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Zhang M, Jiang H, Wu L, Lu H, Bera H, Zhao X, Guo X, Liu X, Cun D, Yang M. Airway epithelial cell-specific delivery of lipid nanoparticles loading siRNA for asthma treatment. J Control Release 2022; 352:422-437. [PMID: 36265740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
With specific and inherent mRNA cleaving activity, small interfering RNA (siRNA) has been deemed promising therapeutics to reduce the exacerbation rate of asthma by inhibiting the expression and release of proinflammatory cytokines from airway epithelial cells (AECs). To exert the therapeutic effects of siRNA drugs, nano-formulations with high efficiency and safety are required to deliver these nucleic acids to the target cells. Herein, we exploited novel inhaled lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) targeting intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) receptors on the apical side of AECs. This delivery system is meant to enhance the specific delivery efficiency of siRNA in AECs to prevent the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in AECs and the concomitant symptoms in parallel. A cyclic peptide that resembles part of the capsid protein of rhinovirus and binds to ICAM-1 receptors was initially conjugated with cholesterol and subsequently assembled with ionizable cationic lipids to form the LNPs (Pep-LNPs) loaded with siRNA against thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP siRNA). The obtained Pep-LNPs were subjected to thorough characterization and evaluations in vitro and in vivo. Pep-LNPs significantly enhanced cellular uptake and gene silencing efficiency in human epithelial cells expressing ICAM-1 in vitro, exhibited AEC-specific delivery and improved the gene silencing effect in ovalbumin-challenged asthmatic mice after pulmonary administration. More importantly, Pep-LNPs remarkably downregulated the expression of TSLP in AECs, effectively alleviated inflammatory cell infiltration, and reduced the secretion of other proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-4 and IL-13, as well as mucus production in asthmatic mice. This study demonstrates that Pep-LNPs are safe and efficient to deliver siRNA drugs to asthmatic AECs and could potentially alleviate allergic asthma by inhibiting the overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines in the airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjun Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Huiyang Jiang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Lan Wu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Haoyu Lu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Hriday Bera
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China; Dr. B.C. Roy College of Pharmacy & Allied Health Sciences, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713212, India
| | - Xing Zhao
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Xiong Guo
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Xulu Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Dongmei Cun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China.
| | - Mingshi Yang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Correia AT, de Almeida FM, Augusto-Cottet MC, Nolasco P, Bento ASA, Hirano HKM, de Souza MCR, Dos Santos ES, de Castro JHR, Matsuda M, Pêgo-Fernandes PM, Pazetti R. Basiliximab Does Not Impair Airway Mucociliary Clearance of Rats. Inflammation 2022; 45:2243-2255. [PMID: 35715590 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01687-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that immunosuppressive drugs impair the airway mucociliary clearance of rats. However, considering the high specificity of basiliximab (BSX) and the absence of studies reporting its side effects, our aim was to investigate whether BSX, associated or not with triple therapy, impairs the mucociliary system. Forty rats were divided into 4 groups: Control, BSX, Triple, and BSX + Triple. After 15 days of treatment, animals were euthanized and the ciliary beating frequency (CBF), mucociliary transport velocity (MCTV), neutral and acid mucin production, Muc5ac and Muc5b gene expression, inflammatory cell number, and interleukin (IL)-6 concentration were analyzed. CBF and MCTV were lower in Triple and BSX + Triple groups (p < 0.05). Neutral mucin percentage was higher in Triple group (p < 0.05), and acid mucin percentage was higher in Triple and BSX + Triple groups (p < 0.05). The Muc5ac and Muc5b gene expression was higher in Triple and BSX + Triple groups (p < 0.05). Animals from Triple and BSX + Triple groups presented fewer mononuclear cells (p < 0.05). The number of polymorphonuclear cells was higher in the Triple group (p < 0.05). In the analysis of inflammatory cells in the blood, there was a decrease in lymphocytes and an increase in neutrophils in the Triple and BSX + Triple groups (p < 0.05). The concentration of IL-6 significantly increased in the animals of the Triple and BSX + Triple groups (p < 0.05). BSX did not change the mucociliary apparatus of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristides Tadeu Correia
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Cirurgia Toracica e Cardiovascular, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, sala 1220, Sao Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Cirurgia Toracica, Departamento de Cardiopneumologia, Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Francine Maria de Almeida
