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Pacifico R, Almeda F, Penneys DS, Fidanza K. Systematics of the Trembleya sensu stricto clade of Microlicia (Melastomataceae, Lavoisiereae). PHYTOKEYS 2022; 216:1-101. [PMID: 36761893 PMCID: PMC9836420 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.216.91032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A systematic monograph of the Trembleya s.s. clade is presented, a Brazilian endemic lineage of Melastomataceae comprising 11 species and currently recognised as part of Microlicia s.l. (Melastomataceae). First, we investigate phylogenetic relationships within Lavoisiereae using two nuclear markers and two sampling datasets (102 and 134 terminals). Then, we provide a systematic revision and new circumscription of the Trembleya s.s. clade, including line drawings, photos of living specimens, leaves and floral parts, distribution maps, a key to the 11 accepted species, comments on morphology, reproductive biology, richness, endemism, biogeography and recommended conservation assessments. A nomenclatural update of all taxa previously treated in Trembleya is also provided, including the designation of 45 lectotypes and the proposal of 38 new synonyms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Pacifico
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Comparada. Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
- California Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biodiversity Science and Sustainability, Department of Botany, 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118-4503, USA
| | - Frank Almeda
- California Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biodiversity Science and Sustainability, Department of Botany, 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118-4503, USA
| | - Darin S. Penneys
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, USA
| | - Karina Fidanza
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Comparada. Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Flower morphology is correlated with distribution and phylogeny in Bertolonia (Melastomataceae), an herbaceous genus endemic to the Atlantic Forest. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 149:106844. [PMID: 32325194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Several centers of endemism have been proposed for Melastomataceae, particularly in Amazonia and Atlantic Forest. Despite the high degree of human-caused degradation in the last 500 years, the Atlantic Forest still presents some of the largest levels of diversity and endemism across all angiosperms. With several recently described species in the last decade, the knowledge on Bertolonia's distribution and morphological characterization has changed, with most new species found in northern Atlantic Forest and with different flower color patterns than the species from southern Atlantic Forest. We first tested the monophyly of the genus sampling over 85% of its species to generate a reliable phylogenetic hypothesis. Afterwards, we used Bertolonia as a model group to study distribution patterns and morphological evolution of lineages in the Atlantic Forest. Bertolonia is particularly interesting to address such questions because it is endemic to this domain, with species distributed either in the southern, central or northern portions of the Atlantic Forest. The second step of our work aimed to respond (1) Do closely related species endemic to Atlantic Forest tend to have similar distributions and share similar morphological traits? and (2) Are floral traits more conserved within clades than vegetative characters? We hypothesize that both (1) and (2) are true due to the low dispersal ability and consequent microendemic distribution of most species in the genus. Our results confirm the veracity of the proposed hypotheses. Three major groups were recovered in our analysis: marmorata, formosa and nymphaeifolia clades. Most species that occur in northern Atlantic Forest were recovered in the marmorata clade. Most species distributed in central Atlantic Forest were recovered in the formosa clade, and the ones from the southern Atlantic Forest in the nymphaeifolia clade. A similar pattern was recovered with reproductive characters reconstructed across the phylogeny. Generally, species with pink petals and cream-colored anthers with an extrorse pore occur in northern Atlantic Forest, and species with white petals and yellow anthers with an introrse or apical pore tend to occur in southern Atlantic Forest. Some vegetative characters also have evolutionary congruence and are restricted to one or few lineages, while other characters, such as the texture of the leaf blade surface, have a strong taxonomic value and are useful to identify species, but are not homologous. Our analysis also indicates that the division between southern and northern Atlantic Forest could also be related to ancient events, not only linked with recent phylogeographic patterns. Moreover, we suggest that the orientation of the anther pore in Bertolonia could be related with diversity of species and stability of its populations. In summary, we corroborate, based on the evolutionary history of Bertolonia, that closely related species endemic to Atlantic Forest tend to have similar distributions and share similar morphological floral traits.
