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Kočárek P, Horká I, Bonczek V, Kirstová M. Phylogenetic placement of bizarre karschiellid earwigs. INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 31:989-992. [PMID: 37455344 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kočárek
- Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Ivona Horká
- Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Bonczek
- Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Kirstová
- Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
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2
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Meunier J. The Biology and Social Life of Earwigs (Dermaptera). ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 69:259-276. [PMID: 37722682 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-013023-015632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Earwigs are often known for the forceps-like appendage at the end of their abdomen, urban legends about them crawling into human ears, and their roles as pest and biological control agents. However, they are much less known for their social life. This is surprising, as many of the 1,900 species of earwigs show social behaviors toward eggs, juveniles, and adults. These behaviors typically occur during family and group living, which may be obligatory or facultative, last up to several months, and involve only a few to several hundred related or unrelated individuals. Moreover, many individuals can alternate between solitary and group living during their life cycle, an ability that probably prevailed during the emergence of social life. In this review, I detail the diversity of group living and social behavior in earwigs and show how further developing this knowledge in Dermaptera can improve our general understanding of the early evolution of social life in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Meunier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS, University of Tours, Tours, France;
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3
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Yin Y, Shih C, Engel MS, Ren D. New Earwigs from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Northeastern China (Dermaptera). INSECTS 2023; 14:614. [PMID: 37504620 PMCID: PMC10380475 DOI: 10.3390/insects14070614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Two new genera and species of Dermaptera are described from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China: Applanatiforceps angustus gen. et sp. nov. in the archidermapteran family Protodiplatyidae, and Ekpagloderma gracilentum gen et sp. nov. in the eodermapteran family Semenoviolidae. Applanatiforceps shares the typical characters of the extinct suborder Archidermaptera (e.g., pentamerous meta tarsi, filiform and multimerous cerci) and externalized ovipositor. The family identity of the Protodiplatyidae can be further distinguished by comparing this new genus with other genera of the Protodiplatyidae. As a result of its large compound eyes, tegmina without venation, body sparsely setose, legs rather short and slender, and shape of the veinless tegmina, Ekpagloderma is classified in the subfamily Aglyptodermatinae. Ekpagloderma not only has the typical features of the Aglyptodermatinae, but also exhibits a more primitive slender segmented cerci, which is different from all other genera of Eodermaptera. In fact, the diversity of Eodermaptera as known today indicates some of the challenges in understanding the suborder and whether or not it is monophyletic as historically construed, or if the separation of Turanodermaptera is justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Yin
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Chungkun Shih
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
| | - Michael S Engel
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024-5192, USA
| | - Dong Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
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4
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Kobayashi S, Maldonado JE, Gaete A, Araya I, Aguado-Norese C, Cumplido N, Díaz S, Espinoza A, Fernández E, Gajardo F, González-Ordenes F, Hauyon K, Maldonado P, Maldonado R, Pochet I, Riveros A, Sandoval P, Sepúlveda-González A, Stuardo C, Tapia-Reyes P, Thornton C, Undurraga S, Varas M, Valdivieso C, Gutiérrez RA, Orellana A, Montecino M, Maass A, González M, Allende ML, Hodar C, Irles P. DNA sequencing in the classroom: complete genome sequence of two earwig (Dermaptera; Insecta) species. Biol Res 2023; 56:6. [PMID: 36797803 PMCID: PMC9935246 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-023-00414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite representing the largest fraction of animal life, the number of insect species whose genome has been sequenced is barely in the hundreds. The order Dermaptera (the earwigs) suffers from a lack of genomic information despite its unique position as one of the basally derived insect groups and its importance in agroecosystems. As part of a national educational and outreach program in genomics, a plan was formulated to engage the participation of high school students in a genome sequencing project. Students from twelve schools across Chile were instructed to capture earwig specimens in their geographical area, to identify them and to provide material for genome sequencing to be carried out by themselves in their schools. RESULTS The school students collected specimens from two cosmopolitan earwig species: Euborellia annulipes (Fam. Anisolabididae) and Forficula auricularia (Fam. Forficulidae). Genomic DNA was extracted and, with the help of scientific teams that traveled to the schools, was sequenced using nanopore sequencers. The sequence data obtained for both species was assembled and annotated. We obtained genome sizes of 1.18 Gb (F. auricularia) and 0.94 Gb (E. annulipes) with the number of predicted protein coding genes being 31,800 and 40,000, respectively. Our analysis showed that we were able to capture a high percentage (≥ 93%) of conserved proteins indicating genomes that are useful for comparative and functional analysis. We were also able to characterize structural elements such as repetitive sequences and non-coding RNA genes. Finally, functional categories of genes that are overrepresented in each species suggest important differences in the process underlying the formation of germ cells, and modes of reproduction between them, features that are one of the distinguishing biological properties that characterize these two distant families of Dermaptera. CONCLUSIONS This work represents an unprecedented instance where the scientific and lay community have come together to collaborate in a genome sequencing project. The versatility and accessibility of nanopore sequencers was key to the success of the initiative. We were able to obtain full genome sequences of two important and widely distributed species of insects which had not been analyzed at this level previously. The data made available by the project should illuminate future studies on the Dermaptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Kobayashi
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800003 Santiago, Chile
| | - Jonathan E. Maldonado
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.412179.80000 0001 2191 5013Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 9170022 Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis Gaete
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466INTA, Universidad de Chile, 7830490 Santiago, Chile
| | - Ingrid Araya
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.512263.1Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Sergio Livingstone 1007, 8380494 Independencia, Santiago Chile
| | - Constanza Aguado-Norese
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466INTA, Universidad de Chile, 7830490 Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Cumplido
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800003 Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Díaz
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800003 Santiago, Chile
| | - Alonso Espinoza
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.412848.30000 0001 2156 804XFacultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Edelmira Fernández
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800003 Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Gajardo
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800003 Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe González-Ordenes
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800003 Santiago, Chile
| | - Khantati Hauyon
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466INTA, Universidad de Chile, 7830490 Santiago, Chile
| | - Piedad Maldonado
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800003 Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Maldonado
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.412848.30000 0001 2156 804XFacultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Isabel Pochet
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.7870.80000 0001 2157 0406Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aníbal Riveros
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.424112.00000 0001 0943 9683ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program—Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula Sandoval
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.7870.80000 0001 2157 0406Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ailynne Sepúlveda-González
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466INTA, Universidad de Chile, 7830490 Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Stuardo
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466INTA, Universidad de Chile, 7830490 Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Tapia-Reyes
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.7870.80000 0001 2157 0406Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Thornton
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.7870.80000 0001 2157 0406Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Soledad Undurraga
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.412199.60000 0004 0487 8785Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Macarena Varas
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800003 Santiago, Chile
| | - Camilo Valdivieso
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800003 Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Rodrigo A. Gutiérrez
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.7870.80000 0001 2157 0406Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ariel Orellana
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.412848.30000 0001 2156 804XFacultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Martín Montecino
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.412848.30000 0001 2156 804XFacultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Maass
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466Departamento de Ingeniería Matemática, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio González
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466INTA, Universidad de Chile, 7830490 Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel L. Allende
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003 Santiago, Chile ,grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800003 Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Hodar
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 7800003, Santiago, Chile. .,INTA, Universidad de Chile, 7830490, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Paula Irles
- Institute of Agri-food, Animal and Environmental Sciences, Universidad de O´Higgins, Rancagua, Chile.