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Cirurgia Toracica e Cardiovascular, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, sala 1220, Sao Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Cirurgia Toracica, Departamento de Cardiopneumologia, Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcia Cristina Augusto-Cottet
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Cirurgia Toracica, Departamento de Cardiopneumologia, Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Nolasco
- Laborario de Biologia Vascular, Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Afonso Silva Alves Bento
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Cirurgia Toracica, Departamento de Cardiopneumologia, Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hugo Kenji Matsushima Hirano
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Cirurgia Toracica, Departamento de Cardiopneumologia, Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Cecília Ribeiro de Souza
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Cirurgia Toracica, Departamento de Cardiopneumologia, Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Elizabete Silva Dos Santos
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Cirurgia Toracica, Departamento de Cardiopneumologia, Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Júlia Helena Rodrigues de Castro
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Cirurgia Toracica, Departamento de Cardiopneumologia, Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Monique Matsuda
- Laboratorio de Investigação em Oftalmologia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Manuel Pêgo-Fernandes
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Cirurgia Toracica, Departamento de Cardiopneumologia, Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Pazetti
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Cirurgia Toracica, Departamento de Cardiopneumologia, Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Santana FPR, Pinheiro NM, Bittencourt-Mernak MI, Perini A, Yoshizaki K, Macchione M, Saldiva PHN, Martins MA, Tibério IFLC, Prado MAM, Prado VF, Prado CM. Vesicular acetylcholine transport deficiency potentiates some inflammatory responses induced by diesel exhaust particles. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 167:494-504. [PMID: 30368143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous acetylcholine (ACh), which depends of the levels of vesicular ACh transport (VAChT) to be released, is the central mediator of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory system. ACh controls the release of cytokine in different models of inflammation. Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) are one of the major environmental pollutants produced in large quantity by automotive engines in urban center. DEP bind the lung parenchyma and induce inflammation. We evaluated whether cholinergic dysfunction worsens DEP-induced lung inflammation. Male mice with decreased ACh release due to reduced expression of VAChT (VAChT-KD mice) were submitted to DEP exposure for 30 days (3 mg/mL of DEP, once a day, five days a week) or saline. Pulmonary function and inflammation as well as extracellular matrix fiber deposition were evaluated. Additionally, airway and nasal epithelial mucus production were quantified. We found that DEP instillation worsened lung function and increased lung inflammation. Higher levels of mononuclear cells were observed in the peripheral blood of both wild-type (WT) and VAChT-KD mice. Also, both wild-type (WT) and VAChT-KD mice showed an increase in macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) as well as increased expression of IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, TNF-α, and NF-κB in lung cells. The collagen fiber content in alveolar septa was also increased in both genotypes. On the other hand, we observed that granulocytes were increased only in VAChT-KD peripheral blood. Likewise, increased BALF lymphocytes and neutrophils as well as increased elastic fibers in alveolar septa, airway neutral mucus, and nasal epithelia acid mucus were observed only in VAChT-KD mice. The cytokines IL-4 and TNF-α were also higher in VAChT-KD mice compared with WT mice. In conclusion, decreased ability to release ACh exacerbates some of the lung alterations induced by DEP in mice, suggesting that VAChT-KD animals are more vulnerable to the effects of DEP in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda P R Santana
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biological Science, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Nathalia M Pinheiro
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Adenir Perini
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kelly Yoshizaki
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariângela Macchione
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo H N Saldiva
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milton A Martins
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marco Antônio M Prado
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Vânia F Prado
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Carla M Prado
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Bioscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil.
