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Wang S, Hu P, Fan J, Zou J, Hong W, Huang X, Pan D, Chen H, Zhu YZ, Ye L. CD80-Fc fusion protein as a potential cancer immunotherapy strategy. Antib Ther 2024; 7:28-36. [PMID: 38235375 PMCID: PMC10791041 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbad029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The activation of T lymphocytes is a crucial component of the immune response, and the presence of CD80, a membrane antigen, is necessary for T-cell activation. CD80 is usually expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which can interact with cluster of differentiation 28 (CD28) or programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) to promote T-cell proliferation, differentiation and function by activating costimulatory signal or blocking inhibitory signal. Simultaneously, CD80 on the APCs also interacts with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) on the surface of T cells to suppress the response of specific effector T cells, particularly in the context of persistent antigenic stimulation. Due to the pivotal role of CD80 in the immune response, the CD80-Fc fusion protein has emerged as a promising approach for cancer immunotherapy. This review primarily focused on the crucial role of CD80 in the cancer immunotherapy. We also reviewed the current advancements in the research of CD80-Fc fusion proteins. Finally, we deliberated on the challenges encountered by CD80-Fc fusion proteins and proposed the potential strategies that could yield the benefits for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songna Wang
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Biological Medicines at School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201100, China
| | - Pinliang Hu
- Research & Development Department, Beijing Beyond Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Room 308, C Building, NO. 18 Xihuannanlu Street, BDA, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Jiajun Fan
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Biological Medicines at School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201100, China
| | - Jing Zou
- Research & Development Department, Beijing Beyond Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Room 308, C Building, NO. 18 Xihuannanlu Street, BDA, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Weidong Hong
- Research & Development Department, Beijing Beyond Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Room 308, C Building, NO. 18 Xihuannanlu Street, BDA, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Xuan Huang
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Biological Medicines at School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201100, China
| | - Danjie Pan
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Biological Medicines at School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201100, China
| | - Huaning Chen
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Biological Medicines at School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201100, China
| | - Yi Zhun Zhu
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Li Ye
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Biological Medicines at School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201100, China
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Trujillo-Cirilo L, Weiss-Steider B, Vargas-Angeles CA, Corona-Ortega MT, Rangel-Corona R. Immune microenvironment of cervical cancer and the role of IL-2 in tumor promotion. Cytokine 2023; 170:156334. [PMID: 37598478 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a heterogeneous mixture of resident and tumor cells that maintain close communication through their secretion products. The composition of the TME is dynamic and complex among the different types of cancer, where the immune cells play a relevant role in the elimination of tumor cells, however, under certain circumstances they contribute to tumor development. In cervical cancer (CC) the human papilloma virus (HPV) shapes the microenvironment in order to mediate persistent infections that favors transformation and tumor development. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an important TME cytokine that induces CD8+ effector T cells and NKs to eliminate tumor cells, however, IL-2 can also suppress the immune response through Treg cells. Recent studies have shown that CC cells express the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R), that are induced to proliferate at low concentrations of exogenous IL-2 through alterations in the JAK/STAT pathway. This review provides an overview of the main immune cells that make up the TME in CC, as well as the participation of IL-2 in the tumor promotion. Finally, it is proposed that the low density of IL-2 produced by immunocompetent cells is used by tumor cells through its IL-2R as a mechanism to proliferate simultaneously depleting this molecule in order to evade immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Trujillo-Cirilo
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Research Unit Cell Differentiation and Cancer, L-4 P.B. FES Zaragoza, National University of Mexico, Av., Guelatao No. 66 Col. Ejercito de Oriente, Iztapalapa, C.P. 09230 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Benny Weiss-Steider
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Research Unit Cell Differentiation and Cancer, L-4 P.B. FES Zaragoza, National University of Mexico, Av., Guelatao No. 66 Col. Ejercito de Oriente, Iztapalapa, C.P. 09230 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Adrian Vargas-Angeles
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Research Unit Cell Differentiation and Cancer, L-4 P.B. FES Zaragoza, National University of Mexico, Av., Guelatao No. 66 Col. Ejercito de Oriente, Iztapalapa, C.P. 09230 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria Teresa Corona-Ortega
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Research Unit Cell Differentiation and Cancer, L-4 P.B. FES Zaragoza, National University of Mexico, Av., Guelatao No. 66 Col. Ejercito de Oriente, Iztapalapa, C.P. 09230 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosalva Rangel-Corona
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Research Unit Cell Differentiation and Cancer, L-4 P.B. FES Zaragoza, National University of Mexico, Av., Guelatao No. 66 Col. Ejercito de Oriente, Iztapalapa, C.P. 09230 Mexico City, Mexico
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Raeber ME, Sahin D, Karakus U, Boyman O. A systematic review of interleukin-2-based immunotherapies in clinical trials for cancer and autoimmune diseases. EBioMedicine 2023; 90:104539. [PMID: 37004361 PMCID: PMC10111960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) can stimulate both effector immune cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells. The ability of selectively engaging either of these effects has spurred interest in using IL-2 for immunotherapy of cancer and autoimmune diseases. Thus, numerous IL-2-based biologic agents with improved bias or delivery towards effector immune cells or Treg cells have been developed. This study systematically reviews clinical results of improved IL-2-based compounds. METHODS We searched the ClinicalTrials.gov database for registered trials using improved IL-2-based agents and different databases for available results of these studies. FINDINGS From 576 registered clinical trials we extracted 36 studies on different improved IL-2-based compounds. Adding another nine agents reported in recent literature reviews and based on our knowledge totalled in 45 compounds. A secondary search for registered clinical trials of each of these 45 compounds resulted in 141 clinical trials included in this review, with 41 trials reporting results. INTERPRETATION So far, none of the improved IL-2-based compounds has gained regulatory approval for the treatment of cancer or autoimmune diseases. NKTR-214 is the only compound completing phase 3 studies. The PIVOT IO-001 trial testing the combination of NKTR-214 plus Pembrolizumab compared to Pembrolizumab monotherapy in metastatic melanoma missed its primary endpoints. Also the PIVOT-09 study, combining NKTR-214 with Nivolumab compared to Sunitinib or Cabozantinib in advanced renal cell carcinoma, missed its primary endpoint. Trials in autoimmune diseases are currently in early stages, thus not allowing definite conclusions on efficacy. FUNDING This work was supported by public funding agencies.