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Núñez-Pascual V, Calleja F, Pardo RV, Sarrazin AF, Irles P. The ring-legged earwig Euborellia annulipes as a new model for oogenesis and development studies in insects. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2023; 340:18-33. [PMID: 35167178 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Insects are the dominant group of animals on Earth. Despite this abundance, most of our knowledge about many aspects of their biology and development come from a unique model, the vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Nevertheless, in the last years, the advances in molecular tools and imaging techniques have allowed the emergence of new insect models, adding valuable information to decipher the morphogenetic bases behind the formation and evolution of the vast diversity of shapes, sizes, and patterns that characterize them. Earwigs belong to Dermaptera which is a small order clustered in the Polyneopteran group. They are hemimetabolous insects with a flattened body, characteristic abdominal pincers, and maternal care behavior. This last feature and their role in agroecosystems have been studied in cosmopolitan species such as Forficula auricularia and Euborellia annulipes; however, their reproduction and embryonic development have been poorly addressed in laboratory conditions. In response, here we describe the ring-legged earwig Euborellia annulipes embryogenesis and life cycle from nymphal to adult stages, its reproduction, and essential morphological and behavioral characters. Additionally, using confocal and transmission electron microscopy we analyzed in detail the morphogenesis of its peculiar meroistic polytrophic ovary. Our aim is to provide an emerging model system to perform comparative studies on insect oogenesis, development, and morphological evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Núñez-Pascual
- CoDe-Lab, Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Institute of Agri-food, Animal and Environmental Sciences (ICA3), Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
| | - Felipe Calleja
- Institute of Agri-food, Animal and Environmental Sciences (ICA3), Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
| | - Renato V Pardo
- CoDe-Lab, Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Andres F Sarrazin
- CoDe-Lab, Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Paula Irles
- Institute of Agri-food, Animal and Environmental Sciences (ICA3), Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
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Carvalho JLVR, Lima JMS, Barbier E, Bernard E, Bezerra JDP, Souza-Motta CM. Ticket to ride: fungi from bat ectoparasites in a tropical cave and the description of two new species. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:2077-2091. [PMID: 36264483 PMCID: PMC9679077 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00841-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bat flies are obligate ectoparasitic dipterans that are highly specialised to bats and have apomorphic characteristics, such as absent or reduced wings, and specialised legs and claws, which contribute to their survival. They are often associated with fungi and harbour a fungal diversity that is still poorly understood. Fungi were found in association with the bat flies in a cave of the Caatinga dry forest in Brazil. In total, 43% of the captured bat flies were associated with fungi. Seventy-six flies were collected. DNA sequence analyses of 39 isolates showed that the isolates belonged to 13 species within nine genera, with 38 isolates belonging to Ascomycota and one isolate to Basidiomycota, and Aspergillus was the most frequently isolated genus. Most of the genera found have also been isolated from bat bodies and other substrates/hosts in caves in different regions of the world. Based on morphological and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses, two new species of Ascomycota were described: Allophoma brasiliensis sp. nov. and Pyrenochaetopsis cecavii sp. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- João L V R Carvalho
- Departamento de Micologia Prof. Chaves Batista, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Joenny M S Lima
- Departamento de Micologia Prof. Chaves Batista, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Eder Barbier
- Laboratório de Ciência Aplicada à Conservação da Biodiversidade, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Enrico Bernard
- Laboratório de Ciência Aplicada à Conservação da Biodiversidade, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Jadson D P Bezerra
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - Cristina M Souza-Motta
- Departamento de Micologia Prof. Chaves Batista, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
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7
