1
|
Pino-Bodas R, Blázquez M, de los Ríos A, Pérez-Ortega S. Myrmecia, Not Asterochloris, Is the Main Photobiont of Cladonia subturgida ( Cladoniaceae, Lecanoromycetes). J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1160. [PMID: 38132761 PMCID: PMC10744234 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This study explores the diversity of photobionts associated with the Mediterranean lichen-forming fungus Cladonia subturgida. For this purpose, we sequenced the whole ITS rDNA region by Sanger using a metabarcoding method for ITS2. A total of 41 specimens from Greece, Italy, France, Portugal, and Spain were studied. Additionally, two specimens from Spain were used to generate four cultures. Our molecular studies showed that the genus Myrmecia is the main photobiont of C. subturgida throughout its geographic distribution. This result contrasts with previous studies, which indicated that the main photobiont for most Cladonia species is Asterochloris. The identity of Myrmecia was also confirmed by ultrastructural studies of photobionts within the lichen thalli and cultures. Photobiont cells showed a parietal chloroplast lacking a pyrenoid, which characterizes the species in this genus. Phylogenetic analyses indicate hidden diversity within this genus. The results of amplicon sequencing showed the presence of multiple ASVs in 58.3% of the specimens studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Pino-Bodas
- Biodiversity and Conservation Area, Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, London TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Miguel Blázquez
- Department of Mycology, Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC), 28014 Madrid, Spain; (M.B.); (S.P.-O.)
| | | | - Sergio Pérez-Ortega
- Department of Mycology, Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC), 28014 Madrid, Spain; (M.B.); (S.P.-O.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Prieto M, Montané N, Aragón G, Martínez I, Rodríguez-Arribas C. Cyanobacterial Variability in Lichen Cephalodia. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:826. [PMID: 37623597 PMCID: PMC10455846 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The ecological success of lichens is related to both myco- and photobionts which condition the physiological limits of the lichen symbioses and thus affect their ecological niches and geographic ranges. A particular type of lichen, called cephalolichen, is characterized by housing both green algal and cyanobacterial symbionts-the latter is restricted to special structures called cephalodia. In this type of lichen, questions related to specialization within species or within individuals are still unsolved as different patterns have previously been observed. In order to study the variability at the intrathalline, intraspecific, and interspecific level, cyanobionts from different cephalodia within the same thalli and from different thalli were genetically analysed in three cephalolichen species at two different forests (18 thalli, 90 cephalodia). The results showed variability in the cephalodial Nostoc OTUs in all the studied species, both at the intrathalline and intraspecific levels. The variability of Nostoc OTUs found in different cephalodia of the same thallus suggests low specialization in this relationship. Additionally, differences in OTU diversity in the three studied species and in the two forests were found. The variability observed may confer an increased ecological plasticity and an advantage to colonize or persist under additional or novel habitats or conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Prieto
- Biodiversity and Conservation Area, Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain; (N.M.); (G.A.); (I.M.); (C.R.-A.)
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Moya P, Molins A, Škaloud P, Divakar PK, Chiva S, Dumitru C, Molina MC, Crespo A, Barreno E. Biodiversity Patterns and Ecological Preferences of the Photobionts Associated With the Lichen-Forming Genus Parmelia. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:765310. [PMID: 35003003 PMCID: PMC8739953 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.765310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide, ecologically relevant lichen-forming genus Parmelia currently includes 41 accepted species, of which the Parmelia sulcata group (PSULgp) and the Parmelia saxatilis group (PSAXgp) have received considerable attention over recent decades; however, phycobiont diversity is poorly known in Parmelia s. lat. Here, we studied the diversity of Trebouxia microalgae associated with 159 thalli collected from 30 locations, including nine Parmelia spp.: P. barrenoae, P. encryptata, P. ernstiae, P. mayi, P. omphalodes, P. saxatilis, P. serrana, P. submontana, and P. sulcata. The mycobionts were studied by carrying out phylogenetic analyses of the nrITS. Microalgae genetic diversity was examined by using both nrITS and LSU rDNA markers. To evaluate putative species boundaries, three DNA species delimitation analyses were performed on Trebouxia and Parmelia. All analyses clustered the mycobionts into two main groups: PSULgp and PSAXgp. Species delimitation identified 13 fungal and 15 algal species-level lineages. To identify patterns in specificity and selectivity, the diversity and abundance of the phycobionts were identified for each Parmelia species. High specificity of each Parmelia group for a given Trebouxia clade was observed; PSULgp associated only with clade I and PSAXgp with clade S. However, the degree of specificity is different within each group, since the PSAXgp mycobionts were less specific and associated with 12 Trebouxia spp., meanwhile those of PSULgp interacted only with three Trebouxia spp. Variation-partitioning analyses were conducted to detect the relative contributions of climate, geography, and symbiotic partner to phycobiont and mycobiont distribution patterns. Both analyses explained unexpectedly high portions of variability (99 and 98%) and revealed strong correlations between the fungal and algal diversity. Network analysis discriminated seven ecological clusters. Even though climatic conditions explained the largest proportion of the variation among these clusters, they seemed to show indifference relative to climatic parameters. However, the cluster formed by P. saxatilis A/P. saxatilis B/Trebouxia sp. 2/Trebouxia sp. S02/Trebouxia sp. 3A was identified to prefer cold-temperate as well as humid summer environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Moya
- Botánica, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva (ICBIBE), Fac. CC. Biológicas, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Arantzazu Molins
- Botánica, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva (ICBIBE), Fac. CC. Biológicas, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pavel Škaloud
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pradeep K. Divakar
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Chiva
- Botánica, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva (ICBIBE), Fac. CC. Biológicas, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Dumitru
- Botánica, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva (ICBIBE), Fac. CC. Biológicas, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Carmen Molina
- Departamento de Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología (ESCET), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Crespo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Barreno