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Bastin DJ, Quizi J, Kennedy MA, Kekre N, Auer RC. Current challenges in the manufacture of clinical-grade autologous whole cell vaccines for hematological malignancies. Cytotherapy 2022; 24:979-989. [PMID: 35562303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Autologous whole cell vaccines use a patient's own tumor cells as a source of antigen to elicit an anti-tumor immune response in vivo. Recently, the authors conducted a systematic review of clinical trials employing these products in hematological cancers that showed a favorable safety profile and trend toward efficacy. However, it was noted that manufacturing challenges limit both the efficacy and clinical implementation of these vaccine products. In the current literature review, the authors sought to define the issues surrounding the manufacture of autologous whole cell products for hematological cancers. The authors describe key factors, including the acquisition, culture, cryopreservation and transduction of malignant cells, that require optimization for further advancement of the field. Furthermore, the authors provide a summary of pre-clinical work that informs how the identified challenges may be overcome. The authors also highlight areas in which future basic research would be of benefit to the field. The goal of this review is to provide a roadmap for investigators seeking to advance the field of autologous cell vaccines as it applies to hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J Bastin
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Jennifer Quizi
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Michael A Kennedy
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Natasha Kekre
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Rebecca C Auer
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
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Wu M, Wang S, Chen JY, Zhou LJ, Guo ZW, Li YH. Therapeutic cancer vaccine therapy for acute myeloid leukemia. Immunotherapy 2021; 13:863-877. [PMID: 33955237 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2020-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antitumor function of the immune system has been harnessed to eradicate tumor cells as cancer therapy. Therapeutic cancer vaccines aim to help immune cells recognize tumor cells, which are difficult to target owing to immune escape. Many attempts at vaccine designs have been conducted throughout the last decades. In addition, as the advanced understanding of immunosuppressive mechanisms mediated by tumor cells, combining cancer vaccines with other immune therapies seems to be more efficient for cancer treatment. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults with poor prognosis. Evidence has shown T-cell-mediated immune responses in AML, which encourages the utility of immune therapies in AML. This review discusses cancer vaccines in AML from vaccine design as well as recent progress in vaccination combination with other immune therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wu
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China.,Department of Hematology, Zhongshan People's Hospital, Zhongshan 528400, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Jian-Yu Chen
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Li-Juan Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Zi-Wen Guo
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan People's Hospital, Zhongshan 528400, China
| | - Yu-Hua Li
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
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IL-15/IL-15Rα/CD80-expressing AML cell vaccines eradicate minimal residual disease in leukemic mice. Blood Adv 2019; 2:3177-3192. [PMID: 30482760 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018019026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered autologous acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells present multiple leukemia-associated and patient-specific antigens and as such hold promise as immunotherapeutic vaccines. However, prior vaccines have not reliably induced effective antileukemic immunity, in part because AML blasts have immune inhibitory effects and lack expression of the critical costimulatory molecule CD80. To enhance induction of leukemia-specific cytolytic activity, 32Dp210 murine AML cells were engineered to express either CD80 alone, or the immunostimulatory cytokine interleukin-15 (IL-15) with its receptor α (IL-15Rα), or heterodimeric IL-15/IL-15Rα together with CD80 and tested as irradiated cell vaccines. IL-15 is a γc-chain cytokine, with unique properties suited to stimulating antitumor immunity, including stimulation of both natural killer and CD8+ memory T cells. Coexpression of IL-15 and IL-15Rα markedly increases IL-15 stability and secretion. Non-tumor-bearing mice vaccinated with irradiated 32Dp210-IL-15/IL-15Rα/CD80 and challenged with 32Dp210 leukemia had greater survival than did mice treated with 32Dp210-CD80 or 32Dp210-IL-15/IL-15Rα vaccines, whereas no unvaccinated mice inoculated with leukemia survived. In mice with established leukemia, treatment with 32Dp210-IL-15/IL-15Rα/CD80 vaccination stimulated unprecedented antileukemic immunity enabling 80% survival, an effect that was abrogated by anti-CD8 antibody-mediated depletion in vivo. Because, clinically, AML vaccines are administered as postremission therapy, we established a novel model in which mice with high leukemic burdens were treated with cytotoxic therapy to induce remission (<5% marrow blasts). Postremission vaccination with 32Dp210-IL-15/IL-15Rα/CD80 achieved 50% overall survival in these mice, whereas all unvaccinated mice achieving remission subsequently relapsed. These studies demonstrate that combined expression of IL-15/IL-15Rα and CD80 by syngeneic AML vaccines stimulates effective and long-lasting antileukemic immunity.