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Trindade SHK, Seriani R, Lorenzi-Filho G, de Mello Júnior JF, Sennes LU, Saldiva PHN, Macchione M. Effects of organic and inorganic compounds of diesel exhaust particles on the mucociliary epithelium: An experimental study on the frog palate preparation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 148:608-614. [PMID: 29128821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The toxic actions of acute exposition to different diesel exhaust particles (DEPA) fractions on the mucociliary epithelium are not yet fully understood due to different concentrations of organic and inorganic elements. These chemicals elements produce damage to the respiratory epithelium and exacerbate pre-existent diseases. In our study we showed these differences in two experimental studies. Study I (dose-response curve - DRCS): Forty frog-palates were exposed to the following dilutions: frog ringer, intact DEPA diluted in frog-ringer at 3mg/L, 6mg/L and 12mg/L. Study II (DEPF) (DEPA fractions diluted at 12mg/L): Fifty palates - Frog ringer, intact DEPA, DEPA treated with hexane, nitric acid and methanol. Variables analyzed: relative time of mucociliary transport (MCT), ciliary beating frequency (CBF) and morphometric analysis for mucin profile (neutral/acid) and vacuolization. The Results of DRCS: Group DEPA-12mg/L presented a significant increase in the MCT (p<0.05), proportional volume of acid mucus (p<0.05) and decreased proportional volume of neutral mucus and vacuoles (p<0.05). In relation of DEPF: A significant increase in the MCT associated to a decrease in the proportional volume of neutral mucus was founded in nitric acid group. In addition, a significant increase in the proportional volume of acid mucus was found in methanol group. We concluded that: 1) Increasing concentrations of intact DEPA can progressively increase MCT and promote an acidification of intra-epithelial mucins associated to a depletion of neutral mucus. 2) Intact DEPA seem to act as secretagogue substance, promoting mucus extrusion and consequently reducing epithelial thickness. 3) Organic fraction of low polarity seems to play a pivotal role on the acute toxicity to the mucociliary epithelium, by promoting a significant increase in the MCT associated to changes in the chemical profile of the intracellular mucins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Henrique Kiemle Trindade
- Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery Departament, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Robson Seriani
- Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Departament of Biological Sciences - Faculdade das Américas, Unidade Paulista, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Geraldo Lorenzi-Filho
- Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Sleep Laboratory, Pulmonary Division, Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - João Ferreira de Mello Júnior
- Otorhinolaryngology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Ubirajara Sennes
- Sleep Laboratory, Pulmonary Division, Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Mariângela Macchione
- Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Ferretti VA, Segal-Eiras A, Barbeito CG, Croce MV. Temporal and spatial expression of Muc2 and Muc5ac mucins during rat respiratory and digestive tracts development. Res Vet Sci 2016; 104:136-45. [PMID: 26850552 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Secreted mucins constitute a crucial part of the gel that protects respiratory and digestive epithelia, being MUC2/Muc2 the predominant gel-forming mucin of the intestine while MUC5AC/Muc5ac is one of the gel-forming mucins most expressed at the airways. In this study, we have analyzed Muc2 and Muc5ac during rat development by using immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and RT-PCR. We demonstrated that rat Muc2 was expressed in fetal intestinal goblet cells of surface epithelium of villi and developing Lieberkühn crypts. In neonates and adults, Muc2 was expressed at luminal goblet cells of small and large intestine and at gastric mucous and glandular cells. Muc5ac protein was observed in embryonic gastric and lung samples; expression increased during development and postnatal and adult life. After birth, a low reaction was detected at the tracheal surface epithelium and glands, which increased in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Ferretti
- Centre of Basic and Applied Immunological Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - A Segal-Eiras
- Centre of Basic and Applied Immunological Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - C G Barbeito
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, Argentina
| | - M V Croce
- Centre of Basic and Applied Immunological Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.