- Botánica, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva (ICBIBE), Fac. CC. Biológicas, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Medeiros ID, Mazur E, Miadlikowska J, Flakus A, Rodriguez-Flakus P, Pardo-De la Hoz CJ, Cieślak E, Śliwa L, Lutzoni F. Turnover of Lecanoroid Mycobionts and Their Trebouxia Photobionts Along an Elevation Gradient in Bolivia Highlights the Role of Environment in Structuring the Lichen Symbiosis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:774839. [PMID: 34987486 PMCID: PMC8721194 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.774839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Shifts in climate along elevation gradients structure mycobiont-photobiont associations in lichens. We obtained mycobiont (lecanoroid Lecanoraceae) and photobiont (Trebouxia alga) DNA sequences from 89 lichen thalli collected in Bolivia from a ca. 4,700 m elevation gradient encompassing diverse natural communities and environmental conditions. The molecular dataset included six mycobiont loci (ITS, nrLSU, mtSSU, RPB1, RPB2, and MCM7) and two photobiont loci (ITS, rbcL); we designed new primers to amplify Lecanoraceae RPB1 and RPB2 with a nested PCR approach. Mycobionts belonged to Lecanora s.lat., Bryonora, Myriolecis, Protoparmeliopsis, the "Lecanora" polytropa group, and the "L." saligna group. All of these clades except for Lecanora s.lat. occurred only at high elevation. No single species of Lecanoraceae was present along the entire elevation gradient, and individual clades were restricted to a subset of the gradient. Most Lecanoraceae samples represent species which have not previously been sequenced. Trebouxia clade C, which has not previously been recorded in association with species of Lecanoraceae, predominates at low- to mid-elevation sites. Photobionts from Trebouxia clade I occur at the upper extent of mid-elevation forest and at some open, high-elevation sites, while Trebouxia clades A and S dominate open habitats at high elevation. We did not find Trebouxia clade D. Several putative new species were found in Trebouxia clades A, C, and I. These included one putative species in clade A associated with Myriolecis species growing on limestone at high elevation and a novel lineage sister to the rest of clade C associated with Lecanora on bark in low-elevation grassland. Three different kinds of photobiont switching were observed, with certain mycobiont species associating with Trebouxia from different major clades, species within a major clade, or haplotypes within a species. Lecanoraceae mycobionts and Trebouxia photobionts exhibit species turnover along the elevation gradient, but with each partner having a different elevation threshold at which the community shifts completely. A phylogenetically defined sampling of a single diverse family of lichen-forming fungi may be sufficient to document regional patterns of Trebouxia diversity and distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian D. Medeiros
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Edyta Mazur
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences (PAS), Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Adam Flakus
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences (PAS), Kraków, Poland
| | | | | | - Elżbieta Cieślak
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences (PAS), Kraków, Poland
| | - Lucyna Śliwa
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences (PAS), Kraków, Poland
| | - François Lutzoni
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jung P, Brust K, Schultz M, Büdel B, Donner A, Lakatos M. Opening the Gap: Rare Lichens With Rare Cyanobionts - Unexpected Cyanobiont Diversity in Cyanobacterial Lichens of the Order Lichinales. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:728378. [PMID: 34690969 PMCID: PMC8527099 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.728378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decades of research led to a change in understanding of lichens that are now seen as self-sustaining micro-ecosystems, harboring diverse microbial organisms in tight but yet not fully understood relationships. Among the diverse interdependencies, the relationship between the myco- and photobiont is the most crucial, determining the shape, and ecophysiological properties of the symbiotic consortium. Roughly 10% of lichens associate with cyanobacteria as their primary photobiont, termed cyanolichens. Up to now, the diversity of cyanobionts of bipartite lichens resolved by modern phylogenetic approaches is restricted to the filamentous and heterocytous genera of the order Nostocales. Unicellular photobionts were placed in the orders Chroococcales, Pleurocapsales, and Chroococcidiopsidales. However, especially the phylogeny and taxonomy of the Chroococcidiopsidales genera remained rather unclear. Here we present new data on the identity and phylogeny of photobionts from cyanolichens of the genera Gonohymenia, Lichinella, Peccania, and Peltula from a broad geographical range. A polyphasic approach was used, combining morphological and cultivation-depending characteristics (microscopy, staining techniques, life cycle observation, baeocyte motility, and nitrogen fixation test) with phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rRNA and 16S–23S ITS gene region. We found an unexpectedly high cyanobiont diversity in the cyanobacterial lichens of the order Lichinales, including two new genera and seven new species, all of which were not previously perceived as lichen symbionts. As a result, we describe the novel unicellular Chroococcidiopsidales genera Pseudocyanosarcina gen. nov. with the species Pseudocyanosarcina phycocyania sp. nov. (from Peltula clavata, Australia) and Compactococcus gen. nov. with the species Compactococcus sarcinoides sp. nov. (from Gonohymenia sp., Australia) and the new Chroococcidiopsidales species Aliterella compacta sp. nov. (from Peltula clavata, Australia), Aliterella gigantea sp. nov. (from Peltula capensis; South Africa), Sinocapsa ellipsoidea sp. nov. (from Peccania cerebriformis, Austria), as well as the two new Nostocales species Komarekiella gloeocapsoidea sp. nov. (from Gonohymenia sp., Czechia) and Komarekiella globosa sp. nov. (from Lichinella cribellifera, Canary Islands, Spain). Our study highlights the role of cyanolichens acting as a key in untangling cyanobacterial taxonomy and diversity. With this study, we hope to stimulate further research on photobionts, especially of rare cyanolichens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Jung
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Pirmasens, Germany
| | - Katharina Brust
- Ecology Group, Faculty of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Matthias Schultz
- Institute for Plant Science and Microbiology, Herbarium Hamburgense, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Büdel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Antje Donner
- Faculty of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Michael Lakatos
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Pirmasens, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sukumaran J, Holder MT, Knowles LL. Incorporating the speciation process into species delimitation. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008924. [PMID: 33983918 PMCID: PMC8118268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The "multispecies" coalescent (MSC) model that underlies many genomic species-delimitation approaches is problematic because it does not distinguish between genetic structure associated with species versus that of populations within species. Consequently, as both the genomic and spatial resolution of data increases, a proliferation of artifactual species results as within-species population lineages, detected due to restrictions in gene flow, are identified as distinct species. The toll of this extends beyond systematic studies, getting magnified across the many disciplines that rely upon an accurate framework of identified species. Here we present the first of a new class of approaches that addresses this issue by incorporating an extended speciation process for species delimitation. We model the formation of population lineages and their subsequent development into independent species as separate processes and provide for a way to incorporate current understanding of the species boundaries in the system through specification of species identities of a subset of population lineages. As a result, species boundaries and within-species lineages boundaries can be discriminated across the entire system, and species identities can be assigned to the remaining lineages of unknown affinities with quantified probabilities. In addition to the identification of species units in nature, the primary goal of species delimitation, the incorporation of a speciation model also allows us insights into the links between population and species-level processes. By explicitly accounting for restrictions in gene flow not only between, but also within, species, we also address the limits of genetic data for delimiting species. Specifically, while genetic data alone is not sufficient for accurate delimitation, when considered in conjunction with other information we are able to not only learn about species boundaries, but also about the tempo of the speciation process itself.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeet Sukumaran
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Mark T. Holder
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - L. Lacey Knowles
