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Healy S, Patterson F, Biddle S, Dumuid D, Glorieux I, Olds T, Woods C, Bauman AE, Gába A, Herring MP, Kastelic K, Lachapelle U, Volpe SL, Benedičić Tomat S, Pedisic Z. It's about time to exercise: development of the Exercise Participation Explained in Relation to Time (EXPERT) model. Br J Sports Med 2024:bjsports-2024-108500. [PMID: 39060107 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
A perceived 'lack of time' is consistently the most commonly reported barrier to exercise. However, the term fails to capture the multifaceted nature of time-related factors. Recognising the need for a more comprehensive analysis of 'lack of time' as a barrier to exercise, the aim of this study was to develop the exercise participation explained in relation to time (EXPERT) model. The model was developed through a sequential process including (1) an umbrella literature review of time as a barrier, determinant, and correlate of physical activity; (2) a targeted review of existing temporal models; (3) drafting the model and refining it via discussions between eight authors; (4) a three-round Delphi process with eight panel members; and (5) consultations with seven experts and potential end-users. The final EXPERT model includes 31 factors within four categories: (1) temporal needs and preferences for exercise (ie, when and how long does an individual need/want to exercise), (2) temporal autonomy for exercise (ie, autonomy in scheduling free time for exercise), (3) temporal conditions for exercise (ie, available time for exercise) and (4) temporal dimensions of exercise (ie, use of time for exercise). Definitions, examples and possible survey questions are presented for each factor. The EXPERT model provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the multi-dimensional nature of 'time' as it relates to exercise participation. It moves beyond the simplistic notion of 'lack of time' and delves into the complexity of time allocation in the context of exercise. Empirical and cross-cultural validations of the model are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Healy
- Physical Activity for Health Research Centre, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Freda Patterson
- Department of Health Behavior and Nutrition Sciences & Department of Epidemiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Stuart Biddle
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dorothea Dumuid
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ignace Glorieux
- Brussels Institute for Social and Population Studies - Research Unit TOR, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Tim Olds
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Catherine Woods
- Physical Activity for Health Research Centre, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Limerick Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Adrian E Bauman
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Aleš Gába
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Matthew P Herring
- Physical Activity for Health Research Centre, Health Research Institute, and Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Kaja Kastelic
- Andrej Marušič Institute, Department of Health Studies, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
- InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Ugo Lachapelle
- Department of UrbanStudies and Tourism, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stella L Volpe
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Zeljko Pedisic
- Institute of Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
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Shannon S, Shevlin M, Brick N, Breslin G. Frequency, intensity and duration of muscle strengthening activity and associations with mental health. J Affect Disord 2023; 325:41-47. [PMID: 36587908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite growing emphasis on the benefits of physical activity for promoting mental health, inclusion of muscle-strengthening (MS) (e.g., body-weight exercises, resistance machines) activities is limited. Notably, few studies collectively assess MS behavioural frequency, duration, and intensity. To address the gap, the current study examined associations between frequency (days), intensity (rating of perceived exertion in relation to repetitions in reserve [RPE/RIR]), and duration (minutes per typical session) of MS activities on anxiety, depression, and mental well-being. METHOD A cross-sectional study of 601 participants (Mean age = 30.92 years [SD = 12.70]; 57.7 % female) across Ireland was conducted. Participants completed a self-report questionnaire containing MS instruments previously used, or adapted from valid and reliable measures (i.e., International Physical Activity Questionnaire IPAQ, RPE/RIR), alongside, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8) and the Mental Health Continuum- Short Form (MHC-SF). A multivariate regression model was tested in MPLUS, using dummy coding for MS frequency in relation to no activity (i.e., 0-days) non-adherence (i.e., 1-day), adherence (i.e., 2-days) and enhanced adherence (i.e., ≥3 days) to the MS public health guidelines, with the mental health variables representing the dependent variables. Intensity and duration were specified in the model as continuous variables; gender and age were included as statistical controls. RESULTS Three or more days engaged in MS activities was associated with fewer anxiety (β = -0.12, p < .05) and depression (β = -0.14, p < .01) symptoms. Increased intensity had a negative association with anxiety (β = -0.10, p < .05) and depression (β = -0.15, p < .001). Unexpectedly, adherence to the MS guidelines (2-days) did not predict any of the mental health outcomes, whereas 1-day of MS activity was associated with fewer depression symptoms (β = -0.11). No effects were observed for mental well-being, and MS duration exerted a null effect across all mental health outcomes. CONCLUSION Higher frequency and intensity of MS activities may protect against anxiety and depression symptoms. Doing some MS activities (at least 1-day) is likely more beneficial than none for depression. Evidence-based, MS interventions may help curb mental illness rates, and future longitudinal, intervention-based research could consider inclusion of MS frequency, intensity and duration variables to enhance efforts to identify at-risk groups and trends within physical activity and mental illness surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Shannon
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University Jordanstown Campus, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland BT370QB, UK; Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing, Ulster University Jordanstown Campus, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland BT370QB, UK.
