1
|
Wang M, Dai B, Liu Q, Wang X, Xiao Y, Zhang G, Jiang H, Zhang X, Zhang L. Polystyrene nanoplastics exposure causes erectile dysfunction in rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 280:116551. [PMID: 38875818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs), emerging and increasingly pervasive environmental contaminants, have the potential to cause persistent harm to organisms. Although previous reports have documented local accumulation and adverse effects in a variety of major organs after PS-NPs exposure, the impact of PS-NPs exposure on erectile function remains unexplored. Herein, we established a rat model of oral exposure to 100 nm PS-NPs for 28 days. To determine the best dose range of PS-NPs, we designed both low-dose and high-dose PS-NPs groups, which correspond to the minimum and maximum human intake doses, respectively. The findings indicated that PS-NPs could accumulate within the corpus cavernosum and high dose but not low dose of PS-NPs triggered erectile dysfunction. Moreover, the toxicological effects of PS-NPs on erectile function include fibrosis in the corpus cavernous, endothelial dysfunction, reduction in testosterone levels, elevated oxidative stress and apoptosis. Overall, this study revealed that PS-NPs exposure can cause erectile dysfunction via multiple ways, which provided new insights into the toxicity of PS-NPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Bangshun Dai
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Qiushi Liu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Xiaobin Wang
- Department of Urology, Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Yunzheng Xiao
- Department of Urology, Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Guilong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital Institute of Urology, Peking University Andrology Center, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Xiansheng Zhang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Center for Scientific Research of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kwon MH, Rho BY, Choi MJ, Limanjaya A, Ock J, Yin GN, Jin SW, Suh JK, Chung DY, Ryu JK. BMP2 restores erectile dysfunction through neurovascular regeneration and fibrosis reduction in diabetic mice. Andrology 2024; 12:447-458. [PMID: 37290397 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The odds of erectile dysfunction are three times more prevalent in diabetes. Severe peripheral vascular and neural damage in diabetic patients responds poorly to phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitors. However, bone morphogenetic protein 2 is known to be involved in angiogenesis. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy of bone morphogenetic protein 2 in stimulating angiogenesis and augmenting nerve regeneration in a mouse model of diabetic-induced erectile dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS The induction of diabetes mellitus was performed by streptozotocin (50 mg/kg daily) administered intraperitoneally for 5 successive days to male C57BL/6 mice that were 8 weeks old. Eight weeks post-inductions, animals were allocated to one of five groups: a control group, a streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse group receiving two intracavernous 20 μL phosphate-buffered saline injections, or one of three bone morphogenetic protein 2 groups administered two injections of bone morphogenetic protein 2 protein (1, 5, or 10 μg) diluted in 20 μL of phosphate-buffered saline within a 3-day interval between the first and second injections. The erectile functions were assessed 2 weeks after phosphate-buffered saline or bone morphogenetic protein 2 protein injections by recording the intracavernous pressure through cavernous nerve electrical stimulation. Angiogenic activities and nerve regenerating effects of bone morphogenetic protein 2 were determined in penile tissues, aorta, vena cava, the main pelvic ganglions, the dorsal roots, and from the primary cultured mouse cavernous endothelial cells. Moreover, fibrosis-related factor protein expressions were evaluated by western blotting. RESULTS Erectile function recovery to 81% of the control value in diabetic mice was found with intracavernous bone morphogenetic protein 2 injection (5 μg/20 μL). Pericytes and endothelial cells were extensively restored. It was confirmed that angiogenesis was promoted in the corpus cavernosum of diabetic mice treated with bone morphogenetic protein 2 through increased ex vivo sprouting of aortic rings, vena cava and penile tissues, and migration and tube formation of mouse cavernous endothelial cells. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 protein enhanced cell proliferation and reduced apoptosis in mouse cavernous endothelial cells and penile tissues, and promoted neurite outgrowth in major pelvic ganglia and dorsal root ganglia under high-glucose conditions. Furthermore, bone morphogenetic protein 2 suppressed fibrosis by reducing mouse cavernous endothelial cell fibronectin, collagen 1, and collagen 4 levels under high-glucose conditions. CONCLUSION Bone morphogenetic protein 2 modulates neurovascular regeneration and inhibits fibrosis to revive the mouse erection function in diabetic conditions. Our findings propose that the bone morphogenetic protein 2 protein represents a novel and promising approach to treating diabetes-related erectile dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hye Kwon
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Yong Rho
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Choi
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Anita Limanjaya
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Ock
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Guo Nan Yin
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Won Jin
- School of Life Sciences and Cell Logistics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Kyu Suh
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo Yong Chung
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Kan Ryu
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou J, Yin Y, Yang Y, Peng D, Wei J, Yin G, Tang Y. Knockdown of miR-423-5p simultaneously upgrades the eNOS and VEGFa pathways in ADSCs and improves erectile function in diabetic rats. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:9796-9804. [PMID: 34545676 PMCID: PMC8505849 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the possibility of miR‐423‐5p modified adipose‐derived stem cell (ADSCs) therapy on streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetes mellitus erectile dysfunction (DMED) rats. MiR‐423‐5p was knocked down in ADSCs. ADSCs, NC‐miR‐ADSCs and miR‐ADSCs were co‐cultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Normal and high glucose media were supplemented. The supernatant and HUVECs were collected for assessment of eNOS and VEGFa expression, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. HUVECs co‐cultured with ADSCs or miR‐ADSCs exhibited higher eNOS and VEGFa protein expression levels compared to DM groups. MiR‐ADSCs enhanced HUVEC proliferation compared to the ADSCs and NC‐miR‐ADSCs. Lower apoptotic rates were observed when HUVECs were co‐cultured with miR‐ADSCs, compared to ADSCs and NC‐miR‐ADSCs. Fifteen male Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats aged 12 weeks were induced to develop diabetes mellitus by intraperitoneal injection with STZ, and five healthy SD rats were used as normal controls. Eight weeks after developing diabetes, the rats received ADSCs and miR‐ADSCs via injection into the corpora cavernosa, whereas normal controls and DM controls were injected with saline. Erectile function and histological assessment of penile tissues were performed 8 weeks after injection. The ICP/MAP indicated that erectile function was impaired in the DM rats compared with the normal group. Injection of ADSCs and miR‐ADSCs improved erectile function significantly and was associated with the overexpression of eNOS and VEGFa. MiR‐423‐5p knockdown in ADSCs ameliorated high glucose‐mediated damage to HUVECs and improved erectile function in DM rats by inducing eNOS and VEGFa overexpression, indicating that miR‐423‐5p may be a potential target in the treatment of DMED.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yinghao Yin
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dongyi Peng
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingchao Wei
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guangming Yin
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuxin Tang
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Urology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vasohibin-1 rescues erectile function through up-regulation of angiogenic factors in the diabetic mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1114. [PMID: 33441910 PMCID: PMC7807034 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80925-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Neovascularization of the erectile tissue emerges as a beneficial curative approach to treat erectile dysfunction (ED). Here we for the first time report the unexpected role of vasohibin-1 (VASH1), mainly known as an anti-angiogenic factor, in restoring erectile function in diabetic mice. A diabetic patient has lower cavernous VASH1 expression than in the potent man. VASH1 was mainly expressed in endothelial cells. There were significant decreases in cavernous endothelial cell and pericyte contents in VASH1 knockout mice compared with those in wild-type mice, which resulted in impairments in erectile function. Intracavernous injection of VASH1 protein successfully restored erectile function in the diabetic mice (~ 90% of control values). VASH1 protein reinstated endothelial cells, pericytes, and endothelial cell–cell junction proteins and induced phosphorylation of eNOS (Ser1177) in the diabetic mice. The induction of angiogenic factors, such as angiopoietin-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor, is responsible for cavernous angiogenesis and the restoration of erectile function mediated by VASH1. Altogether, these findings suggest that VASH1 is proangiogenic in diabetic penis and is a new potential target for diabetic ED.
