberger J, Renner SS. Partner choice through concealed floral sugar rewards evolved with the specialization of ant-plant mutualisms. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:1358-1370. [PMID: 27159681 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Obligate mutualisms require filtering mechanisms to prevent their exploitation by opportunists, but ecological contexts and traits facilitating the evolution of such mechanisms are largely unknown. We investigated the evolution of filtering mechanisms in an epiphytic ant-plant symbiotic system in Fiji involving Rubiaceae and dolichoderine ants, using field experiments, metabolomics, X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scanning and phylogenetics. We discovered a novel plant reward consisting of sugary sap concealed in post-anthetic flowers only accessible to Philidris nagasau workers that bite through the thick epidermis. In five of the six species of Rubiaceae obligately inhabited by this ant, the nectar glands functioned for 10 d after a flower's sexual function was over. Sugar metabolomics and field experiments showed that ant foraging tracks sucrose levels, which only drop at the onset of fruit development. Ontogenetic analyses of our focal species and their relatives revealed a 25-fold increase in nectary size and delayed fruit development in the ant-rewarding species, and Bayesian analyses of several traits showed the correlated evolution of sugar rewards and symbiosis specialization. Concealed floral nectar forestalls exploitation by opportunists (generalist ants) and stabilizes these obligate mutualisms. Our study pinpoints the importance of partner choice mechanisms in transitions from facultative to obligate mutualisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Chomicki
- Systematic Botany and Mycology, Department of Biology, University of Munich, 67 Menzinger Str., 80638, Munich, Germany
| | - Yannick M Staedler
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürg Schönenberger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne S Renner
- Systematic Botany and Mycology, Department of Biology, University of Munich, 67 Menzinger Str., 80638, Munich, Germany
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Chomicki G, Renner SS. Evolutionary Relationships and Biogeography of the Ant-Epiphytic Genus Squamellaria (Rubiaceae: Psychotrieae) and Their Taxonomic Implications. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151317. [PMID: 27028599 PMCID: PMC4814088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological research on ant/plant symbioses in Fiji, combined with molecular phylogenetics, has brought to light four new species of Squamellaria in the subtribe Hydnophytinae of the Rubiaceae tribe Psychotrieae and revealed that four other species, previously in Hydnophytum, need to be transferred to Squamellaria. The diagnoses of the new species are based on morphological and DNA traits, with further insights from microCT scanning of flowers and leaf δ13C ratios (associated with Crassulacean acid metabolism). Our field and phylogenetic work results in a new circumscription of the genus Squamellaria, which now contains 12 species (to which we also provide a taxonomic key), not 3 as in the last revision. A clock-dated phylogeny and a model-testing biogeographic framework were used to infer the broader geographic history of rubiaceous ant plants in the Pacific, specifically the successive expansion of Squamellaria to Vanuatu, the Solomon Islands, and Fiji. The colonization of Vanuatu may have occurred from Fiji, when these islands were still in the same insular arc, while the colonization of the Solomon islands may have occurred after the separation of this island from the Fiji/Vanuatu arc. Some of these ant-housing epiphytes must have dispersed with their specialized ants, for instance attached to floating timber. Others acquired new ant symbionts on different islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Chomicki
- Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich (LMU), Menzinger Str. 67, 80638, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Susanne S. Renner
- Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich (LMU), Menzinger Str. 67, 80638, Munich, Germany
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Condamine FL, Leslie AB, Antonelli A. Ancient islands acted as refugia and pumps for conifer diversity. Cladistics 2016; 33:69-92. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien L. Condamine
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Gothenburg; Box 461 SE-405 30 Göteborg Sweden
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; Edmonton T6G 2E9 AB Canada
- CNRS, UMR 5554 Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université de Montpellier; Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier France
| | - Andrew B. Leslie
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Brown University; Providence RI 02912 USA
| | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Gothenburg; Box 461 SE-405 30 Göteborg Sweden
- Gothenburg Botanical Garden; Carl Skottsbergs gata 22A 413 19 Gothenburg Sweden
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18