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Stambrook PJ, Maher J, Farzaneh F. Cancer Immunotherapy: Whence and Whither. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:635-650. [PMID: 28356330 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The current concepts and practice of cancer immunotherapy evolved from classical experiments that distinguished "self" from "non-self" and the finding that humoral immunity is complemented by cellular immunity. Elucidation of the biology underlying immune checkpoints and interactions between ligands and ligand receptors that govern the immune system's ability to recognize tumor cells as foreign has led to the emergence of new strategies that mobilize the immune system to reverse this apparent tolerance. Some of these approaches have led to new therapies such as the use of mAbs to interfere with the immune checkpoint. Others have exploited molecular technologies to reengineer a subset of T cells to directly engage and kill tumor cells, particularly those of B-cell malignancies. However, before immunotherapy can become a more effective method of cancer care, there are many challenges that remain to be addressed and hurdles to overcome. Included are manipulation of tumor microenvironment (TME) to enhance T effector cell infiltration and access to the tumor, augmentation of tumor MHC expression for adequate presentation of tumor associated antigens, regulation of cytokines and their potential adverse effects, and reduced risk of secondary malignancies as a consequence of mutations generated by the various forms of genetic engineering of immune cells. Despite these challenges, the future of immunotherapy as a standard anticancer therapy is encouraging. Mol Cancer Res; 15(6); 635-50. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Stambrook
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.
| | - John Maher
- Kings College London, CAR Mechanics Group, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Farzin Farzaneh
- Division of Cancer Studies, Department of Haematological Medicine, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
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8
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CD123-Engager T Cells as a Novel Immunotherapeutic for Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Mol Ther 2016; 24:1615-26. [PMID: 27401038 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2016.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy with CD123-specific T-cell engager proteins or with T cells expressing CD123-specific chimeric antigen receptors is actively being pursued for acute myeloid leukemia. T cells secreting bispecific engager molecules (ENG-T cells) may present a promising alternative to these approaches. To evaluate therapeutic potential, we generated T cells to secrete CD123/CD3-bispecific engager molecules. CD123-ENG T cells recognized primary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells and cell lines in an antigen-dependent manner as judged by cytokine production and/or tumor killing, and redirected bystander T cells to AML cells. Infusion of CD123-ENG T cells resulted in regression of AML in xenograft models conferring a significant survival advantage of treated mice in comparison to mice that received control T cells. At high effector to target ratios, CD123-ENG T cells recognized normal hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) with preferential recognition of HSPCs from cord blood compared to bone marrow. We therefore introduced the CD20 suicide gene that can be targeted in vivo with rituximab into CD123-ENG T cells. The expression of CD20 did not diminish the anti-AML activity of CD123-ENG T cells, but allowed for rituximab-mediated ENG-T cell elimination. Thus, ENG-T cells coexpressing CD20 suicide and CD123 engager molecules may present a promising immunotherapeutic approach for AML.
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Abstract
Basic science advances in cancer immunotherapy have resulted in various treatments that have recently shown success in the clinic. Many of these therapies require the insertion of genes into cells to directly kill them or to redirect the host's cells to induce potent immune responses. Other analogous therapies work by modifying effector cells for improved targeting and enhanced killing of tumor cells. Initial studies done using γ-retroviruses were promising, but safety concerns centered on the potential for insertional mutagenesis have highlighted the desire to develop other options for gene delivery. Lentiviral vectors (LVs) have been identified as potentially more effective and safer alternative delivery vehicles. LVs are now in use in clinical trials for many different types of inherited and acquired disorders, including cancer. This review will discuss current knowledge of LVs and the applications of this viral vector-based delivery vehicle to cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Aa Oldham
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S, Canada
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Klammer M, Roddie PH. Current progress in the development of a cell-based vaccine for the immunotherapy of acute myeloid leukemia. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 5:211-22. [PMID: 16608421 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.5.2.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Evidence that immunological control contributes to the elimination of residual leukemia has emerged from allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. This review assesses the current understanding of immunobiology of acute myeloid leukemia and how dendritic cells and T cells may be harnessed using in vitro and in vivo priming techniques. Preclinical and clinical dendritic cell vaccine trials reported to date are considered and the prospects for immunotherapy with dendritic cell-based vaccine constructs evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Klammer
- Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh-Leukaemia Research Fund, John Hughes Bennett Laboratory and Department of Haematology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.
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11
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Kerkhoff N, Bontkes HJ, Westers TM, de Gruijl TD, Kordasti S, van de Loosdrecht AA. Dendritic cells in myelodysplastic syndromes: from pathogenesis to immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:621-37. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are clonal disorders of the hematopoietic stem cell characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis leading to peripheral cytopenias. Different processes are involved in its pathogenesis, such as (epi)genetic alterations and immunological dysfunctions. The nature of immune dysregulation is markedly different between various MDS risk groups. In low-risk MDS, the immune system is in a proinflammatory state, whereas in high-risk disease, immunosuppressive features facilitate expansion of the dysplastic clone and can eventually lead to disease progression to acute myeloid leukemia. Various cell types contribute to dysregulation of immune responses in MDS. Dendritic cells (DCs) are important regulators of immunity. However, the role of DCs in MDS has yet to be elucidated. It has been suggested that impaired DC function can hamper adequate immune responses. This review focuses on the involvement of DCs in immune dysregulation in low- and high-risk MDS and the implications for DC-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Kerkhoff
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hetty J Bontkes
- Department of Pathology, Unit Medical Immunology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theresia M Westers
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shahram Kordasti
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King’s College Hospital London, Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Arjan A van de Loosdrecht
