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Kaur M, Fusco S, Van den Broek B, Aseervatham J, Rostami A, Iacovitti L, Grassi C, Lukomska B, Srivastava AK. Most recent advances and applications of extracellular vesicles in tackling neurological challenges. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1923-1966. [PMID: 38500405 DOI: 10.1002/med.22035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, there has been a notable increase in the global burden of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Despite advances in technology and therapeutic options, neurological and neurodegenerative disorders persist as significant challenges in treatment and cure. Recently, there has been a remarkable surge of interest in extracellular vesicles (EVs) as pivotal mediators of intercellular communication. As carriers of molecular cargo, EVs demonstrate the ability to traverse the blood-brain barrier, enabling bidirectional communication. As a result, they have garnered attention as potential biomarkers and therapeutic agents, whether in their natural form or after being engineered for use in the CNS. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive introduction to EVs, encompassing various aspects such as their diverse isolation methods, characterization, handling, storage, and different routes for EV administration. Additionally, it underscores the recent advances in their potential applications in neurodegenerative disorder therapeutics. By exploring their unique capabilities, this study sheds light on the promising future of EVs in clinical research. It considers the inherent challenges and limitations of these emerging applications while incorporating the most recent updates in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Salvatore Fusco
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Bram Van den Broek
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jaya Aseervatham
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Abdolmohamad Rostami
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lorraine Iacovitti
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Jefferson Stem Cell and Regenerative Neuroscience Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Lukomska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Amit K Srivastava
- Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Hsia T, Chen Y. RNA-encapsulating lipid nanoparticles in cancer immunotherapy: From pre-clinical studies to clinical trials. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 197:114234. [PMID: 38401743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based delivery systems such as RNA-encapsulating lipid nanoparticles (RNA LNPs) have dramatically advanced in function and capacity over the last few decades. RNA LNPs boast of a diverse array of external and core configurations that enhance targeted delivery and prolong circulatory retention, advancing therapeutic outcomes. Particularly within the realm of cancer immunotherapies, RNA LNPs are increasingly gaining prominence. Pre-clinical in vitro and in vivo studies have laid a robust foundation for new and ongoing clinical trials that are actively enrolling patients for RNA LNP cancer immunotherapy. This review explores RNA LNPs, starting from their core composition to their external membrane formulation, set against a backdrop of recent clinical breakthroughs. We further elucidate the LNP delivery avenues, broach the prevailing challenges, and contemplate the future perspectives of RNA LNP-mediated immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffaney Hsia
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yunching Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
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3
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Cheng SY, Caiazzi J, Biscans A, Alterman JF, Echeverria D, McHugh N, Hassler M, Jolly S, Giguere D, Cipi J, Khvorova A, Punzo C. Single intravitreal administration of a tetravalent siRNA exhibits robust and efficient gene silencing in mouse and pig photoreceptors. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024; 35:102088. [PMID: 38192611 PMCID: PMC10772295 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.102088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophies caused by dominant mutations in photoreceptor (PR) cell expressed genes are a major cause of irreversible vision loss. Oligonucleotide therapy has been of interest in diseases that conventional medicine cannot target. In the early days, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were explored in clinical trials for retinal disorders with limited success due to a lack of stability and efficient cellular delivery. Thus, an unmet need exists to identify siRNA chemistry that targets PR cell expressed genes. Here, we evaluated 12 different fully chemically modified siRNA configurations, where the valency and conjugate structure were systematically altered. The impact on retinal distribution following intravitreal delivery was examined. We found that the increase in valency (tetravalent siRNA) supports the best PR accumulation. A single intravitreal administration induces multimonths efficacy in rodent and porcine retinas while demonstrating a good safety profile. The data suggest that this configuration can treat retinal diseases caused by PR cell expressed genes with 1-2 intravitreal injections per year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Yun Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jillian Caiazzi
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Annabelle Biscans
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Julia F. Alterman
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Dimas Echeverria
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Nicholas McHugh
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Matthew Hassler
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Samson Jolly
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Delaney Giguere
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Joris Cipi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Anastasia Khvorova
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Claudio Punzo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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4
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Kremer A, Ryaykenen T, Haraszti RA. Systematic optimization of siRNA productive uptake into resting and activated T cells ex vivo. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 172:116285. [PMID: 38382331 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
RNA-based medicines are ideally suited for precise modulation of T cell phenotypes in anti-cancer immunity, in autoimmune diseases and for ex vivo modulation of T-cell-based therapies. Therefore, understanding productive siRNA uptake to T cells is of particular importance. Most studies used unmodified siRNAs or commercially available siRNAs with undisclosed chemical modification patterns to show functionality in T cells. Despite being an active field of research, robust siRNA delivery to T cells still represents a formidable challenge. Therefore, a systematic approach is needed to further optimize and understand productive siRNA uptake pathways to T cells. Here, we compared conjugate-mediated and nanoparticle-mediated delivery of siRNAs to T cells in the context of fully chemically modified RNA constructs. We showed that lipid-conjugate-mediated delivery outperforms lipid-nanoparticle-mediated and extracellular-vesicle-mediated delivery in activated T cells ex vivo. Yet, ex vivo manipulation of T cells without the need of activation is of great therapeutic interest for CAR-T, engineered TCR-T and allogeneic donor lymphocyte applications. We are first to report productive siRNA uptake into resting T cells using lipid-conjugate-mediated delivery. Interestingly, we observed strong dependence of silencing activity on lipid-conjugate-identity in resting T cells but not in activated T cells. This phenomenon is consistent with our early uptake kinetics data. Lipid-conjugates also enabled delivery of siRNA to all mononuclear immune cell types, including both lymphoid and myeloid lineages. These findings are expected to be broadly applicable for ex vivo modulation of immune cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kremer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Germany; Gene and RNA Therapy Center (GRTC), Faculty of Medicine, University Tuebingen, Germany
| | - T Ryaykenen
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Germany; Gene and RNA Therapy Center (GRTC), Faculty of Medicine, University Tuebingen, Germany
| | - R A Haraszti
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Germany; Gene and RNA Therapy Center (GRTC), Faculty of Medicine, University Tuebingen, Germany.