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Thornhill AH, Ho SYW, Külheim C, Crisp MD. Interpreting the modern distribution of Myrtaceae using a dated molecular phylogeny. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015. [PMID: 26211451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The angiosperm family Myrtaceae has extant and fossil taxa from all southern continents and is assumed to be of Gondwanan origin. Many modern groups contain sister taxa that have disjunct transoceanic distributions, which can be interpreted as a result of either vicariance or long-distance dispersal and establishment (LDDE). Further, some Myrtaceae groups occur on Pacific islands with enigmatic geological histories. We tested hypotheses of vicariance and LDDE by estimating divergence times using a relaxed molecular clock calibrated with 12 fossils. In total, 88 genera and 202 species were sampled, representing both subfamilies and all tribes of Myrtaceae. We reconstructed the family as Gondwanan in origin. Of the 22 geographically disjunct sister groups in our study, up to six are potentially explained as the product of vicariance, three resulting from overland dispersal via new land connections, and 13 due to LDDE events. Nine of the 13 hypothesized LDDE events occurred in fleshy-fruited taxa. Our results indicate that most of the transoceanic distribution patterns in Myrtaceae have occurred since the Miocene due to LDDE, whereas inferred vicariance events all occurred before the Late Eocene. There are many instances of sister relationships between species-poor and species-rich groups in Myrtaceae, and at least three occurrences of geographically isolated taxa on long branches of the phylogeny (Arillastrum, Myrtus, and Tepualia), whose modern-day distributions are difficult to explain without additional fossil or geological evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Thornhill
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, National Research Collections, Black Mountain, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; Australian Tropical Herbarium, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia.
| | - Simon Y W Ho
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Carsten Külheim
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Michael D Crisp
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Watanabe K, Sugawara T. Is heterostyly rare on oceanic islands? AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv087. [PMID: 26199401 PMCID: PMC4570599 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Heterostyly has been considered rare or absent on oceanic islands. However, there has been no comprehensive review on this issue. Is heterostyly truly rare on oceanic islands? What makes heterostyly rare on such islands? To answer these questions, we review the reproductive studies on heterostyly on oceanic islands, with special emphasis on the heterostylous genus Psychotria in the Pacific Ocean as a model system. Overall, not many reproductive studies have been performed on heterostylous species on oceanic islands. In Hawaiian Psychotria, all 11 species are thought to have evolved dioecy from distyly. In the West Pacific, three species on the oceanic Bonin and Lanyu Islands are distylous (Psychotria homalosperma, P. boninensis and P. cephalophora), whereas three species on the continental Ryukyu Islands show various breeding systems, such as distyly (P. serpens), dioecy (P. rubra) and monoecy (P. manillensis). On some other Pacific oceanic islands, possibilities of monomorphy have been reported. For many Psychotria species, breeding systems are unknown, although recent studies indicate that heterostylous species may occur on some oceanic islands. A shift from heterostyly to other sexual systems may occur on some oceanic islands. This tendency may also contribute to the rarity of heterostyly, in addition to the difficulty in colonization/autochthonous evolution of heterostylous species on oceanic islands. Further investigation of reproductive systems of Psychotria on oceanic islands using robust phylogenetic frameworks would provide new insights into plant reproduction on oceanic islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Watanabe
- Okinawa College, National Institute of Technology, 905 Henoko, Nago, Okinawa 905-2192, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugawara
- Makino Herbarium, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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Chomicki G, Renner SS. Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:411-424. [PMID: 25616013 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ant-plant symbioses involve over 110 ant species in five subfamilies that are facultative or obligate occupants of stem, leaf or root domatia formed by hundreds of ant-plant species. The phylogenetic distribution and geological ages of these associations, and the frequency of gains or losses of domatium, are largely unknown. We compiled an up-to-date list of ant domatium-bearing plants, estimated their probable true number from model-based statistical inference, generated dated phylogenies that include c. 50% of ant-plant lineages, and traced the occurrence of domatia and extrafloral nectaries on a 1181-species tree, using likelihood and Bayesian methods. We found 681 vascular plants with domatia (159 genera in 50 families) resulting from minimally 158 inferred domatium origins and 43 secondary losses over the last 19 Myr. The oldest African ant-plant symbioses are younger than those in Australasia and the Neotropics. The best statistical model suggests that the true number of myrmecophytes may approach 1140 species. The phylogenetic distribution of ant-plants shows that domatia evolved from a range of pre-adapted morphological structures and have been lost frequently, suggesting that domatia have no generalizable effect on diversification. The Miocene origin of ant-plant symbioses is consistent with inferred changes in diet and behaviour during ant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Chomicki