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Sabry M, Tsirogianni M, Bakhsh IA, North J, Sivakumaran J, Giannopoulos K, Anderson R, Mackinnon S, Lowdell MW. Leukemic priming of resting NK cells is killer Ig-like receptor independent but requires CD15-mediated CD2 ligation and natural cytotoxicity receptors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:6227-34. [PMID: 22084431 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Resting human NK cells require a two-stage activation process that we have previously described as "priming" and "triggering." NK-sensitive tumor cells provide both priming and triggering signals. NK-resistant tumors evade lysis, mostly by failure to prime; however, we recently reported a tumor cell line (CTV-1) that primes resting NK cells but fails to trigger lysis. In this article, we report two additional leukemia cell lines that prime NK cells but are resistant to lysis. Tumor-mediated NK priming is via CD2 binding to a ligand within CD15 on the tumor cell. NK-resistant RAJI cells became susceptible to NK lysis following transfection and expression of CD15. Blockade of CD15 on K562 cells or on CD15(+) RAJI cells significantly inhibited lysis, as did blockade of CD2 on resting NK cells. NK priming via CD2 induced CD16 shedding, releasing CD3ζ to the CD2, leading to its phosphorylation and the subsequent phosphorylation of linker for activation of T cells and STAT-5 and synthesis of IFN-γ. Blockade of C-type lectin receptors significantly suppressed the tumor-mediated priming of NK cells, whereas blockade of Ig-superfamily-like receptors had no effect at the NK-priming stage. Tumor priming of resting NK cells was irrespective of HLA expression, and blockade of HLA-killer Ig-like receptor interactions did not influence the incidence or degree of priming. However, CD15-CD2 interactions were critical for NK priming and were required, even in the absence of HLA-mediated NK inhibition. Tumor-mediated priming led to a sustained primed state, and the activated NK cells retained the ability to lyse NK-resistant tumors, even after cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Sabry
- Department of Haematology, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
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Smits ELJ, Lee C, Hardwick N, Brooks S, Van Tendeloo VFI, Orchard K, Guinn BA. Clinical evaluation of cellular immunotherapy in acute myeloid leukaemia. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:757-69. [PMID: 21519825 PMCID: PMC11029703 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is currently under active investigation as an adjuvant therapy to improve the overall survival of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) by eliminating residual leukaemic cells following standard therapy. The graft-versus-leukaemia effect observed following allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation has already demonstrated the significant role of immune cells in controlling AML, paving the way to further exploitation of this effect in optimized immunotherapy protocols. In this review, we discuss the current state of cellular immunotherapy as adjuvant therapy for AML, with a particular focus on new strategies and recently published results of preclinical and clinical studies. Therapeutic vaccines that are being tested in AML include whole tumour cells as an autologous source of multiple leukaemia-associated antigens (LAA) and autologous dendritic cells loaded with LAA as effective antigen-presenting cells. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of cytotoxic T cells or natural killer cells is under active investigation. Results from phase I and II trials are promising and support further investigation into the potential of cellular immunotherapeutic strategies to prevent or fight relapse in AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien L J Smits
- Laboratory of Experimental Haematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Antwerp, Belgium.
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14
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Translating tumor antigens into cancer vaccines. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 18:23-34. [PMID: 21048000 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00286-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines represent a strategic successful tool used to prevent or contain diseases with high morbidity and/or mortality. However, while vaccines have proven to be effective in combating pathogenic microorganisms, based on the immune recognition of these foreign antigens, vaccines aimed at inducing effective antitumor activity are still unsatisfactory. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of the two licensed cancer-preventive vaccines targeting tumor-associated viral agents (anti-HBV [hepatitis B virus], to prevent HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma, and anti-HPV [human papillomavirus], to prevent HPV-associated cervical carcinoma), along with the recent FDA approval of sipuleucel-T (for the therapeutic treatment of prostate cancer), represents a significant advancement in the field of cancer vaccines and a boost for new studies in the field. Specific active immunotherapies based on anticancer vaccines represent, indeed, a field in continuous evolution and expansion. Significant improvements may result from the selection of the appropriate tumor-specific target antigen (to overcome the peripheral immune tolerance) and/or the development of immunization strategies effective at inducing a protective immune response. This review aims to describe the vast spectrum of tumor antigens and strategies to develop cancer vaccines.
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15
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Hardwick N, Chan L, Ingram W, Mufti G, Farzaneh F. Lytic activity against primary AML cells is stimulated in vitro by an autologous whole cell vaccine expressing IL-2 and CD80. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:379-88. [PMID: 19711075 PMCID: PMC11030635 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0756-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite being of the myeloid lineage, acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) blasts are of low immunogenicity, probably because they lack the costimulatory molecule CD80 and secrete immunosuppressive factors. We have previously shown that in vitro stimulation of autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with primary AML cells modified to express CD80 and IL-2 promotes proliferation, secretion of Th1 cytokines and expansion of activated CD8(+) T cells. In this study, we show that allogeneic effector cells (from a healthy donor or AML patients) when stimulated with IL-2/CD80 modified AML blasts were able to induce the lysis of unmodified AML blasts. Effector cells stimulated with IL-2/CD80AML blasts had higher lytic activity than cells stimulated with AML cells expressing CD80 or IL-2 alone. Similarly, AML patient PBMCs primed with autologous IL-2/CD80 AML cells had a higher frequency of IFN-gamma secreting cells and show cytotoxicity against autologous, unmodified blasts. Crucially, the response appears to be leukaemia specific, since stimulated patient PBMCs show higher frequencies of IFN-gamma secreting effector cells in response to AML blasts than to remission bone marrow cells from the same patients. Although studied in a small number of heterogeneous patient samples, the data are encouraging and support the continuing development of vaccination for poor prognosis AML patients with autologous cells genetically modified to express IL-2/CD80.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Hardwick
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King’s College London, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU UK
| | - Lucas Chan
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King’s College London, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU UK
| | - Wendy Ingram
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King’s College London, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU UK
| | - Ghulam Mufti