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5
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Fatima S, Qaiser A, Andleeb S, Hashmi AH, Manzoor S. Navigating the brain: the role of exosomal shuttles in precision therapeutics. Front Neurol 2024; 14:1324216. [PMID: 38304326 PMCID: PMC10831691 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1324216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain diseases have become one of the leading roots of mortality and disability worldwide, contributing a significant part of the disease burden on healthcare systems. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a primary physical and biological obstacle that allows only small molecules to pass through it. Its selective permeability is a significant challenge in delivering therapeutics into the brain for treating brain dysfunction. It is estimated that only 2% of the new central nervous system (CNS) therapeutic compounds can cross the BBB and achieve their therapeutic targets. Scientists are exploring various approaches to develop effective cargo delivery vehicles to promote better therapeutics targeting the brain with minimal off-target side effects. Despite different synthetic carriers, one of the natural brain cargo delivery systems, "exosomes," are now employed to transport drugs through the BBB. Exosomes are naturally occurring small extracellular vesicles (EVs) with unique advantages as a therapeutic delivery system for treating brain disorders. They have beneficial innate aspects of biocompatibility, higher stability, ability to cross BBB, low cytotoxicity, low immunogenicity, homing potential, targeted delivery, and reducing off-site target effects. In this review, we will discuss the limitations of synthetic carriers and the utilization of naturally occurring exosomes as brain-targeted cargo delivery vehicles and highlight the methods for modifying exosome surfaces and drug loading into exosomes. We will also enlist neurodegenerative disorders targeted with genetically modified exosomes for their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheera Fatima
- Atta-ur-Rehman School of Applied Biosciences, Healthcare Biotechnology, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ariba Qaiser
- Atta-ur-Rehman School of Applied Biosciences, Healthcare Biotechnology, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saadia Andleeb
- Atta-ur-Rehman School of Applied Biosciences, Industrial Biotechnology, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Sobia Manzoor
- Atta-ur-Rehman School of Applied Biosciences, Healthcare Biotechnology, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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6
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Roerig J, Schulz-Siegmund M. Standardization Approaches for Extracellular Vesicle Loading with Oligonucleotides and Biologics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301763. [PMID: 37287374 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are widely recognized for their potential as drug delivery systems. EVs are membranous nanoparticles shed from cells. Among their natural features are their ability to shield cargo molecules against degradation and enable their functional internalization into target cells. Especially biological or bio-inspired large molecules (LMs), like nucleic acids, proteins, peptides, and others, may profit from encapsulation in EVs for drug delivery purposes. In the last years, a variety of loading protocols are explored for different LMs. The lack of standardization in the EV drug delivery field has impeded their comparability so far. Currently, the first reporting frameworks and workflows for EV drug loading are proposed. The aim of this review is to summarize these evolving standardization approaches and set recently developed methods into context. This will allow for enhanced comparability of future work on EV drug loading with LMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josepha Roerig
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04317, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michaela Schulz-Siegmund
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04317, Leipzig, Germany
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7
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Cheng SY, Caiazzi J, Biscans A, Alterman JF, Echeverria D, McHugh N, Hassler M, Jolly S, Giguere D, Cipi J, Khvorova A, Punzo C. Single intravitreal administration of a tetravalent siRNA exhibits robust and efficient gene silencing in rodent and swine photoreceptors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.20.558641. [PMID: 37790464 PMCID: PMC10542117 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.20.558641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophies caused by dominant mutations in photoreceptor-expressed genes, are a major cause of irreversible vision loss. Oligonucleotide therapy has been of interest in diseases that conventional medicine cannot target. In the early days, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were explored in clinical trials for retinal disorders with limited success due to a lack of stability and efficient cellular delivery. Thus, an unmet need exists to identify siRNA chemistry that targets photoreceptor-expressed genes. Here we evaluated 12 different fully chemically modified siRNA configurations, where the valency and conjugate structure were systematically altered. The impact on retinal distribution following intravitreal delivery was examined. We found that the increase in valency (tetravalent siRNA) supports the best photoreceptor accumulation. A single intravitreal administration induces multi-months efficacy in rodent and porcine retinas while showing a good safety profile. The data suggest that this configuration can treat retinal diseases caused by photoreceptor-expressed genes with 1-2 intravitreal injections per year.