Collapse
|
5
|
Kharazi U, Badalzadeh R. A review on the stem cell therapy and an introduction to exosomes as a new tool in reproductive medicine. Reprod Biol 2020; 20:447-459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
6
|
Cong R, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Zhou X, Ji C, Yao L, Song N, Meng X. Comprehensive Analysis of lncRNA Expression Pattern and lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA Network in a Rat Model With Cavernous Nerve Injury Erectile Dysfunction. J Sex Med 2020; 17:1603-1617. [PMID: 32675050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are differentially expressed in erectile dysfunction (ED) associated with aging and diabetes mellitus; however, the lncRNA expression profile in cavernous nerve (CN) injury-related ED (CNI-ED) is unknown. AIM To investigate the dysregulated lncRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), and mRNA expression in CNI-ED and construct a potential lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network. METHODS 22 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into bilateral CN crush (BCNC) and Sham groups. Using second-generation high-throughput sequencing technology, we analyzed the expression profiles of lncRNA, miRNA, and mRNA of the 2 groups. 17 differentially expressed lncRNAs were selected and further validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network, Gene Ontology (GO) term enrichment, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed using Cytoscape. OUTCOMES Intra-cavernosal pressure, mean arterial pressure, smooth muscle content, and the expression of miRNA, mRNA, and lncRNA were measured. RESULTS The BCNC group showed decreased intra-cavernosal/mean arterial pressure as well as decreased smooth muscle/collagen ratios compared with the Sham group. The RNA sequencing results revealed dysregulated expressions of 65 lncRNA, 14 miRNA, and 750 mRNA in the BCNC group based on the following criteria: fold change >2 and P < .05. Among the 17 lncRNAs further selected based on mean count number >4 in both groups, 3 lncRNAs (TCONS_00028173, TCONS_00049985, and TCONS_00058429) were further validated for differential expression by RT-qPCR. GO analysis suggests that these 3 lncRNAs could regulate various processes such as myotube differentiation and muscle cell differentiation. Furthermore, the KEGG pathway analysis showed that the mRNAs in the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network are involved in pathways, including axon guidance and vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway. CLINICAL TRANSLATION Our findings may provide new information on molecular pathophysiology of CNI-ED and suggest further research to find a more effective therapy for CNI-ED. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS This study is the first to identify the lncRNA expression pattern and propose a ceRNA network in a rat model with cavernous nerve injury-related erectile dysfunction. However, analogous studies are needed to confirm these findings in humans. In addition, we constructed the network by only confirming the lncRNA. CONCLUSION Our study reveals differential expression profiles of lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs between the BCNC and Sham groups and suggests that these differentially expressed lncRNAs may play critical roles in CNI-ED by regulating apoptosis and fibrosis in the corpus cavernosum via targeting mRNAs or miRNAs. Cong R, Wang Y, Wang Y. Comprehensive Analysis of lncRNA Expression Pattern and lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA Network in a Rat Model With Cavernous Nerve Injury Erectile Dysfunction. J Sex Med 2020;17:1603-1617.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Cong
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yamin Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qijie Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengjian Ji
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liangyu Yao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ninghong Song
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Urology, The Affiliated Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Artux, China.
| | - Xianghu Meng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A Review of Genome Wide Association Studies for Erectile Dysfunction. CURRENT SEXUAL HEALTH REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11930-019-00231-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
8
|
Andrew TW, Kanapathy M, Murugesan L, Muneer A, Kalaskar D, Atala A. Towards clinical application of tissue engineering for erectile penile regeneration. Nat Rev Urol 2019; 16:734-744. [PMID: 31649327 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-019-0246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Penile wounds after traumatic and surgical amputation require reconstruction in the form of autologous tissue transfers. However, currently used techniques are associated with high infection rates, implant erosion and donor site morbidity. The use of tissue-engineered neocorpora provides an alternative treatment option. Contemporary tissue-engineering strategies enable the seeding of a biomaterial scaffold and subsequent implantation to construct a neocorpus. Tissue engineering of penile tissue should focus on two main strategies: first, correcting the volume deficit for structural integrity in order to enable urinary voiding in the standing position and second, achieving erectile function for sexual activity. The functional outcomes of the neocorpus can be addressed by optimizing the use of stem cells and scaffolds, or alternatively, the use of gene therapy. Current research in penile tissue engineering is largely restricted to rodent and rabbit models, but the use of larger animal models should be considered as a better representation of the anatomical and physiological function in humans. The development of a cell-seeded scaffold to achieve and maintain erection continues to be a considerable challenge in humans. However, advances in penile tissue engineering show great promise and, in combination with gene therapy and surgical techniques, have the potential to substantially improve patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom W Andrew
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Muholan Kanapathy
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Log Murugesan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Asif Muneer
- Department of Urology, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Deepak Kalaskar
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim JH, Shim JS, Kim JW, Doo SW, Bae JH, Lee JH, Song YS, Kim JJ, Moon DG. Molecular and Histologic Evidence of Novel Erectile Dysfunction Rat Model as an Aging Atherosclerosis Model: A Preliminary Study. World J Mens Health 2019; 38:345-352. [PMID: 31385467 PMCID: PMC7308229 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.190031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To validate a novel arteriogenic erectile dysfunction (ED) model with atherosclerosis (AS) based on molecular and histologic evidence induced by chronic pelvic ischemia (CPI) and determine effect of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor treatment. Materials and Methods Twenty 16-week-old male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into three experimental groups (Group I, untreated sham-operated rats with regular diet; Group II, CPI with cholesterol diet; Group III, CPI model with cholesterol diet and mirodenafil). Erectile function was accessed using maximum intracavernous pressure (ICP) and ICP/mean arterial pressure (MAP). Molecular changes were examined by western blot analysis using hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) antibodies. Collagen change was evaluated by Masson's trichrome staining. Results In vivo measurements of ICP and ICP/MAP in Group II were significantly lower than those in Group I (p<0.01). Smooth muscle/collagen ratio in Group II was significantly lower than that in Group I (p<0.05). After treatment with mirodenafil for four weeks, Group III showed significantly higher levels of ICP and ICP/MAP than Group II (p<0.05). Western blot analysis showed that HIF-1α and TGF-β1 levels were significantly higher in Group II whereas eNOS levels were significantly lower in Group II than those in Group I or III. Conclusions A novel arteriogenic ED with AS model is successfully induced by CPI and validated based on molecular and histologic evidences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Heon Kim
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Sung Shim
- Department of Urology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Wook Kim
- Department of Urology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Whan Doo
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Bae
- Department of Urology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju Han Lee
- Department of Pathology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Korea
| | - Yun Seob Song
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Je Jong Kim
- Department of Urology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Du Geon Moon
- Department of Urology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ziegler T, Bähr A, Howe A, Klett K, Husada W, Weber C, Laugwitz KL, Kupatt C, Hinkel R. Tβ4 Increases Neovascularization and Cardiac Function in Chronic Myocardial Ischemia of Normo- and Hypercholesterolemic Pigs. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1706-1714. [PMID: 29929787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Translations of new therapeutic options for cardiovascular disease from animal studies into a clinical setting have been hampered, in part by an improper reflection of a relevant patient population in animal models. In this study, we investigated the impact of thymosin β4 (Tβ4), which promotes collateralization and capillarization, during hypercholesterolemia, a known risk factor of coronary artery disease. Initial in vitro results highlighted an improved endothelial cell function upon Tβ4 treatment under control conditions and during hypercholesterolemic stress (scratch area [pixels]: oxidized low-density lipoprotein [oxLDL], 191,924 ± 7,717; and oxLDL + Tβ4, 105,621 ± 11,245). To mimic the common risk factor of hypercholesterolemia in vivo, pigs on regular (NC) or high-fat (HC) diet underwent chronic myocardial ischemia followed by recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-mediated transduction of Tβ4 or LacZ as a control. We show that Tβ4 overexpression improves capillarization and collateralization (collaterals: NC + rAAV.LacZ, 2.1 ± 0.5; NC + rAAV.Tβ4, 6.7 ± 0.5; HC + rAAV.LacZ, 3.0 ± 0.3; and HC + rAAV.Tβ4, 6.0 ± 0.4), ultimately leading to an improved myocardial function in both diet groups (ejection fraction [EF] at day 56 [%]: NC + rAAV.LacZ, 26 ± 1.1; NC + rAAV.Tβ4, 45 ± 1.5; HC + rAAV.LacZ, 26 ± 2.5; and HC + rAAV.Tβ4, 41 ± 2.6). These results demonstrate the potency of Tβ4 in a patient-relevant large animal model of chronic myocardial ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Ziegler