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King’s College London, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU UK
| | - Farzin Farzaneh
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King’s College London, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU UK
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16
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Ingram W, Kordasti S, Chan L, Barber LD, Tye GJ, Hardwick N, Mufti GJ, Farzaneh F. Human CD80/IL2 lentivirus transduced acute myeloid leukaemia cells enhance cytolytic activity in vitro in spite of an increase in regulatory CD4+ T cells in a subset of cultures. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:1679-90. [PMID: 19283381 PMCID: PMC11030171 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0679-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic strategies are increasingly being explored as a method of enhancing anti-tumour immune responses in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Regulatory CD4(+) T cells (Tregs) suppress effector T and natural killer (NK) cells and therefore pose a potential challenge to the efficacy of immunotherapy. AML cells transduced with a lentivirus expressing CD80 (B7.1) and IL2 (LV-CD80/IL2) are capable of stimulating T and NK cell cytotoxicity in vitro. This study examines the effect of CD80/IL2 modified AML cells on Treg number and function. We report a significant increase in the number of CD8(+) T cells (P = 0.046) CD3(-)CD56(+) NK cells (P = 0.028) and CD3(+)CD4(+)CD25(high)Foxp3(+) Tregs (P = 0.043) following stimulation for 7 days with allogeneic LV-CD80/IL2 AMLs. In contrast, autologous LV-CD80/IL2 AML cell cultures provide a weaker stimulation with a lower number of CD8(+) T cells (P = 0.011) and no change in NK cell or Treg numbers. However, an increase in cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells and NK cells are detected following both allogeneic and autologous LV-CD80/IL2 stimulation as demonstrated by an increase in IFN-gamma and CD107a expression. Despite the presence of increased numbers of Tregs with suppressive activity in a subset of cultures, increased lysis of unmodified AMLs was still achieved following allogeneic (day 0, 2.2%; day 7, 20.4%) and more importantly, autologous LV-CD80/IL2 culture in which AML patients had recently received intensive chemotherapy (day 0, 0%; day 7, 16%). Vaccination with LV-CD80/IL2 therefore provides a potential strategy to enhance anti-leukaemia immune responses without a concomitant stimulation of Treg-mediated inhibition of cytotoxic immunological responses.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- B7-1 Antigen/genetics
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-2/genetics
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lentivirus/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Middle Aged
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Transduction, Genetic
- Transgenes/physiology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Ingram
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London, Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK.
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18
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Cheuk ATC, Wells JW, Chan L, Westwood NB, Berger SA, Yagita H, Okumura K, Farzaneh F, Mufti GJ, Guinn BA. Anti-tumor immunity in a model of acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 50:447-54. [PMID: 19197726 DOI: 10.1080/10428190802653776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Whole-cell vaccines allow the induction of anti-tumor immune responses without the need to define tumor antigens. We wished to directly compare, for the first time, the capacity of B7-1, B7-2 and 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) costimulatory molecules to convert murine and human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells into whole vaccines. 32Dc-kit is a murine myeloid cell line, which develops an AML-like disease over a protracted period, emulating human AML disease development. 32Dc-kit cells were modified to express elevated levels of B7-1, B7-2 or 4-1BBL, and each led to tumor rejection, although only mice injected with 32Dc-kit/B7-2 cells were able to reject subsequent parental tumor cell challenge. T-cell deficient nude mice were able to reject the 32Dc-kit variants, but they could not reject parental cell challenge; however, we found no evidence of cytotoxic T lymphocyte or natural killer (NK) activity ex vivo suggesting that tumor cell killing was mediated by an immune response that could not be recapitulated using purified NK or T cells as lone effectors. In human allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLRs), we found no single costimulatory molecule was more effective, suggesting that the induction of a universal anti-tumor response will require a combination of costimulatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T C Cheuk
- Department of Haematological Medicine, Allergy & Respiratory Science, MRC/Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London School of Medicine, London, UK
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19
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Dai ZS, Chen QF, Lu HZ, Xie Y. Defective expression and modulation of B7-2/CD86 on B cells in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Int J Hematol 2009; 89:656-63. [PMID: 19430862 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-009-0320-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Malignant monoclonal B cells of chronic B cell lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) usually fail to be cleared, which indicates important costimulatory molecules may be lacking. Among those costimulatory signals, B7-1/CD80 and B7-2/CD86 caused utmost attention. In this study, B7-1 and B7-2 expression on B cells in chronic B cell lymphocytic leukemia patients were detected. Data showed that B7-2 expression in chronic B cell lymphocytic leukemia patients is significantly lower than in normal people, which suggests defective B7-2 expression may be one of the pathogenic mechanisms of chronic B cell lymphocytic leukemia. Further, we confirmed interferon-gamma could induce B7-2 expression slightly and promote T-cell response against chronic B cell lymphocytic leukemia cells, indicating interferon-gamma has clinical value in chronic leukemia immunotherapy based on modulating B7-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-sheng Dai
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center affiliated to Fudan University, Jinshan District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Ingram W, Chan L, Guven H, Darling D, Kordasti S, Hardwick N, Barber L, Mufti GJ, Farzaneh F. Human CD80/IL2 lentivirus-transduced acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) cells promote natural killer (NK) cell activation and cytolytic activity: implications for a phase I clinical study. Br J Haematol 2009; 145:749-60. [PMID: 19388935 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07684.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic strategies may promote T and/or natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity. NK cells have the potential to exert a powerful anti-leukaemia effect, as demonstrated by studies of allogeneic transplantation. We have previously shown that CD80/interleukin 2 (IL2) lentivirus (LV)-transduced AML cells stimulate in-vitro T cell activation. The present study demonstrated that allogeneic and autologous culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with CD80/IL2-expressing AML cells also promoted NK cell cytotoxicity. Expression of the activation receptors NKp30, NKp44, CD244, CD25, CD69 and HLA-DR significantly increased following allogeneic culture and a consistent increased expression of NKp30, NKp44, NKp46, NKG2D, NKG2C and CD69, and up-regulation of the cytolytic marker CD107a was detected following autologous culture with LV-CD80/IL2 AML cells. Furthermore, increased NK cell lysis of K562 and primary AML blasts was detected. The lytic activity increased by twofold against K562 (from 46.6% to 90.4%) and allogeneic AML cells (from 11.8% to 20.1%) following in-vitro stimulation by CD80/IL2-expressing AML cells. More importantly for potential therapeutic applications, lysis of primary AML cells by autologous NK cells increased by more than 40-fold (from 0.4% to 22.5%). These studies demonstrated that vaccination of patients with CD80/IL2-transduced AML cells could provide a powerful strategy for T/NK cell-mediated stimulation of anti-leukaemic immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Ingram