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Reginato M, Vasconcelos TNC, Kriebel R, Simões AO. Is dispersal mode a driver of diversification and geographical distribution in the tropical plant family Melastomataceae? Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 148:106815. [PMID: 32278864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Species of plants with different life history strategies may differ in their seed dispersal mechanisms, impacting their distribution and diversification patterns. Shorter or longer distance dispersal is favored by different dispersal modes, facilitating (or constraining) population isolation, which can, in turn, impact speciation and species range sizes. While these associations are intuitive, few studies have explicitly tested these hypotheses for large clades of angiosperms. The plant family Melastomataceae is found on disparate habitats with different dispersal modes, representing a good model to address these questions. In this study, we reconstruct the phylogeny of Melastomataceae and gather data on their dispersal mode and range size to test the impact of dispersal mode on diversification and range size evolution. We found that abiotic dispersal is ancestral in the family, while biotic dispersal evolved multiple times. Species richness distribution is very similar across dispersal modes, although abiotically dispersed species tend to be relatively more diverse in seasonal environments. Range sizes across dispersal modes are not significantly different, although biotically dispersed species have slightly wider distributions. Model comparisons indicate that factors other than dispersal mode might have driven diversification heterogeneity. We did not find evidence for the role of dispersal mode driving diversification rates or range size in the Melastomataceae, suggesting a complex macroevolutionary scenario for this diverse angiosperm family. The bulk of changes to biotic dispersal coinciding with an increase in passerine diversification suggests a possible "past" key innovation in Melastomataceae. Future studies should investigate the role of other diversification drivers in the family and the relatively higher diversity of abiotically dispersed species in open habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Reginato
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Thais N C Vasconcelos
- Laboratório de Sistemática Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Kriebel
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - André Olmos Simões
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Dellinger AS, Chartier M, Fernández‐Fernández D, Penneys DS, Alvear M, Almeda F, Michelangeli FA, Staedler Y, Armbruster WS, Schönenberger J. Beyond buzz-pollination - departures from an adaptive plateau lead to new pollination syndromes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1136-1149. [PMID: 30368819 PMCID: PMC6492237 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pollination syndromes describe recurring adaptation to selection imposed by distinct pollinators. We tested for pollination syndromes in Merianieae (Melastomataceae), which contain bee- (buzz-), hummingbird-, flowerpiercer-, passerine-, bat- and rodent-pollinated species. Further, we explored trait changes correlated with the repeated shifts away from buzz-pollination, which represents an 'adaptive plateau' in Melastomataceae. We used random forest analyses to identify key traits associated with the different pollinators of 19 Merianieae species and estimated the pollination syndromes of 42 more species. We employed morphospace analyses to compare the morphological diversity (disparity) among syndromes. We identified three pollination syndromes ('buzz-bee', 'mixed-vertebrate' and 'passerine'), characterized by different pollen expulsion mechanisms and reward types, but not by traditional syndrome characters. Further, we found that 'efficiency' rather than 'attraction' traits were important for syndrome circumscription. Contrary to syndrome theory, our study supports the pooling of different pollinators (hummingbirds, bats, rodents and flowerpiercers) into the 'mixed-vertebrate' syndrome, and we found that disparity was highest in the 'buzz-bee' syndrome. We conclude that the highly adaptive buzz-pollination system may have prevented shifts towards classical pollination syndromes, but provided the starting point for the evolution of a novel set of distinct syndromes, all having retained multifunctional stamens that provide pollen expulsion, reward and attraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes S. Dellinger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaRennweg 141030ViennaAustria
| | - Marion Chartier
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaRennweg 141030ViennaAustria
| | - Diana Fernández‐Fernández
- Herbario Nacional del Ecuador (QCNE)Instituto Nacional de BiodiversidadRío Coca E06‐115 e Isla FernandinaQuitoEcuador
| | - Darin S. Penneys
- Department of Biology and Marine BiologyUniversity of North Carolina Wilmington601 S. College RoadWilmingtonNC28403USA
| | - Marcela Alvear
- Institute of Biodiversity Science and SustainabilityCalifornia Academy of Sciences55 Music Concourse DriveSan FranciscoCA94118‐4503USA
| | - Frank Almeda
- Institute of Biodiversity Science and SustainabilityCalifornia Academy of Sciences55 Music Concourse DriveSan FranciscoCA94118‐4503USA
| | - Fabián A. Michelangeli
- Institute of Systematic BotanyThe New York Botanical Garden2900 Southern BlvdBronxNY10458‐5126USA
| | - Yannick Staedler
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaRennweg 141030ViennaAustria
| | - W. Scott Armbruster
- School of Biological ScienceUniversity of PortsmouthKing Henry 1 StreetPortsmouthP01 2DYUK
- Institute of Arctic BiologyUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAK99775USA
| | - Jürg Schönenberger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaRennweg 141030ViennaAustria
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Contrasting patterns of taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional variation along a Costa Rican altitudinal gradient in the plant family Melastomataceae. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467418000172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:The functional composition of plant communities in montane regions has been studied for decades, and most recent analyses find that environmentally favourable landscapes at lower altitudes tend to be dominated by species with resource-acquisitive traits, while more resource-conservative taxa dominate higher-altitude communities. However, it is unclear the extent to which this pattern is driven by co-gradient variation within clades or changes in clade representation across the gradient. To test for co-gradient variation, species composition, phylogenetic structure and functional traits were quantified for 97 species within the plant family Melastomataceae at five locations across a 2500-m altitudinal gradient along Volcán Barva in Costa Rica. Average melastome leaf force to punch, specific leaf area and leaf size vary with altitude, while four other functional traits do not. Taxonomic dissimilarity between communities was correlated with altitudinal difference, while phylogenetic dissimilarity was correlated with altitudinal dissimilarity only when measured with a metric that emphasizes shallow turnover of the tips of the phylogeny. These results highlight how species turnover may be more pronounced than functional or phylogenetic variation along altitudinal gradients. In addition, these results highlight the conservation value of lowland tropical forests, which here harbour a disproportionate amount of phylogenetic and functional diversity.