- Klinik und Poliklinik Innere Medizin I, Klinikum rechts der Isar - Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) - partner site Munich Heart Alliance, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Bähr
- Klinik und Poliklinik Innere Medizin I, Klinikum rechts der Isar - Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) - partner site Munich Heart Alliance, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Howe
- Klinik und Poliklinik Innere Medizin I, Klinikum rechts der Isar - Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Klett
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), 80336 Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) - partner site Munich Heart Alliance, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Wira Husada
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), 80336 Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) - partner site Munich Heart Alliance, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Karl-Ludwig Laugwitz
- Klinik und Poliklinik Innere Medizin I, Klinikum rechts der Isar - Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) - partner site Munich Heart Alliance, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Kupatt
- Klinik und Poliklinik Innere Medizin I, Klinikum rechts der Isar - Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) - partner site Munich Heart Alliance, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Rabea Hinkel
- Klinik und Poliklinik Innere Medizin I, Klinikum rechts der Isar - Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), 80336 Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) - partner site Munich Heart Alliance, 81675 Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang J, Zhang Y, Zang G, Wang T, Yu Z, Wang S, Tang Z, Liu J. Adipose-derived stem cells improve erectile function partially through the secretion of IGF-1, bFGF, and VEGF in aged rats. Andrology 2018; 6:498-509. [PMID: 29603682 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Yang
- Department of Urology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Institute of Urology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Y. Zhang
- Department of Urology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Institute of Urology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - G. Zang
- Department of Urology; Xuzhou City Centre Hospital; Xuzhou China
| | - T. Wang
- Department of Urology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Institute of Urology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Z. Yu
- Department of Urology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Institute of Urology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - S. Wang
- Department of Urology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Institute of Urology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Z. Tang
- Department of Urology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Institute of Urology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - J. Liu
- Department of Urology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Institute of Urology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ryu JK, Suh JK, Burnett AL. Research in pharmacotherapy for erectile dysfunction. Transl Androl Urol 2017; 6:207-215. [PMID: 28540228 PMCID: PMC5422707 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2016.11.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although oral phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitors are generally accepted as an effective therapy for erectile dysfunction (ED), men with ED from diabetes or radical prostatectomy respond poorly to these drugs. Many researchers have tried to develop novel therapeutics that target alternative molecular pathways. A group of therapeutics belongs to centrally acting agents that target dopamine and melanocortin receptors. The other one is the peripherally acting agents that target soluble guanylate cyclase, Rho-kinase pathway, and Maxi-K channel, etc. Also, a variety of preclinical studies by the application of biotherapies in the concept of therapeutic angiogenesis or neural regeneration as well as anti-fibrosis to regenerate damaged erectile tissue have been reported. This article will address the current therapeutic targets for ED under clinical or preclinical development, including pharmacotherapy and biotherapy which comprises protein therapy and gene therapy. In spite of numerous clinical trials that target alternative pathways, these agents have yet to reach the market. The results from preclinical studies targeting therapeutic angiogenesis, neural regeneration, and anti-fibrosis are promising.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Kan Ryu
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 400-711, Korea
| | - Jun-Kyu Suh
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 400-711, Korea
| | - Arthur L Burnett
- Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lee YC, Huang SP, Tsai CC, Cheng KH, Juan YS, Wu WJ, Bao BY, Huang CN, Wang CJ, Liu CC. Associations of VEGF Gene Polymorphisms With Erectile Dysfunction and Related Risk Factors. J Sex Med 2017; 14:510-517. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
14
|
Kwon MH, Park SH, Song KM, Ghatak K, Limanjaya A, Ryu DS, Ock J, Hong SS, Ryu JK, Suh JK. Penile erection induces angiogenic, survival, and antifibrotic signals: molecular events associated with penile erection induced by cavernous nerve stimulation in mice. Int J Urol 2016; 23:614-22. [DOI: 10.1111/iju.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hye Kwon
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology; Inha University School of Medicine; Incheon Korea
| | - Soo-Hwan Park
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology; Inha University School of Medicine; Incheon Korea
| | - Kang-Moon Song
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology; Inha University School of Medicine; Incheon Korea
| | - Kalyan Ghatak
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology; Inha University School of Medicine; Incheon Korea
| | - Anita Limanjaya
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology; Inha University School of Medicine; Incheon Korea
| | - Dong-Soo Ryu
- Department of Urology; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Samsung Changwon Hospital; Changwon Korea
| | - Jiyeon Ock
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology; Inha University School of Medicine; Incheon Korea
| | - Soon-Sun Hong
- Department of Medicine; Inha University School of Medicine; Incheon Korea
- Inha Research Institute for Medical Sciences; Inha University School of Medicine; Incheon Korea
| | - Ji-Kan Ryu
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology; Inha University School of Medicine; Incheon Korea
- Inha Research Institute for Medical Sciences; Inha University School of Medicine; Incheon Korea
| | - Jun-Kyu Suh
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology; Inha University School of Medicine; Incheon Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kim JH, Lee HJ, Song YS. Mesenchymal stem cell-based gene therapy for erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res 2016; 28:81-7. [PMID: 26888355 DOI: 10.1038/ijir.2016.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the overwhelming success of PDE5 inhibitor (PDE5I), the demand for novel pharmacotherapeutic and surgical options for ED continues to rise owing to the increased proportion of elderly individuals in the population, in addition to the growing percentage of ED patients who do not respond to PDE5I. Surgical treatment of ED is associated with many complications, thus warranting the need for nonsurgical therapies. Moreover, none of the above-mentioned treatments essentially corrects, cures or prevents ED. Although gene therapy is a promising option, many challenges and obstacles such as local inflammatory response and random transgene expression, in addition to other safety issues, limit its use at the clinical level. The use of stem cell therapy alone also has many shortcomings. To overcome these inadequacies, many scientists and clinicians are investigating new gene and stem cell therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J H Kim
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - H J Lee
- Biomedical Research Institute, Chung-Ang School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Y S Song
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Kan Ryu
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 400-711, Korea
| | - Jun-Kyu Suh
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 400-711, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Murat N, Korhan P, Kizer O, Evcim S, Kefi A, Demir Ö, Gidener S, Atabey N, Esen AA. Resveratrol Protects and Restores Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation in Hypercholesterolemic Rabbit Corpus Cavernosum. J Sex Med 2016; 13:12-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
18
|
Gur S, Kadowitz PJ, Sikka SC, Peak TC, Hellstrom WJ. Overview of potential molecular targets for hydrogen sulfide: A new strategy for treating erectile dysfunction. Nitric Oxide 2015; 50:65-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
19
|
Nishimatsu H, Suzuki E, Saito Y, Niimi A, Nomiya A, Fukuhara H, Kume H, Homma Y. Senescent Cells Impair Erectile Function through Induction of Endothelial Dysfunction and Nerve Injury in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124129. [PMID: 25894557 PMCID: PMC4404101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a major health problem, particularly in the elderly population, which is rapidly increasing. It is necessary to elucidate the mechanism by which ED occurs in the elderly. Cellular senescence is commonly detected in old tissues, and it is well known that senescent cells not only withdraw from the cell cycle but also remain viable and actively produce a variety of cytokines. We examined the effect of senescent cells on erectile function after injection of senescent cells into the penises of mice. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were infected with an adenovirus expressing a constitutively active mutant of Ras to induce senescence, and were injected into the penises of nude mice. These senescent cells expressed proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Injection of senescent cells impaired erectile function, as assessed by the measurement of intracavernous pressure. Although the structure of the cavernous body did not remarkably change, expression of the catalytically active form of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and that of total neural nitric oxide synthase significantly decreased after injection. The penises injected with the senescent cells expressed human IL-1β and subsequently endogenous proinflammatory cytokines such as mouse IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α. These results suggested that senescent cells impaired erectile function through induction of endothelial dysfunction and nerve injury. These effects may be mediated by proinflammatory cytokines produced by senescent cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Nishimatsu