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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21
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Smits ELJM, Berneman ZN, Van Tendeloo VFI. Immunotherapy of acute myeloid leukemia: current approaches. Oncologist 2009; 14:240-52. [PMID: 19289488 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2008-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Following standard therapy that consists of chemotherapy with or without stem cell transplantation, both relapsed and refractory disease shorten the survival of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. Therefore, additional treatment options are urgently needed, especially to fight residual AML cells. The identification of leukemia-associated antigens and the observation that administration of allogeneic T cells can mediate a graft-versus-leukemia effect paved the way to the development of active and passive immunotherapy strategies, respectively. The aim of these strategies is the eradication of AML cells by the immune system. In this review, an overview is provided of both active and passive immunotherapy strategies that are under investigation or in use for the treatment of AML. For each strategy, a critical view on the state of the art is given and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien L J M Smits
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VIDI), Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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22
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Cheeks M, Kamal N, Sorrell A, Darling D, Farzaneh F, Slater N. Immobilized metal affinity chromatography of histidine-tagged lentiviral vectors using monolithic adsorbents. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2705-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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24
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Mir MA, Agrewala JN. Signaling through CD80: an approach for treating lymphomas. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008; 12:969-79. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.12.8.969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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25
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Kong L, Li Y, Yang Y, Li K. Expression of fusion IL2-B7.1(IgV+C) and effects on T lymphocytes. Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 85:685-95. [PMID: 18059527 DOI: 10.1139/o07-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for an effective immunotherapeutic treatment for tumors is an important area of cancer research. To prepare a more effective form of the bifunctional fusion protein IL2-B7.1(IgV+C) and analyze its effect on the stimulation of T lymphocyte proliferation, we used DNAStar 5.03 software to predict the structural diversity and biochemical character of IL2-B7.1(IgV+C). We then prepared fusion protein IL2-B7.1(IgV+C) by establishing its prokaryotic expression system, and tested its effect on the stimulation of T lymphocytes in vitro. The results indicated that IL2-B7.1(IgV+C) correctly formed a secondary structure in which both IL2 and B7.1(IgV+C) maintained their original hydrophilicity and epitopes. Western blot analysis revealed that IL2-B7.1(IgV+C) was efficiently expressed. Our analysis of CTLL-2 and T-cell proliferation showed that recombinant human (rh) IL2-B7.1(IgV+C) exerted the combined stimulating effects of both rhIL2 and rh B7.1(IgV+C) on cell proliferation, and that these effects could be blocked by adding either anti-IL2 or anti-B7.1 monoclonal antibodies. A >2-fold increase in [3H]TdR incorporation compared with that of cells treated with recombinant protein IL2, or B7.1(IgV+C) alone, revealed that rhIL2-B7.1(IgV+C) had dose-dependent synergetic effects on T-cell activation in the presence of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody. We concluded that the augmented potency of rhIL2-B7.1(IgV+C) resulted in a stronger stimulation of T-cell proliferation than either rhB7.1(IgV+C) or rhIL2 alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghong Kong
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, School of Life Science & Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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26
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Denniss FAK, Breslin A, Ingram W, Hardwick NR, Mufti GJ, Guinn BA. The leukaemia-associated antigen, SSX2IP, is expressed during mitosis on the surface of myeloid leukaemia cells. Br J Haematol 2007; 138:668-9. [PMID: 17686061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Wierda WG, Kipps TJ. Gene therapy and active immune therapy of hematologic malignancies. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2007; 20:557-68. [PMID: 17707840 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2007.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy for patients with hematologic malignancies, particularly chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), have focused on transducing primary leukemia cells with a virus vector to express immune-stimulating genes which can induce and propagate a productive and clinically significant immune response against the malignant cells. A variety of replication-defective vectors has been studied to transduce genes for cytokines and function-associated surface molecules. Active vaccines have been developed in vitro, and their activity has been confirmed in clinical trials. Ongoing work aims to optimize this strategy and to identify the appropriate and optimal patient groups in which to apply vaccine therapy. Clinical trials also have provided insight into unexpected alternative mechanisms through which these strategies might provide a clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Wierda
- Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, PO Box 301402, Houston, TX 77230-1402, USA.
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28
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Guinn BA, Mohamedali A, Thomas NSB, Mills KI. Immunotherapy of myeloid leukaemia. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:943-57. [PMID: 17180671 PMCID: PMC11031097 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0267-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of myeloid leukaemia has progressed in recent years with the advent of donor leukocyte infusions (DLI), haemopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCTs) and targeted therapies. However, relapse has a high associated morbidity rate and a method for removing diseased cells in first remission, when a minimal residual disease state is achieved and tumour load is low, has the potential to extend remission times and prevent relapse especially when used in combination with conventional treatments. Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) are heterogeneous diseases which lack one common molecular target while chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) patients have experienced prolonged remissions through the use of targeted therapies which remove BCR-ABL(+) cells effectively in early chronic phase. However, escape mutants have arisen and this therapy has little effectivity in the late chronic phase. Here we review the immune therapies which are close to or in clinical trials for the myeloid leukaemias and describe their potential advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara-Ann Guinn
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK.
