1
|
Ossowska EA, Moncada B, Lücking R, Flakus A, Rodriguez-Flakus P, Olszewska S, Kukwa M. Additional new species and new records of the genus Sticta (lichenised Ascomycota, lobarioid Peltigeraceae) from Bolivia. MycoKeys 2024; 105:21-47. [PMID: 38694266 PMCID: PMC11061559 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.105.120810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Four species of the genus Sticta are described as new from Bolivia, based on morphological examination and phylogenetic analysis of the fungal ITS barcoding marker. Additionally, two species are reported as new to Bolivia (their identification confirmed by molecular data) and one previously reported species is confirmed by molecular data for the first time. Detailed morphological and anatomical descriptions are provided for all new species. Two of the new species, S.isidiolobulata Ossowska, B. Moncada, Lücking & Kukwa and S.madidiensis Ossowska, B. Moncada, Lücking & Kukwa belong to clade I, as defined in previous studies. In contrast, S.montepunkuensis Ossowska, B. Moncada, Lücking & Kukwa and S.macrolobata Ossowska, B. Moncada, Lücking & Kukwa, also described here as new to science, belong to clade III. Stictaisidiolobulata has an irregular to suborbicular thallus of medium size, with isidia developing into spathulate lobules, cyanobacterial photobiont and apothecia with entire to weakly-crenate margins. The large irregular thallus of the cyanobacteria-associated S.macrolobata has broad lobes, apothecia with verrucous to tomentose margins and cyphellae with raised margins, whereas S.madidiensis has a medium-sized, palmate to irregular thallus with a stipe, but without vegetative propagules and apothecia. Stictamontepunkuensis has large and irregular thalli with green algae as photobiont, apothecia with crenate to verrucous margins and urceolate cyphellae with a wide pore and a scabrid basal membrane. Two species, S.beauvoisii Delise and S.riparia Merc.-Díaz are reported as new to Bolivia (the latter also as new to South America) and belong to clade III. Stictatomentosa (Sw.) Ach., species confirmed from Bolivia by molecular data, belongs to clade II. Stictabeauvoisii is characterised by a smooth yellowish-brown upper surface with darker apices and abundant, marginal isidia and a brown lower surface with golden-chocolate brown primary tomentum and sparse, golden-brown rhizines. Stictariparia has a strongly branched thallus, with undulate lobes and abundant, marginal, palmate, grey to dark brown phyllidia and greyish-brown lower surface with the primary tomentum absent towards the margins. Stictatomentosa has palmate, bluish thalli with white cilia and abundant, submarginal apothecia and creamy-white lower surface with a sparse, white primary tomentum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Anna Ossowska
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, PL-80-308 Gdańsk, PolandUniversity of GdańskGdańskPoland
| | - Bibiana Moncada
- Licenciatura en Biología, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Cra. 4 No. 26D-54, Torre de Laboratorios, Herbario, Bogotá D.C., ColombiaUniversidad Distrital Francisco José de CaldasBogotáColombia
- Research Associate, Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 South Lake Shore, Chicago, IL 60605, USAResearch Associate, Science & Education, The Field MuseumChicagoUnited States of America
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6–8, 14195 Berlin, GermanyFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Robert Lücking
- Research Associate, Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 South Lake Shore, Chicago, IL 60605, USAResearch Associate, Science & Education, The Field MuseumChicagoUnited States of America
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6–8, 14195 Berlin, GermanyFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Adam Flakus
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, PL-31-512 Kraków, PolandW. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of SciencesKrakówPoland
| | - Pamela Rodriguez-Flakus
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, PL-31-512 Kraków, PolandW. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of SciencesKrakówPoland
| | - Sandra Olszewska
- 10th High School in Gdynia, Władysława IV, PL-81-384 Gdynia, Poland
10th High School in GdyniaGdyniaPoland
| | - Martin Kukwa
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, PL-80-308 Gdańsk, PolandUniversity of GdańskGdańskPoland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Blázquez M, Ortiz-Álvarez R, Gasulla F, Pérez-Vargas I, Pérez-Ortega S. Bacterial communities associated with an island radiation of lichen-forming fungi. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298599. [PMID: 38498492 PMCID: PMC10947700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary radiations are one of the most striking processes biologists have studied in islands. A radiation is often sparked by the appearance of ecological opportunity, which can originate in processes like trophic niche segregation or the evolution of key innovations. Another recently proposed mechanism is facilitation mediated by the bacterial communities associated with the radiating species. Here we explore the role of the bacterial communities in a radiation of lichen-forming fungi endemic to Macaronesia. Bacterial diversity was quantified by high throughput sequencing of the V1-V2 hyper-variable region of 172 specimens. We characterized the taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of the bacterial communities associated with the different species, tested for compositional differences between these communities, carried out a functional prediction, explored the relative importance of different factors in bacterial community structure, searched for phylosymbiosis and tried to identify the origin of this pattern. The species of the radiation differed in the composition of their bacterial communities, which were mostly comprised of Alphaproteobacteria and Acidobacteriia, but not in the functionality of those communities. A phylosimbiotic pattern was detected, but it was probably caused by environmental filtering. These findings are congruent with the combined effect of secondary chemistry and mycobiont identity being the main driver of bacterial community structure. Altogether, our results suggest that the associated bacterial communities are not the radiation's main driver. There is one possible exception, however, a species that has an abnormally diverse core microbiome and whose bacterial communities could be subject to a specific environmental filter at the functional level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francisco Gasulla