- The Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Etsu Suzuki
- Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yasuho Saito
- The Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Niimi
- The Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Nomiya
- The Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fukuhara
- The Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruki Kume
- The Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Homma
- The Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ryu JK, Kim WJ, Koh YJ, Piao S, Jin HR, Lee SW, Choi MJ, Shin HY, Kwon MH, Jung K, Koh GY, Suh JK. Designed angiopoietin-1 variant, COMP-angiopoietin-1, rescues erectile function through healthy cavernous angiogenesis in a hypercholesterolemic mouse. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9222. [PMID: 25783805 PMCID: PMC4363832 DOI: 10.1038/srep09222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the advent of oral phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, curative treatment for erectile dysfunction (ED) remains unavailable. Recently, the link between ED and cardiovascular disease was unveiled and the main etiology of ED was found to be vasculogenic. Therefore, neovascularization is a promising strategy for curing ED. Angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) is an angiogenic growth factor that promotes the generation of stable and functional vasculature. Here, we demonstrate that local delivery of the soluble, stable, and potent Ang1 variant, COMP-Ang1 gene or protein, into the penises of hypercholesterolemic mice increases cavernous angiogenesis, eNOS phosphorylation, and cGMP expression, resulting in full recovery of erectile function and cavernous blood flow up to 8 weeks after treatment. COMP-Ang1-induced promotion of cavernous angiogenesis and erectile function was abolished in Nos3-/- mice and in the presence of the NOS inhibitor, L-NAME. COMP-Ang1 also restored the integrity of endothelial cell-cell junction by down-regulating the expression of histone deacetylase 2 in the penis of hypercholesterolemic mice and in primary cultured mouse cavernous endothelial cells. These findings constitute a new paradigm toward curative treatment of both cavernous angiopathy and ED.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Kan Ryu
- 1] National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 400-711, Republic of Korea [2] Inha Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 400-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jean Kim
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 400-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jun Koh
- National Research Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Stem Cells and Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Shuguang Piao
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 400-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Hai-Rong Jin
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 400-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae-Won Lee
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine and Innovative Research Institute for Cell Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea [2] Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ji Choi
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 400-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Yean Shin
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 400-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hye Kwon
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 400-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Keehoon Jung
- National Research Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Stem Cells and Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Gou Young Koh
- National Research Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Stem Cells and Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Kyu Suh
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 400-711, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fonseca J, Tomada N, Magalhães A, Rodrigues AR, Gouveia AM, Neves D. Effect of aging and cardiovascular risk factors on receptor Tie1 expression in human erectile tissue. J Sex Med 2014; 12:876-86. [PMID: 25487286 DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Erectile dysfunction is highly prevalent in patients with advanced age or cardiovascular disease risk factors (CVDRFs). These conditions interfere on expression of vascular growth factors and respective receptors causing disturbance in endothelial function. AIM This study aims to assess the effect of aging and CVDRF on the expression of tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like and EGF-like domains (Tie) 1 in human corpus cavernosum (CC). METHODS CC fragments obtained from programmed surgeries or organ donors were divided into three groups: young, healthy aged, and aged with CVDRF. Angiopoietin (Ang) 1, Ang2, Tie1, and Tie2 mRNA and protein levels were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively. Dual-immunolabeling of Tie1 with specific markers of endothelium and smooth muscle and Ang1 and Ang2 was performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES To characterize the expression of Tie1 in human CC and elucidate its potential inhibitory effect in Ang-Tie2 system. RESULTS Analysis of mRNAs demonstrated a decrease in Tie1 expression in CVDRF individuals compared with aged or young healthy individuals. No variation for Tie2, Ang1, or Ang2 expression was observed among the studied groups. In all analyzed CC fragments, a 125 kDa band, Tie1, was detected. This protein presented a significant age-related decrease, specially in individuals with CVDRF. Immunofluorescence study revealed Tie1 expression in the endothelium of samples of all experimental groups. CONCLUSIONS Employing different methodological approaches, we show for the first time that Tie1 is expressed in human CC endothelium, and its level of expression diminishes in aged individuals, particularly those with CVDRF. This finding reinforces the view that delivery of Ang1 to the CC of erectile dysfunction affected CVDRF patients is able to activate a beneficial Tie2 response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Fonseca
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Toque HA, Caldwell RW. New approaches to the design and discovery of therapies to prevent erectile dysfunction. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:1447-69. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.949234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
23
|
Song K, Jin H, Park J, Choi MJ, Kwon M, Kwon K, Batbold D, Yin GN, Kim WJ, Koh GY, Ryu J, Suh J. Intracavernous Delivery of Stromal Vascular Fraction Restores Erectile Function Through Production of Angiogenic Factors in a Mouse Model of Cavernous Nerve Injury. J Sex Med 2014; 11:1962-73. [DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
24
|
Yetik-Anacak G, Sorrentino R, Linder AE, Murat N. Gas what: NO is not the only answer to sexual function. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:1434-54. [PMID: 24661203 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to get and keep an erection is important to men for several reasons and the inability is known as erectile dysfunction (ED). ED has started to be accepted as an early indicator of systemic endothelial dysfunction and subsequently of cardiovascular diseases. The role of NO in endothelial relaxation and erectile function is well accepted. The discovery of NO as a small signalling gasotransmitter led to the investigation of the role of other endogenously derived gases, carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulphide (H2 S) in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The role of NO and CO in sexual function and dysfunction has been investigated more extensively and, recently, the involvement of H2 S in erectile function has also been confirmed. In this review, we focus on the role of these three sister gasotransmitters in the physiology, pharmacology and pathophysiology of sexual function in man, specifically erectile function. We have also reviewed the role of soluble guanylyl cyclase/cGMP pathway as a common target of these gasotransmitters. Several studies have proposed alternative therapies targeting different mechanisms in addition to PDE-5 inhibition for ED treatment, since some patients do not respond to these drugs. This review highlights complementary and possible coordinated roles for these mediators and treatments targeting these gasotransmitters in erectile function/ED.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Yetik-Anacak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Angiopoietin-1 regulates microvascular reactivity and protects the microcirculation during acute endothelial dysfunction: role of eNOS and VE-cadherin. Pharmacol Res 2014; 80:43-51. [PMID: 24407281 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The growth factor angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) plays an essential role in angiogenesis and vascular homeostasis. Nevertheless, the role of Ang-1 in regulating vascular tone and blood flow is largely unexplored. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and the junctional protein VE-cadherin are part of the complex signalling cascade initiated by Ang-1 in endothelial cells. In this study, we aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying acute effects of Ang-1 on microvascular reactivity, permeability and blood flow, and hypothesise that eNOS and VE-cadherin underpin Ang-1 mediated vascular effects that are independent of angiogenesis and proliferation. Myography of isolated microarterioles from male C3H/HeN mice (7-10 weeks) was employed to measure vascular reactivity in vitro. Microcirculatory function in vivo was evaluated by intravital microscopy and Doppler fluximetry in dorsal window chambers. Ang-1 and its stable variant MAT.Ang-1 induced a concentration-dependent vasodilation of arterioles in vitro, which was blocked with nitric oxide (NO) synthesis inhibitor l-NAME. In vivo, MAT.Ang-1 restored to control levels l-NAME induced peripheral vasoconstriction, decreased blood flow and microvascular hyperpermeability. Tissue protein expression of VE-cadherin was reduced by NOS inhibition and restored to control levels by MAT.Ang-1, whilst VE-cadherin phosphorylation was increased by l-NAME and subsequently reduced by MAT.Ang-1 administration. Moreover, MAT.Ang-1 alone did not modulate systemic levels of angiogenetic factors. Our novel findings report that Ang-1 induces arteriolar vasodilation via release of NO, suggesting that Ang-1 is an important regulator of microvascular tone. As MAT.Ang-1 ameliorates detrimental effects on the microcirculation induced by inhibition of NO synthesis and stabilizes the endothelial barrier function through VE-cadherin, we propose that this Ang-1 variant may serve as a novel therapeutic agent to protect the microcirculation against endothelial dysfunction.