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kosecka M, Guzow-Krzemińska B, Černajová I, Škaloud P, Jabłońska A, Kukwa M. New lineages of photobionts in Bolivian lichens expand our knowledge on habitat preferences and distribution of Asterochloris algae. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8701. [PMID: 33888793 PMCID: PMC8062552 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88110-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the biodiversity of Asterochloris photobionts found in Bolivian lichens to better understand their global spatial distribution and adaptation strategies in the context of a worldwide phylogeny of the genus. Based on nuclear ITS rDNA, the chloroplast rbcL gene and the actin type I gene we reconstructed a phylogenetic tree that recovered nine new Asterochloris lineages, while 32 Bolivian photobiont samples were assigned to 12 previously recognized Asterochloris lineages. We also show that some previously discovered Asterochloris photobiont species and lineages may occur in a broader spectrum of climatic conditions, and mycobiont species and photobionts may show different preferences along an altitude gradient. To reveal general patterns of of mycobiont specificity towards the photobiont in Asterochloris, we tested the influence of climate, altitude, geographical distance and effects of symbiotic partner (mycobiont) at the species level of three genera of lichen forming fungi: Stereocaulon, Cladonia and Lepraria. Further, we compared the specificity of mycobionts towards Asterochloris photobionts in cosmopolitan, Neotropical, and Pantropical lichen forming fungi. Interestingly, cosmopolitan species showed the lowest specificity to their photobionts, but also the lowest haplotype diversity. Neotropical and Paleotropical mycobionts, however, were more specific.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kosecka
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Beata Guzow-Krzemińska
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ivana Černajová
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Charles University, Benatska 2, 12801, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Škaloud
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Charles University, Benatska 2, 12801, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Agnieszka Jabłońska
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Martin Kukwa
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80308, Gdańsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mark K, Laanisto L, Bueno CG, Niinemets Ü, Keller C, Scheidegger C. Contrasting co-occurrence patterns of photobiont and cystobasidiomycete yeast associated with common epiphytic lichen species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1362-1375. [PMID: 32034954 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The popular dual definition of lichen symbiosis is under question with recent findings of additional microbial partners living within the lichen body. Here we compare the distribution and co-occurrence patterns of lichen photobiont and recently described secondary fungus (Cyphobasidiales yeast) to evaluate their dependency on lichen host fungus (mycobiont). We sequenced the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) strands for mycobiont, photobiont, and yeast from six widespread northern hemisphere epiphytic lichen species collected from 25 sites in Switzerland and Estonia. Interaction network analyses and multivariate analyses were conducted on operational taxonomic units based on ITS sequence data. Our study demonstrates the frequent presence of cystobasidiomycete yeasts in studied lichens and shows that they are much less mycobiont-specific than the photobionts. Individuals of different lichen species growing on the same tree trunk consistently hosted the same or closely related mycobiont-specific Trebouxia lineage over geographic distances while the cystobasidiomycete yeasts were unevenly distributed over the study area - contrasting communities were found between Estonia and Switzerland. These results contradict previous findings of high mycobiont species specificity of Cyphobasidiales yeast at large geographic scales. Our results suggest that the yeast might not be as intimately associated with the symbiosis as is the photobiont.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Mark
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu, 51006, Estonia
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Lauri Laanisto
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu, 51006, Estonia
| | - C Guillermo Bueno
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu, 51006, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, Tallinn, 10130, Estonia
| | - Christine Keller
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Scheidegger
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rolshausen G, Hallman U, Grande FD, Otte J, Knudsen K, Schmitt I. Expanding the mutualistic niche: parallel symbiont turnover along climatic gradients. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192311. [PMID: 32228406 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Keystone mutualisms, such as corals, lichens or mycorrhizae, sustain fundamental ecosystem functions. Range dynamics of these symbioses are, however, inherently difficult to predict because host species may switch between different symbiont partners in different environments, thereby altering the range of the mutualism as a functional unit. Biogeographic models of mutualisms thus have to consider both the ecological amplitudes of various symbiont partners and the abiotic conditions that trigger symbiont replacement. To address this challenge, we here investigate 'symbiont turnover zones'--defined as demarcated regions where symbiont replacement is most likely to occur, as indicated by overlapping abundances of symbiont ecotypes. Mapping the distribution of algal symbionts from two species of lichen-forming fungi along four independent altitudinal gradients, we detected an abrupt and consistent β-diversity turnover suggesting parallel niche partitioning. Modelling contrasting environmental response functions obtained from latitudinal distributions of algal ecotypes consistently predicted a confined altitudinal turnover zone. In all gradients this symbiont turnover zone is characterized by approximately 12°C average annual temperature and approximately 5°C mean temperature of the coldest quarter, marking the transition from Mediterranean to cool temperate bioregions. Integrating the conditions of symbiont turnover into biogeographic models of mutualisms is an important step towards a comprehensive understanding of biodiversity dynamics under ongoing environmental change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Rolshausen
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Uwe Hallman
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Francesco Dal Grande
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jürgen Otte
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kerry Knudsen
- Department of Ecology, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague
- CULS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Imke Schmitt
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Departement of Biological Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Singh G, Kukwa M, Dal Grande F, Łubek A, Otte J, Schmitt I. A Glimpse into Genetic Diversity and Symbiont Interaction Patterns in Lichen Communities from Areas with Different Disturbance Histories in Białowieża Forest, Poland. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E335. [PMID: 31505790 PMCID: PMC6780458 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic disturbances can have strong impacts on lichen communities, as well as on individual species of lichenized fungi. Traditionally, lichen monitoring studies are based on the presence and abundance of fungal morphospecies. However, the photobionts, as well photobiont mycobiont interactions also contribute to the structure, composition, and resilience of lichen communities. Here we assess the genetic diversity and interaction patterns of algal and fungal partners in lichen communities along an anthropogenic disturbance gradient in Białowieża Forest (Poland). We sampled a total of 224 lichen thalli in a protected, a managed, and a disturbed area of the forest, and sequenced internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of both, fungal and algal partners. Sequence clustering using a 97% similarity threshold resulted in 46 fungal and 23 green algal operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Most of the recovered photobiont OTUs (14 out of 23) had no similar hit in the NCBI-BLAST search, suggesting that even in well studied regions, such as central Europe, a lot of photobiont diversity is yet undiscovered. If a mycobiont was present at more than one site, it was typically associated with the same photobiont OTU(s). Generalist species, i.e., taxa that associate with multiple symbiont partners, occurred in all three disturbance regimes, suggesting that such taxa have few limitations in colonizing or persisting in disturbed areas. Trebouxia jamesii associated with 53% of the fungal OTUs, and was generally the most common photobiont OTU in all areas, implying that lichens that associate with this symbiont are not limited by the availability of compatible photobionts in Central European forests, regardless of land use intensity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garima Singh