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29
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Guinn BA, Kasahara N, Farzaneh F, Habib NA, Norris JS, Deisseroth AB. Recent Advances and Current Challenges in Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy. Mol Ther 2007; 15:1065-71. [PMID: 17375068 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in animal studies, where the cure of the majority of mice with pre-established (albeit early-stage) tumors has become almost standard, human clinical trials have been much less successful. Here we describe some of the most recent advances in the specialist field of tumor immunology and immunotherapy, highlighting salient work to identify key problem areas and potential solutions. We make particular note of recent developments in adoptive therapy; whole-cell, DNA, and peptide vaccines; and antibody therapy. We also describe the revival of interest in regulatory T cells and conclude by detailing the need for clinical trial read-out autonomy and methods to predict which patients will respond to a particular treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara-ann Guinn
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, The Rayne, Institute, London, UK.
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30
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Abstract
Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) remains the only curative option for patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Developing conditioning regimens with low toxicity, at the same time as preserving an effective graft versus tumour response, is pivotal to expanding the scope for allogeneic transplantation in older patients with MDS. With the introduction of reduced intensity conditioned regimens, transplant centres worldwide are able to offer allogeneic HSCT to a much larger cohort of patients. Graft versus host disease (GvHD) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, however with the use of T-cell depletion, centres have been able to utilise volunteer unrelated donors with an increasing degree of HLA disparity. The graft versus dysplasia effect resulting from allogeneic HSCT and the infusion of donor leukocytes has led to a greater understanding of the immunological mechanisms that govern outcome following transplantation in MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Ingram
- Department of Haematological Medicine, Kings College Hospital and Kings College London, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK.
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31
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Farzaneh L, Kasahara N, Farzaneh F. The strange case of TGN1412. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:129-34. [PMID: 16783575 PMCID: PMC11030174 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Farzaneh
- King’s College London, Department of Haematological and Molecular Medicine, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU UK
| | - N. Kasahara
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 675 Charles E. Young Drive South, MRL-1551, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - F. Farzaneh
- King’s College London, Department of Haematological and Molecular Medicine, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU UK
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32
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Guinn BA, Norris JS, Farzaneh F, Deisseroth AB. International Society for Cell and Gene Therapy of Cancer: 2005 meeting in Shenzhen, China. Cancer Gene Ther 2006; 14:128-38. [PMID: 17041563 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The 2005 International Society for Cell and Gene Therapy of Cancer (ISCGT) Congress was held in Shenzhen, China (www.iscgtchina2005.com) from December 9th-11th 2005. Here, we describe a representation of the most seminal presentations providing an overview of the progress in the field of cancer gene therapy including the successful introduction of the first approved gene therapy drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Guinn
- King's College London School of Medicine, Department of Haematological Medicine, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, UK.
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33
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Chan L, Hardwick NR, Guinn BA, Darling D, Gäken J, Galea-Lauri J, Ho AY, Mufti GJ, Farzaneh F. An immune edited tumour versus a tumour edited immune system: Prospects for immune therapy of acute myeloid leukaemia. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:1017-24. [PMID: 16450142 PMCID: PMC11030980 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Accepted: 01/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell based therapies for acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) have made significant progress in the last decade benefiting the prognosis and survival of patients with this aggressive form of leukaemia. Due to advances in haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and particularly the advent of reduced intensity conditioning (RIC), the scope of transplantation has now extended to those patients previously ineligible due to age and health restrictions and has been associated with a decrease in transplant related mortality. The apparent graft versus leukaemia (GvL) effect observed following HSCT demonstrates the potential of the immune system to target and eradicate AML cells. Building on previously published pre-clinical studies by ourselves and others, we are now initiating a Phase I clinical study in which lentiviral vectors are used to genetically modify AML cells to express B7.1 (CD80) and IL-2. By combining allogeneic HSCT with immunisation, using the autologous AML cells expressing B7.1 and IL-2, we hope to stimulate immune eradication of residual AML cells in poor prognosis patients that have achieved donor chimerism. In this report we describe the background to cell therapy based approaches for AML, and discuss difficulties associated with the deployment of a chronically stimulated, hence exhausted/depleted immune system to eradicate tumour cells that have already escaped immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Chan
- King’s College London, Department of Haematological Molecular Medicine, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, SE5 9NU London, UK
| | - Nicola R. Hardwick
- King’s College London, Department of Haematological Molecular Medicine, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, SE5 9NU London, UK
| | - Barbara-ann Guinn
- King’s College London, Department of Haematological Molecular Medicine, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, SE5 9NU London, UK
| | - Dave Darling
- King’s College London, Department of Haematological Molecular Medicine, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, SE5 9NU London, UK
| | - Joop Gäken
- King’s College London, Department of Haematological Molecular Medicine, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, SE5 9NU London, UK
| | - Joanna Galea-Lauri
- King’s College London, Department of Haematological Molecular Medicine, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, SE5 9NU London, UK
| | - Aloysius Y. Ho
- King’s College London, Department of Haematological Molecular Medicine, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, SE5 9NU London, UK
| | - Ghulam J. Mufti
- King’s College London, Department of Haematological Molecular Medicine, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, SE5 9NU London, UK
| | - Farzin Farzaneh
- King’s College London, Department of Haematological Molecular Medicine, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, SE5 9NU London, UK
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34
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Abstract