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Reginato M, Neubig KM, Majure LC, Michelangeli FA. The first complete plastid genomes of Melastomataceae are highly structurally conserved. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2715. [PMID: 27917315 PMCID: PMC5131623 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the past three decades, several studies have predominantly relied on a small sample of the plastome to infer deep phylogenetic relationships in the species-rich Melastomataceae. Here, we report the first full plastid sequences of this family, compare general features of the sampled plastomes to other sequenced Myrtales, and survey the plastomes for highly informative regions for phylogenetics. Methods Genome skimming was performed for 16 species spread across the Melastomataceae. Plastomes were assembled, annotated and compared to eight sequenced plastids in the Myrtales. Phylogenetic inference was performed using Maximum Likelihood on six different data sets, where putative biases were taken into account. Summary statistics were generated for all introns and intergenic spacers with suitable size for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and used to rank the markers by phylogenetic information. Results The majority of the plastomes sampled are conserved in gene content and order, as well as in sequence length and GC content within plastid regions and sequence classes. Departures include the putative presence of rps16 and rpl2 pseudogenes in some plastomes. Phylogenetic analyses of the majority of the schemes analyzed resulted in the same topology with high values of bootstrap support. Although there is still uncertainty in some relationships, in the highest supported topologies only two nodes received bootstrap values lower than 95%. Discussion Melastomataceae plastomes are no exception for the general patterns observed in the genomic structure of land plant chloroplasts, being highly conserved and structurally similar to most other Myrtales. Despite the fact that the full plastome phylogeny shares most of the clades with the previously widely used and reduced data set, some changes are still observed and bootstrap support is higher. The plastome data set presented here is a step towards phylogenomic analyses in the Melastomataceae and will be a useful resource for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Reginato
- Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden , Bronx, New York , United States
| | - Kurt M Neubig
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University of Carbondale , Carbondale, Illinois , United States
| | - Lucas C Majure
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden , Phoenix, Arizona , United States
| | - Fabian A Michelangeli
- Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden , Bronx, New York , United States
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Majure LC, Bécquer ER, Judd WS. Revision of the Lima clade (Miconia sect. Lima, Miconieae, Melastomataceae) of the Greater Antilles. PHYTOKEYS 2016; 72:1-99. [PMID: 27829802 PMCID: PMC5088698 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.72.9355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Miconia sect. Lima is an entirely Greater Antillean clade that consists of 19 known species of shrubs and small trees, which were previously recognized under the polyphyletic genera Leandra and Ossaea. The highest species richness in the clade is represented on Cuba (10 species), followed by Hispaniola (8 species) and then Jamaica (1 species). Here we present a taxonomic revision of the clade based on the study of species in the field, herbarium specimens, as well as a DNA-based phylogeny reconstruction. The Lima clade most likely originated on Cuba and then spread to Jamaica once and Hispaniola multiple times. Species of this clade can be recognized by the well developed bulla-based hairs of the adaxial leaf surface, as well as the clavate-dendritic hairs produced along the primary, secondary and tertiary veins of the adaxial leaf surface, mostly towards the leaf base, terminal inflorescences, acute petal apices, slightly bulla-based hairs produced subapically along the petal abaxial surface, and anthers with a dorso-basal appendage and a single, dorsally oriented pore. Descriptions, synonymies, along with distribution maps and illustrations/figures, are given for each species. Miconia pagnolensissp. nov. is newly described in this revision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas C. Majure
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, Arizona 85008 USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611–8525 USA
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611–0575 USA
| | - Eldis R. Bécquer
- Jardín Botánico Nacional, Universidad de La Habana, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Walter S. Judd
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611–8525 USA
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611–0575 USA
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Kriebel R. A Monograph of Conostegia (Melastomataceae, Miconieae). PHYTOKEYS 2016; 67:1-326. [PMID: 27536193 PMCID: PMC4972245 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.67.6703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A recent molecular phylogenetic analysis identified a clade containing all species of Conostegia, but that also included species of Clidemia and Miconia nested inside. A taxonomic revision of a more broadly circumscribed Conostegia is presented here. In total, 77 species of Conostegia are recognized. One species from Ecuador, Conostegia ortizae is described as new. Twenty-nine new combinations are proposed for the species of Clidemia and Miconia that fall inside Conostegia. Two new names are proposed for the two species for which the epithet was previously occupied in Conostegia. An infrageneric classification of Conostegia is proposed recognizing three sections based on the results of the molecular phylogeny. This taxonomic revision includes ample documentation of the anatomy and morphology of most species in the genus, taxonomic descriptions, a dichotomous key, and distribution maps for all species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Kriebel