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Reno AL, Brooks EG, Ameredes BT. Mechanisms of Heightened Airway Sensitivity and Responses to Inhaled SO2 in Asthmatics. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2015; 9:13-25. [PMID: 25922579 PMCID: PMC4384764 DOI: 10.4137/ehi.s15671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a problematic inhalable air pollutant in areas of widespread industrialization, not only in the United States but also in countries undergoing rapid industrialization, such as China, and it can be a potential trigger factor for asthma exacerbations. It is known that asthmatics are sensitive to the effects of SO2; however, the basis of this enhanced sensitivity remains incompletely understood. A PubMed search was performed over the course of 2014, encompassing the following terms: asthma, airway inflammation, sulfur dioxide, IL-10, mouse studies, and human studies. This search indicated that biomarkers of SO2 exposure, SO2 effects on airway epithelial cell function, and animal model data are useful in our understanding of the body's response to SO2, as are SO2-associated amplification of allergic inflammation, and potential promotion of neurogenic inflammation due to chemical irritant properties. While definitive answers are still being sought, these areas comprise important foci of consideration regarding asthmatic responses to inhaled SO2. Furthermore, IL-10 deficiency associated with asthma may be another important factor associated with an inability to resolve inflammation and mitigate oxidative stress resulting from SO2 inhalation, supporting the idea that asthmatics are predisposed to SO2 sensitivity, leading to asthma exacerbations and airway dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward G Brooks
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Ferretti V, Segal-Eiras Á, Barbeito CG, Croce MV. Muc5ac mucin expression during rat skin development. Eur J Histochem 2015; 59:2462. [PMID: 25820562 PMCID: PMC4378216 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2015.2462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Some mucin genes have been detected during human embryonic and fetal organ development; however, little is known about mucin expression in epidermal development, neither in humans nor in other species. The present research was developed to explore Muc5ac skin expression during pre- and post-natal rat development. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), Western blotting (WB) and RT-PCR were employed. By IHC, Muc5ac protein was found early in embryonic epidermis from day 13 of gestation until seven days after birth when the surface epidermis became negative and the reaction was restricted to secreting sebum cells. In coincidence with IHC findings, WB analysis showed a band at approximately 200KDa at the same periods of development. Results were also confirmed by RT-PCR. Muc5ac expression in rat embryonic epidermis suggests that Muc5ac may play a protective role in embryonic skin previous to birth which may be replaced by pile covering. To our knowledge, this is the first report that confirmed Muc5ac expression during skin development.
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Seriani R, Junqueira MS, Toledo AC, Corrêa AT, Silva LFF, Martins MA, Saldiva PHN, Mauad T, Macchione M. Organic and inorganic fractions of diesel exhaust particles produce changes in mucin profile of mouse trachea explants. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:215-225. [PMID: 25674825 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.947456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) contain organic and inorganic elements that produce damage to the respiratory epithelium. The aim of this study was to determine the mucus profile of tracheal explants exposed to either crude diesel exhaust particles (DEP) or DEP treated with nitric acid (DEP/NA), with hexane (DEP/HEX), or with methanol (DEP/MET) at concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/ml for 30 and 60 min. Tracheal explants were subjected to morphometric analyses to study acidic (AB+), neutral (PAS+), and mixed (AB+/PAS+) mucus production and vacuolization (V). Incubation with 50 μg/ml crude DEP resulted in a rise in acid mucus production, an increase in vacuolization at 30 min, and reduction in neutral mucus at 30 and 60 min. Tracheas exposed to DEP/MET at 50 μg/ml for 30 or 60 min resulted in a significant decrease in neutral mucus production and an elevation in acid mucus production. DEP/HEX increased vacuolization at both 50 and 100 μg/ml at 30 and 60 min of exposure. Treatment with 50 μg/ml for 30 or 60 min significantly elevated mixed mucus levels. These results suggest that DEP appear to be more toxic when administered in combination with HEX or MET. DEP/MET modified the mucus profile of the epithelium, while DEP/HEX altered mucus extrusion, and these responses might be due to bioavailability of individual elements in DEP fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Seriani
- a Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP. Brazil
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9