The understanding that tumor cells can be recognized and eliminated by the immune system has led to intense interest in the development of cancer vaccines. Viruses are naturally occurring agents that cause human disease but have the potential to prevent disease when attenuated forms or subunits are used as vaccines before exposure. A large number of viruses have been engineered as attenuated vaccines for the expression of tumor antigens, immunomodulatory molecules, and as vehicles for direct destruction of tumor cells or expression of highly specific gene products. This article focuses on the major viruses that are under development as cancer vaccines, including the poxviruses, adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, herpesviruses, retroviruses, and lentiviruses. The biology supporting these viruses as vaccines is reviewed and clinical progress is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Eisenberger
- Division of Surgical Oncology and The Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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35
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Nesbeth D, Williams SL, Chan L, Brain T, Slater NKH, Farzaneh F, Darling D. Metabolic Biotinylation of Lentiviral Pseudotypes for Scalable Paramagnetic Microparticle-Dependent Manipulation. Mol Ther 2006; 13:814-22. [PMID: 16298167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2005] [Revised: 09/07/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonviral, host-derived proteins on lentiviral vector surfaces can have a profound effect on the vector's biology as they can both promote infection and provide resistance to complement inactivation. We have exploited this to engineer a specific posttranslational modification of a "nonenvelope," virally associated protein. The bacterial biotin ligase (BirA) and a modified human DeltaLNGFR have been introduced into HEK293T cells and their protein products directed to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. The BirA then couples biotin to an acceptor peptide that has been fused to the DeltaLNGFR. This results in the covalent linkage of biotin to the extracellular domain of the DeltaLNGFR expressed on the cell surface. Lentiviral vectors from these cells are metabolically labeled with biotin in the presence of free biotin. These biotinylated lentiviral vectors have a high affinity for streptavidin paramagnetic particles and, once captured, are easily manipulated in vitro. This is illustrated by the concentration of lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with either the VSV-G or an amphotropic envelope in excess of 4500-fold. This new cell line has the potential for widespread application to envelope pseudotypes compatible with lentiviral vector production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Nesbeth
- Department of Haematological and Molecular Medicine, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Medicine, The Rayne Institute, King's College London, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
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36
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Cheuk ATC, Chan L, Czepulkowski B, Berger SA, Yagita H, Okumura K, Farzaneh F, Mufti GJ, Guinn BA. Development of a whole cell vaccine for acute myeloid leukaemia. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:68-75. [PMID: 15891884 PMCID: PMC11030895 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0674-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2004] [Accepted: 01/06/2005] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We describe the modification of tumour cells to enhance their capacity to act as antigen presenting cells with particular focus on the use of costimulatory molecules to do so. We have been involved in the genetic modification of tumour cells to prepare a whole cell vaccine for nearly a decade and we have a particular interest in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). AML is an aggressive and difficult to treat disease, especially, for patients for whom haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplant is not an option. AML patients who have a suitable donor and meet HSC transplant fitness requirements, have a 5-year survival of 50%; however, for patients with no suitable donor or for who age is a factor, the prognosis is much worse. It is particularly poor prognosis patients, who are not eligible for HSC transplant, who are likely to benefit most from immunotherapy. It would be hoped that immunotherapy would be used to clear residual tumour cells in these patients in the first remission following standard chemotherapy treatments and this will extend the remission and reduce the risk of a second relapse associated with disease progression and poor mortality rates. In this symposia report, we will focus on whole cell vaccines as an immunotherapeutic option with particular reference to their use in the treatment of AML. We will aim to provide a brief overview of the latest data from our group and considerations for the use of this treatment modality in clinical trials for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T. C. Cheuk
- Department of Haematological Medicine, Guy’s, King’s & St. Thomas’ School of Medicine, The Rayne Institute, King’s College London, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU UK
| | - Lucas Chan
- Department of Haematological Medicine, Guy’s, King’s & St. Thomas’ School of Medicine, The Rayne Institute, King’s College London, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU UK
| | - Barbara Czepulkowski
- Department of Haematological Medicine, Guy’s, King’s & St. Thomas’ School of Medicine, The Rayne Institute, King’s College London, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU UK
| | - Stuart A. Berger
- Arthritis and Immune Disorder Research Centre, University Health Network and the Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ko Okumura
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Farzin Farzaneh
- Department of Haematological Medicine, Guy’s, King’s & St. Thomas’ School of Medicine, The Rayne Institute, King’s College London, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU UK
| | - Ghulam J. Mufti
- Department of Haematological Medicine, Guy’s, King’s & St. Thomas’ School of Medicine, The Rayne Institute, King’s College London, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU UK
| | - Barbara-ann Guinn
- Department of Haematological Medicine, Guy’s, King’s & St. Thomas’ School of Medicine, The Rayne Institute, King’s College London, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU UK
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Chan L, Nesbeth D, Mackey T, Galea-Lauri J, Gäken J, Martin F, Collins M, Mufti G, Farzaneh F, Darling D. Conjugation of lentivirus to paramagnetic particles via nonviral proteins allows efficient concentration and infection of primary acute myeloid leukemia cells. J Virol 2005; 79:13190-4. [PMID: 16189021 PMCID: PMC1235865 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.20.13190-13194.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonviral producer cell proteins incorporated into retroviral vector surfaces profoundly influence infectivity and in vivo half-life. We report the purification and concentration of lentiviral vectors using these surface proteins as an efficient gene transduction strategy. Biotinylation of these proteins and streptavidin paramagnetic particle concentration enhances titer 400- to 2,500-fold (to 10(9) CFU/ml for vesicular stomatitis virus G protein and 5 x 10(8) for amphotropic murine leukemia virus envelope). This method also uses newly introduced membrane proteins (B7.1 and DeltaLNGFR) directed to lentiviral surfaces, allowing up to 17,000-fold concentrations. Particle conjugation of lentivirus allows facile manipulation in vitro, resulting in the transduction of 48 to 94% of human acute myeloid leukemia blasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Chan
- King's College London, Department of Haematological and Molecular Medicine, The Rayne Institute, UK
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