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8
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Kawamoto Y, Wu Y, Takahashi Y, Takakura Y. Development of nucleic acid medicines based on chemical technology. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 199:114872. [PMID: 37244354 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Oligonucleotide-based therapeutics have attracted attention as an emerging modality that includes the modulation of genes and their binding proteins related to diseases, allowing us to take action on previously undruggable targets. Since the late 2010s, the number of oligonucleotide medicines approved for clinical uses has dramatically increased. Various chemistry-based technologies have been developed to improve the therapeutic properties of oligonucleotides, such as chemical modification, conjugation, and nanoparticle formation, which can increase nuclease resistance, enhance affinity and selectivity to target sites, suppress off-target effects, and improve pharmacokinetic properties. Similar strategies employing modified nucleobases and lipid nanoparticles have been used for developing coronavirus disease 2019 mRNA vaccines. In this review, we provide an overview of the development of chemistry-based technologies aimed at using nucleic acids for developing therapeutics over the past several decades, with a specific emphasis on the structural design and functionality of chemical modification strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kawamoto
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - You Wu
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Takahashi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Takakura
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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9
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Oshchepkova A, Zenkova M, Vlassov V. Extracellular Vesicles for Therapeutic Nucleic Acid Delivery: Loading Strategies and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087287. [PMID: 37108446 PMCID: PMC10139028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane vesicles released into the extracellular milieu by cells of various origins. They contain different biological cargoes, protecting them from degradation by environmental factors. There is an opinion that EVs have a number of advantages over synthetic carriers, creating new opportunities for drug delivery. In this review, we discuss the ability of EVs to function as carriers for therapeutic nucleic acids (tNAs), challenges associated with the use of such carriers in vivo, and various strategies for tNA loading into EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya Oshchepkova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marina Zenkova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valentin Vlassov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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10
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Hybrid extracellular vesicles for drug delivery. Cancer Lett 2023; 558:216107. [PMID: 36841417 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are expected to serve as interesting drug delivery vectors as they may offer unique and new properties for drug delivery. Their natural origin, protein and nucleic acid composition, and intrinsic pleiotropic therapeutic effects could enable new possibilities in the field of drug delivery. Here, we aimed to review the methods used to produce Hybrid EVs, a recently emerged type of EV-based vector made from both EVs and synthetic vectors to exploit their respective properties. Hybrid EV/synthetic objects can be obtained by incubation, electrostatic interactions, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated fusion, co-extrusion, freeze-thawing, or simple EV surface modification, leading to different types of objects. We also opted to review the properties of these vectors, and specifically compared them with those of other drug delivery vectors. It has to be noticed that only a limited number of study report loading metrics that allow cross article comparison. Based on this critical analysis, we attempted to draw the pith and marrow from these relatively difficult-to-compare studies and integrate them into the more general context of opportunities in drug delivery and drug development, with a particular focus on oncology.
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11
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Fàbrega C, Aviñó A, Navarro N, Jorge AF, Grijalvo S, Eritja R. Lipid and Peptide-Oligonucleotide Conjugates for Therapeutic Purposes: From Simple Hybrids to Complex Multifunctional Assemblies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020320. [PMID: 36839642 PMCID: PMC9959333 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Antisense and small interfering RNA (siRNA) oligonucleotides have been recognized as powerful therapeutic compounds for targeting mRNAs and inducing their degradation. However, a major obstacle is that unmodified oligonucleotides are not readily taken up into tissues and are susceptible to degradation by nucleases. For these reasons, the design and preparation of modified DNA/RNA derivatives with better stability and an ability to be produced at large scale with enhanced uptake properties is of vital importance to improve current limitations. In the present study, we review the conjugation of oligonucleotides with lipids and peptides in order to produce oligonucleotide conjugates for therapeutics aiming to develop novel compounds with favorable pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carme Fàbrega
- Nucleic Acids Chemistry Group, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Aviñó
- Nucleic Acids Chemistry Group, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalia Navarro
- Nucleic Acids Chemistry Group, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreia F. Jorge
- Department of Chemistry, Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC), University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Santiago Grijalvo
- Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Colloidal and Interfacial Chemistry Group, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Eritja
- Nucleic Acids Chemistry Group, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934006145
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12
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Al-Jipouri A, Almurisi SH, Al-Japairai K, Bakar LM, Doolaanea AA. Liposomes or Extracellular Vesicles: A Comprehensive Comparison of Both Lipid Bilayer Vesicles for Pulmonary Drug Delivery. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020318. [PMID: 36679199 PMCID: PMC9866119 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid and non-invasive pulmonary drug delivery (PDD) has attracted great attention compared to the other routes. However, nanoparticle platforms, like liposomes (LPs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs), require extensive reformulation to suit the requirements of PDD. LPs are artificial vesicles composed of lipid bilayers capable of encapsulating hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances, whereas EVs are natural vesicles secreted by cells. Additionally, novel LPs-EVs hybrid vesicles may confer the best of both. The preparation methods of EVs are distinguished from LPs since they rely mainly on extraction and purification, whereas the LPs are synthesized from their basic ingredients. Similarly, drug loading methods into/onto EVs are distinguished whereby they are cell- or non-cell-based, whereas LPs are loaded via passive or active approaches. This review discusses the progress in LPs and EVs as well as hybrid vesicles with a special focus on PDD. It also provides a perspective comparison between LPs and EVs from various aspects (composition, preparation/extraction, drug loading, and large-scale manufacturing) as well as the future prospects for inhaled therapeutics. In addition, it discusses the challenges that may be encountered in scaling up the production and presents our view regarding the clinical translation of the laboratory findings into commercial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Al-Jipouri
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.A.-J.); (A.A.D.)