- Department of Life Sciences, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Israel Pérez-Vargas
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Davydov EA, Himelbrant DE, Kuznetsova ES, Stepanchikova IS, Yakovchenko LS. Multilocus Molecular Phylogeny of the Umbilicaria aprina Group (Umbilicariaceae, Lichenized Ascomycota) Supports Species Level and Neo-Endemic Status of Umbilicaria krascheninnikovii. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:729. [PMID: 38475574 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The Northeast Asian endemic species of lichen-forming fungus Umbilicaria krascheninnikovii is herein discussed in the global context of biogeography and phylogeny of the U. aprina group. The name U. krascheninnikovii has been erroneously used by lichenologists for Umbilicaria spp. from high latitudes or altitudes worldwide, as there are omphalodisc apothecia and rough "crystals" of a necral layer on the upper surface. To test the monophyly and phylogenetic relationships within the U. aprina group, four independent DNA regions (nrITS/5.8S, RPB2, mtLSU, and mtSSU) were used for six rare species, including a dozen specimens of U. krascheninnikovii from its locus classicus in Kamchatka. The study is based on the phylograms obtained using maximum likelihood and a Bayesian phylogenetic inference framework. As a result of phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses, it was shown that U. krascheninnikovii is a neo-endemic of the areas of modern volcanism in Kamchatka, Japan, as well as in the Kurile Islands, where this species was recorded for the first time. The morphology of U. krascheninnikovii is herein described and illustrated. Increasing the role of the sexual process and reducing asexual thalloconidiogenesis are shown to be apomorphic traits in the U. aprina group. The combination of sexual and asexual reproduction provides adaptive advantages in changing environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dmitry E Himelbrant
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Professor Popov St. 2, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia
- Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Ekaterina S Kuznetsova
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Professor Popov St. 2, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia
- Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Irina S Stepanchikova
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Professor Popov St. 2, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia
- Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Lidia S Yakovchenko
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity FEB RAS, 100th Anniversary of Vladivostok Avenue, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mercado-Díaz JA, Lücking R, Moncada B, C St E Campbell K, Delnatte C, Familia L, Falcón-Hidalgo B, Motito-Marín A, Rivera-Queralta Y, Widhelm TJ, Thorsten Lumbsch H. Species assemblages of insular Caribbean Sticta (lichenized Ascomycota: Peltigerales) over ecological and evolutionary time scales. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023:107830. [PMID: 37247703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetic approaches to macroevolution have provided unique insight into evolutionary relationships, ancestral ranges, and diversification patterns for many taxa. Similar frameworks have also been developed to assess how environmental and/or spatial variables shape species diversity and distribution patterns at different spatial/temporal scales, but studies implementing these are still scarce for many groups, including lichens. Here, we combine phylogeny-based ancestral range reconstruction and diversification analysis with community phylogenetics to reconstruct evolutionary origins and assess patterns of taxonomic and phylogenetic relatedness between island communities of the lichenized fungal genus Sticta in the Caribbean. Sampling was carried out in the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico) and Lesser Antilles (Dominica, Guadeloupe, and Martinique). Data for six molecular loci were obtained for 64 candidate Caribbean species and used to perform both macroevolutionary phylogenetics, which also included worldwide taxa, and phylobetadiversity analyses, which emphasized island-level communities. Our work uncovered high levels of island endemism (∼59%) in Caribbean Sticta. We estimate initial colonization of the region occurred about 19 Mya from a South American ancestor. Reverse migration events by Caribbean lineages to South America were also inferred. We found no evidence for increased diversification rates associated with range expansion into the Caribbean. Taxonomic and phylogenetic turnover between island-level communities was most strongly correlated with environmental variation rather than with geographic distance. We observed less dissimilarity among communities from the Dominican Republic and Jamaica than between these islands and the Lesser Antilles/Puerto Rico. High levels of hidden diversity and endemism in Caribbean Sticta reaffirm that islands are crucial for the maintenance of global biodiversity of lichenized fungi. Altogether, our findings suggest that strong evolutionary links exist between Caribbean and South American biotas but at regional scales, species assemblages exhibit complex taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships that are determined by local environments and shared evolutionary histories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel A Mercado-Díaz
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago 1025 E. 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, U.S.A; Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, U.S.A.
