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Simmons SC, Flerlage WJ, Langlois LD, Shepard RD, Bouslog C, Thomas EH, Gouty KM, Sanderson JL, Gouty S, Cox BM, Dell'Acqua ML, Nugent FS. AKAP150-anchored PKA regulates synaptic transmission and plasticity, neuronal excitability and CRF neuromodulation in the mouse lateral habenula. Commun Biol 2024; 7:345. [PMID: 38509283 PMCID: PMC10954712 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06041-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The scaffolding A-kinase anchoring protein 150 (AKAP150) is critically involved in kinase and phosphatase regulation of synaptic transmission/plasticity, and neuronal excitability. Emerging evidence also suggests that AKAP150 signaling may play a key role in brain's processing of rewarding/aversive experiences, however its role in the lateral habenula (LHb, as an important brain reward circuitry) is completely unknown. Using whole cell patch clamp recordings in LHb of male wildtype and ΔPKA knockin mice (with deficiency in AKAP-anchoring of PKA), here we show that the genetic disruption of PKA anchoring to AKAP150 significantly reduces AMPA receptor-mediated glutamatergic transmission and prevents the induction of presynaptic endocannabinoid-mediated long-term depression in LHb neurons. Moreover, ΔPKA mutation potentiates GABAA receptor-mediated inhibitory transmission while increasing LHb intrinsic excitability through suppression of medium afterhyperpolarizations. ΔPKA mutation-induced suppression of medium afterhyperpolarizations also blunts the synaptic and neuroexcitatory actions of the stress neuromodulator, corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), in mouse LHb. Altogether, our data suggest that AKAP150 complex signaling plays a critical role in regulation of AMPA and GABAA receptor synaptic strength, glutamatergic plasticity and CRF neuromodulation possibly through AMPA receptor and potassium channel trafficking and endocannabinoid signaling within the LHb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Simmons
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - William J Flerlage
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Ludovic D Langlois
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Ryan D Shepard
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Christopher Bouslog
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Emily H Thomas
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Kaitlyn M Gouty
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Jennifer L Sanderson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Shawn Gouty
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Brian M Cox
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Mark L Dell'Acqua
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Fereshteh S Nugent
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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Li Z, Shu Q, Chen Q, Yang H, Liu L, He Z, Lin H, Li Z. HCN1 in the lateral habenula contributes to morphine abstinence-induced anxiety-like behaviors in male mice. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 171:185-196. [PMID: 38301534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders, common symptoms during morphine withdrawal, are important negative reinforcement factors leading to relapse. Lateral habenula serves as a negative reinforcement center, however its role in morphine withdrawal-induced anxiety remains uncovered. The hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels have been reported to be important in emotion processing and addiction, but the role of HCN in anxiety from drug protracted abstinence remains elusive. In this study, by using behavioral test, Western blot, immunofluorescence, electrophysiology and virus-mediated regulation of HCN, we found that: (1) Intra-LHb injection of selective HCN blocker ZD7288 alleviated anxiety-like behaviors in morphine protracted abstinent male mice. (2) The LHb neuronal activity was increased by morphine protracted abstinence. (3) LHb neurons were inhibited by ZD7288 and activated by 8-Br-cAMP respectively, which were enhanced by morphine withdrawal. (4) HCN1 in the LHb was upregulated by morphine withdrawal. (5) Virus-mediated overexpression of HCN1 in the LHb was sufficient to produce anxiety-like behaviors in male mice and virus-mediated knockdown of HCN1 in the LHb prevented the anxiety-like behaviors in male mice. The findings reveal that selective blockade of HCN1 channels in the LHb may represent a therapeutic approach to morphine withdrawal-induced anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghui Li
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China; Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Qigang Shu
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China; Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Qiuping Chen
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China; Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China; Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Lu Liu
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China; Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Zhi He
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China; Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China.
| | - Hong Lin
- Yichang Mental Health Center, Yichang, China.
| | - Zicheng Li
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China; Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China; Yichang Mental Health Center, Yichang, China.