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Liu HL, Chen S, Chen QD, Pu DQ, Chen ZT, Liu YY, Liu X. The First Mitochondrial Genomes of the Family Haplodiplatyidae (Insecta: Dermaptera) Reveal Intraspecific Variation and Extensive Gene Rearrangement. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060807. [PMID: 35741328 PMCID: PMC9219768 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The insect order Dermaptera is commonly known as earwigs. The earwigs have many interesting biological characteristics, such as epizoic on other small animals, viviparous, and maternal care on their eggs and young nymphs. The external morphology of earwigs has been studied in detail, but their genetic characteristics remain unclear. The phylogenetic position of Dermaptera among all insect orders and the inner relationship of Dermaptera are largely unsolved. To better understand the molecular characters of earwigs, we sequenced and analyzed two mitogenomes of an earwig species from the family Haplodiplatyidae. The results revealed the existence of intraspecific variation and extensive gene rearrangement events in the mitogenomes of earwigs. The phylogenetic results are partially similar to previous studies. The discoveries in this study could provide new information for the molecular diversity and mitogenomic evolution of earwigs. Abstract Haplodiplatyidae is a recently established earwig family with over 40 species representing a single genus, Haplodiplatys Hincks, 1955. The morphology of Haplodiplatyidae has been studied in detail, but its molecular characters remain unclear. In this study, two mitogenomes of Haplodiplatys aotouensis Ma & Chen, 1991, were sequenced based on two samples from Fujian and Jiangxi provinces, respectively. These represent the first mitogenomes for the family Haplodiplatyidae. The next-generation sequencing method and subsequent automatic assembly obtained two mitogenomes. The two mitogenomes of H. aotouensis were generally identical but still exhibit a few sequence differences involving protein-coding genes (PCGs), ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, control regions, and intergenic spacers. The typical set of 37 mitochondrial genes was annotated, while many transfer RNA (tRNA) genes were rearranged from their ancestral locations. The calculation of nonsynonymous (Ka) and synonymous (Ks) substitution rates in PCGs indicated the fastest evolving nd4l gene in H. aotouensis. The phylogenetic analyses supported the basal position of Apachyidae but also recovered several controversial clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610066, China; (H.-L.L.); (S.C.); (Q.-D.C.); (D.-Q.P.)
| | - Song Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610066, China; (H.-L.L.); (S.C.); (Q.-D.C.); (D.-Q.P.)
| | - Qing-Dong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610066, China; (H.-L.L.); (S.C.); (Q.-D.C.); (D.-Q.P.)
| | - De-Qiang Pu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610066, China; (H.-L.L.); (S.C.); (Q.-D.C.); (D.-Q.P.)
| | - Zhi-Teng Chen
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212004, China;
| | - Yue-Yue Liu
- Analysis and Testing Center, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China;
| | - Xu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610066, China; (H.-L.L.); (S.C.); (Q.-D.C.); (D.-Q.P.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Chen ZT. Comparative mitogenomic analysis of two earwigs (Insecta, Dermaptera) and the preliminary phylogenetic implications. Zookeys 2022; 1087:105-122. [PMID: 35437361 PMCID: PMC8891232 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1087.78998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The phylogenetic position and inner relationships of Dermaptera remain unresolved despite the numerous efforts using morphological and molecular data. To facilitate the resolution of problems, this study sequenced the complete mitogenome of Apachyusfeae de Bormans, 1894 (Apachyidae) and the nearly complete mitogenome of Diplatysflavicollis Shiraki, 1907 (Diplatyidae). The 19,029-bp long mitogenome of A.feae exhibited an extra trnV gene and two control regions in addition to the typical set of 37 genes including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. The 12,950-bp long partially sequenced mitogenome of D.flavicollis was composed of 10 and a partial fragment of PCGs, 18 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, and a control region. Comparative analysis of available earwig mitogenomes revealed variable mitogenomic structure and extensive gene rearrangements in Dermaptera. The preliminary phylogenetic analyses using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods showed identical results, but the limited sampling and different types of molecular data lead to an apparent incongruence with previous phylogenetic studies.
