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Shoeibi S, Green E, Wei H, Gou W, Strange C, Wang H. Immortalized mesenchymal stromal cells overexpressing alpha-1 antitrypsin protect acinar cells from apoptotic and ferroptotic cell death. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e70093. [PMID: 39468387 PMCID: PMC11518823 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.70093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a progressive inflammatory disorder that impairs endocrine and exocrine function. Our previous work showed that mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and MSCs overexpressing alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT-MSCs) could be therapeutic tools for CP. However, primary MSCs are predisposed to undergo senescence during culture expansion, which limits their therapeutic applications. We generated and characterized immortalized human MSCs (iMSCs) and AAT-MSCs (iAAT-MSCs) and tested their protective effect on 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced acinar cell death in an in vitro cell culture system. Primary MSCs were immortalized by transduction with simian virus 40 large T antigen (SV40LT), and the resulting iMSC and iAAT-MSC lines were analysed for proliferation, senescence, phenotype and multi-differentiation potential. Subsequently, apoptosis and ferroptosis pathways were investigated by assessing changes before and after TNBS treatment. Coculture of iMSCs and iAAT-MSCs with acinar cell lines inhibited early cell death induced by TNBS, reduced ER stress and reversed TNBS-induced protein reduction at tight junctions. Additionally, iMSCs and iAAT-MSCs exerted such protection by regulating mitochondrial respiration, ATP content and ROS production in TNBS-induced acinar cells. Furthermore, iMSCs and iAAT-MSCs ameliorated TNBS-induced ferroptosis by modulating iron generation and ROS production and regulating the ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1)/protein disulfide isomerase (PDI)/glutathione peroxide 4 (GPX4) signalling pathways in acinar cells. These findings identify ferroptosis as an unrecognized mechanism that leads to TNBS-induced cell death and offer mechanistic insights relevant to using stem cell therapy to treat acinar cell death associated with CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Shoeibi
- Department of SurgeryMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Erica Green
- Department of SurgeryMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Hua Wei
- Department of SurgeryMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Wenyu Gou
- Department of SurgeryMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Charlie Strange
- Department of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Department of SurgeryMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical CenterCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
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Shoeibi S, Green E, Wei H, Gou W, Strange C, Wang H. Immortalized Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Overexpressing Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Protect Acinar Cells from Apoptotic and Ferroptotic Cell Death. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2961444. [PMID: 37609340 PMCID: PMC10441457 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2961444/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a progressive inflammatory disorder that impairs endocrine and exocrine function. Our previous work suggests that mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and MSCs overexpressing alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT-MSCs) could be therapeutic tools for CP treatment in mouse models. However, primary MSCs have a predisposition to undergo senescence during culture expansion which limits their therapeutic applications. Here we generated and characterized immortalized human MSCs (iMSCs) and AAT-MSCs (iAAT-MSCs) and tested their protective effect on 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) -induced acinar cell death in an in vitro cell culture system. Primary MSCs were immortalized by transduction with simian virus 40 large T antigen (SV40LT), and the resulting iMSC and iAAT-MSC lines were analyzed for proliferation, senescence, phenotype, and multi-differentiation potential. Subsequently, the impact of these cells on TNBS-induced cell death was measured and compared. Both apoptosis and ferroptosis pathways were investigated by assessing changes of critical factors before and after cell treatment. Coculture of iMSCs and iAAT-MSCs with acinar cell lines inhibited early apoptosis induced by TNBS, reduced ER stress, and reversed TNBS-induced protein reduction at tight junctions. Additionally, iMSCs and iAAT-MSCs exerted such protection by regulating mitochondrial respiration, ATP content, and ROS production in TNBS-induced acinar cells. Furthermore, iMSCs and iAAT-MSCs ameliorated ferroptosis by regulating the ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1)/protein disulfide isomerase (PDI)/glutathione peroxide 4 (GPX4) signaling pathways and by modulating ROS function and iron generation in acinar cells. These findings identified ferroptosis as one of the mechanisms that leads to TNBS-induced cell death and offer mechanistic insights relevant to using stem cell therapy for the treatment of CP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wenyu Gou
- Medical University of South Carolina