| | - Robert Lücking
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Königin-Luise-Straße 6-8, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Bibiana Moncada
- Licenciatura en Biología, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Cra. 4 No. 26B-54, Torre de Laboratorios, Herbario, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Keron C St E Campbell
- Natural History Museum of Jamaica, Institute of Jamaica, 10-16 East Street, Kingston, Jamaica.
| | - Cesar Delnatte
- Biotope Amazonie, 3 rue Mezin Gildon, F-97354 Rémire-Montjoly, Guyane française.
| | - Lemuel Familia
- Departamento de Vida Silvestre, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Avenida Cayetano Germosén esq. Avenida Gregorio Luperón, Ensanche El Pedregal, Santo Domingo, República Dominicana.
| | - Banessa Falcón-Hidalgo
- Jardín Botánico Nacional, Universidad de La Habana, Carretera "El Rocío" km 3.5, Calabazar, Boyeros, La Habana, Cuba.
| | - Angel Motito-Marín
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad (BioEco), Código Postal 90100, José A. Saco 601, Esquina Barnada, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba.
| | - Yoira Rivera-Queralta
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad (BioEco), Código Postal 90100, José A. Saco 601, Esquina Barnada, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba.
| | - Todd J Widhelm
- Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, U.S.A.
| | - H Thorsten Lumbsch
- Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, U.S.A.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kaasalainen U, Kirika PM, Mollel NP, Hemp A, Rikkinen J. The Lichen Genus Sticta (Lobariaceae, Peltigerales) in East African Montane Ecosystems. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:246. [PMID: 36836360 PMCID: PMC9961217 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The lichen flora of Africa is still poorly known. In many parts of the tropics, recent studies utilizing DNA methods have revealed extraordinary diversity among various groups of lichenized fungi, including the genus Sticta. In this study, East African Sticta species and their ecology are reviewed using the genetic barcoding marker nuITS and morphological characters. The studied regions represent montane areas in Kenya and Tanzania, including the Taita Hills and Mt. Kilimanjaro, which belong to the Eastern Afromontane biodiversity hotspot. Altogether 14 Sticta species are confirmed from the study region, including the previously reported S. fuliginosa, S. sublimbata, S. tomentosa, and S. umbilicariiformis. Sticta andina, S. ciliata, S. duplolimbata, S. fuliginoides, and S. marginalis are reported as new to Kenya and/or Tanzania. Sticta afromontana, S. aspratilis, S. cellulosa, S. cyanocaperata, and S. munda, are described as new to science. The abundance of new diversity detected and the number of taxa represented by only few specimens show that more comprehensive sampling of the region may be needed to reveal the true diversity of Sticta in East Africa. More generally, our results highlight the need for further taxonomic studies of lichenized fungi in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Kaasalainen
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 7, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Geobiology, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstraße 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paul M. Kirika
- National Museums of Kenya, East African Herbarium, Museum Hill Road, P.O. Box 45166, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Neduvoto P. Mollel
- National Herbarium, Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, P.O. Box 3024, Arusha 23201, Tanzania
| | - Andreas Hemp
- Department of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jouko Rikkinen
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 7, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kukwa M, Rodriguez-Flakus P, Aptroot A, Flakus A. Two new species of Astrothelium from Sud Yungas in Bolivia and the first discovery of vegetative propagules in the family Trypetheliaceae (lichen-forming Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota). MycoKeys 2023; 95:83-100. [DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.95.98986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Two new species of Astrothelium are described from the Yungas forest in Bolivian Andes. Astrothelium chulumanense is characterised by pseudostromata concolorous with the thallus, perithecia immersed for the most part, with the upper portion elevated above the thallus and covered, except the tops, with orange pigment, apical and fused ostioles, the absence of lichexanthone (but thallus UV+ orange-yellow), clear hamathecium, 8-spored asci and amyloid, large, muriform ascospores with median septa. Astrothelium isidiatum is known only in a sterile state and produces isidia that develop in groups on areoles, but easily break off to reveal a medulla that resembles soralia. Both species, according to the two-locus phylogeny, belong to Astrothelium s.str. The production of isidia is reported from the genus Astrothelium and the family Trypetheliaceae for the first time.