- Systematic Botany and Mycology, Department of Biology, University of Munich (LMU), Munich, 80638, Germany
| | - Susanne S Renner
- Systematic Botany and Mycology, Department of Biology, University of Munich (LMU), Munich, 80638, Germany
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Wikström N, Kainulainen K, Razafimandimbison SG, Smedmark JEE, Bremer B. A revised time tree of the asterids: establishing a temporal framework for evolutionary studies of the coffee family (rubiaceae). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126690. [PMID: 25996595 PMCID: PMC4462594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Divergence time analyses in the coffee family (Rubiaceae) have all relied on the same Gentianales crown group age estimate, reported by an earlier analysis of the asterids, for defining the upper age bound of the root node in their analyses. However, not only did the asterid analysis suffer from several analytical shortcomings, but the estimate itself has been used in highly inconsistent ways in these Rubiaceae analyses. Based on the original data, we here reanalyze the divergence times of the asterids using relaxed-clock models and 14 fossil-based minimum age constraints. We also expand the data set to include an additional 67 taxa from Rubiaceae sampled across all three subfamilies recognized in the family. Three analyses are conducted: a separate analysis of the asterids, which completely mirrors the original asterid analysis in terms of taxon sample and data; a separate analysis of the Gentianales, where the result from the first analysis is used for defining a secondary root calibration point; and a combined analysis where all taxa are analyzed simultaneously. Results are presented in the form of a time-calibrated phylogeny, and age estimates for asterid groups, Gentianales, and major groups of Rubiaceae are compared and discussed in relation to previously published estimates. Our updated age estimates for major groups of Rubiaceae provide a significant step forward towards the long term goal of establishing a robust temporal framework for the divergence of this biologically diverse and fascinating group of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Wikström
- Bergius Foundation, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kent Kainulainen
- Bergius Foundation, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sylvain G. Razafimandimbison
- Bergius Foundation, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny E. E. Smedmark
- University of Bergen, University Museum of Bergen, The Natural History Collections, Post Box 7800, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Birgitta Bremer
- Bergius Foundation, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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Losfeld G, L'Huillier L, Fogliani B, Jaffré T, Grison C. Mining in New Caledonia: environmental stakes and restoration opportunities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:5592-5607. [PMID: 25065482 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3358-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
New Caledonia is a widely recognised marine and terrestrial biodiversity hot spot. However, this unique environment is under increasing anthropogenic pressure. Major threats are related to land cover change and include fire, urban sprawling and mining. Resulting habitat loss and fragmentation end up in serious erosion of the local biodiversity. Mining is of particular concern due to its economic significance for the island. Open cast mines were exploited there since 1873, and scraping out soil to access ores wipes out flora. Resulting perturbations on water flows and dramatic soil erosion lead to metal-rich sediment transport downstream into rivers and the lagoon. Conflicting environmental and economic aspects of mining are discussed in this paper. However, mining practices are also improving, and where impacts are inescapable ecological restoration is now considered. Past and ongoing experiences in the restoration of New Caledonian terrestrial ecosystems are presented and discussed here. Economic use of the local floristic diversity could also promote conservation and restoration, while providing alternative incomes. In this regard, Ecocatalysis, an innovative approach to make use of metal hyperaccumulating plants, is of particular interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Losfeld
- FRE 3673-Bioinspired Chemistry and Ecological Innovation-CNRS, University of Montpellier 2, Stratoz, Cap Alpha, Avenue de l'Europe, 34830, Clapiers, France