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Martin Kukwa
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Francesco Dal Grande
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anna Łubek
- Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Institute of Biology, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Jürgen Otte
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Imke Schmitt
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe Universität, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Armaleo D, Müller O, Lutzoni F, Andrésson ÓS, Blanc G, Bode HB, Collart FR, Dal Grande F, Dietrich F, Grigoriev IV, Joneson S, Kuo A, Larsen PE, Logsdon JM, Lopez D, Martin F, May SP, McDonald TR, Merchant SS, Miao V, Morin E, Oono R, Pellegrini M, Rubinstein N, Sanchez-Puerta MV, Savelkoul E, Schmitt I, Slot JC, Soanes D, Szövényi P, Talbot NJ, Veneault-Fourrey C, Xavier BB. The lichen symbiosis re-viewed through the genomes of Cladonia grayi and its algal partner Asterochloris glomerata. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:605. [PMID: 31337355 PMCID: PMC6652019 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5629-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lichens, encompassing 20,000 known species, are symbioses between specialized fungi (mycobionts), mostly ascomycetes, and unicellular green algae or cyanobacteria (photobionts). Here we describe the first parallel genomic analysis of the mycobiont Cladonia grayi and of its green algal photobiont Asterochloris glomerata. We focus on genes/predicted proteins of potential symbiotic significance, sought by surveying proteins differentially activated during early stages of mycobiont and photobiont interaction in coculture, expanded or contracted protein families, and proteins with differential rates of evolution. RESULTS A) In coculture, the fungus upregulated small secreted proteins, membrane transport proteins, signal transduction components, extracellular hydrolases and, notably, a ribitol transporter and an ammonium transporter, and the alga activated DNA metabolism, signal transduction, and expression of flagellar components. B) Expanded fungal protein families include heterokaryon incompatibility proteins, polyketide synthases, and a unique set of G-protein α subunit paralogs. Expanded algal protein families include carbohydrate active enzymes and a specific subclass of cytoplasmic carbonic anhydrases. The alga also appears to have acquired by horizontal gene transfer from prokaryotes novel archaeal ATPases and Desiccation-Related Proteins. Expanded in both symbionts are signal transduction components, ankyrin domain proteins and transcription factors involved in chromatin remodeling and stress responses. The fungal transportome is contracted, as are algal nitrate assimilation genes. C) In the mycobiont, slow-evolving proteins were enriched for components involved in protein translation, translocation and sorting. CONCLUSIONS The surveyed genes affect stress resistance, signaling, genome reprogramming, nutritional and structural interactions. The alga carries many genes likely transferred horizontally through viruses, yet we found no evidence of inter-symbiont gene transfer. The presence in the photobiont of meiosis-specific genes supports the notion that sexual reproduction occurs in Asterochloris while they are free-living, a phenomenon with implications for the adaptability of lichens and the persistent autonomy of the symbionts. The diversity of the genes affecting the symbiosis suggests that lichens evolved by accretion of many scattered regulatory and structural changes rather than through introduction of a few key innovations. This predicts that paths to lichenization were variable in different phyla, which is consistent with the emerging consensus that ascolichens could have had a few independent origins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Olaf Müller
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | | | - Ólafur S. Andrésson
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Guillaume Blanc
- Aix Marseille University, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Helge B. Bode
- Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften & Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Frank R. Collart
- Argonne National Laboratory, Biosciences Division, Argonne, & Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Francesco Dal Grande
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Fred Dietrich
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Igor V. Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California – Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
| | - Suzanne Joneson
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, USA
- College of General Studies, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee at Waukesha, Waukesha, USA
| | - Alan Kuo
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, USA
| | - Peter E. Larsen
- Argonne National Laboratory, Biosciences Division, Argonne, & Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | | | | | - Francis Martin
- INRA, Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, Champenoux, France
| | - Susan P. May
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, USA
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA
| | - Tami R. McDonald
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, USA
- Department of Biology, St. Catherine University, St. Paul, USA
| | - Sabeeha S. Merchant
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California – Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California – Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
| | - Vivian Miao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle Morin
- INRA, Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, Champenoux, France
| | - Ryoko Oono
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California - Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, and DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Nimrod Rubinstein
- National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, Durham, USA
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, USA
| | | | | | - Imke Schmitt
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jason C. Slot
- College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Darren Soanes
- College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Péter Szövényi
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Claire Veneault-Fourrey
- INRA, Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, Champenoux, France
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandoeuvre les Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Basil B. Xavier
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fungal species boundaries in the genomics era. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 131:103249. [PMID: 31279976 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Genomic data has opened new possibilities to understand how organisms change over time, and could enable the discovery of previously undescribed species. Although taxonomy used to be based on phenotypes, molecular data has frequently revealed that morphological traits are insufficient to describe biodiversity. Genomics holds the promise of revealing even more genetic discontinuities, but the parameters on how to describe species from genomic data remain unclear. Fungi have been a successful case in which the use of molecular markers has uncovered the existence of genetic boundaries where no crosses are possible. In this minireview, we highlight recent advances, propose a set of standards to use genomic sequences to uncover species boundaries, point out potential pitfalls, and present possible future research directions.