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Simmons S, Flerlage W, Langlois L, Shepard R, Bouslog C, Thomas E, Gouty K, Sanderson J, Gouty S, Cox B, Dell’Acqua M, Nugent F. AKAP150-anchored PKA regulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity, neuronal excitability and CRF neuromodulation in the lateral habenula. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.06.570160. [PMID: 38106086 PMCID: PMC10723374 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.06.570160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies of hippocampal synaptic function in learning and memory have established the functional significance of the scaffolding A-kinase anchoring protein 150 (AKAP150) in kinase and phosphatase regulation of synaptic receptor and ion channel trafficking/function and hence synaptic transmission/plasticity, and neuronal excitability. Emerging evidence also suggests that AKAP150 signaling may play a critical role in brain's processing of rewarding/aversive experiences. Here we focused on an unexplored role of AKAP150 in the lateral habenula (LHb), a diencephalic brain region that integrates and relays negative reward signals from forebrain striatal and limbic structures to midbrain monoaminergic centers. LHb aberrant activity (specifically hyperactivity) is also linked to depression. Using whole cell patch clamp recordings in LHb of male wildtype (WT) and ΔPKA knockin mice (with deficiency in AKAP-anchoring of PKA), we found that the genetic disruption of PKA anchoring to AKAP150 significantly reduced AMPA receptor (AMPAR)-mediated glutamatergic transmission and prevented the induction of presynaptic endocannabinoid (eCB)-mediated long-term depression (LTD) in LHb neurons. Moreover, ΔPKA mutation potentiated GABAA receptor (GABAAR)-mediated inhibitory transmission postsynaptically while increasing LHb intrinsic neuronal excitability through suppression of medium afterhyperpolarizations (mAHPs). Given that LHb is a highly stress-responsive brain region, we further tested the effects of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) stress neuromodulator on synaptic transmission and intrinsic excitability of LHb neurons in WT and ΔPKA mice. As in our earlier study in rat LHb, CRF significantly suppressed GABAergic transmission onto LHb neurons and increased intrinsic excitability by diminishing small-conductance potassium (SK) channel-mediated mAHPs. ΔPKA mutation-induced suppression of mAHPs also blunted the synaptic and neuroexcitatory actions of CRF in mouse LHb. Altogether, our data suggest that AKAP150 complex signaling plays a critical role in regulation of AMPAR and GABAAR synaptic strength, glutamatergic plasticity and CRF neuromodulation possibly through AMPAR and potassium channel trafficking and eCB signaling within the LHb.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.C. Simmons
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - W.J. Flerlage
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - L.D. Langlois
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - R.D. Shepard
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - C. Bouslog
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - E.H. Thomas
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - K.M. Gouty
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - J.L. Sanderson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - S. Gouty
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - B.M. Cox
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - M.L. Dell’Acqua
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - F.S. Nugent
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
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Zheng JY, Li XX, Lin WY, Su S, Wu HC, Hu RD, Pan HF, Ye JH, Cai YF, Zhang SJ. Huang-Lian-Jie-Du decoction alleviates depressive-like behaviors in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis mice via Trem2/Dap12 pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023:116658. [PMID: 37263316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Huang-Lian-Jie-Du decoction (HLJD), a traditional Chinese medicine prescription, has been implicated as effective in treating colitis, depression and inflammation-related diseases. Whether HLJD decoction could ameliorate colitis-induced depression was still unknown and the underlying mechanism was needed to be clarified. AIM OF THE STUDY Our study aimed to explore the effect and the underlying mechanism of HLJD treatment on colitis-induced depression and the involvement of the inflammatory factors and microglial-activated related genes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chronic colitis model was established by treating male mice with 1% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 8 weeks. One week after DSS-treated, HLJD decoction was administered orally with 2 and 4 g/kg daily for 7 weeks. Behavior tests (Open field/Elevated plus maze/Novel object recognition) and TUNEL staining were then assessed. The expression of inflammatory-related genes and microglial dysregulation were measured by RT-PCR and the expression of Trem2, Danp12 and Iba1 were assessed by immunofluorescence methods. RESULTS Depressive-like behaviors were observed in mice treated with DSS, which suffered colitis. Compared to normal control (NC-V) mice, the density of TUNEL + cells in the habenula (Hb), hippocampus (HIP), and cortex were significantly higher in colitis (DSS-V) mice, especially in Hb. Compared to NC-V and several brain regions, the expression levels of the Il-1β, Il-10 and Dap12 mRNA were significantly increased in the lateral habenula (LHb) of colitis mice. Moreover, the expression of Trem2, Dap12 and Iba1 were increased in LHb of DSS-V mice. HLJD treatment could alleviate depressive-like behaviors, reduce the density of TUNEL + cells in Hb and the expression of Il-6, Il-10 and Dap12 mRNA in LHb of DSS-V mice. The overexpression of Trem2, Dap12 and Iba1 in LHb of DSS-V mice were reversed after HLJD treatment. CONCLUSION These results reveal LHb is an important brain region during the process of colitis-induced depression. HLJD treatment could alleviates depressive-like behaviors in colitis mice via inhibiting the Trem2/Dap12 pathway in microglia of LHb, which would contribute to the precise treatment. It provides a potential mechanistic explanation for the effectiveness of HLJD treatment in colitis patients with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yi Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China; Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China; Postdoctoral Research Station of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China; Research Center for Chinese Medicine Innovation, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Li