| | - Samah Hamed Almurisi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia
| | - Khater Al-Japairai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang 26300, Malaysia
| | - Latifah Munirah Bakar
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Selangor, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia
| | - Abd Almonem Doolaanea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University College MAIWP International (UCMI), Kuala Lumpur 68100, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (A.A.-J.); (A.A.D.)
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13
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Yao Y, Jiang Y, Song J, Wang R, Li Z, Yang L, Wu W, Zhang L, Peng Q. Exosomes as Potential Functional Nanomaterials for Tissue Engineering. Adv Healthc Mater 2022:e2201989. [PMID: 36253093 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-derived extracellular vesicles of 40-160 nm diameter, which carry numerous biomolecules and transmit information between cells. They are used as functional nanomaterials with great potential in biomedical areas, such as active agents and delivery systems for advanced drug delivery and disease therapy. In recent years, potential applications of exosomes in tissue engineering have attracted significant attention, and some critical progress has been made. This review gives a complete picture of exosomes and their applications in the regeneration of various tissues, such as the central nervous systems, kidney, bone, cartilage, heart, and endodontium. Approaches employed for modifying exosomes to equip them with excellent targeting capacity are summarized. Furthermore, current concerns and future outlook of exosomes in tissue engineering are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Block 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yuhuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Block 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Jialu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Block 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Ruojing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Block 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Block 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Block 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Weimin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Block 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Luyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Block 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Block 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
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14
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Tang TT, Wang B, Lv LL, Dong Z, Liu BC. Extracellular vesicles for renal therapeutics: State of the art and future perspective. J Control Release 2022; 349:32-50. [PMID: 35779658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With the ever-increasing burden of kidney disease, the need for developing new therapeutics to manage this disease has never been greater. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural membranous nanoparticles present in virtually all organisms. Given their excellent delivery capacity in the body, EVs have emerged as a frontier technology for drug delivery and have the potential to usher in a new era of nanomedicine for kidney disease. This review is focused on why EVs are such compelling drug carriers and how to release their fullest potentiality in renal therapeutics. We discuss the unique features of EVs compared to artificial nanoparticles and outline the engineering technologies and steps in developing EV-based therapeutics, with an emphasis on the emerging approaches to target renal cells and prolong kidney retention. We also explore the applications of EVs as natural therapeutics or as drug carriers in the treatment of renal disorders and present our views on the critical challenges in manufacturing EVs as next-generation renal therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Tao Tang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Nanjing, China; Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin-Li Lv
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Bi-Cheng Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Nanjing, China.