Collapse
|
26
|
Decaluwé K, Pauwels B, Boydens C, Van de Voorde J. Treatment of erectile dysfunction: new targets and strategies from recent research. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 121:146-57. [PMID: 24291648 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, research on penile erection has increasingly been centered on the molecular mechanisms involved. Major progress has been made in the field and at present a whole number of neurotransmitters, chemical effectors, growth factors, second-messenger molecules, ions, intercellular proteins, and hormones have been characterized as components of the complex process of erection. This knowledge has led to the discovery of several new therapeutic targets and multiple medical approaches for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). This review focuses on the progress made in this field within the last few years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Decaluwé
- Department of Pharmacology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - B Pauwels
- Department of Pharmacology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - C Boydens
- Department of Pharmacology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Van de Voorde
- Department of Pharmacology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhao Y, Li Z, Wang R, Wei J, Li G, Zhao H. Angiopoietin 1 counteracts vascular endothelial growth factor-induced blood–brain barrier permeability and alleviates ischemic injury in the early stages of transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Neurol Res 2013; 32:748-55. [DOI: 10.1179/016164109x12445616596562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
28
|
Nishimatsu H, Suzuki E, Nomiya A, Niimi A, Suzuki M, Fujimura T, Fukuhara H, Homma Y. Adrenomedullin and angiopoietin-1 additively restore erectile function in diabetic rats: comparison with the combination therapy of vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-1. J Sex Med 2013; 10:1707-19. [PMID: 23651347 DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a major health problem. We have shown that adrenomedullin (AM) restores erectile function in diabetic rats. AIM The aim of this study is to explore a better treatment for ED, we examined whether combination of AM and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) was more effective to treat ED than treatment with AM alone or Ang-1 alone. We also compared the effect of the combination therapy with that of treatment with vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A). METHODS Male Wistar rats were injected with streptozotocin (STZ) to induce diabetes. Adenoviruses expressing AM (AdAM), Ang-1 (AdAng-1), and VEGF-A (AdVEGF-A) were injected into the penis 6 weeks after STZ administration. Erectile function, penile histology, and protein expression were analyzed 4 weeks after the injection of the adenoviruses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Intracavernous pressure and mean arterial pressure were measured to evaluate erectile function. The morphology of the penis was analyzed by Elastica van Gieson stain and immunohistochemistry. The expression of α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), VE-cadherin and type I collagen was assessed by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Infection with AdAM plus AdAng-1 more effectively restored erectile function than infection with AdAM alone or AdAng-1 alone. This combination therapy restored erectile function to a level similar to that observed in the age-matched Wistar rats. Expression of SMA and VE-cadherin increased more significantly in the AdAM plus AdAng-1-treated group than in the AdAM- or AdAng-1-treated group. Although AdVEGF-A infection restored erectile function significantly, it also caused enlargement of the trabeculae of the cavernous body, aberrant angiogenesis, and overproduction of type I collagen. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that combination therapy with AM and Ang-1 potently restored erectile function and normal morphology of the cavernous body compared with VEGF-A administration. This combination therapy will be useful to treat ED patients with a severely damaged cavernous body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Nishimatsu
- The Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kim SO, Lee HS, Ahn K, Park K. COMP-angiopoietin-1 promotes cavernous angiogenesis in a type 2 diabetic rat model. J Korean Med Sci 2013; 28:725-30. [PMID: 23678264 PMCID: PMC3653085 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2013.28.5.725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein-angiopoietin-1 (COMP-Ang1) is an angiogenic factor for vascular angiogenesis. The aim was to investigate the effect of an intracavernosal injection of COMP-Ang1 on cavernosal angiogenesis in a diabetic rat model. Male Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats made up the experimental group (1 yr old) and Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats made up the control group. The experimental group was divided into vehicle only, 10 µg COMP-Ang1, and 20 µg COMP-Ang1. COMP-Ang1 was injected into the corpus cavernosum of the penis. After 4 weeks, the penile tissues of the rats were obtained for immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. The immunoreactivity of PECAM-1 and VEGF was increased in the COMP-Ang1 group compared with the vehicle only group. Moreover, the expression of PECAM-1 and VEGF was notably augmented in the 20 µg Comp Ang-1 group. In the immunoblotting study, the expression of PECAM-1 and VEGF protein was significantly less in the OLEFT rats than in the control LETO rats. However, this expression was restored to control level after intracavernosal injection of COMP-Ang1. These results show that an intracavernosal injection of COMP-Ang1 enhances cavernous angiogenesis by structurally reinforcing the cavernosal endothelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Ouck Kim
- Department of Urology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
- Sexual Medicine Research Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyun-Suk Lee
- Department of Urology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
- Sexual Medicine Research Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kyuyoun Ahn
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
- Sexual Medicine Research Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kwangsung Park
- Department of Urology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
- Sexual Medicine Research Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kwon MH, Tuvshintur B, Kim WJ, Jin HR, Yin GN, Song KM, Choi MJ, Kwon KD, Batbold D, Ryu JK, Suh JK. Expression of the apelin-APJ pathway and effects on erectile function in a mouse model of vasculogenic erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med 2013; 10:2928-41. [PMID: 23578329 DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Much attention has recently been focused on therapeutic angiogenesis as a treatment for erectile dysfunction (ED). The apelin and apelin receptor (APJ) system is known to cause endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and to be involved in angiogenesis. AIM To examine the differential expression of apelin and APJ in animal models of vasculogenic ED and to determine whether and how enhancement of apelin-APJ signaling restores erectile function in hypercholesterolemic mice. METHODS Acute cavernous ischemia was induced in C57BL/6J mice by bilateral occlusion of internal iliac arteries, and chronic vasculogenic ED was induced by feeding a high-cholesterol diet or by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of apelin and APJ were determined in cavernous tissue of each vasculogenic ED model by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We evaluated erectile function by electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerve in hypercholesterolemic mice 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after a single intracavernous injection of apelin protein (5 μg/20 μL). The penis was harvested for histologic examinations and Western blot analysis. RESULTS The cavernous mRNA expression of apelin and APJ was up-regulated in acute ischemia model and down-regulated in chronic vasculogenic ED models. A significant restoration of erectile function was noted 1 day after injection of apelin protein into the penis of hypercholesterolemic mice; however, erectile function returned to baseline values thereafter. The beneficial effects of apelin on erectile function resulted mainly from an activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and increase in nitric oxide bioavailability through reduction in reactive oxygen species-mediated endothelial apoptosis rather than through direct endothelial cell proliferation. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that apelin-APJ signaling is a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of vasculogenic ED. Further studies are needed to develop a potent agonist for APJ and to determine the role of repeated dosing of apelin on long-term recovery of erectile function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hye Kwon