- Research Center for Chinese Medicine Innovation, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, 999077, China; State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Wei-Yao Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shan Su
- College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hai-Cui Wu
- Shenzhen Key Lab for Food Biological Safety Control, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Rui-Dan Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hua-Feng Pan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China; Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China; Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Jiang-Hong Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
| | - Ye-Feng Cai
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China; Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China; Postdoctoral Research Station of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Shi-Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China; Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China; Postdoctoral Research Station of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
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5
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Li Y, Zhang X, Li Y, Li Y, Xu H. Activation of Ventral Pallidum CaMKIIa-Expressing Neurons Promotes Wakefulness. Neurochem Res 2023:10.1007/s11064-023-03915-x. [PMID: 37017890 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03915-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
The ventral pallidum (VP) is involved in the regulation of a variety of behaviors such as motor, reward, and behavioral motivation, and the ability to perform these functions properly is dependent on a high degree of wakefulness. It is unknown whether VP CaMKIIa-expression (VPCaMKIIa) neurons also have a role in sleep-wake regulation and related neuronal circuit mechanisms. In the present experiment, we first used in vivo fiber photometry to find the population activity of VPCaMKIIa neurons which increased during the transitions from non-rapid-eye movement (NREM) sleep to wakefulness and NREM sleep to rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, with decreased during the transitions from wakefulness to NREM sleep. Then chemogenetic activation of VPCaMKIIa neurons induced an increase in wakefulness that lasted for 2 h. Mice that were exposed to short-term optogenetic stimulation woke up quickly from stable NREM sleep, and long-term optogenetic stimulation maintained wakefulness. In addition, optogenetic activation of the axons of VPCaMKIIa neurons in the lateral habenula (LHb) also facilitated the initiation and maintenance of wakefulness and mediated anxiety-like behavior. Finally, the method of chemogenetic inhibition was employed to suppress VPCaMKIIa neurons, and yet, inhibition of VPCaMKIIa neuronal activity did not result in an increase in NREM sleep and a decrease in wakefulness. Overall, our data illustrate that the activation of VPCaMKIIa neurons is of great importance for promoting wakefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefen Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yidan Li
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Xu
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.
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Flerlage WJ, Langlois LD, Rusnak M, Simmons SC, Gouty S, Armstrong RC, Cox BM, Symes AJ, Tsuda MC, Nugent FS. Involvement of Lateral Habenula Dysfunction in Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Motivational Deficits. J Neurotrauma 2023; 40:125-140. [PMID: 35972745 PMCID: PMC9917318 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2022.0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Affective disorders including depression (characterized by reduced motivation, social withdrawal, and anhedonia), anxiety, and irritability are frequently reported as long-term consequences of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in addition to cognitive deficits, suggesting a possible dysregulation within mood/motivational neural circuits. One of the important brain regions that control motivation and mood is the lateral habenula (LHb), whose hyperactivity is associated with depression. Here, we used a repetitive closed-head injury mTBI model that is associated with social deficits in adult male mice and explored the possible long-term alterations in LHb activity and motivated behavior 10-18 days post-injury. We found that mTBI increased the proportion of spontaneous tonically active LHb neurons yet decreased the proportion of LHb neurons displaying bursting activity. Additionally, mTBI diminished spontaneous glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic activity onto LHb neurons, while synaptic excitation and inhibition (E/I) balance was shifted toward excitation through a greater suppression of GABAergic transmission. Behaviorally, mTBI increased the latency in grooming behavior in the sucrose splash test suggesting reduced self-care motivated behavior following mTBI. To show whether limiting LHb hyperactivity could restore motivational deficits in grooming behavior, we then tested the effects of Gi (hM4Di)-DREADD-mediated inhibition of LHb activity in the sucrose splash test. We found that chemogenetic inhibition of LHb glutamatergic neurons was sufficient to reverse mTBI-induced delays in grooming behavior. Overall, our study provides the first evidence for persistent LHb neuronal dysfunction due to an altered synaptic integration as causal neural correlates of dysregulated motivational states by mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Flerlage
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ludovic D. Langlois
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Milan Rusnak
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah C. Simmons
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shawn Gouty
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Regina C. Armstrong
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Brian M. Cox
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aviva J. Symes
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mumeko C. Tsuda
- Preclinical Behavior and Modeling Core, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Fereshteh S. Nugent
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Address correspondence to: Fereshteh S. Nugent, PhD, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences,, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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