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9
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Kamimura Y, Matsumura Y, Yang CCS, Gorb SN. Random or handedness? Use of laterally paired penises in Nala earwigs (Insecta: Dermaptera: Labiduridae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Animals can show bias in their use of laterally paired organs that do not have any conspicuous anatomical differentiation between the right and left organs. Like right handedness in humans, males of the giant earwig Labidura riparia (Labiduridae: Labidurinae) preferentially (~90%) use the right one of their laterally paired penises for copulation. To elucidate the evolutionary origin of this lateralization, patterns of penis use were examined for the related species of the genus Nala (Labiduridae: Nalinae). In multiple populations and broods of both Nala lividipes and Nala nepalensis, males that were ready to use the right or left penis were equally frequent, providing a striking contrast to Labidura. Surgical ablation of one of the two penises revealed that both penises are functionally competent in N. lividipes. Nevertheless, each male almost consistently used only one of the paired penises, either the right or the left one. Changes in penis use were estimated to occur only once per 64–143 days per male. The present study is the first report of individual-level lateralization for animal genitalia that do not show any conspicuous anatomical differentiation between the right and left organs. Possible advantages of lateralization are discussed in relationship to co-evolution of the genitalia between the sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoko Matsumura
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
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10
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Rühr PT, van de Kamp T, Faragó T, Hammel JU, Wilde F, Borisova E, Edel C, Frenzel M, Baumbach T, Blanke A. Juvenile ecology drives adult morphology in two insect orders. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210616. [PMID: 34130499 PMCID: PMC8206691 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Most animals undergo ecological niche shifts between distinct life phases, but such shifts can result in adaptive conflicts of phenotypic traits. Metamorphosis can reduce these conflicts by breaking up trait correlations, allowing each life phase to independently adapt to its ecological niche. This process is called adaptive decoupling. It is, however, yet unknown to what extent adaptive decoupling is realized on a macroevolutionary scale in hemimetabolous insects and if the degree of adaptive decoupling is correlated with the strength of ontogenetic niche shifts. It is also unclear whether the degree of adaptive decoupling is correlated with phenotypic disparity. Here, we quantify nymphal and adult trait correlations in 219 species across the whole phylogeny of earwigs and stoneflies to test whether juvenile and adult traits are decoupled from each other. We demonstrate that adult head morphology is largely driven by nymphal ecology, and that adult head shape disparity has increased with stronger ontogenetic niche shifts in some stonefly lineages. Our findings implicate that the hemimetabolan metamorphosis in earwigs and stoneflies does not allow for high degrees of adaptive decoupling, and that high phenotypic disparity can even be realized when the evolution of distinct life phases is coupled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Rühr
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas van de Kamp
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Lepoldshafen, Germany.,Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation (LAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tomáš Faragó
- Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation (LAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jörg U Hammel
- Institute of Materials Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Fabian Wilde
- Institute of Materials Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Elena Borisova
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Carina Edel
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Melina Frenzel
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tilo Baumbach
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Lepoldshafen, Germany.,Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation (LAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexander Blanke
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.,Medical and Biological Engineering Research Group, School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
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11
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de Groot MD, Dumolein I, Hiller T, Sándor AD, Szentiványi T, Schilthuizen M, Aime MC, Verbeken A, Haelewaters D. On the Fly: Tritrophic Associations of Bats, Bat Flies, and Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040361. [PMID: 33322768 PMCID: PMC7770572 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitism is one of the most diverse and abundant modes of life, and of great ecological and evolutionary importance. Notwithstanding, large groups of parasites remain relatively understudied. One particularly unique form of parasitism is hyperparasitism, where a parasite is parasitized itself. Bats (Chiroptera) may be parasitized by bat flies (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea), obligate blood-sucking parasites, which in turn may be parasitized by hyperparasitic fungi, Laboulbeniales (Ascomycota: Laboulbeniomycetes). In this study, we present the global tritrophic associations among species within these groups and analyze their host specificity patterns. Bats, bat flies, and Laboulbeniales fungi are shown to form complex networks, and sixteen new associations are revealed. Bat flies are highly host-specific compared to Laboulbeniales. We discuss possible future avenues of study with regard to the dispersal of the fungi, abiotic factors influencing the parasite prevalence, and ecomorphology of the bat fly parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel D. de Groot
- Research Group Evolutionary Ecology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333CR Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence:
| | - Iris Dumolein
- Research Group Mycology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (I.D.); (A.V.); (D.H.)
| | - Thomas Hiller
- Ecology of Tropical Agricultural Systems, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 13, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama
| | - Attila D. Sándor
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamara Szentiványi
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, 1395 S. Knoles Drive, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA;
| | - Menno Schilthuizen
- Research Group Evolutionary Ecology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333CR Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - M. Catherine Aime
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA;
| | - Annemieke Verbeken
- Research Group Mycology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (I.D.); (A.V.); (D.H.)
| | - Danny Haelewaters
- Research Group Mycology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (I.D.); (A.V.); (D.H.)