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Michelangeli FA, Goldenberg R. Miconia papillosperma (Melastomataceae, Miconieae): a new species from Amazonas, Brazil. PHYTOKEYS 2016; 63:31-40. [PMID: 27489476 PMCID: PMC4956926 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.63.7368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Miconia papillosperma, a new species of Melastomataceae shrubs from Northern Brazil is described and illustrated. This new species is characterized by elliptic lanceolate leaves with the only pair of secondary veins running close to the margin. It is also unique in having seeds with a papillose testa, a character until now unknown in the Miconieae. The description of this new species from a relatively well collected area near a major road north of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, is further evidence of our lack of knowledge on plants in many Neotropical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián A. Michelangeli
- Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden. Bronx, NY 10458-5126, USA
| | - Renato Goldenberg
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Botânica, Caixa Postal 19031, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-970, Brazil
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Khabbazian M, Kriebel R, Rohe K, Ané C. Fast and accurate detection of evolutionary shifts in Ornstein–Uhlenbeck models. Methods Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khabbazian
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Wisconsin 1415 Engineering Drive Madison WI USA
| | - Ricardo Kriebel
- Department of Botany University of Wisconsin 430 Lincoln Drive Madison WI USA
| | - Karl Rohe
- Department of Statistics University of Wisconsin 1300 University Avenue Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Cécile Ané
- Department of Botany University of Wisconsin 430 Lincoln Drive Madison WI USA
- Department of Statistics University of Wisconsin 1300 University Avenue Madison WI 53706 USA
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Reginato M, Michelangeli FA. Primers for low-copy nuclear genes in the Melastomataceae. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2016; 4:apps1500092. [PMID: 26819862 PMCID: PMC4716781 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1500092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Low-copy nuclear gene primers were developed for phylogenetic studies across the Melastomataceae. METHODS AND RESULTS Total genomic libraries from eight species in the Melastomataceae along with one transcriptome were used for marker identification and primer design. Eight exon-primed intron-crossing markers were amplified with success in taxa of nine tribes in the Melastomataceae. The new markers were directly sequenced for eight samples of closely related species of Miconia (Chaenanthera clade) in the tribe Miconieae. The DNA sequences for the eight loci ranged from 660 to 818 aligned base pairs. Compared with four commonly used markers in other studies, the loci developed here had a higher number of variable sites than plastid spacers (7-16 vs. 26-45) and comparable variation to the ribosomal spacers (28-39). CONCLUSIONS The novel primer pairs should be useful for a broad range of studies of systematics and evolution in the diverse Melastomataceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Reginato
- Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458 USA
| | - Fabián A. Michelangeli
- Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458 USA
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Serna DMO, Martínez JHI. Phenolics and Polyphenolics from Melastomataceae Species. Molecules 2015; 20:17818-47. [PMID: 26404220 PMCID: PMC6332314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201017818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Melastomataceae family, the seventh largest flowering plants, has been studied in several fronts of natural product chemistry, including terpenoids, simple phenolics, flavonoids, quinones, lignans and their glycosides, as well as a vast range of tannins or polyphenols. This review concerns the phenolic and polyphenolic metabolites described in the literature for several genera of this family, the mode of isolation and purification, and the structure elucidation of these new natural products that has been achieved by extensive spectral analyses, including ESI-MS, ¹H-, (13)C-NMR spectra and two-dimensional experiments, COSY, TOCSY, J-resolved, NOESY, HMQC, DEPT, and HMBC, as well as chemical and enzymatic degradations and the chemotaxonomic meaning. Finally, a general biogenetic pathway map for ellagitannins is proposed on the bases of the most plausible free radical C-O oxidative coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Marcela Ocampo Serna
- Grupo de Investigación en Productos Naturales y Alimentos (GIPNA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad del Valle, Edificio 320, Oficina 2096, Ciudad Universitaria-Meléndez, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Cali 760032, Colombia.
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No. 26-10, Manizales 170004, Colombia.
| | - José Hipólito Isaza Martínez
- Grupo de Investigación en Productos Naturales y Alimentos (GIPNA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad del Valle, Edificio 320, Oficina 2096, Ciudad Universitaria-Meléndez, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Cali 760032, Colombia.
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