Collapse
|
13
|
Dynamic evolution of mitochondrial genomes in Trebouxiophyceae, including the first completely assembled mtDNA from a lichen-symbiont microalga (Trebouxia sp. TR9). Sci Rep 2019; 9:8209. [PMID: 31160653 PMCID: PMC6547736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44700-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trebouxiophyceae (Chlorophyta) is a species-rich class of green algae with a remarkable morphological and ecological diversity. Currently, there are a few completely sequenced mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) from diverse Trebouxiophyceae but none from lichen symbionts. Here, we report the mitochondrial genome sequence of Trebouxia sp. TR9 as the first complete mtDNA sequence available for a lichen-symbiont microalga. A comparative study of the mitochondrial genome of Trebouxia sp. TR9 with other chlorophytes showed important organizational changes, even between closely related taxa. The most remarkable change is the enlargement of the genome in certain Trebouxiophyceae, which is principally due to larger intergenic spacers and seems to be related to a high number of large tandem repeats. Another noticeable change is the presence of a relatively large number of group II introns interrupting a variety of tRNA genes in a single group of Trebouxiophyceae, which includes Trebouxiales and Prasiolales. In addition, a fairly well-resolved phylogeny of Trebouxiophyceae, along with other Chlorophyta lineages, was obtained based on a set of seven well-conserved mitochondrial genes.
Collapse
|
14
|
Jüriado I, Kaasalainen U, Jylhä M, Rikkinen J. Relationships between mycobiont identity, photobiont specificity and ecological preferences in the lichen genus Peltigera (Ascomycota) in Estonia (northeastern Europe). FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
15
|
Zhu H, Li S, Hu Z, Liu G. Molecular characterization of eukaryotic algal communities in the tropical phyllosphere based on real-time sequencing of the 18S rDNA gene. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:365. [PMID: 30563464 PMCID: PMC6299628 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1588-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUD Foliicolous algae are a common occurrence in tropical forests. They are referable to a few simple morphotypes (unicellular, sarcinoid-like or filamentous), which makes their morphology of limited usefulness for taxonomic studies and species diversity assessments. The relationship between algal community and their host phyllosphere was not clear. In order to obtain a more accurate assessment, we used single molecule real-time sequencing of the 18S rDNA gene to characterize the eukaryotic algal community in an area of South-western China. RESULT We annotated 2922 OTUs belonging to five classes, Ulvophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Dinophyceae and Eustigmatophyceae. Novel clades formed by large numbers sequences of green algae were detected in the order Trentepohliales (Ulvophyceae) and the Watanabea clade (Trebouxiophyceae), suggesting that these foliicolous communities may be substantially more diverse than so far appreciated and require further research. Species in Trentepohliales, Watanabea clade and Apatococcus clade were detected as the core members in the phyllosphere community studied. Communities from different host trees and sampling sites were not significantly different in terms of OTUs composition. However, the communities of Musa and Ravenala differed from other host plants significantly at the genus level, since they were dominated by Trebouxiophycean epiphytes. CONCLUSION The cryptic diversity of eukaryotic algae especially Chlorophytes in tropical phyllosphere is very high. The community structure at species-level has no significant relationship either with host phyllosphere or locations. The core algal community in tropical phyllopshere is consisted of members from Trentepohliales, Watanabea clade and Apatococcus clade. Our study provided a large amount of novel 18S rDNA sequences that will be useful to unravel the cryptic diversity of phyllosphere eukaryotic algae and for comparisons with similar future studies on this type of communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuyin Li
- Key Laboratory of algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Paul F, Otte J, Schmitt I, Dal Grande F. Comparing Sanger sequencing and high-throughput metabarcoding for inferring photobiont diversity in lichens. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8624. [PMID: 29872090 PMCID: PMC5988838 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26947-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The implementation of HTS (high-throughput sequencing) approaches is rapidly changing our understanding of the lichen symbiosis, by uncovering high bacterial and fungal diversity, which is often host-specific. Recently, HTS methods revealed the presence of multiple photobionts inside a single thallus in several lichen species. This differs from Sanger technology, which typically yields a single, unambiguous algal sequence per individual. Here we compared HTS and Sanger methods for estimating the diversity of green algal symbionts within lichen thalli using 240 lichen individuals belonging to two species of lichen-forming fungi. According to HTS data, Sanger technology consistently yielded the most abundant photobiont sequence in the sample. However, if the second most abundant photobiont exceeded 30% of the total HTS reads in a sample, Sanger sequencing generally failed. Our results suggest that most lichen individuals in the two analyzed species, Lasallia hispanica and L. pustulata, indeed contain a single, predominant green algal photobiont. We conclude that Sanger sequencing is a valid approach to detect the dominant photobionts in lichen individuals and populations. We discuss which research areas in lichen ecology and evolution will continue to benefit from Sanger sequencing, and which areas will profit from HTS approaches to assessing symbiont diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Paul
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jürgen Otte
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Imke Schmitt
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Francesco Dal Grande
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dal Grande F, Rolshausen G, Divakar PK, Crespo A, Otte J, Schleuning M, Schmitt I. Environment and host identity structure communities of green algal symbionts in lichens. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:277-289. [PMID: 28892165 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of how biotic interactions shape species' distributions is central to predicting host-symbiont responses under climate change. Switches to locally adapted algae have been proposed to be an adaptive strategy of lichen-forming fungi to cope with environmental change. However, it is unclear how lichen photobionts respond to environmental gradients, and whether they play a role in determining the fungal host's upper and lower elevational limits. Deep-coverage Illumina DNA metabarcoding was used to track changes in the community composition of Trebouxia algae associated with two phylogenetically closely related, but ecologically divergent fungal hosts along a steep altitudinal gradient in the Mediterranean region. We detected the presence of multiple Trebouxia species in the majority of thalli. Both altitude and host genetic identity were strong predictors of photobiont community assembly in these two species. The predominantly clonally dispersing fungus showed stronger altitudinal structuring of photobiont communities than the sexually reproducing host. Elevation ranges of the host were not limited by the lack of compatible photobionts. Our study sheds light on the processes guiding the formation and distribution of specific fungal-algal combinations in the lichen symbiosis. The effect of environmental filtering acting on both symbiotic partners appears to shape the distribution of lichens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Dal Grande
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt am Main, 60325, Germany
| | - Gregor Rolshausen
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt am Main, 60325, Germany
| | - Pradeep K Divakar
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Ana Crespo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Jürgen Otte