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ossowska EA, Moncada B, Kukwa M, Flakus A, Rodriguez-Flakus P, Olszewska S, Lücking R. New species of Sticta (lichenised Ascomycota, lobarioid Peltigeraceae) from Bolivia suggest a high level of endemism in the Central Andes. MycoKeys 2022; 92:131-160. [PMID: 36761317 PMCID: PMC9849061 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.92.89960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Six species of Sticta are described as new to science on the basis of material from Bolivia and supported by phylogenetic analysis of the fungal ITS barcoding marker. The species were resolved in all three of the clades (I, II, III) widespread and common in the Neotropics, as defined in an earlier study on the genus. Comparison with material from neighbouring countries (i.e. Colombia, Ecuador, Peru) suggests that these new species may be potentially endemic to the Bolivian Yungas ecoregion. For each species, a detailed morphological and anatomical description is given. Stictaamboroensis Ossowska, Kukwa, B. Moncada & Lücking is a medium-sized green-algal species with laminal to submarginal apothecia with hirsute margins and with light to dark brown lower tomentum. Stictaaymara Ossowska, Kukwa, B. Moncada, Flakus, Rodriguez-Flakus & Lücking is a comparatively small cyanobacterial taxon with Nostoc as photobiont, laminal, richly branched, aggregate isidia and a golden to chocolate-brown lower tomentum. The medium-sized, cyanobacterial S.bicellulata Ossowska, Kukwa, B. Moncada & Lücking has cyanobacterial photobiont, bicellular ascospores, apothecia with white to golden-brown hairs on the margins, K+ violet apothecial margin (ring around disc) and epihymenium and a white to dark brown lower tomentum. In contrast, the green-algal species, S.carrascoensis Ossowska, Kukwa, B. Moncada & Lücking is characterised by its large size, apothecia with dark brown hairs on the margins and a yellow medulla. The cyanobacterial S.catharinae Ossowska, B. Moncada, Kukwa, Flakus, Rodriguez-Flakus & Lücking forms stipitate thalli with Nostoc as photobiont, abundant, laminal to submarginal apothecia and a golden-brown lower tomentum. Finally, the cyanobacterial S.pseudoimpressula Ossowska, Kukwa, B. Moncada & Lücking produces laminal apothecia with an orange-yellow line of pruina along the margins which reacts K+ carmine-red. In addition to the six new Bolivian taxa, the cyanobacterial S.narinioana B. Moncada, Ossowska & Lücking is described as new from Colombia and it represents the closely-related sister species of the Bolivian S.aymara; it differs from the latter largely in the marginal instead of laminal isidia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Anna Ossowska
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, PL-80-308 Gdańsk, PolandUniversity of GdańskGdańskPoland
| | - Bibiana Moncada
- Licenciatura en Biología, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Cra. 4 No. 26D-54, Torre de Laboratorios, Herbario, Bogotá D.C., ColombiaUniversidad Distrital Francisco José de CaldasBogotáColombia,Research Associate, Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 South Lake Shore, Chicago, IL 60605, USAScience & Education, The Field MuseumChicagoUnited States of America,Botanischer Garten, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6–8, 14195 Berlin, GermanyFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Martin Kukwa
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, PL-80-308 Gdańsk, PolandUniversity of GdańskGdańskPoland
| | - Adam Flakus
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, PL-31-512 Kraków, PolandW. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of SciencesKrakowPoland
| | - Pamela Rodriguez-Flakus
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, PL-31-512 Kraków, PolandW. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of SciencesKrakowPoland
| | - Sandra Olszewska
- 10th High School in Gdynia, Władysława IV, PL-81-384 Gdynia, Poland10th High School in GdyniaGdyniaPoland
| | - Robert Lücking
- Research Associate, Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 South Lake Shore, Chicago, IL 60605, USAScience & Education, The Field MuseumChicagoUnited States of America,Botanischer Garten, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6–8, 14195 Berlin, GermanyFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Allen JL, Lendemer JC. A call to reconceptualize lichen symbioses. Trends Ecol Evol 2022; 37:582-589. [PMID: 35397954 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Several decades of research across disciplines have overturned historical perspectives of symbioses dominated by binary characterizations of highly specific species-species interactions. This paradigm shift has unlocked the previously underappreciated and overlooked dynamism of fungal mutualisms such as mycorrhizae. Lichens are another example of important fungal mutualisms where reconceptualization is urgently needed to realize their potential as model systems. This reconceptualization requires both an objective synthesis of new data and envisioning a revised integrative approach that unifies the spectrum of ecology and evolution. We propose a ten-theme framework that if pursued would propel lichens to the vanguard of symbiotic theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Allen
- Eastern Washington University, Biology Department, Cheney, WA 99004, USA.