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15
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Bakowski K, Vogel S. Evolution of complexity in non-viral oligonucleotide delivery systems: from gymnotic delivery through bioconjugates to biomimetic nanoparticles. RNA Biol 2022; 19:1256-1275. [PMID: 36411594 PMCID: PMC9683052 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2022.2147278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
From the early days of research on RNA biology and biochemistry, there was an interest to utilize this knowledge and RNA itself for therapeutic applications. Today, we have a series of oligonucleotide therapeutics on the market and many more in clinical trials. These drugs - exploit different chemistries of oligonucleotides, such as modified DNAs and RNAs, peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) or phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs), and different mechanisms of action, such as RNA interference (RNAi), targeted RNA degradation, splicing modulation, gene expression and modification. Despite major successes e.g. mRNA vaccines developed against SARS-CoV-2 to control COVID-19 pandemic, development of therapies for other diseases is still limited by inefficient delivery of oligonucleotides to specific tissues and organs and often prohibitive costs for the final drug. This is even more critical when targeting multifactorial disorders and patient-specific biological variations. In this review, we will present the evolution of complexity of oligonucleotide delivery methods with focus on increasing complexity of formulations from gymnotic delivery to bioconjugates and to lipid nanoparticles in respect to developments that will enable application of therapeutic oligonucleotides as drugs in personalized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Bakowski
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stefan Vogel
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark,CONTACT Stefan Vogel Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230Odense, Denmark
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16
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Jurgielewicz B, Stice S, Yao Y. Therapeutic Potential of Nucleic Acids when Combined with Extracellular Vesicles. Aging Dis 2021; 12:1476-1493. [PMID: 34527423 PMCID: PMC8407886 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), endogenous nanocarriers of proteins, lipids, and genetic material, have been harnessed as intrinsic delivery vectors for nucleic acid therapies. EVs are nanosized lipid bilayer bound vesicles released from most cell types responsible for delivery of functional biologic material to mediate intercellular communication and to modulate recipient cell phenotypes. Due to their innate biological role and composition, EVs possess several advantages as delivery vectors for nucleic acid based therapies including low immunogenicity and toxicity, high bioavailability, and ability to be engineered to enhance targeting to specific recipient cells in vivo. In this review, the current understanding of the biological role of EVs as well as the advancements in loading EVs to deliver nucleic acid therapies are summarized. We discuss the current methods and associated challenges in loading EVs and the prospects of utilizing the inherent characteristics of EVs as a delivery vector of nucleic acid therapies for genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Jurgielewicz
- 1Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,2Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Steven Stice
- 1Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,2Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,3ArunA Bio, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Yao Yao
- 1Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,2Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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17
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Lim WF, Forouhan M, Roberts TC, Dabney J, Ellerington R, Speciale AA, Manzano R, Lieto M, Sangha G, Banerjee S, Conceição M, Cravo L, Biscans A, Roux L, Pourshafie N, Grunseich C, Duguez S, Khvorova A, Pennuto M, Cortes CJ, La Spada AR, Fischbeck KH, Wood MJA, Rinaldi C. Gene therapy with AR isoform 2 rescues spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy phenotype by modulating AR transcriptional activity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/34/eabi6896. [PMID: 34417184 PMCID: PMC8378820 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi6896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is an X-linked, adult-onset neuromuscular condition caused by an abnormal polyglutamine (polyQ) tract expansion in androgen receptor (AR) protein. SBMA is a disease with high unmet clinical need. Recent studies have shown that mutant AR-altered transcriptional activity is key to disease pathogenesis. Restoring the transcriptional dysregulation without affecting other AR critical functions holds great promise for the treatment of SBMA and other AR-related conditions; however, how this targeted approach can be achieved and translated into a clinical application remains to be understood. Here, we characterized the role of AR isoform 2, a naturally occurring variant encoding a truncated AR lacking the polyQ-harboring domain, as a regulatory switch of AR genomic functions in androgen-responsive tissues. Delivery of this isoform using a recombinant adeno-associated virus vector type 9 resulted in amelioration of the disease phenotype in SBMA mice by restoring polyQ AR-dysregulated transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooi F Lim
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mitra Forouhan
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Jesse Dabney
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Raquel Manzano
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maria Lieto
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gavinda Sangha
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Subhashis Banerjee
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Lara Cravo
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Annabelle Biscans
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Loïc Roux
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Naemeh Pourshafie
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Grunseich
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie Duguez
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Londonderry, UK
| | - Anastasia Khvorova
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Maria Pennuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Constanza J Cortes
- Department of Neurology, Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Albert R La Spada
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Neurology, and Biological Chemistry and the UCI Institute for Neurotherapeutics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth H Fischbeck
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew J A Wood
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carlo Rinaldi
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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18