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DARBANDI MITRA, REZAEIAN SHAHAB, DIANATINASAB MOSTAFA, YAGHOOBI HALIME, SOLTANI MARYAM, ETEMAD KOOROSH, VALADBEIGI TANAZ, TAHERPOUR NILOUFAR, HAJIPOUR MAHMOUD, SAEIDI REZA. Prevalence of gestational diabetes and its association with stillbirth, preterm birth, macrosomia, abortion and cesarean delivery: a national prevalence study of 11 provinces in Iran. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2021; 62:E885-E891. [PMID: 35603250 PMCID: PMC9104678 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2021.62.4.1788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common metabolic disorders during pregnancy that significantly affects perinatal outcomes. Objective The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of GDM and its relation with the incidence of stillbirth, preterm birth, macrosomia, abortion and cesarean section (C-section) delivery in pregnant women. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 3675 pregnant women in 11 provinces across Iran. Cluster sampling was used to select samples from mothers covered by health plans in 11 provinces of Iran. Prevalence of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preterm delivery, type of delivery, macrosomic preterm birth, miscarriage, stillbirth, infant death, and birth weight were measured, using family record and face-to-face interviews. Data were analyzed by logistic regression, using STATA14.2 software. Results About four percent of Iranian pregnant women had GDM during pregnancy. Prevalence of C-section was significantly higher in diabetic women than in the non-diabetic ones (53.19 vs 46.81, respectively, P < 0.001). Abortion in diabetic mothers was more than twice that of the non-diabetic mothers (P < 0.001). In the adjusted logistic regression model, the odds of stillbirth in mothers with GDM were 1.8 (95% CI: 1.11, 2.91, P = 0.018) times higher than that of the non-diabetics. The odds of macrosomia in diabetic women was about 7 times higher than the non-diabetic women (95% CI: 2.81, 17.14, P < 0.001). The odds of GDM had an increasing trend according to the BMI (p < 0.001). The risk of GDM were significantly lower, according to the daily physical activity (PA) (p < 0.001). Conclusion The GDM prevalence has a decreasing trend in Iran. It increases the adverse pregnancy outcomes such as stillbirth, neonatal deaths, macrosomia, preterm birth, abortion and C-section delivery. As, some of these consequences like macrosomia are not treatable, thus early prevention is very crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- MITRA DARBANDI
- Student Research Committee, School of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - SHAHAB REZAEIAN
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Research Centerfor Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, School of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - MOSTAFA DIANATINASAB
- Department of Complex Genetics and Epidemiology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - HALIME YAGHOOBI
- Mother and Child Welfare Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - MARYAM SOLTANI
- Razi Clinical Research Development Unit (RCRDU), Birjand University of Medical Sciences(BUMS), Birjand, Iran
| | - KOOROSH ETEMAD
- Associate Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - TANAZ VALADBEIGI
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - NILOUFAR TAHERPOUR
- Student Research Committee, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - MAHMOUD HAJIPOUR
- Pediatric Gastroentrology, Hepatology and Nutrition Research Center, Research Institute for Children’s Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - REZA SAEIDI
- Neonatal Health Research Center, Research Institute for Children Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Lnc-PFAR facilitates autophagy and exacerbates pancreatic fibrosis by reducing pre-miR-141 maturation in chronic pancreatitis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:996. [PMID: 34697288 PMCID: PMC8547218 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04236-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is described as progressive inflammatory fibrosis of pancreas, accompanied with irreversible impaired endocrine and exocrine insufficiency. Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are widely distributed in the stroma of the pancreas and PSCs activation has been shown as one of the leading causes for pancreatic fibrosis. Our previous study has revealed that autophagy is dramatically activated in CP tissues, which facilitates PSCs activation and pancreatic fibrosis. Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) have been recognized as crucial regulators for fibrosis-related diseases. LncRNAs interact with RNA binding protein or construct competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) hypothesis which elicited the fibrotic processes. Until now, the effects of lncRNAs on PSCs activation and pancreatic fibrosis have not been clearly explored. In this study, a novel lncRNA named Lnc-PFAR was found highly expressed in mouse and human CP tissues. Our data revealed that Lnc-PFAR facilitates PSCs activation and pancreatic fibrosis via RB1CC1-induced autophagy. Lnc-PFAR reduces miR-141 expression by suppressing pre-miR-141 maturation, which eventually upregulates the RB1CC1 and fibrosis-related indicators expression. Meanwhile, Lnc-PFAR enhanced PSCs activation and pancreatic fibrosis through trigging autophagy. Our study interrogates a novel lncRNA-induced mechanism in promoting the development of pancreatic fibrosis, and Lnc-PFAR is suggested to be a prospective therapeutic target in clinical scenarios.