| | - James C Lendemer
- Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458-5126, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Twelve New Species Reveal Cryptic Diversification in Foliicolous Lichens of Strigula s.lat. ( Strigulales, Ascomycota). J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 8:jof8010002. [PMID: 35049942 PMCID: PMC8781847 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We employed a molecular phylogenetic approach using five markers (ITS, nuSSU, nuLSU, TEF1-α, and RPB2) to assess potential cryptic speciation in foliicolous members of Strigula s.lat. (Strigulaceae), including the recently segregated genera Phylloporis, Puiggariella, Raciborskiella, Racoplaca, and Serusiauxiella, from tropical areas in Asia, with selected materials from the Neotropics as reference. On the basis of combined molecular and phenotypic datasets, two new species of Racoplaca and 10 new species of Strigula s.str. are described: Racoplaca macrospora sp. nov., R. maculatoides sp. nov., Strigula guangdongensis sp. nov., S. intermedia sp. nov., S. laevis sp. nov., S. microcarpa sp. nov., S. pseudoantillarum sp. nov., S. pseudosubtilissima sp. nov., S. pycnoradians sp. nov., S. sinoconcreta sp. nov., S. stenoloba sp. nov., and S. subtilissimoides sp. nov. In addition, we propose the new combination Phylloporis palmae comb. nov. (≡ =Manaustrum palmae) and we validate the earlier combination Racoplaca melanobapha comb. nov. (≡ Verrucaria melanobapha; Strigula melanobapha). Our data clearly indicate a considerable degree of cryptic diversification in foliicolous representatives of Strigula s.lat., particularly in the presumably widespread taxa Strigula antillarum, S. concreta, S. nitidula, and S. smaragdula. Given that these phylogenetic revisions are thus far limited to few regions, we predict that our findings only represent the proverbial tip of the iceberg in this group of lichenized fungi.
Collapse
|
10
|
Lücking R, Leavitt SD, Hawksworth DL. Species in lichen-forming fungi: balancing between conceptual and practical considerations, and between phenotype and phylogenomics. FUNGAL DIVERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-021-00477-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractLichens are symbiotic associations resulting from interactions among fungi (primary and secondary mycobionts), algae and/or cyanobacteria (primary and secondary photobionts), and specific elements of the bacterial microbiome associated with the lichen thallus. The question of what is a species, both concerning the lichen as a whole and its main fungal component, the primary mycobiont, has faced many challenges throughout history and has reached new dimensions with the advent of molecular phylogenetics and phylogenomics. In this paper, we briefly revise the definition of lichens and the scientific and vernacular naming conventions, concluding that the scientific, Latinized name usually associated with lichens invariably refers to the primary mycobiont, whereas the vernacular name encompasses the entire lichen. Although the same lichen mycobiont may produce different phenotypes when associating with different photobionts or growing in axenic culture, this discrete variation does not warrant the application of different scientific names, but must follow the principle "one fungus = one name". Instead, broadly agreed informal designations should be used for such discrete morphologies, such as chloromorph and cyanomorph for lichens formed by the same mycobiont but with either green algae or cyanobacteria. The taxonomic recognition of species in lichen-forming fungi is not different from other fungi and conceptual and nomenclatural approaches follow the same principles. We identify a number of current challenges and provide recommendations to address these. Species delimitation in lichen-forming fungi should not be tailored to particular species concepts but instead be derived from empirical evidence, applying one or several of the following principles in what we call the LPR approach: lineage (L) coherence vs. divergence (phylogenetic component), phenotype (P) coherence vs. divergence (morphological component), and/or reproductive (R) compatibility vs. isolation (biological component). Species hypotheses can be established based on either L or P, then using either P or L (plus R) to corroborate them. The reliability of species hypotheses depends not only on the nature and number of characters but also on the context: the closer the relationship and/or similarity between species, the higher the number of characters and/or specimens that should be analyzed to provide reliable delimitations. Alpha taxonomy should follow scientific evidence and an evolutionary framework but should also offer alternative practical solutions, as long as these are scientifically defendable. Taxa that are delimited phylogenetically but not readily identifiable in the field, or are genuinely cryptic, should not be rejected due to the inaccessibility of proper tools. Instead, they can be provisionally treated as undifferentiated complexes for purposes that do not require precise determinations. The application of infraspecific (gamma) taxonomy should be restricted to cases where there is a biological rationale, i.e., lineages of a species complex that show limited phylogenetic divergence but no evidence of reproductive isolation. Gamma taxonomy should not be used to denote discrete phenotypical variation or ecotypes not warranting the distinction at species level. We revise the species pair concept in lichen-forming fungi, which recognizes sexually and asexually reproducing morphs with the same underlying phenotype as different species. We conclude that in most cases this concept does not hold, but the actual situation is complex and not necessarily correlated with reproductive strategy. In cases where no molecular data are available or where single or multi-marker approaches do not provide resolution, we recommend maintaining species pairs until molecular or phylogenomic data are available. This recommendation is based on the example of the species pair Usnea aurantiacoatra vs. U. antarctica, which can only be resolved with phylogenomic approaches, such as microsatellites or RADseq. Overall, we consider that species delimitation in lichen-forming fungi has advanced dramatically over the past three decades, resulting in a solid framework, but that empirical evidence is still missing for many taxa. Therefore, while phylogenomic approaches focusing on particular examples will be increasingly employed to resolve difficult species complexes, broad screening using single barcoding markers will aid in placing as many taxa as possible into a molecular matrix. We provide a practical protocol how to assess and formally treat taxonomic novelties. While this paper focuses on lichen fungi, many of the aspects discussed herein apply generally to fungal taxonomy. The new combination Arthonia minor (Lücking) Lücking comb. et stat. nov. (Bas.: Arthonia cyanea f. minor Lücking) is proposed.