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ryu JK, Tumurbaatar M, Jin HR, Kim WJ, Kwon MH, Piao S, Choi MJ, Yin GN, Song KM, Kang YJ, Koh YJ, Koh GY, Suh JK. Intracavernous delivery of freshly isolated stromal vascular fraction rescues erectile function by enhancing endothelial regeneration in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse. J Sex Med 2012; 9:3051-65. [PMID: 23088258 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Men with diabetic erectile dysfunction (ED) often have severe endothelial dysfunction and respond poorly to oral phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors. AIM To examine whether and how freshly isolated stromal vascular fraction (SVF) promotes cavernous endothelial regeneration and restores erectile function in diabetic animals. METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J mice were used. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. SVF was isolated from epididymal adipose tissues of green fluorescence protein transgenic mice. At 8 weeks after the induction of diabetes, the animals were divided into six groups: controls, diabetic mice, and diabetic mice treated with a single intracavernous injection of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or SVF (1 × 10(4) cells, 1 × 10(5) cells, or 2 × 10(5) cells/20 µL, respectively). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Two weeks later, erectile function was measured by cavernous nerve stimulation. The penis was stained with antibodies to CD31, CD34, phosphohistone H3, phospho-endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A). We also performed Western blot for phospho-eNOS and eNOS, and determined cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) concentration in the corpus cavernosum tissue. RESULTS Significant improvement in erectile function was noted in diabetic mice treated with SVF at concentrations of 1 × 10(5) and 2 × 10(5) cells, which reached up to 82% of the control values. Local delivery of SVF significantly increased cavernous endothelial cell proliferation, eNOS phosphorylation, and cGMP expression compared with that in the untreated group and the PBS-treated diabetic group. Intracavernous injection of SVF increased cavernous VEGF-A expression and induced recruitment of CD34(+)CD31(-) progenitor cells. Some SVF underwent differentiation into cavernous endothelial cells. SVF-induced promotion of cavernous angiogenesis and erectile function was abolished in the presence of VEGF-Trap, a soluble VEGF-A neutralizing antibody. CONCLUSION The results support the concept of cavernous endothelial regeneration by use of SVF as a curative therapy for diabetic ED.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Kan Ryu
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ryu JK, Suh JK. Therapeutic angiogenesis as a potential future treatment strategy for erectile dysfunction. World J Mens Health 2012; 30:93-8. [PMID: 23596595 PMCID: PMC3623526 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.2012.30.2.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cavernous endothelium plays a crucial role in regulating the tone of the underlying smooth muscle and physiologic penile erection. Recently, the link between erectile dysfunction (ED) and cardiovascular disease was unveiled, and the main etiology of ED was found to be vasculogenic. Although oral phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors are generally effective for men with ED, such therapies do not cure underlying vasculopathy in the corpus cavernosum tissue. This review addresses current preclinical protein, gene, and cell or stem cell therapies for enhancing cavernous endothelial regeneration and restoring erectile function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Kan Ryu
- Department of Urology, National Research Center for Sexual Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hakim L, Van der Aa F, Bivalacqua TJ, Hedlund P, Albersen M. Emerging tools for erectile dysfunction: a role for regenerative medicine. Nat Rev Urol 2012; 9:520-36. [PMID: 22824778 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2012.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the most common sexual disorder reported by men to their health-care providers and the most investigated male sexual dysfunction. Currently, the treatment of ED focuses on 'symptomatic relief' of ED and, therefore, tends to provide temporary relief rather than providing a cure or reversing the cause. The identification of a large population of "difficult-to-treat" patients has triggered researchers to identify novel treatment approaches, which focus on cure and restoration of the underlying cause of ED. Regenerative medicine has developed extensively in the past few decades and preclinical trials have emphasized the benefit of growth factor therapy, gene transfer, stem cells and tissue engineering for the restoration of erectile function. Development of clinical trials involving immunomodulation in postprostatectomy ED patients and the use of maxi-K channels for gene therapy are illustrative of the advances in the field. However, the search for novel treatment targets and a wealth of preclinical studies represent a dynamic and continuing field of enquiry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukman Hakim
- Laboratory of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
An G, Ji C, Wei Z, Chen H, Zhang J. The therapeutic role of VEGF-expressing muscle-derived stem cells in acute penile cavernosal injury. J Sex Med 2012; 9:1988-2000. [PMID: 22759755 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02827.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Traumatic penile injury is one of the urological emergencies. Surgery and conservative management are major treatment methods but are always accompanied by many complications. AIM To investigate the feasibility of repairing cavernous tissues in acute rabbit penile cavernosal injury model with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-expressing muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs). METHODS MDSCs were isolated and transfected with hVEGF165 lentiviral gene vector in vitro. The expression of VEGF was confirmed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses. After animal models were constructed, animals were randomly divided into four groups, which were administrated with MDSCs/VEGF, MDSCs/vector, MDSCs, and normal saline, respectively. A month later, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and intracavernosal pressures (ICP) were performed on the animals. Then penile tissues were harvested and assayed with Western blot and immunohistochemistry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Real-time PCR, Western blot, ELISA, immunohistochemistry, MRI, and ICP were performed in our experiments. RESULTS The expression of VEGF significantly increased in the VEGF-expressing MDSCs group compared with those in the MDSCs/vector and MDSCs groups. VEGF protein expression in the injury sites of cavernous tissues were significantly higher in the MDSCs/VEGF group compared with those in other three groups. Immunohistochemical staining showed that α-smooth muscle actin-positive cells, von Willebrand factor-positive cells and capillary density markedly increased in the MDSCs/VEGF group. Animals receiving MDSCs/VEGF showed a significant improvement in cavernosal contractile function and structural repair. CONCLUSIONS The transplantation of VEGF-expressing MDSCs could repair the actuely injured cavernous tissue. We believed that it could be a novel therapeutic strategy for acute rabbit penile cavernosal injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geng An
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lai VK, Afzal MR, Ashraf M, Jiang S, Haider HK. Non-hypoxic stabilization of HIF-Iα during coordinated interaction between Akt and angiopoietin-1 enhances endothelial commitment of bone marrow stem cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 90:719-30. [PMID: 22237590 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-011-0852-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) co-expressing Akt and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) preserved infarcted heart function via angiomyogenesis. The present study determined the mechanism of co-overexpression of Akt and Ang-1 in promoting endothelial commitment of MSC. The cells were transduced with vectors encoding for Akt ((Akt)MSC), Ang-1 ((Ang-1)MSC), and both Akt and Ang-1 ((AA)MSC) using Empty vector transduced MSC ((Emp)MSC) as control. Molecular studies indicated a coordinated interaction between Akt and Ang-1 in (AA)MSC and led to non-hypoxic stabilization of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-Iα) which accentuated under 4-h anoxia. We also observed HIF-Iα dependent induction of hemeoxygenase-1, endothelial specific markers and VEGF in (AA)MSC. Vascular commitment of (AA)MSC was confirmed by immunostaining, Western blotting and flow cytometry for endothelial specific early and late markers including Flt1, Flk1, Tie2, VCAM-1, and von Willebrand Factor-VIII (vWF-VIII) in HIF-Iα dependent fashion besides exhibiting higher emigrational activity and angiogenesis in vitro. (AA)MSC transplanted into rat model of myocardial infarction showed higher Flk1 and Flt1 positivity and also promoted intrinsic Flk1(+) and Flt1(+) cell mobilization into the infarcted heart. Given the ease of availability of MSC and simplicity of approach to co-overexpress Ang-1 and Akt to enhance their endothelial commitment, the strategy will be significant for cellular angiogenesis to treat ischemic heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vien Khach Lai
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, 231-Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0529, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Animal models of erectile dysfunction (ED): potential utility of non-human primates as a model of atherosclerosis-induced vascular ED. Int J Impot Res 2011; 24:91-100. [PMID: 22205244 DOI: 10.1038/ijir.2011.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a prevalent medical condition affecting 18 million men and their sexual partners in the United States alone. In the majority of patients, ED is related to alterations in the flow of blood to or from the penis. Undeniably, significant progress has been made in understanding the multifactorial mechanisms that modulate erectile capacity and predispose one to ED, and this, in turn, has led to the availability of more effective treatment options. Nonetheless, all current therapies have untoward side effects, and moreover, there are still no satisfactory treatments for many patients with ED. Further enhancements in the treatment of ED would logically result from both early intervention and more detailed mechanistic insight into the characteristics of the disease process per se. This fact underscores the importance of improved understanding of the initiation, development and progression of ED. However, to do so requires longitudinal studies on animal models that more closely approximate the corresponding clinical features and time course of human disease. The goal of this report is twofold. First, to provide a brief general overview of the applicability of commonly used animal models for the study of ED. The second and primary goal is to highlight the scientific rationale for using non-human primates to evaluate the impact of atherosclerosis-induced vascular disease on the penile and systemic circulatory systems. This latter goal seems especially relevant in light of the recent literature documenting a link between ED and systemic vascular disease, a finding that has major implications in an aging US male population consuming a high fat diet.