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Choi H, Choi Y, Yim HY, Mirzaaghasi A, Yoo JK, Choi C. Biodistribution of Exosomes and Engineering Strategies for Targeted Delivery of Therapeutic Exosomes. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 18:499-511. [PMID: 34260047 PMCID: PMC8325750 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-021-00361-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-secreted nano-sized vesicles which deliver diverse biological molecules for intercellular communication. Due to their therapeutic potential, exosomes have been engineered in numerous ways for efficient delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients to various target organs, tissues, and cells. In vivo administered exosomes are normally delivered to the liver, spleen, kidney, lung, and gastrointestinal tract and show rapid clearance from the blood circulation after systemic injection. The biodistribution and pharmacokinetics (PK) of exosomes can be modulated by engineering various factors such as cellular origin and membrane protein composition of exosomes. Recent advances accentuate the potential of targeted delivery of engineered exosomes even to the most challenging organs including the central nervous system. Major breakthroughs have been made related to various imaging techniques for monitoring in vivo biodistribution and PK of exosomes, as well as exosomal surface engineering technologies for inducing targetability. For inducing targeted delivery, therapeutic exosomes can be engineered to express various targeting moieties via direct modification methods such as chemically modifying exosomal surfaces with covalent/non-covalent bonds, or via indirect modification methods by genetically engineering exosome-producing cells. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of biodistribution and PK of exosomes, factors determining the targetability and organotropism of exosomes, and imaging technologies to monitor in vivo administered exosomes. In addition, we highlight recent advances in strategies for inducing targeted delivery of exosomes to specific organs and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojun Choi
- ILIAS Biologics Incorporated, 40-20, Techno 6-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34014, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoorim Choi
- ILIAS Biologics Incorporated, 40-20, Techno 6-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34014, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Young Yim
- ILIAS Biologics Incorporated, 40-20, Techno 6-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34014, Republic of Korea
| | - Amin Mirzaaghasi
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kwang Yoo
- ILIAS Biologics Incorporated, 40-20, Techno 6-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34014, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chulhee Choi
- ILIAS Biologics Incorporated, 40-20, Techno 6-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34014, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Rankin-Turner S, Vader P, O'Driscoll L, Giebel B, Heaney LM, Davies OG. A call for the standardised reporting of factors affecting the exogenous loading of extracellular vesicles with therapeutic cargos. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 173:479-491. [PMID: 33862168 PMCID: PMC8191593 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are complex nanoparticles required for the intercellular transfer of diverse biological cargoes. Unlike synthetic nanoparticles, EVs may provide a natural platform for the enhanced targeting and functional transfer of therapeutics across complex and often impenetrable biological boundaries (e.g. the blood-brain barrier or the matrix of densely organised tumours). Consequently, there is considerable interest in utilising EVs as advanced drug delivery systems for the treatment of a range of challenging pathologies. Within the past decade, efforts have focused on providing standard minimal requirements for conducting basic EV research. However, no standard reporting framework has been established governing the therapeutic loading of EVs for drug delivery applications. The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate progress in the field, providing an initial set of guidelines that can be applied as a benchmark to enhance reproducibility and increase the likelihood of translational outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Rankin-Turner
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Pieter Vader
- CDL Research, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lorraine O'Driscoll
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraβe 179, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Liam M Heaney
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Owen G Davies
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK.
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20
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Ananbeh H, Vodicka P, Kupcova Skalnikova H. Emerging Roles of Exosomes in Huntington's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084085. [PMID: 33920936 PMCID: PMC8071291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a rare hereditary autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder, which is caused by expression of mutant huntingtin protein (mHTT) with an abnormal number of glutamine repeats in its N terminus, and characterized by intracellular mHTT aggregates (inclusions) in the brain. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that are secreted generally by all cell types and can be isolated from almost all body fluids such as blood, urine, saliva, and cerebrospinal fluid. Exosomes may participate in the spreading of toxic misfolded proteins across the central nervous system in neurodegenerative diseases. In HD, such propagation of mHTT was observed both in vitro and in vivo. On the other hand, exosomes might carry molecules with neuroprotective effects. In addition, due to their capability to cross blood-brain barrier, exosomes hold great potential as sources of biomarkers available from periphery or carriers of therapeutics into the central nervous system. In this review, we discuss the emerging roles of exosomes in HD pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy.
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21
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Subhan MA, Attia SA, Torchilin VP. Advances in siRNA delivery strategies for the treatment of MDR cancer. Life Sci 2021; 274:119337. [PMID: 33713664 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) represents a promising therapeutic method that uses siRNA for cancer treatment. Although the RNAi technique has been increasingly used for clinical trials, systemic siRNA delivery into targeted cells is still challenging. The barriers impeding siRNA therapeutics delivery and impacting the treatment outcome must overcome with negligible systemic toxicity for a desirable and successful delivery of siRNA to MDR cancer cells. Nano delivery strategies have been investigated for nanocarrier functionalization, cancer immunotherapy and cancer targeting. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), dynamic polyconjugates (DPC™), GalNAc-siRNA conjugates, exosome and RBC systems have shown potential for efficient delivery of siRNA to cancer cells. Delivery of siRNA to tumor cells, immune cells to regulate T cell functions for immunotherapy are promising approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdus Subhan
- Department of Chemistry, ShahJalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh.
| | - Sara Aly Attia
- CPBN, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vladimir P Torchilin
- CPBN, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Plastic Surgery I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.