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt am Main, 60325, Germany
| | - Matthias Schleuning
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt am Main, 60325, Germany
| | - Imke Schmitt
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt am Main, 60325, Germany
- Institut für Ökologie, Evolution und Diversität, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Smith CH, Johnson NA, Pfeiffer JM, Gangloff MM. Molecular and morphological data reveal non-monophyly and speciation in imperiled freshwater mussels (Anodontoides and Strophitus). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 119:50-62. [PMID: 29074460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Accurate taxonomic placement is vital to conservation efforts considering many intrinsic biological characteristics of understudied species are inferred from closely related taxa. The rayed creekshell, Anodontoides radiatus (Conrad, 1834), exists in the Gulf of Mexico drainages from western Florida to Louisiana and has been petitioned for listing under the Endangered Species Act. We set out to resolve the evolutionary history of A. radiatus, primarily generic placement and species boundaries, using phylogenetic, morphometric, and geographic information. Our molecular matrix contained 3 loci: cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, NADH dehydrogenase subunit I, and the nuclear-encoded ribosomal internal transcribed spacer I. We employed maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference to estimate a phylogeny and test the monophyly of Anodontoides and Strophitus. We implemented two coalescent-based species delimitation models to test seven species models and evaluate species boundaries within A. radiatus. Concomitant to molecular data, we also employed linear morphometrics and geographic information to further evaluate species boundaries. Molecular and morphological evidence supports the inclusion of A. radiatus in the genus Strophitus, and we resurrect the binomial Strophitus radiatus to reflect their shared common ancestry. We also found strong support for polyphyly in Strophitus and advocate the resurrection of the genus Pseudodontoideus to represent 'Strophitus' connasaugaensis and 'Strophitus' subvexus. Strophitus radiatus exists in six well-supported clades that were distinguished as evolutionary independent lineages using Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood, and coalescent-based species delimitation models. Our integrative approach found evidence for as many as 4 evolutionary divergent clades within S. radiatus. Therefore, we formally describe two new species from the S. radiatus species complex (Strophitus williamsi and Strophitus pascagoulaensis) and recognize the potential for a third putative species (Strophitus sp. cf. pascagoulaensis). Our findings aid stakeholders in establishing conservation and management strategies for the members of Anodontoides, Strophitus, and Pseudodontoideus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chase H Smith
- US Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, 7920 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA
| | - Nathan A Johnson
- US Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, 7920 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA.
| | - John M Pfeiffer
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Michael M Gangloff
- Biology Department, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608-2027, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Evaluating multilocus Bayesian species delimitation for discovery of cryptic mycorrhizal diversity. FUNGAL ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
20
|
Leliaert F, De Clerck O. Refining species boundaries in algae. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2017; 53:12-16. [PMID: 28295349 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Leliaert
- Botanic Garden Meise, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860, Meise, Belgium
- Phycology Research Group, Biology Department, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier De Clerck
- Phycology Research Group, Biology Department, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
From Alaska to Antarctica: Species boundaries and genetic diversity of Prasiola (Trebouxiophyceae), a foliose chlorophyte associated with the bipolar lichen-forming fungus Mastodia tessellata. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 107:117-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
22
|
Hodač L, Hallmann C, Spitzer K, Elster J, Faßhauer F, Brinkmann N, Lepka D, Diwan V, Friedl T. Widespread green algae Chlorella and Stichococcus exhibit polar-temperate and tropical-temperate biogeography. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw122. [PMID: 27279416 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorella and Stichococcus are morphologically simple airborne microalgae, omnipresent in terrestrial and aquatic habitats. The minute cell size and resistance against environmental stress facilitate their long-distance dispersal. However, the actual distribution of Chlorella- and Stichococcus-like species has so far been inferred only from ambiguous morphology-based evidence. Here we contribute a phylogenetic analysis of an expanded SSU and ITS2 rDNA sequence dataset representing Chlorella- and Stichococcus-like species from terrestrial habitats of polar, temperate and tropical regions. We aim to uncover biogeographical patterns at low taxonomic levels. We found that psychrotolerant strains of Chlorella and Stichococcus are closely related with strains originating from the temperate zone. Species closely related to Chlorella vulgaris and Muriella terrestris, and recovered from extreme terrestrial environments of polar regions and hot deserts, are particularly widespread. Stichococcus strains from the temperate zone, with their closest relatives in the tropics, differ from strains with the closest relatives being from the polar regions. Our data suggest that terrestrial Chlorella and Stichococcus might be capable of intercontinental dispersal; however, their actual distributions exhibit biogeographical patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Hodač
- Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae (SAG), University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants (with Herbarium), University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christine Hallmann
- Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae (SAG), University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Karolin Spitzer
- Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae (SAG), University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Josef Elster
- Centre for Polar Ecology, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Institute of Botany, Phycology Centrum, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 37982 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Fabian Faßhauer
- Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae (SAG), University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicole Brinkmann
- Department of Forest Botany, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Lepka
- Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae (SAG), University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vaibhav Diwan
- Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae (SAG), University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Friedl
- Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae (SAG), University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Leavitt SD, Kraichak E, Vondrak J, Nelsen MP, Sohrabi M, Perez-Ortega S, St Clair LL, Lumbsch HT. Cryptic diversity and symbiont interactions in rock-posy lichens. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 99:261-274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
24
|