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OSIBERU ADENIKEABISOLA, OLUWASANU MOJISOLAMORENIKE, OMOBOWALE MOFEYISARA, JOHN-AKINOLA YETUNDE, OLADEPO OLADIMEJI. A cross-sectional study of the knowledge and screening practices of diabetes among adults in a south western Nigerian city. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2021; 62:E529-E538. [PMID: 34604596 PMCID: PMC8451349 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2021.62.2.2059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The control of diabetes depends largely on preventive actions often influenced by knowledge and awareness of the condition, its risk factors, complication, and management. This study assessed the awareness, knowledge, and practices regarding diabetes among adults in two communities in Ibadan, Nigeria. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among five hundred randomly selected non-diabetic respondents, aged 18 to 65 years. Data was collected using the pretested, modified version of the WHO STEPS instrument translated into Yoruba language. Data collected were analysed using descriptive and inferential analysis and the level of significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS Majority of the respondents (89.6%) had previously heard about diabetes. Of these (n = 448), 31.8% were knowledgeable about diabetes and only 28% have ever had their blood glucose level measured by a doctor or other health professionals. Sex and monthly income were statistically associated with respondents' diabetes knowledge while age, religion, monthly income, employment status, marital status, ethnicity and level of education were statistically associated with screening practices (p < 0.05). Monthly income was found to be a significant predictor of the level of knowledge adjusted by sex. Earning N20,000 ($ 52.60) or less had higher odds of being knowledgeable compared to earning no income (OR 0.54, CI 0.35, 0.83). CONCLUSION Though Diabetes awareness is high, knowledge gaps and poor screening practices is of concern. This calls for tailored multi-component, community-based, health education interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- ADENIKE ABISOLA OSIBERU
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan
| | - MOJISOLA MORENIKE OLUWASANU
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan
- Correspondence: Mojisola Oluwasanu, Department of Health Promotion and Education, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan - E: mail:
| | | | - YETUNDE JOHN-AKINOLA
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan
| | - OLADIMEJI OLADEPO
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan
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Kong L, Xu X, Zhang H, Zhou Y, Huang H, Chen B, Zhou Z. Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells improve chronic pancreatitis in rats via the AKT-mTOR-S6K1 signaling pathway. Bioengineered 2021; 12:1986-1996. [PMID: 34047671 PMCID: PMC8806739 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1928441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a progressive inflammatory disease. In clinical treatment, many patients cannot get a timely diagnosis and effective treatment due to the lack of early diagnosis indicators. Mesenchymal stem cells have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects, and have broad application prospects in treating auto-immune diseases and inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to clarify the mechanisms of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSCs) in the treatment of CP. The rats were randomly divided into four groups, with six rats in each group: control group, CP group, CP + HUCMSCs-treated group I, and CP + HUCMSCs-treated group II. We evaluated the levels of inflammatory factors, fibrosis and apoptosis markers, detected the protein expression levels of AKT-mTOR-S6K1 and assessed histological changes of the pancreas. The results showed that HUCMSCs not only inhibited the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and activation of pancreatic stellate cells but also suppressed the apoptosis of acinar cells. Further investigation revealed that HUCMSCs noticeably suppressed the AKT-mTOR-S6K1 pathway in the pancreatic tissue of DBTC-induced CP. In addition, the therapeutic effect of HUCMSCs injected into the inferior vena cava and left gastric artery in the CP model was also observed, thus providing the basis for the clinical application of intervention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Kong
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangxiang Xu