| | - Mark Shevlin
- School of Psychology, Ulster University Coleraine Campus, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT521SA, UK
| | - Noel Brick
- School of Psychology, Ulster University Coleraine Campus, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT521SA, UK
| | - Gavin Breslin
- Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing, Ulster University Jordanstown Campus, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland BT370QB, UK; School of Psychology, Ulster University Coleraine Campus, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT521SA, UK
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Stults-Kolehmainen MA. Humans have a basic physical and psychological need to move the body: Physical activity as a primary drive. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1134049. [PMID: 37113126 PMCID: PMC10128862 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1134049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity, while less necessary for survival in modern times, is still essential for thriving in life, and low levels of movement are related to numerous physical and mental health problems. However, we poorly understand why people move on a day-to-day basis and how to promote greater energy expenditure. Recently, there has been a turn to understand automatic processes with close examination of older theories of behavior. This has co-occurred with new developments in the study of non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT). In this narrative review, it is hypothesized that psycho-physiological drive is important to understand movement in general and NEAT, specifically. Drive, in short, is a motivation state, characterized by arousal and felt tension, energizing the organism to acquire a basic need. Movement is a biological necessity, like food, water, and sleep, but varies across the lifespan and having the greatest impact before adolescence. Movement meets various criteria for a primary drive: (a) deprivation of it produces feelings of tension, such as an urge or craving, known as affectively-charged motivation states, and particularly the feelings of being antsy, restless, hyper or cooped up, (b) provision of the need quickly reduces tension - one can be satiated, and may even over-consume, (c) it can be provoked by qualities of the environment, (d) it is under homeostatic control, (e) there is an appetite (i.e., appetence) for movement but also aversion, and (f) it has a developmental time course. Evidence for drive has mainly come from children and populations with hyperkinetic disorders, such as those with anorexia nervosa, restless legs syndrome, and akathisia. It is also stimulated in conditions of deprivation, such as bed rest, quarantine, long flights, and physical restraint. It seems to be lacking in the hypokinetic disorders, such as depression and Parkinson's. Thus, drive is associated with displeasure and negative reinforcement, subsuming it within the theory of hedonic drive, but it may fit better within new paradigms, such as the WANT model (Wants and Aversions for Neuromuscular Tasks). Recently developed measurement tools, such as the CRAVE scale, may permit the earnest investigation of movement drive, satiation, and motivation states in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Stults-Kolehmainen
- Division of Digestive Health, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College – Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Matthew A. Stults-Kolehmainen,
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Franco EL. It takes a village: Preventive Medicine and Preventive Medicine Reports in the last decade. Prev Med 2023; 166:107392. [PMID: 36841959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo L Franco
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Franco EL. It takes a village: Preventive Medicine and Preventive Medicine Reports in the last decade. Prev Med Rep 2022; 31:102091. [PMID: 36820366 PMCID: PMC9938336 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.102091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Mata C, Onofre M, Martins J. Adolescents’ Perceived Barriers to Physical Activity during the COVID-19 Pandemic. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9111726. [PMID: 36360454 PMCID: PMC9688682 DOI: 10.3390/children9111726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescents’ routines were deeply affected, which negatively impacted their level of PA. Knowing the barriers to PA in adolescence is relevant, because the perception of more barriers is one of the most consistent negative correlates of PA participation. The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the barriers perceived by adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic by sex, education level, PA level, and BMI. A total of 1369 students (621 boys and 748 girls; mean age: 14.4 years; SD: 1.74) participated in the study. The chi-square test was used to analyze the differences between groups. Only 3.1% of the adolescents complied with the international guidelines for PA. In general, the barriers with the highest prevalence were the COVID-19 pandemic, lack of time, and taking time away from study. The number of perceived barriers to PA was higher among girls, younger, and inactive participants. Boys selected more the barriers due to COVID-19 than girls, and students with normal weight chose more barriers than those with overweight. This study provides information on adolescents’ PA barriers during the COVID-19 pandemic and draws attention to the negative effects that restrictive measures have had on adolescents’ PA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Mata
- Centro de Estudos de Educação, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Marcos Onofre
- Centro de Estudos de Educação, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana e UIDEF, Instituto de Educação, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Martins
- Centro de Estudos de Educação, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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