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Li R, Kou X, Tian J, Meng Z, Cai Z, Cheng F, Dong C. Effect of sulfur dioxide on inflammatory and immune regulation in asthmatic rats. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 112:296-304. [PMID: 25048919 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to sulfur dioxide (SO2) increases asthma risk. Inflammatory and immune responses are typical in asthma disease. The exact effect of SO2 on modulation of the inflammatory and immune responses in asthmatic rats remains unclear. OBJECTIVES Here we sought to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the NF-κB inflammatory pathway and the Th1/Th2 imbalance in asthmatic rats exposed to SO2. METHODS Male Wistar rats were challenged by ovalbumin (OVA) or SO2 alone or together, and then mRNA and protein levels of some inflammatory and immune genes were measured. NF-κB nuclear translocation was analyzed. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), inflammatory cell counts and histopathologic examination were performed. RESULTS (1) OVA plus SO2 induced abnormal pathological changes and inflammatory responses in lung relative to exposure to OVA alone; (2) showing NF-κB nuclear translocation and activation through up-regulating IKKβ mRNA and protein expression and down-regulating IκBα expression in the presence of OVA or OVA plus SO2; (3) OVA plus SO2 significantly raised TNF-α and IL-6 levels in BALF compared with the OVA group; (4) SO2 markedly elevated IL-4 levels and decreased IFN-γ levels in BALF in the asthmatic rats, stimulating IgE generation which was closely related to inhibiting the expression of Foxp3, a specific marker of regulatory T cells. CONCLUSIONS SO2 affects the airway inflammatory and immune responses of the asthmatic rats and enhances the susceptibility to OVA by aggravating inflammatory responses in lungs, up-regulating pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and causing the Th1/Th2 imbalance, which might contribute to the increased risk of asthma disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijin Li
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Coal Waste Resources, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Kou
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Jingjing Tian
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Ziqiang Meng
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Fangqin Cheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Coal Waste Resources, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China.
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China.
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Shin IS, Park JW, Shin NR, Jeon CM, Kwon OK, Lee MY, Kim HS, Kim JC, Oh SR, Ahn KS. Melatonin inhibits MUC5AC production via suppression of MAPK signaling in human airway epithelial cells. J Pineal Res 2014; 56:398-407. [PMID: 24720799 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mucus acts as a primary defense system in the airway against various stimuli. However, excess mucus production causes a reduction in lung function via limitation of the airflow in the airway of patients suffering from asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this study, we evaluated the effects of melatonin on the production of MUC5AC, a major constituent of the mucin that is secreted from the airway, using epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated NCI-H292 cells, a human mucoepidermoid carcinoma cell line, and an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma murine model. Melatonin treatment significantly reduced the mRNA and protein levels of MUC5AC and reduced interleukin (IL)-6 production in EGF-stimulated H292 cells. Melatonin markedly decreased the phosphorylation of MAPKs, including ERK1/2, JNK, and p-38, induced by EGF stimulation. These findings were consistent with the results using MAPK inhibitors. Particularly, co-treatment with melatonin and a MAPK inhibitor more effectively suppressed MAPK phosphorylation than treatment with a MAPK inhibitor alone, which resulted in a reduction in MUC5AC expression. In the asthma murine model, melatonin-treated mice exhibited a marked reduction in MUC5AC expression in the airway compared with the OVA-induced mice. These reductions were accompanied by reductions in proinflammatory cytokine production and inflammatory cell infiltration. Collectively, these findings indicate that melatonin effectively inhibits MUC5AC expression. These effects may be closely associated with the inhibition of MAPK phosphorylation. Furthermore, our study suggests that melatonin could represent a potential therapeutic for chronic airway diseases, such as asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Sik Shin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk, Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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Song A, Lin F, Li J, Liao Q, Liu E, Jiang X, Deng L. Bisulfite and sulfite as derivatives of sulfur dioxide alters biomechanical behaviors of airway smooth muscle cells in culture. Inhal Toxicol 2014; 26:166-74. [PMID: 24456156 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.872211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a common air pollutant that triggers asthmatic symptoms, but its toxicological mechanisms are not fully understood. Specifically, it is unclear how SO2 in vivo affects airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells of which the mechanics is known to ultimately mediate airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) - a hallmark feature of asthma. To this end, we investigated the effects of bisulfite/sulfite (1:3 M/M in neutral fluid to simulate the in vivo derivatives of inhaled SO2 in the airways), on the viability, migration, stiffness and contractility of ASM cells cultured in vitro. The results showed that bisulfite/sulfite consistently increased viability, migration, F-actin intensity and stiffness of ASM cells in similar fashion as concentration increasing from 10(-4) to 10(-1) mmol/L. However, bisulfite/sulfite increased the ASM cell contractility induced by KCl only at the concentration between 10(-4) and 10(-3) mmol/L (p < 0.05), while having no consistent effect on that induced by histamine. At the concentration of 10(0) mmol/L, bisulfite/sulfite became acutely toxic to the ASM cells. Taken together, the data suggest that SO2 derivatives at low levels in vivo may directly increase the mass, stiffness and contractility of ASM cells, which may help understand the mechanism in which specific air pollutants contribute in vivo to the pathogenesis of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijing Song
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University , Chongqing , China
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Shin IS, Lee MY, Jeon WY, Shin NR, Seo CS, Ha H. EBM84 attenuates airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion in an ovalbumin-induced murine model of asthma. Int J Mol Med 2013; 31:982-8. [PMID: 23403738 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
EBM84 is a traditional herbal medicine and a combination of extracts obtained from Pinellia ternata and Zingiber officinale. It is traditionally used to treat vomiting, nausea, sputum and gastrointestinal disorders, and functions is an effective expectorant. In this study, we evaluated the protective effects of EBM84 on asthmatic responses, particularly mucus hypersecretion in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced murine model of asthma. We also analyzed EBM84 composition using high performance liquid chromatography. Animals were sensitized on days 0 and 14 via intraperitoneal injection using 20 µg OVA. On days 21, 22 and 23 after initial sensitization, the mice received an airway challenge with OVA (1% w/v in PBS) for 1 h using an ultrasonic nebulizer (NE-U12). EBM84 was administered by gavage to the mice at doses of 16.9, 33.8 and 67.5 mg/kg once daily from days 18 to 23. EBM84 administration significantly lowered elevated levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, eotaxin and immunoglobulin (Ig)E in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or plasma. Airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion were attenuated following EBM84 administration. EBM84 also inhibited the overexpression of mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) induced by OVA challenge in lung tissue. This result was consistent with the immunohistochemistry results. Our results indicate that EBM84 effectively inhibited airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion via the downregulation of T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines, which reduced MUC5AC expression. Therefore, EBM84 has potential as a useful medicine for the treatment of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Sik Shin
- Basic Herbal Medicine Research Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yusung-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
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Chronic exposure to sulfur dioxide enhances airway hyperresponsiveness only in ovalbumin-sensitized rats. Toxicol Lett 2012; 214:320-7. [PMID: 23010223 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) is a common air pollutant that triggers asthmatic symptoms, but its toxicological mechanisms are not fully understood. Specifically, it is unclear how airborne SO(2) affects airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) - a hallmark feature of asthma. To this end, we investigated the effects of chronic exposure to SO(2) on AHR, airway inflammation, tissue remodeling, cell stiffness (G') and contractility of the airway smooth muscle cell (ASMC). Newborn Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) was used as the model to mimic asthmatic symptoms. The experimental results show that exposure to SO(2): (1) significantly increased Penh (an indicator of AHR) in the OVA-sensitized rats (p<0.01) but not in the normal rats (p>0.05), which correlated with the increase of airway smooth muscle mass; (2) increased IL-4 production in BALF of both the normal (p<0.05) and OVA-sensitized rats (p<0.001), but decreased IFN-γ in BALF of only the normal rats, and in serum only increased IL-4 production of the OVA-sensitized rats (p<0.001); (3) increased ASMC stiffness (G') and contractility only in the OVA-sensitized rats (p<0.001, p<0.05, respectively). Taken together, these results demonstrate that SO(2) may be a universal airway inflammatory factor, but more importantly, specific to exacerbating AHR in asthmatics only. These findings uncover a potential mechanism of SO(2)-induced health effects and may provide a basis for therapeutic targets.