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22
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Han Y, Jones TW, Dutta S, Zhu Y, Wang X, Narayanan SP, Fagan SC, Zhang D. Overview and Update on Methods for Cargo Loading into Extracellular Vesicles. Processes (Basel) 2021; 9. [PMID: 33954091 PMCID: PMC8096148 DOI: 10.3390/pr9020356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The enormous library of pharmaceutical compounds presents endless research avenues. However, several factors limit the therapeutic potential of these drugs, such as drug resistance, stability, off-target toxicity, and inadequate delivery to the site of action. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-delimited particles and are naturally released from cells. Growing evidence shows that EVs have great potential to serve as effective drug carriers. Since EVs can not only transfer biological information, but also effectively deliver hydrophobic drugs into cells, the application of EVs as a novel drug delivery system has attracted considerable scientific interest. Recently, EVs loaded with siRNA, miRNA, mRNA, CRISPR/Cas9, proteins, or therapeutic drugs show improved delivery efficiency and drug effect. In this review, we summarize the methods used for the cargo loading into EVs, including siRNA, miRNA, mRNA, CRISPR/Cas9, proteins, and therapeutic drugs. Furthermore, we also include the recent advance in engineered EVs for drug delivery. Finally, both advantages and challenges of EVs as a new drug delivery system are discussed. Here, we encourage researchers to further develop convenient and reliable loading methods for the potential clinical applications of EVs as drug carriers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Han
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Timothy W. Jones
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Saugata Dutta
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Yin Zhu
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - S. Priya Narayanan
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Susan C. Fagan
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Duo Zhang
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-706-721-6491; Fax: +1-706-721-3994
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23
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Kubo T, Nishimura Y, Sato Y, Yanagihara K, Seyama T. Sixteen Different Types of Lipid-Conjugated siRNAs Containing Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Exhibiting Enhanced RNAi Potency. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:150-164. [PMID: 33346648 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
SiRNAs are strong gene-silencing agents that function in a target sequence-specific manner. Although siRNAs might one day be used in therapy for intractable diseases such as cancers, a number of problems with siRNAs must first be overcome. In this study, we developed 16 different types of lipid-conjugated siRNAs (lipid-siRNAs) that could effectively inhibit the expression of target genes. We determined the hybridization properties, cellular uptake efficacies, and RNAi potencies of the resulting lipid-siRNAs. The lipid-siRNAs exhibited a mild interaction with Lipofectamine RNAiMAX (LFRNAi) as a transfection reagent, and a high membrane permeability was observed in all lipid-siRNAs-LFRNAi complexes; the conjugate siRNAs composed of 16-18 carbon chains as fatty acids showed an especially good cellular uptake efficacy. The in vitro RNAi effect of lipid-siRNAs targeted to a β-catenin gene exhibited a strong RNAi potency compared with those of unmodified siRNAs. In particular, the conjugate siRNAs composed of 16-18 carbon chains as fatty acids showed excellent RNAi potencies with prolonged effectivities. Interestingly, the RNAi potencies of conjugate siRNAs containing 18 carbon chains with a trans-form (elaidic acid and trans-vaccenic acid) were inferior to those of the carbon chains with a cis-form (oleic acid and cis-vaccenic acid). These lipid-siRNAs can solve the many problems hindering the clinical application of siRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kazuyoshi Yanagihara
- Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba 277-8577, Japan
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24
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Gene Editing by Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197362. [PMID: 33028045 PMCID: PMC7582630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas technologies have advanced dramatically in recent years. Many different systems with new properties have been characterized and a plethora of hybrid CRISPR/Cas systems able to modify the epigenome, regulate transcription, and correct mutations in DNA and RNA have been devised. However, practical application of CRISPR/Cas systems is severely limited by the lack of effective delivery tools. In this review, recent advances in developing vehicles for the delivery of CRISPR/Cas in the form of ribonucleoprotein complexes are outlined. Most importantly, we emphasize the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) for CRISPR/Cas delivery and describe their unique properties: biocompatibility, safety, capacity for rational design, and ability to cross biological barriers. Available molecular tools that enable loading of desired protein and/or RNA cargo into the vesicles in a controllable manner and shape the surface of EVs for targeted delivery into specific tissues (e.g., using targeting ligands, peptides, or nanobodies) are discussed. Opportunities for both endogenous (intracellular production of CRISPR/Cas) and exogenous (post-production) loading of EVs are presented.
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25
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Man K, Brunet MY, Jones MC, Cox SC. Engineered Extracellular Vesicles: Tailored-Made Nanomaterials for Medical Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1838. [PMID: 32942556 PMCID: PMC7558114 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as promising nanoscale therapeutics due to their intrinsic role as mediators of intercellular communication, regulating tissue development and homeostasis. The low immunogenicity and natural cell-targeting capabilities of EVs has led to extensive research investigating their potential as novel acellular tools for tissue regeneration or for the diagnosis of pathological conditions. However, the clinical use of EVs has been hindered by issues with yield and heterogeneity. From the modification of parental cells and naturally-derived vesicles to the development of artificial biomimetic nanoparticles or the functionalisation of biomaterials, a multitude of techniques have been employed to augment EVs therapeutic efficacy. This review will explore various engineering strategies that could promote EVs scalability and therapeutic effectiveness beyond their native utility. Herein, we highlight the current state-of-the-art EV-engineering techniques with discussion of opportunities and obstacles for each. This is synthesised into a guide for selecting a suitable strategy to maximise the potential efficacy of EVs as nanoscale therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Man
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (K.M.); (M.Y.B.)
| | - Mathieu Y. Brunet
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (K.M.); (M.Y.B.)
| | - Marie-Christine Jones
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Sophie C. Cox
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (K.M.); (M.Y.B.)