- Ophthalmology Department, The Yiling Hospital of Yichang, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Hewei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongjian Huang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bicheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenxu Zhou
- Department of Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Chela H, Romana BS, Madabattula M, Albarrak AA, Yousef MH, Samiullah S, Tahan V. Stem cell therapy: a potential for the perils of pancreatitis. TURKISH JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2020; 31:415-424. [PMID: 32721912 DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2020.19143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute and chronic pancreatitis carry a significant disease burden and there is no definite treatment that exists for either. They are associated with local and systemic inflammation and lead to numerous complications. Stem cell therapy has been explored for other disease processes and is a topic of research that has gained momentum with regards to implications for acute and chronic pancreatitis. They not only carry the potential to aid in regeneration but also prevent pancreatic injury as well as injury of other organs and hence the resultant complications. Stem cells appear to have immunomodulatory properties and clinical potential as evidenced by numerous studies in animal models. This review article discusses the types of stem cells commonly used and the properties that show promise in the field of pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harleen Chela
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Bhupinder S Romana
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Markandeya Madabattula
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Abdulmajeed A Albarrak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Mohamad H Yousef
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Sami Samiullah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Veysel Tahan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Haque M, Lei F, Xiong X, Das JK, Ren X, Fang D, Salek-Ardakani S, Yang JM, Song J. Stem cell-derived tissue-associated regulatory T cells suppress the activity of pathogenic cells in autoimmune diabetes. JCI Insight 2019; 4:126471. [PMID: 30777937 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The autoantigen-specific Tregs from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), i.e., PSC-Tregs, have the ability to suppress autoimmunity. PSC-Tregs can be programmed to be tissue associated and to infiltrate into local inflamed tissues to suppress autoimmune responses after adoptive transfer. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which the autoantigen-specific PSC-Tregs suppress the autoimmune response remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we generated functional autoantigen-specific Tregs from the induced PSC (iPSCs), i.e., iPSC-Tregs, and investigated the underlying mechanisms of autoimmunity suppression by these Tregs in a type 1 diabetes (T1D) murine model. A double-Tg mouse model of T1D was established in F1 mice, in which the first generation of RIP-mOVA Tg mice that were crossed with OT-I T cell receptor (TCR) Tg mice was challenged with vaccinia viruses expressing OVA (VACV-OVA). We show that adoptive transfer of OVA-specific iPSC-Tregs greatly suppressed autoimmunity in the animal model and prevented the insulin-secreting pancreatic β cells from destruction. Further, we demonstrate that the adoptive transfer significantly reduced the expression of ICAM-1 in the diabetic pancreas and inhibited the migration of pathogenic CD8+ T cells and the production of the proinflammatory IFN-γ in the pancreas. These results indicate that the stem cell-derived tissue-associated Tregs can robustly accumulate in the diabetic pancreas, and, through downregulating the expression of ICAM-1 in the local inflamed tissues and inhibiting the production of proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ, suppress the migration and activity of the pathogenic immune cells that cause T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Haque
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Fengyang Lei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaofang Xiong
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jugal Kishore Das
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Xingcong Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Deyu Fang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Shahram Salek-Ardakani
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jin-Ming Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jianxun Song
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
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