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Zhang Y, Nagalo BM. Immunovirotherapy Based on Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus: Where Are We? Front Immunol 2022; 13:898631. [PMID: 35837384 PMCID: PMC9273848 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.898631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), a negative-strand RNA virus of the Vesiculovirus genus, has demonstrated encouraging anti-neoplastic activity across multiple human cancer types. VSV is particularly attractive as an oncolytic agent because of its broad tropism, fast replication kinetics, and amenability to genetic manipulations. Furthermore, VSV-induced oncolysis can elicit a potent antitumor cytotoxic T-cell response to viral proteins and tumor-associated antigens, resulting in a long-lasting antitumor effect. Because of this multifaceted immunomodulatory property, VSV was investigated extensively as an immunovirotherapy alone or combined with other anticancer modalities, such as immune checkpoint blockade. Despite these recent opportunities to delineate synergistic and additive antitumor effects with existing anticancer therapies, FDA approval for the use of oncolytic VSV in humans has not yet been granted. This mini-review discusses factors that have prompted the use of VSV as an immunovirotherapy in human cancers and provides insights into future perspectives and research areas to improve VSV-based oncotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguo Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Bolni Marius Nagalo
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
- *Correspondence: Bolni Marius Nagalo,
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Crane AT, Chrostek MR, Krishna VD, Shiao M, Toman NG, Pearce CM, Tran SK, Sipe CJ, Guo W, Voth JP, Vaid S, Xie H, Lu WC, Swanson W, Grande AW, Schleiss MR, Bierle CJ, Cheeran MCJ, Low WC. Zika virus-based immunotherapy enhances long-term survival of rodents with brain tumors through upregulation of memory T-cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232858. [PMID: 33002018 PMCID: PMC7529292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) exhibits a tropism for brain tumor cells and has been used as an oncolytic virus to target brain tumors in mice with modest effects on extending median survival. Recent studies have highlighted the potential for combining virotherapy and immunotherapy to target cancer. We postulated that ZIKV could be used as an adjuvant to enhance the long-term survival of mice with malignant glioblastoma and generate memory T-cells capable of providing long-term immunity against cancer remission. To test this hypothesis mice bearing malignant intracranial GL261 tumors were subcutaneously vaccinated with irradiated GL261 cells previously infected with the ZIKV. Mice also received intracranial injections of live ZIKV, irradiation attenuated ZIKV, or irradiated GL261 cells previously infected with ZIKV. Long-term survivors were rechallenged with a second intracranial tumor to examine their immune response and look for the establishment of protective memory T-cells. Mice with subcutaneous vaccination plus intracranial irradiation attenuated ZIKV or intracranial irradiated GL261 cells previously infected with ZIKV exhibited the greatest extensions to overall survival. Flow cytometry analysis of immune cells within the brains of long-term surviving mice after tumor rechallenge revealed an increase in the number of T-cells, including CD4+ and tissue-resident effector/ effector memory CD4+ T-cells, in comparison to long-term survivors that were mock-rechallenged, and in comparison to naïve untreated mice challenged with intracranial gliomas. These results suggest that ZIKV can serve as an adjuvant to subcutaneous tumor vaccines that enhance long-term survival and generate protective tissue-resident memory CD4+ T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T. Crane
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Chrostek
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Venkatramana D. Krishna
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Maple Shiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Nikolas G. Toman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Clairice M. Pearce
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Sarah K. Tran
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Sipe
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Winston Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Joseph P. Voth
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Shivanshi Vaid
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Wei-Cheng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Will Swanson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Andrew W. Grande
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Mark R. Schleiss
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Craig J. Bierle
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Maxim C-J. Cheeran
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Walter C. Low
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
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Munis AM, Bentley EM, Takeuchi Y. A tool with many applications: vesicular stomatitis virus in research and medicine. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:1187-1201. [PMID: 32602788 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1787981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) has long been a useful research tool in virology and recently become an essential part of medicinal products. Vesiculovirus research is growing quickly following its adaptation to clinical gene and cell therapy and oncolytic virotherapy. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the versatility of VSV as a research tool and biological reagent, its use as a viral and vaccine vector delivering therapeutic and immunogenic transgenes and an oncolytic virus aiding cancer treatment. Challenges such as the immune response against such advanced therapeutic medicinal products and manufacturing constraints are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION The field of in vivo gene and cell therapy is advancing rapidly with VSV used in many ways. Comparison of VSV's use as a versatile therapeutic reagent unveils further prospects and problems for each application. Overcoming immunological challenges to aid repeated administration of viral vectors and minimizing harmful host-vector interactions remains one of the major challenges. In the future, exploitation of reverse genetic tools may assist the creation of recombinant viral variants that have improved onco-selectivity and more efficient vaccine vector activity. This will add to the preferential features of VSV as an excellent advanced therapy medicinal product (ATMP) platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altar M Munis
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK.,Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control , South Mimms, UK
| | - Emma M Bentley
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control , South Mimms, UK
| | - Yasuhiro Takeuchi
- Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control , South Mimms, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London , London, UK
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