Malavasi V, Škaloud P, Rindi F, Tempesta S, Paoletti M, Pasqualetti M. DNA-Based Taxonomy in Ecologically Versatile Microalgae: A Re-Evaluation of the Species Concept within the Coccoid Green Algal Genus Coccomyxa (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151137. [PMID: 27028195 PMCID: PMC4814044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccomyxa is a genus of unicellular green algae of the class Trebouxiophyceae, well known for its cosmopolitan distribution and great ecological amplitude. The taxonomy of this genus has long been problematic, due to reliance on badly-defined and environmentally variable morphological characters. In this study, based on the discovery of a new species from an extreme habitat, we reassess species circumscription in Coccomyxa, a unicellular genus of the class Trebouxiophyceae, using a combination of ecological and DNA sequence data (analyzed with three different methods of algorithmic species delineation). Our results are compared with those of a recent integrative study of Darienko and colleagues that reassessed the taxonomy of Coccomyxa, recognizing 7 species in the genus. Expanding the dataset from 43 to 61 sequences (SSU + ITS rDNA) resulted in a different delimitation, supporting the recognition of a higher number of species (24 to 27 depending on the analysis used, with the 27-species scenario receiving the strongest support). Among these, C. melkonianii sp. nov. is described from material isolated from a river highly polluted by heavy metals (Rio Irvi, Sardinia, Italy). Analyses performed on ecological characters detected a significant phylogenetic signal in six different characters. We conclude that the 27-species scenario is presently the most realistic for Coccomyxa and we suggest that well-supported lineages distinguishable by ecological preferences should be recognized as different species in this genus. We also recommend that for microbial lineages in which the overall diversity is unknown and taxon sampling is sparse, as is often the case for green microalgae, the results of analyses for algorithmic DNA-based species delimitation should be interpreted with extreme caution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Malavasi
- Interdepartmental Center of Environmental Science and Engineering (CINSA), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pavel Škaloud
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University of Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Fabio Rindi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Sabrina Tempesta
- Department of biological and ecological sciences, Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Michela Paoletti
- Department of biological and ecological sciences, Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Marcella Pasqualetti
- Department of biological and ecological sciences, Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Divakar PK, Crespo A, Wedin M, Leavitt SD, Hawksworth DL, Myllys L, McCune B, Randlane T, Bjerke JW, Ohmura Y, Schmitt I, Boluda CG, Alors D, Roca-Valiente B, Del-Prado R, Ruibal C, Buaruang K, Núñez-Zapata J, Amo de Paz G, Rico VJ, Molina MC, Elix JA, Esslinger TL, Tronstad IKK, Lindgren H, Ertz D, Gueidan C, Saag L, Mark K, Singh G, Dal Grande F, Parnmen S, Beck A, Benatti MN, Blanchon D, Candan M, Clerc P, Goward T, Grube M, Hodkinson BP, Hur JS, Kantvilas G, Kirika PM, Lendemer J, Mattsson JE, Messuti MI, Miadlikowska J, Nelsen M, Ohlson JI, Pérez-Ortega S, Saag A, Sipman HJM, Sohrabi M, Thell A, Thor G, Truong C, Yahr R, Upreti DK, Cubas P, Lumbsch HT. Evolution of complex symbiotic relationships in a morphologically derived family of lichen-forming fungi. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:1217-1226. [PMID: 26299211 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We studied the evolutionary history of the Parmeliaceae (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota), one of the largest families of lichen-forming fungi with complex and variable morphologies, also including several lichenicolous fungi. We assembled a six-locus data set including nuclear, mitochondrial and low-copy protein-coding genes from 293 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The lichenicolous lifestyle originated independently three times in lichenized ancestors within Parmeliaceae, and a new generic name is introduced for one of these fungi. In all cases, the independent origins occurred c. 24 million yr ago. Further, we show that the Paleocene, Eocene and Oligocene were key periods when diversification of major lineages within Parmeliaceae occurred, with subsequent radiations occurring primarily during the Oligocene and Miocene. Our phylogenetic hypothesis supports the independent origin of lichenicolous fungi associated with climatic shifts at the Oligocene-Miocene boundary. Moreover, diversification bursts at different times may be crucial factors driving the diversification of Parmeliaceae. Additionally, our study provides novel insight into evolutionary relationships in this large and diverse family of lichen-forming ascomycetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K Divakar
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Crespo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mats Wedin
- Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 50007, SE-104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steven D Leavitt
- Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - David L Hawksworth
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leena Myllys
- Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, PO Box 7, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Bruce McCune
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331-2902, USA
| | - Tiina Randlane
- Institute of Ecology & Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai Street 38, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Jarle W Bjerke
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), FRAM - High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, NO-9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Yoshihito Ohmura
- National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0005, Japan
| | - Imke Schmitt
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre BiK-F, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 85 D-60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Carlos G Boluda
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Alors
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Roca-Valiente
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth Del-Prado
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Constantino Ruibal
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kawinnat Buaruang
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, 10240, Thailand
| | - Jano Núñez-Zapata
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Amo de Paz
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor J Rico
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Carmen Molina
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/ Tulipón s/n., 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - John A Elix
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Building 137, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Theodore L Esslinger
- Department of Biological Sciences Dept. 2715, North Dakota State University, PO Box 6050, Fargo, ND, 58108-6050, USA
| | - Inger Kristin K Tronstad
- Tromsø University Museum, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, PO Box 6050, Langnes, NO-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hanna Lindgren
- Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, PO Box 7, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Damien Ertz
- Department of Bryophytes-Thallophytes, Domaine de Bouchout, National Botanic Garden of Belgium, 1860, Meise, Belgium
| | - Cécile Gueidan
- Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Lauri Saag
- Institute of Ecology & Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai Street 38, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Kristiina Mark
- Institute of Ecology & Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai Street 38, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Garima Singh
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre BiK-F, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Francesco Dal Grande
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre BiK-F, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sittiporn Parnmen
- Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Tivanon Road, Nonthaburi, 11000, Thailand
| | - Andreas Beck
- Department of Lichenology and Bryology, Botanische Staatssammlung, Menzinger Str. 67 D-80638, München, Germany
| | - Michel Navarro Benatti
- Instituto de Botânica, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Micologia, Caixa Postal 68041, 04045-972, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Dan Blanchon