Collapse
|
11
|
Spjut R, Simon A, Guissard M, Magain N, Sérusiaux E. The fruticose genera in the Ramalinaceae (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes): their diversity and evolutionary history. MycoKeys 2020; 73:1-68. [PMID: 32994702 PMCID: PMC7501315 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.73.47287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We present phylogenetic analyses of the fruticose Ramalinaceae based on extensive collections from many parts of the world, with a special focus on the Vizcaíno deserts in north-western Mexico and the coastal desert in Namibia. We generate a four-locus DNA sequence dataset for accessions of Ramalina and two additional loci for Niebla and Vermilacinia. Four genera are strongly supported: the subcosmopolitan Ramalina, the new genus Namibialina endemic to SW Africa, and a duo formed by Niebla and Vermilacinia, endemic to the New World except the sorediate V. zebrina that disjunctly occurs in Namibia. The latter three genera are restricted to coastal desert and chaparral where vegetation depends on moisture from ocean fog. Ramalina is subcosmopolitan and much more diverse in its ecology. We show that Ramalina and its sister genus Namibialina diverged from each other at c. 48 Myrs, whereas Vermilacinia and Niebla split at c. 30 Myrs. The phylogeny of the fruticose genera remains unresolved to their ancestral crustose genera. Species delimitation within Namibialina and Ramalina is rather straightforward. The phylogeny and taxonomy of Vermilacinia are fully resolved, except for the two youngest clades of corticolous taxa, and support current taxonomy, including four new taxa described here. Secondary metabolite variation in Niebla generally coincides with major clades which are comprised of species complexes with still unresolved phylogenetic relationships. A micro-endemism pattern of allopatric species is strongly suspected for both genera, except for the corticolous taxa within Vermilacinia. Both Niebla and saxicolous Vermilacinia have chemotypes unique to species clades that are largely endemic to the Vizcaíno deserts. The following new taxa are described: Namibialina gen. nov. with N. melanothrix (comb. nov.) as type species, a single new species of Ramalina (R. krogiae) and four new species of Vermilacinia (V. breviloba, V. lacunosa, V. pustulata and V. reticulata). The new combination V. granulans is introduced. Two epithets are re-introduced for European Ramalina species: R. crispans (= R. peruviana auct. eur.) and R. rosacea (= R. bourgeana auct. p.p). A lectotype is designated for Vermilacinia procera. A key to saxicolous species of Vermilacinia is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Spjut
- World Botanical Associates, PO Box 81145, Bakersfield, California 93380, USA World Botanical Associates Bakersfield, CA United States of America
| | - Antoine Simon
- Evolution and Conservation Biology Unit, Sart Tilman B22, Quartier Vallée 1, chemin de la vallée 4, B-4000 Liège, Belgium Evolution and Conservation Biology Unit Liège Belgium
| | - Martin Guissard
- Evolution and Conservation Biology Unit, Sart Tilman B22, Quartier Vallée 1, chemin de la vallée 4, B-4000 Liège, Belgium Evolution and Conservation Biology Unit Liège Belgium
| | - Nicolas Magain
- Evolution and Conservation Biology Unit, Sart Tilman B22, Quartier Vallée 1, chemin de la vallée 4, B-4000 Liège, Belgium Evolution and Conservation Biology Unit Liège Belgium
| | - Emmanuël Sérusiaux
- Evolution and Conservation Biology Unit, Sart Tilman B22, Quartier Vallée 1, chemin de la vallée 4, B-4000 Liège, Belgium Evolution and Conservation Biology Unit Liège Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lindgren H, Moncada B, Lücking R, Magain N, Simon A, Goffinet B, Sérusiaux E, Nelsen MP, Mercado-Díaz JA, Widhelm TJ, Lumbsch HT. Cophylogenetic patterns in algal symbionts correlate with repeated symbiont switches during diversification and geographic expansion of lichen-forming fungi in the genus Sticta (Ascomycota, Peltigeraceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 150:106860. [PMID: 32473336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Species in the fungal genus Sticta form symbiotic associations primarily with either green algae or cyanobacteria, but tripartite associations or photosymbiodemes involving both types of photobionts occur in some species. Sticta is known to associate with green algae in the genus Symbiochloris. However, previous studies have shown that algae from other genera, such as Heveochlorella, may also be suitable partners for Sticta. We examined the diversity of green algal partners in the genus Sticta and assessed the patterns of association between the host fungus and its algal symbiont. We used multi-locus sequence data from multiple individuals collected in Australia, Cuba, Madagascar, Mauritius, New Zealand, Reunion and South America to infer phylogenies for fungal and algal partners and performed tests of congruence to assess coevolution between the partners. In addition, event-based methods were implemented