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26
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Lennox KA, Behlke MA. Chemical Modifications in RNA Interference and CRISPR/Cas Genome Editing Reagents. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2115:23-55. [PMID: 32006393 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0290-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chemically modified oligonucleotides (ONs) are routinely used in the laboratory to assess gene function, and clinical advances are rapidly progressing as continual efforts are being made to optimize ON efficacy. Over the years, RNA interference (RNAi) has become one of the main tools used to inhibit RNA expression across a wide variety of species. Efforts have been made to improve the exogenous delivery of the double-stranded RNA components to the endogenous intracellular RNAi machinery to direct efficacious degradation of a user-defined RNA target. More recently, synthetic RNA ONs are being used to mimic the bacterial-derived CRISPR/Cas system to direct specific editing of the mammalian genome. Both of these techniques rely on the use of various chemical modifications to the RNA phosphate backbone or sugar in specific positions throughout the ONs to improve the desired biological outcome. Relevant chemical modifications also include conjugated targeting ligands to assist ON delivery to specific cell types. Chemical modifications are most beneficial for therapeutically relevant ONs, as they serve to enhance target binding, increase drug longevity, facilitate cell-specific targeting, improve internalization into productive intracellular compartments, and mitigate both sequence-specific as well as immune-related off-target effects (OTEs). The knowledge gained from years of optimizing RNAi reagents and characterizing the biochemical and biophysical properties of each chemical modification will hopefully accelerate the CRISPR/Cas technology into the clinic, as well as further expand the use of RNAi to treat currently undruggable diseases. This review discusses the most commonly employed chemical modifications in RNAi reagents and CRISPR/Cas guide RNAs and provides an overview of select publications that have demonstrated success in improving ON efficacy and/or mitigating undesired OTEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Lennox
- Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc., Coralville, IA, USA.
| | - Mark A Behlke
- Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc., Coralville, IA, USA
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Wang T, Luo Y, Lv H, Wang J, Zhang Y, Pei R. Aptamer-Based Erythrocyte-Derived Mimic Vesicles Loaded with siRNA and Doxorubicin for the Targeted Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Tumors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:45455-45466. [PMID: 31718159 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) remains one of the most important challenges to clinical chemotherapeutics. In this study, versatile mimic vesicles (MVs) derived from erythrocytes were investigated as delivery systems for siRNA and doxorubicin (DOX) to treat MDR tumors. The carriers could be readily obtained through extruding erythrocyte membranes and had the advantages of biological homogeneity, high output, controllable size, low cost, and excellent biocompatibility. Moreover, aptamers modified on the MVs endowed the carriers with tumor-targeting capacity. DOX and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) siRNA were loaded onto the MVs through incubation and cholesterol-mediated methods, achieving high loading rates and targeted tumor delivery. The drug-loaded carriers could successfully overcome drug resistance and synergistically kill MDR tumors through P-gp silencing and DOX-induced growth inhibition. This MV-based drug delivery system therefore provides new insights into the synergistic targeting of MDR tumors and offers an alternative delivery strategy to overcome MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface , Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Yu Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface , Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Haiyin Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface , Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Jine Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface , Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Ye Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface , Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Renjun Pei
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface , Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou 215123 , China
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Maugeri M, Nawaz M, Papadimitriou A, Angerfors A, Camponeschi A, Na M, Hölttä M, Skantze P, Johansson S, Sundqvist M, Lindquist J, Kjellman T, Mårtensson IL, Jin T, Sunnerhagen P, Östman S, Lindfors L, Valadi H. Linkage between endosomal escape of LNP-mRNA and loading into EVs for transport to other cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4333. [PMID: 31551417 PMCID: PMC6760118 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-based therapeutics hold great promise for treating diseases and lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) represent the most advanced platform for RNA delivery. However, the fate of the LNP-mRNA after endosome-engulfing and escape from the autophagy-lysosomal pathway remains unclear. To investigate this, mRNA (encoding human erythropoietin) was delivered to cells using LNPs, which shows, for the first time, a link between LNP-mRNA endocytosis and its packaging into extracellular vesicles (endo-EVs: secreted after the endocytosis of LNP-mRNA). Endosomal escape of LNP-mRNA is dependent on the molar ratio between ionizable lipids and mRNA nucleotides. Our results show that fractions of ionizable lipids and mRNA (1:1 molar ratio of hEPO mRNA nucleotides:ionizable lipids) of endocytosed LNPs were detected in endo-EVs. Importantly, these EVs can protect the exogenous mRNA during in vivo delivery to produce human protein in mice, detected in plasma and organs. Compared to LNPs, endo-EVs cause lower expression of inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Maugeri
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Muhammad Nawaz
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alexandros Papadimitriou
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Annelie Angerfors
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 431 83, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Camponeschi
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Manli Na
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mikko Hölttä
- Translational Biomarkers and Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 431 83, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Pia Skantze
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 431 83, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Svante Johansson
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 431 83, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Martina Sundqvist
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johnny Lindquist
- Translational Biomarkers and Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 431 83, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Tomas Kjellman
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 431 83, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Inga-Lill Mårtensson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Sunnerhagen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sofia Östman
- Animal Sciences and Technologies, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 431 83, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lennart Lindfors
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 431 83, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Hadi Valadi
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Chemical modulation of siRNA lipophilicity for efficient delivery. J Control Release 2019; 307:98-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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