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA;
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12
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Kamimura Y, Yang CCS, Lee CY. Fitness advantages of the biased use of paired laterally symmetrical penises in an insect. J Evol Biol 2019; 32:844-855. [PMID: 31081978 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of laterality, that is the biased use of laterally paired, morphologically symmetrical organs, has attracted the interest of researchers from a variety of disciplines. It is, however, difficult to quantify the fitness benefits of laterality because many organs, such as human hands, possess multimodal functions. Males of the earwig Labidura riparia (Insecta: Dermaptera: Labiduridae) have morphologically similar laterally paired penises, only one of which is used for inseminating the female during a single copulation bout, and thus provide a rare opportunity to address how selection pressure may shape the evolution of population-level laterality. Our population studies revealed that in 10 populations, located at 2.23-43.3° north, the right penis is predominantly used for copulating (88.6%). A damaged penis was found in 23% of rare left-handers, suggesting that the left penis can function as a spare when the right one is damaged. By pairing L. riparia females with surgically manipulated males, we found that males forced to use the right penis outperformed left-handed males in copulation (the probability of establishing genital coupling during the 1-hr observation period: odds ratio [OR] of 3.50) and insemination (probability of transferring a detectable amount of sperm: OR of 2.94). This right-handed advantage may be due to the coiled morphology of the sperm storage organ with a right-facing opening. Thus, female genital morphology may play a significant role in the evolution of handedness and may have acted as a driving force to reduce penis number in related taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Kamimura
- Department of Biology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan.,Urban Entomology Laboratory, Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Chow-Yang Lee
- Urban Entomology Laboratory, Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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13
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Stuart OP, Binns M, Umina PA, Holloway J, Severtson D, Nash M, Heddle T, van Helden M, Hoffmann AA. Morphological and Molecular Analysis of Australian Earwigs (Dermaptera) Points to Unique Species and Regional Endemism in the Anisolabididae Family. INSECTS 2019; 10:E72. [PMID: 30875825 PMCID: PMC6468374 DOI: 10.3390/insects10030072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dermaptera (earwigs) from the Anisolabididae family may be important for pest control but their taxonomy and status in Australia is poorly studied. Here we used taxonomic information to assess the diversity of southern Australian Anisolabididae and then applied cox1 barcodes as well as additional gene fragments (mitochondrial and nuclear) to corroborate classification and assess the monophyly of the putative genera. Anisolabididae morphospecies fell into two genera, Anisolabis Fieber and Gonolabis Burr, based on paramere morphology. Combinations of paramere and forceps morphology distinguished seven morphospecies, which were further supported by morphometric analyses. The morphospecies were corroborated by barcode data; all showed within-species genetic distance < 4% and between-species genetic distance > 10%. Molecular phylogenies did not support monophyly of putative genera nor clades based on paramere shape, instead pointing to regional clades distinguishable by forceps morphology. This apparent endemism needs to be further tested by sampling of earwig diversity outside of agricultural production regions but points to a unique regional insect fauna potentially important in pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver P Stuart
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Matthew Binns
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
- Agriculture and Food Business Unit, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Black Mountain, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.
| | - Paul A Umina
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
- Cesar, 293 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Joanne Holloway
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Pine Gully Road, Charles Sturt University, New South Wales 2795, Australia.
| | - Dustin Severtson
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, Western Australia 6151, Australia.
| | - Michael Nash
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, the University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia.
- School of Life Science, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia.
| | - Thomas Heddle
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Entomology, Waite Road, Waite, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia.
| | - Maarten van Helden
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, the University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia.
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Entomology, Waite Road, Waite, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia.