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Ruhsam M, Rai HS, Mathews S, Ross TG, Graham SW, Raubeson LA, Mei W, Thomas PI, Gardner MF, Ennos RA, Hollingsworth PM. Does complete plastid genome sequencing improve species discrimination and phylogenetic resolution in Araucaria? Mol Ecol Resour 2015; 15:1067-78. [PMID: 25611173 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obtaining accurate phylogenies and effective species discrimination using a small standardized set of plastid genes is challenging in evolutionarily young lineages. Complete plastid genome sequencing offers an increasingly easy-to-access source of characters that helps address this. The usefulness of this approach, however, depends on the extent to which plastid haplotypes track morphological species boundaries. We have tested the power of complete plastid genomes to discriminate among multiple accessions of 11 of 13 New Caledonian Araucaria species, an evolutionarily young lineage where the standard DNA barcoding approach has so far failed and phylogenetic relationships have remained elusive. Additionally, 11 nuclear gene regions were Sanger sequenced for all accessions to ascertain the success of species discrimination using a moderate number of nuclear genes. Overall, fewer than half of the New Caledonian Araucaria species with multiple accessions were monophyletic in the plastid or nuclear trees. However, the plastid data retrieved a phylogeny with a higher resolution compared to any previously published tree of this clade and supported the monophyly of about twice as many species and nodes compared to the nuclear data set. Modest gains in discrimination thus are possible, but using complete plastid genomes or a small number of nuclear genes in DNA barcoding may not substantially raise species discriminatory power in many evolutionarily young lineages. The big challenge therefore remains to develop techniques that allow routine access to large numbers of nuclear markers scaleable to thousands of individuals from phylogenetically disparate sample sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Ruhsam
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK
| | - Hardeep S Rai
- Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, 5230 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Sarah Mathews
- The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - T Gregory Ross
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Sean W Graham
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Linda A Raubeson
- Central Washington University, University Way, Ellensburg, WA, 98926-7537, USA
| | - Wenbin Mei
- Central Washington University, University Way, Ellensburg, WA, 98926-7537, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Philip I Thomas
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK
| | - Martin F Gardner
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK
| | - Richard A Ennos
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, West Main Rd, Edinburgh, EH3 9JT, UK
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Gaudeul M, Gardner MF, Thomas P, Ennos RA, Hollingsworth PM. Evolutionary dynamics of emblematic Araucaria species (Araucariaceae) in New Caledonia: nuclear and chloroplast markers suggest recent diversification, introgression, and a tight link between genetics and geography within species. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:171. [PMID: 25189104 PMCID: PMC4182765 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-014-0171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New Caledonia harbours a highly diverse and endemic flora, and 13 (out of the 19 worldwide) species of Araucaria are endemic to this territory. Their phylogenetic relationships remain largely unresolved. Using nuclear microsatellites and chloroplast DNA sequencing, we focused on five closely related Araucaria species to investigate among-species relationships and the distribution of within-species genetic diversity across New Caledonia. RESULTS The species could be clearly distinguished here, except A. montana and A. laubenfelsii that were not differentiated and, at most, form a genetic cline. Given their apparent morphological and ecological similarity, we suggested that these two species may be considered as a single evolutionary unit. We observed cases of nuclear admixture and incongruence between nuclear and chloroplast data, probably explained by introgression and shared ancestral polymorphism. Ancient hybridization was evidenced between A. biramulata and A. laubenfelsii in Mt Do, and is strongly suspected between A. biramulata and A. rulei in Mt Tonta. In both cases, extensive asymmetrical backcrossing eliminated the influence of one parent in the nuclear DNA composition. Shared ancestral polymorphism was also observed for cpDNA, suggesting that species diverged recently, have large effective sizes and/or that cpDNA experienced slow rates of molecular evolution. Within-species genetic structure was pronounced, probably because of low gene flow and significant inbreeding, and appeared clearly influenced by geography. This may be due to survival in distinct refugia during Quaternary climatic oscillations. CONCLUSIONS The study species probably diverged recently and/or are characterized by a slow rate of cpDNA sequence evolution, and introgression is strongly suspected. Within-species genetic structure is tightly linked with geography. We underline the conservation implications of our results, and highlight several perspectives.
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