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Xie J, Li R, Fan R, Meng Z. Effects of sulfur dioxide on expressions of p53, bax and bcl-2 in lungs of asthmatic rats. Inhal Toxicol 2009; 21:952-7. [PMID: 19681733 DOI: 10.1080/08958370802629602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of cell apoptosis is an increasingly important factor in modulating airway inflammation in asthma, which is related to environmental pollutants. To investigate the effects of sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) on the mRNA and protein expressions of apoptosis-related genes in lungs from asthmatic rats, male Wistar rats were challenged by ovalbumin (OVA) or SO(2) (2 ppm) inhalation alone or together. Examinations were performed 24 h after the last treatment. The mRNA and protein levels of p53, bax, and bcl-2 were analyzed in lungs using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay and Western blot analysis, respectively. The results indicated that increases of bcl-2 or decreases of p53 and bax mRNA and protein levels were not significant in lungs of rats exposed to SO(2) alone, compared with controls, but elevated or reduced levels of these genes appeared in lungs of asthmatic rats exposed to SO(2) plus OVA, compared with controls, suggesting that SO(2) exposure could result in OVA-induced increases or decreases of transcription and translation levels of these apoptosis-related genes in rat lungs, and may have relations to airway inflammation in asthma. The regulation mechanism of apoptosis in asthma disease exposure to SO(2) needs further study.
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Li R, Meng Z, Xie J. Effects of sulfur dioxide on the expressions of EGF, EGFR, and COX-2 in airway of asthmatic rats. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2008; 54:748-757. [PMID: 17962899 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-007-9054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of asthma involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The epidemiology studies have shown that SO(2)might play an important role in the initiation or exacerbation of the asthma disease. To investigate the asthmatic molecular mechanisms exposed to SO(2), male Wistar rats were divided randomly into four equal groups of six animals each: (1) SO(2) group, (2) ovalbumin (OVA) group (asthma group), (3) SO(2)plus OVA group, and (4) control group. The rats were challenged by ovalbumin (OVA) or SO(2) (5.6 mg/m(3)) inhalation alone or together. The mRNA and protein levels of asthma-related genes (EGF, EGFR, and COX-2) were analyzed in lungs and tracheas using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay, radioimmunoassay method, and Western blot analysis, respectively. The results showed that inhaled SO(2) alone increased the mRNA and protein expressions of three tested genes in lung and trachea tissues, but only the mRNA levels of EGFR and COX-2 in tracheas were significantly increased compared with the control. However, OVA exposure significantly induced the mRNA and protein expressions of EGF, EGFR, and COX-2 compared with the control. Meanwhile, OVA plus SO(2) inhalation enhanced the mRNA and protein levels of these genes in rat airways, versus exposure to OVA alone. These results suggested that SO(2) could increase the expressions of EGF, EGFR, and COX-2 on the transcription and translation levels in the lungs and tracheas from asthmatic rats, which might be one of the possible mechanisms by which SO(2) pollution aggravates asthma disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijin Li
- Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering and Institute of Environmental Medicine and Toxicology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
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