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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14
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Bilinski SM, Tworzydlo W. Morphogenesis of serial abdominal outgrowths during development of the viviparous dermapteran, Arixenia esau (Insecta, Dermaptera). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2019; 49:62-69. [PMID: 30445116 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The embryos and first instar larvae of the epizoic earwig, Arixenia esau, develop sequentially in two different compartments of the female reproductive system, that is ovarian follicles and the lateral oviducts (the uterus). Here we show that the second (intrauterine) phase of development consists of three physiologically disparate stages: early embryos (before dorsal closure, surrounded by an egg envelope), late embryos (after dorsal closure, surrounded by an egg envelope) and the first instar larvae (after "hatching" from an egg envelope). Early and late embryos float in the fluid filling the uterus, whereas the first instar larvae develop attached to the uterus wall. Our analyses revealed also that in Arixenia serial multilobed outgrowths develop on dorso-lateral aspects of all abdominal segments. At the onset of the third developmental stage and after liberation from an egg envelope, these outgrowths (or more precisely their lobes) adhere to the epithelium lining the uterus, forming a series of small contact sites, where the mother and embryo tissues are separated only by a thin, presumably permeable, embryonic cuticle. We suggest that all these contact sites collectively constitute a dispersed placenta-like organ involved in the nourishment of the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szczepan M Bilinski
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Waclaw Tworzydlo
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
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15
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Viviparity in Two Closely Related Epizoic Dermapterans Relies on Disparate Modifications of Reproductive Systems and Embryogenesis. Results Probl Cell Differ 2019; 68:455-475. [PMID: 31598867 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23459-1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional modes operating during embryonic/larval development of viviparous species range from "pure" lecitothrophy in which embryos rely solely on reserve materials (yolk spheres, lipid droplets, and glycogen particles) accumulated in the egg cytoplasm to matrotrophy in which embryos are continuously supplied with nutrients from a parental organism. Interestingly, a wide spectrum of diverse "mixed" modes employed in the embryo nourishment have also been described among viviparous species. Here, we summarize results of histochemical, ultrastructural, and biochemical analyses of reproductive systems as well as developing embryos of two closely related viviparous species of earwigs (Dermaptera), Hemimerus talpoides and Arixenia esau. These analyses clearly indicate that morphological as well as physiological modifications (adaptations) supporting viviparity and matrotrophy in Hemimerus and Arixenia, with the exception of a complex biphasic respiration, are markedly different. Most importantly, Hemimerus embryos complete their development inside terminal (largest) ovarian follicles, whereas Arixenia embryos, after initial developmental stages, are transferred to highly modified lateral oviducts, that is the uterus, where they develop until the release (birth) of larvae. The obtained results strongly suggest that viviparity in hemimerids and arixeniids had evolved independently and might therefore serve as an example of evolutionary parallelism as well as remarkable functional plasticity of insect reproduction and embryonic development.