- Biodiversity and Animal Welfare Research Group, Department of Natural Sciences, Unitec Institute of Technology, Private Bag 92025, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Mehmet Candan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Anadolu University, EskiŞehir, Turkey
| | - Philippe Clerc
- Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève, CP 60, 1292, Chambésy, Switzerland
| | - Trevor Goward
- UBC Herbarium, Beaty Museum, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Martin Grube
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Brendan P Hodkinson
- Grice Lab, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, BRB 1046A, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jae-Seoun Hur
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, 540-742, Korea
| | | | - Paul M Kirika
- Botany Department, National Museums of Kenya, PO Box 45166-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Lendemer
- Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY, 10458-5126, USA
| | - Jan-Eric Mattsson
- School of Life Sciences, Södertörn University, SE-141 89, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - María Inés Messuti
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA) - CONICET, Universidad del Comahue, Quintral 1250, 8400, Sán Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | | | - Matthew Nelsen
- Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - Jan I Ohlson
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 50007, SE-104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sergio Pérez-Ortega
- Departamento de Biogeoquímica y Ecología Microbiana, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, c/ Serrano 115, E-28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andres Saag
- Institute of Ecology & Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai Street 38, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Harrie J M Sipman
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6-8, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohammad Sohrabi
- Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), 15815-115, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arne Thell
- Biologal Museum, Lund University, Box 117, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Göran Thor
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Camille Truong
- Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève, CP 60, 1292, Chambésy, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Yahr
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK
| | - Dalip K Upreti
- National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Paloma Cubas
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - H Thorsten Lumbsch
- Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Eisosome Ultrastructure and Evolution in Fungi, Microalgae, and Lichens. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2015; 14:1017-42. [PMID: 26253157 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00106-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Eisosomes are among the few remaining eukaryotic cellular differentations that lack a defined function(s). These trough-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane have largely been studied in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which their associated proteins, including two BAR domain proteins, have been identified, and homologues have been found throughout the fungal radiation. Using quick-freeze deep-etch electron microscopy to generate high-resolution replicas of membrane fracture faces without the use of chemical fixation, we report that eisosomes are also present in a subset of red and green microalgae as well as in the cysts of the ciliate Euplotes. Eisosome assembly is closely correlated with both the presence and the nature of cell walls. Microalgal eisosomes vary extensively in topology and internal organization. Unlike fungi, their convex fracture faces can carry lineage-specific arrays of intramembranous particles, and their concave fracture faces usually display fine striations, also seen in fungi, that are pitched at lineage-specific angles and, in some cases, adopt a broad-banded patterning. The conserved genes that encode fungal eisosome-associated proteins are not found in sequenced algal genomes, but we identified genes encoding two algal lineage-specific families of predicted BAR domain proteins, called Green-BAR and Red-BAR, that are candidate eisosome organizers. We propose a model for eisosome formation wherein (i) positively charged recognition patches first establish contact with target membrane regions and (ii) a (partial) unwinding of the coiled-coil conformation of the BAR domains then allows interactions between the hydrophobic faces of their amphipathic helices and the lipid phase of the inner membrane leaflet, generating the striated patterns.
Collapse
|
27
|
Leavitt SD, Kraichak E, Nelsen MP, Altermann S, Divakar PK, Alors D, Esslinger TL, Crespo A, Lumbsch T. Fungal specificity and selectivity for algae play a major role in determining lichen partnerships across diverse ecogeographic regions in the lichen‐forming family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota). Mol Ecol 2015; 24:3779-97. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven D. Leavitt
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology University of Chicago Chicago IL USA
- Science & Education The Field Museum Chicago IL USA
| | - Ekaphan Kraichak
- Science & Education The Field Museum Chicago IL USA
- Department of Botany Faculty of Science Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Matthew P. Nelsen
- Geological and Environmental Sciences Stanford University Stanford CA USA
| | | | - Pradeep K. Divakar
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II Facultad de Farmacia Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - David Alors
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II Facultad de Farmacia Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | | | - Ana Crespo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II Facultad de Farmacia Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zúñiga C, Leiva D, Ramírez-Fernández L, Carú M, Yahr R, Orlando J. Phylogenetic Diversity of Peltigera Cyanolichens and Their Photobionts in Southern Chile and Antarctica. Microbes Environ 2015; 30:172-9. [PMID: 25925273 PMCID: PMC4462928 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me14156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The lichen genus Peltigera has been mainly revised in the Northern Hemisphere, with most species being recorded in Europe and North America. This study assessed the phylogenetic diversity of the mycobionts and cyanobionts of Peltigera cyanolichens collected in Southern Chile and Antarctica, areas in which lichens are extremely diverse but poorly studied. The operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of each symbiont were defined by analyzing the genetic diversity of the LSU and SSU rDNA of the mycobionts and cyanobionts, respectively, and a phylogenetic approach was used to relate these OTUs with sequences previously reported for Peltigera and Nostoc. Among the 186 samples collected, 8 Peltigera and 15 Nostoc OTUs were recognized, corresponding to sections Peltigera, Horizontales, and Polydactylon, in the case of the mycobionts, and to the Nostoc clade II, in the case of the cyanobionts. Since some of the OTUs recognized in this study had not previously been described in these areas, our results suggest that the diversity of Peltigera reported to date in the regions studied using traditional morphological surveys has underestimated the true diversity present; therefore, further explorations of these areas are recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Zúñiga
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de ChileCasilla 653. SantiagoChile
| | - Diego Leiva
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de ChileCasilla 653. SantiagoChile
| | - Lía Ramírez-Fernández
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de ChileCasilla 653. SantiagoChile
| | - Margarita Carú
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de ChileCasilla 653. SantiagoChile
| | - Rebecca Yahr
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh20A Inverleith Row, EdinburghUK EH3 5LR
| | - Julieta Orlando
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de ChileCasilla 653. SantiagoChile
| |
Collapse
|