to examine which cophylogenetic processes have led to the observed association patterns in Sticta and its green algal symbionts. Our results show that in addition to Symbiochloris, Sticta associates with green algae from the genera Chloroidium, Coccomyxa, Elliptochloris and Heveochlorella, the latter being the most common algal symbiont associated with Sticta in this study. Geography plays a strong role in shaping fungal-algal association patterns in Sticta as mycobionts associate with different algal lineages in different geographic locations. While fungal and algal phylogenies were mostly congruent, event-based methods did not find any evidence for cospeciation between the partners. Instead, the association patterns observed in Sticta and associated algae, were largely explained by other cophylogenetic events such as host-switches, losses of symbiont and failure of the symbiont to diverge with its host. Our results also show that tripartite associations with green algae evolved multiple times in Sticta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Lindgren
- Science and Education, The Field Museum, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, United States.
| | - Bibiana Moncada
- Licenciatura en Biología, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Cra. 4 No. 26D-54, Torre de Laboratorios, Herbario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Robert Lücking
- Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum, Koenigin-Luise-Strasse 6-8, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicolas Magain
- Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Liège, Sart Tilman B22, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0338, USA
| | - Antoine Simon
- Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Liège, Sart Tilman B22, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Bernard Goffinet
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3043, USA
| | - Emmanuël Sérusiaux
- Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Liège, Sart Tilman B22, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Matthew P Nelsen
- Science and Education, The Field Museum, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, United States
| | - Joel A Mercado-Díaz
- Science and Education, The Field Museum, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, United States; Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, 1025 E. 57(th) street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Todd J Widhelm
- Science and Education, The Field Museum, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, United States
| | - H Thorsten Lumbsch
- Science and Education, The Field Museum, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Widhelm TJ, Grewe F, Huang JP, Mercado-Díaz JA, Goffinet B, Lücking R, Moncada B, Mason-Gamer R, Lumbsch HT. Multiple historical processes obscure phylogenetic relationships in a taxonomically difficult group (Lobariaceae, Ascomycota). Sci Rep 2019; 9:8968. [PMID: 31222061 PMCID: PMC6586878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45455-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the age of next-generation sequencing, the number of loci available for phylogenetic analyses has increased by orders of magnitude. But despite this dramatic increase in the amount of data, some phylogenomic studies have revealed rampant gene-tree discordance that can be caused by many historical processes, such as rapid diversification, gene duplication, or reticulate evolution. We used a target enrichment approach to sample 400 single-copy nuclear genes and estimate the phylogenetic relationships of 13 genera in the lichen-forming family Lobariaceae to address the effect of data type (nucleotides and amino acids) and phylogenetic reconstruction method (concatenation and species tree approaches). Furthermore, we examined datasets for evidence of historical processes, such as rapid diversification and reticulate evolution. We found incongruence associated with sequence data types (nucleotide vs. amino acid sequences) and with different methods of phylogenetic reconstruction (species tree vs. concatenation). The resulting phylogenetic trees provided evidence for rapid and reticulate evolution based on extremely short branches in the backbone of the phylogenies. The observed rapid and reticulate diversifications may explain conflicts among gene trees and the challenges to resolving evolutionary relationships. Based on divergence times, the diversification at the backbone occurred near the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary (65 Mya) which is consistent with other rapid diversifications in the tree of life. Although some phylogenetic relationships within the Lobariaceae family remain with low support, even with our powerful phylogenomic dataset of up to 376 genes, our use of target-capturing data allowed for the novel exploration of the mechanisms underlying phylogenetic and systematic incongruence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd J Widhelm
- Field Museum, Science and Education, Chicago, 60605, USA.