Collapse
|
37
|
Chung E, Brock GB. Emerging and Novel Therapeutic Approaches in the Treatment of Male Erectile Dysfunction. Curr Urol Rep 2011; 12:432-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s11934-011-0216-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
38
|
Qiu X, Fandel TM, Lin G, Huang YC, Dai YT, Lue TF, Lin CS. Cavernous smooth muscle hyperplasia in a rat model of hyperlipidaemia-associated erectile dysfunction. BJU Int 2011; 108:1866-72. [PMID: 21895927 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2011.10162.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED What's known on the subject? and what does the study add? Increased cavernous smooth muscle content has been repeatedly observed in rat models of hyperlipidaemia - associated erectile dysfunction. This study shows that the increased smooth muscle content is due to hyperplasia. OBJECTIVE • To investigate the structural changes, including possible smooth muscle hyperplasia, in the penis of a hyperlipidaemia-associated erectile dysfunction (ED) animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS • Hyperlipidaemia was induced in rats through a high-fat diet. • Penile tissues of normal and hyperlipidaemic rats were stained with Alexa-488-conjugated phalloidin and/or with antibodies against rat endothelial cell antigen, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and collagen type IV (Col-IV) before image and statistical analyses were carried out. • The main outcome measures were the smooth muscle, endothelial, Col-IV and nNOS content of the corpus cavernosum. RESULTS • Phalloidin intensely stained all smooth muscle in the penis, revealing the circular and longitudinal components of cavernous smooth muscle (CSM). • The CSM content was significantly higher in the hyperlipidaemic than in the normal rats (P < 0.05). • Cell numbers in both circular and longitudinal CSM were significantly higher in the hyperlipidaemic than in the normal rats (P < 0.05). • Cavernous endothelial content was significantly lower in hyperlipidaemic than in normal rats (P < 0.05). • nNOS-positive nerves within the dorsal nerves, around the dorsal arteries, and in the corpora cavernosa were all significantly lower in the hyperlipidaemic than in the normal rats (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS • Hyperlipidaemia is associated with reduced nNOS-positive nerves, reduced endothelium, and increased CSM in the penis. • The increased CSM is attributable to hyperplasia. • These structural changes may explain why hyperlipidaemic men are more likely to develop ED.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Qiu
- Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory, Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Figueiredo A, Cordeiro AL, Tomada N, Tomada I, Rodrigues A, Gouveia A, Neves D. Real-Time PCR Study of Ang1, Ang2, Tie-2, VEGF, and KDR Expression in Human Erectile Tissue during Aging. J Sex Med 2011; 8:1341-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.02116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
40
|
Musicki B, Liu T, Lagoda GA, Strong TD, Sezen SF, Johnson JM, Burnett AL. Hypercholesterolemia-induced erectile dysfunction: endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) uncoupling in the mouse penis by NAD(P)H oxidase. J Sex Med 2011; 7:3023-32. [PMID: 20626609 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01880.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypercholesterolemia induces erectile dysfunction (ED) mostly by increasing oxidative stress and impairing endothelial function in the penis, but the mechanisms regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the penis are not understood. AIMS We evaluated whether hypercholesterolemia activates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD[P]H) oxidase in the penis, providing an initial source of ROS to induce endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) uncoupling and endothelial dysfunction resulting in ED. METHODS Low-density-lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-null mice were fed Western diet for 4 weeks to induce early-stage hyperlipidemia. Wild type (WT) mice fed regular chow served as controls. Mice received NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor apocynin (10 mM in drinking water) or vehicle. Erectile function was assessed in response to cavernous nerve electrical stimulation. Markers of endothelial function (phospho [P]-vasodilator-stimulated-protein [VASP]-Ser-239), oxidative stress (4-hydroxy-2-nonenal [HNE]), sources of ROS (eNOS uncoupling and NAD[P]H oxidase subunits p67(phox) , p47(phox) , and gp91(phox) ), P-eNOS-Ser-1177, and eNOS were measured by Western blot in penes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The main outcome measures are the molecular mechanisms of ROS generation and endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemia-induced ED. RESULTS Erectile response was significantly (P<0.05) reduced in hypercholesterolemic LDLR-null mice compared with WT mice. Relative to WT mice, hypercholesterolemia increased (P<0.05) protein expressions of NAD(P)H oxidase subunits p67(phox) , p47(phox) and gp91(phox) , eNOS uncoupling, and 4-HNE-modified proteins, and reduced (P<0.05) P-VASP-Ser-239 expression in the penis. Apocynin treatment of LDLR-null mice preserved (P<0.05) maximal intracavernosal pressure, and reversed (P<0.05) the abnormalities in protein expressions of gp67(phox) and gp47(phox) , 4-HNE, P-VASP-Ser-239, and eNOS uncoupling in the penis. Apocynin treatment of WT mice did not affect any of these parameters. Protein expressions of P-eNOS-Ser-1177 and total eNOS were unaffected by hypercholesterolemia. CONCLUSION Activated NAD(P)H oxidase in the penis is an initial source of oxidative stress resulting in eNOS uncoupling, thus providing a mechanism of eNOS uncoupling and endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemia-induced ED.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Musicki
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Jin HR, Kim WJ, Song JS, Piao S, Choi MJ, Tumurbaatar M, Shin SH, Yin GN, Koh GY, Ryu JK, Suh JK. Intracavernous delivery of a designed angiopoietin-1 variant rescues erectile function by enhancing endothelial regeneration in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse. Diabetes 2011; 60:969-80. [PMID: 21270241 PMCID: PMC3046858 DOI: 10.2337/db10-0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with diabetic erectile dysfunction often have severe endothelial dysfunction and respond poorly to oral phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors. We examined the effectiveness of the potent angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) variant, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP)-Ang1, in promoting cavernous endothelial regeneration and restoring erectile function in diabetic animals. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Four groups of mice were used: controls; streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice; STZ-induced diabetic mice treated with repeated intracavernous injections of PBS; and STZ-induced diabetic mice treated with COMP-Ang1 protein (days -3 and 0). Two and 4 weeks after treatment, we measured erectile function by electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerve. The penis was harvested for histologic examinations, Western blot analysis, and cGMP quantification. We also performed a vascular permeability test. RESULTS Local delivery of the COMP-Ang1 protein significantly increased cavernous endothelial proliferation, endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) phosphorylation, and cGMP expression compared with that in the untreated or PBS-treated STZ-induced diabetic group. The changes in the group that received COMP-Ang1 restored erectile function up to 4 weeks after treatment. Endothelial protective effects, such as marked decreases in the expression of p47(phox) and inducible NOS, in the generation of superoxide anion and nitrotyrosine, and in the number of apoptotic cells in the corpus cavernosum tissue, were noted in COMP-Ang1-treated STZ-induced diabetic mice. An intracavernous injection of COMP-Ang1 completely restored endothelial cell-cell junction proteins and decreased cavernous endothelial permeability. COMP-Ang1-induced promotion of cavernous angiogenesis and erectile function was abolished by the NOS inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, but not by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the concept of cavernous endothelial regeneration by use of the recombinant Ang1 protein as a curative therapy for diabetic erectile dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Rong Jin
- National Research Laboratory of Regenerative Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Woo Jean Kim
- National Research Laboratory of Regenerative Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jae Sook Song
- National Research Laboratory of Regenerative Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Shuguang Piao
- National Research Laboratory of Regenerative Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Min Ji Choi
- National Research Laboratory of Regenerative Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Munkhbayar Tumurbaatar
- National Research Laboratory of Regenerative Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sun Hwa Shin
- National Research Laboratory of Regenerative Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Guo Nan Yin
- National Research Laboratory of Regenerative Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Gou Young Koh
- Department of Biological Sciences and National Research Laboratory for Vascular Biology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ji-Kan Ryu
- National Research Laboratory of Regenerative Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
- Corresponding author: Jun-Kyu Suh, , and Ji-Kan Ryu,
| | - Jun-Kyu Suh
- National Research Laboratory of Regenerative Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
- Corresponding author: Jun-Kyu Suh, , and Ji-Kan Ryu,
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Burnett AL, Goldstein I, Andersson KE, Argiolas A, Christ G, Park K, Xin ZC. Future sexual medicine physiological treatment targets. J Sex Med 2011; 7:3269-304. [PMID: 21029380 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.02025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sexual function in men and women incorporates physiologic processes and regulation of the central and peripheral nervous systems, the vascular system, and the endocrine system. There is need for state-of-the-art information as there is an evolving research understanding of the underlying molecular biological factors and mechanisms governing sexual physiologic functions. AIM To develop an evidence-based, state-of-the-art consensus report on the current knowledge of the major cellular and molecular targets of biologic systems responsible for sexual physiologic function. METHODS State-of-the-art knowledge representing the opinions of seven experts from four countries was developed in a consensus process over a 2-year period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Expert opinion was based on the grading of evidence-based medical literature, widespread internal committee discussion, public presentation, and debate. RESULTS Scientific investigation in this field is needed to increase knowledge and foster development of the future line of treatments for all forms of biological-based sexual dysfunction. This article addresses the current knowledge of the major cellular and molecular targets of biological systems responsible for sexual physiologic function. Future treatment targets include growth factor therapy, gene therapy, stem and cell-based therapies, and regenerative medicine. CONCLUSIONS Scientific discovery is critically important for developing new and increasingly effective treatments in sexual medicine. Broad physiologic directions should be vigorously explored and considered for future management of sexual disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur L Burnett