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16
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Boudinot BE. A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2018; 47:563-613. [PMID: 30419291 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
No consensus exists for the homology and terminology of the male genitalia of the Hexapoda despite over a century of debate. Based on dissections and the literature, genital skeletomusculature was compared across the Hexapoda and contrasted with the Remipedia, the closest pancrustacean outgroup. The pattern of origin and insertion for extrinsic and intrinsic genitalic musculature was found to be consistent among the Ectognatha, Protura, and the Remipedia, allowing for the inference of homologies given recent phylogenomic studies. The penis of the Hexapoda is inferred to be derived from medially-fused primary gonopods (gonopore-bearing limbs), while the genitalia of the Ectognatha are inferred to include both the tenth-segmental penis and the ninth-segmental secondary gonopods, similar to the genitalia of female insects which comprise gonopods of the eighth and ninth segments. A new nomenclatural system for hexapodan genitalic musculature is presented and applied, and a general list of anatomical concepts is provided. Novel and refined homologies are proposed for all hexapodan orders, and a series of groundplans are postulated. Emphasis is placed on the Endopterygota, for which fine-grained transition series are hypothesized given observed skeletomuscular correspondences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon E Boudinot
- Department of Entomology & Nematology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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17
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Kamimura Y, Ferreira RL. Earwigs from Brazilian caves, with notes on the taxonomic and nomenclatural problems of the Dermaptera (Insecta). Zookeys 2017; 713:25-52. [PMID: 29187791 PMCID: PMC5704199 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.713.15118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on samples collected during surveys of Brazilian cave fauna, seven earwig species are reported: Cylindrogaster cavernicola Kamimura, sp. n., Cylindrogaster sp. 1, Cylindrogaster sp. 2, Euborellia janeirensis, Euborellia brasiliensis, Paralabellula dorsalis, and Doru luteipes, as well as four species identified to the (sub)family level. To date, C. cavernicola Kamimura, sp. n. has been recorded only from cave habitats (but near entrances), whereas the other four organisms identified at the species level have also been recorded from non-cave habitats. Wings and female genital structures of Cylindrogaster spp. (Cylindrogastrinae) are examined for the first time. The genital traits, including the gonapophyses of the 8th abdominal segment shorter than those of the 9th segement, and venation of the hind wings of Cylindrogastrinae correspond to those of the members of Diplatyidae and not to Pygidicranidae. This is the first synopsis of cave-dwelling earwigs of Brazil, one of the most species-rich areas of Dermaptera in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Kamimura
- Department of Biology, Keio University, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8521, Japan
| | - Rodrigo L. Ferreira
- Center of Studies in Subterranean Biology, Biology Department, Federal University of Lavras, CEP 37200-000 Lavras (MG), Brazil
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18
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Hastriter MW, Miller KB, Svenson GJ, Martin GJ, Whiting MF. New record of a phoretic flea associated with earwigs (Dermaptera, Arixeniidae) and a redescription of the bat flea Lagaropsylla signata (Siphonaptera, Ischnopsyllidae). Zookeys 2017:67-79. [PMID: 28331409 PMCID: PMC5345370 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.657.11095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lagaropsyllasignata (Wahlgren, 1903), previously known only from the Island of Java, Indonesia is redescribed and reported for the first time in Deer Cave, Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (west coast of Borneo). Many were found clinging to the earwig Arixeniaesau Jordan, 1909. A similar account of a phoretic flea (Lagaropsyllaturba Smit, 1958) on the same species of cave-dwelling earwig has been reported in peninsular Malaysia in a well-documented association with the hairless naked bulldog bat, Cheiromelestorquatus Horsfield, 1824. The association of Lagaropsyllasignata with Arixeniaesau is parallel to the evolution and co-existence with bats in Deer Cave just as in the case of Lagaropsyllaturba, Arixeniaesau, and Cheiromelestorquatus. The evidence suggests that Lagaropsyllaturba and Lagaropsyllasignata are obligate phoretic parasites whose survival depends on Arixeniaesau to access a bat host. Arixeniaesau is reported for the first time in Deer Cave and the occurrence of Lagaropsyllasignata on the island of Borneo represented a new record, previously being found only on the island of Java. Images of Lagaropsyllasignata attached to Arixeniaesau are provided. Xeniariajacobsoni (Burr, 1912), often associated with Arixeniaesau in other geographical areas, was not present in the material examined from Deer Cave. The natural history of the earwig genera Arixenia Jordan, 1909 and Xeniaria Maa, 1974 are discussed and summarized relative to their associations with phoretic fleas and their bat hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Hastriter
- Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, 290 MLBM, P.O. Box 20200, Provo, Utah 84602-0200, USA
| | - Kelly B Miller
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Gavin J Svenson
- The Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1 Wade Oval Drive, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Gavin J Martin
- The Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1 Wade Oval Drive, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA; Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84606, USA
| | - Michael F Whiting
- Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, 290 MLBM, P.O. Box 20200, Provo, Utah 84602-0200, USA; Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84606, USA
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