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Biological Sciences, Chicago, 60607, USA.
| | - Felix Grewe
- Field Museum, Grainger Bioinformatics Center, Chicago, 60605, USA
| | - Jen-Pan Huang
- Field Museum, Science and Education, Chicago, 60605, USA
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Bernard Goffinet
- University of Connecticut, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Storrs, 06268, USA
| | - Robert Lücking
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Herbarium, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Bibiana Moncada
- Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Torre de Laboratorios, Herbario, Bogotá, 11021, Colombia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Costa CLN, Lemos-Costa P, Marquitti FMD, Fernandes LD, Ramos MF, Schneider DM, Martins AB, de Aguiar MAM. Signatures of Microevolutionary Processes in Phylogenetic Patterns. Syst Biol 2018; 68:131-144. [PMID: 29939352 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syy049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic trees are representations of evolutionary relationships among species and contain signatures of the processes responsible for the speciation events they display. Inferring processes from tree properties, however, is challenging. To address this problem, we analyzed a spatially-explicit model of speciation where genome size and mating range can be controlled. We simulated parapatric and sympatric (narrow and wide mating range, respectively) radiations and constructed their phylogenetic trees, computing structural properties such as tree balance and speed of diversification. We showed that parapatric and sympatric speciation are well separated by these structural tree properties. Balanced trees with constant rates of diversification only originate in sympatry and genome size affected both the balance and the speed of diversification of the simulated trees. Comparison with empirical data showed that most of the evolutionary radiations considered to have developed in parapatry or sympatry are in good agreement with model predictions. Even though additional forces other than spatial restriction of gene flow, genome size, and genetic incompatibilities, do play a role in the evolution of species formation, the microevolutionary processes modeled here capture signatures of the diversification pattern of evolutionary radiations, regarding the symmetry and speed of diversification of lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina L N Costa
- Instituto de Física 'Gleb Wataghin', Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Unicamp, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Unicamp, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Lemos-Costa
- Instituto de Física 'Gleb Wataghin', Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Unicamp, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Unicamp, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Flavia M D Marquitti
- Instituto de Física 'Gleb Wataghin', Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Unicamp, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas D Fernandes
- Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Marlon F Ramos
- Instituto de Física 'Gleb Wataghin', Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Unicamp, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - David M Schneider
- Instituto de Física 'Gleb Wataghin', Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Unicamp, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ayana B Martins
- Instituto de Física 'Gleb Wataghin', Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Unicamp, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Department of Fish Ecology & Evolution, Centre of Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Marcus A M de Aguiar
- Instituto de Física 'Gleb Wataghin', Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Unicamp, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Widhelm TJ, Bertoletti FR, Asztalos MJ, Mercado-Díaz JA, Huang JP, Moncada B, Lücking R, Magain N, Sérusiaux E, Goffinet B, Crouch N, Mason-Gamer R, Lumbsch HT. Oligocene origin and drivers of diversification in the genus Sticta (Lobariaceae, Ascomycota). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 126:58-73. [PMID: 29656104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge to evolutionary biologists is to understand how biodiversity is distributed through space and time and across the tree of life. Diversification of organisms is influenced by many factors that act at different times and geographic locations but it is still not clear which have a significant impact and how drivers interact. To study diversification, we chose the lichen genus Sticta, by sampling through most of the global range and producing a time tree. We estimate that Sticta originated about 30 million years ago, but biogoegraphic analysis was unclear in estimating the origin of the genus. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of dispersal ability finding that Sticta has a high dispersal rate, as collections from Hawaii showed that divergent lineages colonized the islands at least four times. Symbiont interactions were investigated using BiSSE to understand if green-algal or cyanobacterial symbiont interactions influenced diversification, only to find that the positive results were driven almost completely by Type I error. On the other hand, another BiSSE analysis found that an association with Andean tectonic activity increases the speciation rate of species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd J Widhelm
- Science & Education, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, USA; Biological Sciences, Ecology and Evolution, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Jen-Pan Huang
- Science & Education, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bibiana Moncada
- Licenciatura en Biología, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Robert Lücking
- Kustos Herbarium, Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Bernard Goffinet
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Nicholas Crouch
- Biological Sciences, Ecology and Evolution, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Roberta Mason-Gamer
- Biological Sciences, Ecology and Evolution, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|