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Jin HR, Kim WJ, Song JS, Piao S, Tumurbaatar M, Shin SH, Choi MJ, Tuvshintur B, Song KM, Kwon MH, Yin GN, Koh GY, Ryu JK, Suh JK. Intracavernous delivery of synthetic angiopoietin-1 protein as a novel therapeutic strategy for erectile dysfunction in the type II diabetic db/db mouse. J Sex Med 2011; 7:3635-46. [PMID: 20584113 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with erectile dysfunction (ED) associated with type II diabetes often have impaired endothelial function and tend to respond poorly to oral phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. Therefore, neovascularization is a promising strategy for curing diabetic ED. AIM To determine the effectiveness of a soluble, stable, and potent angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) variant, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP)-Ang1, in promoting cavernous angiogenesis and erectile function in a mouse model of type II diabetic ED. Methods. Sixteen-week-old male db/db mice (in which obesity and type II diabetes are caused by a mutation in the leptin receptor) and control C57BL/6J mice were used and divided into four groups (N=14 per group): age-matched controls; db/db mice receiving two successive intracavernous injections of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (days -3 and 0; 20 µL); db/db mice receiving a single intracavernous injection of COMP-Ang1 protein (day 0; 5.8 µg/20 µL); and db/db mice receiving two successive intracavernous injections of COMP-Ang1 protein (days -3 and 0; 5.8 µg/20 µL). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Two weeks later, erectile function was measured by electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerve. The penis was then harvested and stained with antibodies to platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) (endothelial cell marker), phosphohistone H3 (PH3, a nuclear protein indicative of cell proliferation), phospho-endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and eNOS. Penis specimens from a separate group of animals were used for cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) quantification. RESULTS Local delivery of COMP-Ang1 protein significantly increased eNOS phosphorylation and cGMP and cAMP expression compared with that in the group treated with PBS. Repeated intracavernous injections of COMP-Ang1 protein completely restored erectile function and cavernous endothelial content through enhanced cavernous neoangiogenesis as evaluated by PECAM-1 and PH3 immunohistochemistry and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling assay, whereas a single injection of COMP-Ang1 protein elicited partial improvement. CONCLUSION Cavernous neovascularization using recombinant Ang1 protein is a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ED resulting from type II diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Rong Jin
- National Research Laboratory of Regenerative Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Yoshimura N, Kato R, Chancellor MB, Nelson JB, Glorioso JC. Gene therapy as future treatment of erectile dysfunction. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:1305-14. [PMID: 20662742 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2010.510510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a major men's health problem. Although the high success rate of treating ED by phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors has been reported, there are a significant number of ED patients who do not respond to currently available treatment modalities. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW To elucidate the current status of gene therapy applications for ED, gene therapy approaches for ED treatment are reviewed. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Gene therapy strategies that can enhance nitric oxide (NO) production or NO-mediated signaling pathways, growth factor-mediated nerve regeneration or K(+) channel activity in the smooth muscle could be promising approaches for the treatment of ED. Although the majority of gene therapy studies are still in the preclinical phase, the first clinical trial using non-viral gene transfer of Ca(2+)-activated, large-conductance K(+) channels into the corpus cavernosum of ED patients showed positive results. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Gene therapy represents an exciting future treatment option for ED, especially for people with severe ED unresponsive to current first-line therapies such as PDE5 inhibitors although the long-term safety of both viral and non-viral gene therapies should be established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yoshimura
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Suite 700 Kaufmann Medical Building, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bot PT, Pasterkamp G, Goumans MJ, Strijder C, Moll FL, de Vries JP, Pals ST, de Kleijn DP, Piek JJ, Hoefer IE. Hyaluronic acid metabolism is increased in unstable plaques. Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40:818-27. [PMID: 20597964 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyaluronic acid is expressed in atherosclerotic lesions, but its exact role in atherosclerotic disease remains unknown. As degradation of hyaluronic acid by hyaluronidase into low molecular weight hyaluronic acid (LMW-HA) is associated with inflammation and Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activity, we hypothesized that hyaluronic acid metabolism is increased in plaques with unstable characteristics like large lipid core, high number of macrophages, MMP-9 activity, low collagen and smooth muscle cell content. MATERIALS AND METHODS Protein was isolated from 68 carotid artery specimens. The adjacent plaque segment was characterized for the histological parameters: lipid core, macrophage, collagen, smooth muscle cell (SMC) content and the amount of intra-plaque thrombus. Hyaluronidase activity, total hyaluronic acid and LMW-HA expression, the standard hayaluronic acid receptor CD44s and the VEGF-A binding isoform CD44v3, MMP-9 activity and the plaque instability associated growth factor Vascular Endothial Growth Factor (VEGF)-A were analysed and correlated with histological characteristics. RESULTS Hyaluronidase activity, LMW-HA and CD44 expression (CD44s, CD44v3) levels were increased in atheromatous plaques compared with fibrous plaques. Total hyaluronic acid did not correlate with plaque instability. MMP-9 activity correlated with CD44s, hyaluronidase and LMW-HA expression. CD44v3 correlated with the angiogenic factor VEGF-A. In vitro stimulation of macrophages with LMW-HA increased MMP-9 activity. CONCLUSIONS We show for the first time that increased hyaluronic acid metabolism and elevated CD44 levels are associated with plaque destabilization potentially by increased MMP-9 activity and stimulation of angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter T Bot
- Department of Cardiology, AMC Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lysiak JJ, Kavoussi PK, Ellati RT, Steers WD, Annex BH. Angiogenesis Therapy for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction. J Sex Med 2010; 7:2554-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
47
|
Tomada N, Tomada I, Cruz F, Vendeira P, Neves D. Characterization of VEGF and Angiopoietins Expression in Human Corpus Cavernosum during Aging. J Sex Med 2010; 7:1410-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01648.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
48
|
Galiano M, Pignot G, Costa C, Vallancien G, Virag R. Dysfonction érectile et cellules endothéliales caverneuses. Prog Urol 2010; 20:188-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
49
|
Harraz A, Shindel AW, Lue TF. Emerging gene and stem cell therapies for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Nat Rev Urol 2010; 7:143-52. [PMID: 20157303 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2010.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction is a prevalent condition that leads to significant morbidity and distress, not just for affected men but also for their partners. Very few currently available treatments ameliorate the underlying causes of the disorder and 'cure' the disease state. Much recent effort has been focused on the development of gene and cell-based approaches to rectify the molecular and tissue defects responsible for ED. Gene therapy has been investigated in animal models as a means to restore normal function to the penis; at this time, however, only one human trial has been published in the peer-reviewed literature. Recent gene therapy studies have focused on the modulation of enzymes associated with the NOS/cGMP pathway, and supplementation of trophic factors, peptides and potassium channels. Stem cell therapy has been a topic of interest in more recent years but there are currently very few published reports in animal models and none in human men. Although stem cell therapy offers the potential for restoration of functional tissues, legitimate concerns remain regarding the long-term fate of stem cells. The long-term safety of both gene and stem cell therapy must be thoroughly investigated before large-scale human studies can be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Harraz
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0738, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Tomada N, Tomada I, Vendeira P, Neves D. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietins in human corpus cavernosum. BJU Int 2009; 105:269-73. [PMID: 19583734 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2009.08663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the expression of the angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietins (Ang) 1 and 2, in normal human penile erectile tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS Penile fragments were removed from four young healthy organ donors (aged 17-28 years), and processed for immunohistochemical studies for VEGF, Ang1 and Ang2, and their specific receptors (VEGFR1 and 2, and Tie2, respectively). Molecular analysis was used to confirm the expression of VEGF and Angs in erectile tissue. RESULTS VEGF and VEGFR1 expression was restricted to smooth muscle cells (SMCs). VEGFR2 was detected mainly in the endothelium lining and to a lesser extent in the SMC. Ang1 had a scattered distribution mostly in the perivascular SM layer, showing co-localization with VEGF. Tie2 was faintly detected in the endothelial cells. Ang2 was not detected by immunohistochemical studies, but the use of the same antibody in molecular analysis confirmed Ang2 expression in human corpus cavernosum. CONCLUSIONS We show for the first time the co-localization of VEGF and Ang1 in the SMC, suggesting an interaction for vessel stabilization. Ang2 seems to be available for neoangiogenesis, if challenged. Studies of endothelial markers, growth factors and specific receptors are useful for understanding vascular organization and angiogenesis in normal human erectile tissue. This knowledge will be fundamental for developing newer therapeutic approaches to prevent or even cure erectile dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Tomada
- Hospital de S. João and Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine of Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|