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Hickey AJ, Maloney SE, Kuehl PJ, Phillips JE, Wolff RK. Practical Considerations in Dose Extrapolation from Animals to Humans. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2024; 37:77-89. [PMID: 38237032 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2023.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal studies are an important component of drug product development and the regulatory review process since modern practices have been in place, for almost a century. A variety of experimental systems are available to generate aerosols for delivery to animals in both liquid and solid forms. The extrapolation of deposited dose in the lungs from laboratory animals to humans is challenging because of genetic, anatomical, physiological, pharmacological, and other biological differences between species. Inhaled drug delivery extrapolation requires scrutiny as the aerodynamic behavior, and its role in lung deposition is influenced not only by the properties of the drug aerosol but also by the anatomy and pulmonary function of the species in which it is being evaluated. Sources of variability between species include the formulation, delivery system, and species-specific biological factors. It is important to acknowledge the underlying variables that contribute to estimates of dose scaling between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Hickey
- Department of Technology Advancement and Commercialization, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sara E Maloney
- Department of Technology Advancement and Commercialization, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Phillip J Kuehl
- Division: Scientific Core Laboratories; Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jonathan E Phillips
- Amgen, Inc., Inflammation Discovery Research, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
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Lynch JJ, Rossignol E, Moehrle JJ, Van Vleet TR, Marsh KC, Parman T, Mirsalis J, Ottinger SE, Segreti JA, Rao M, Mittelstadt SW. Increased stress associated with head-out plethysmography testing can exacerbate respiratory effects and lead to mortality in rats. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2019; 99:106580. [PMID: 31085318 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2019.106580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION DSM421, a dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor, was in preclinical development as a potential treatment option for malaria. When tested in a core battery of safety pharmacology assays, DSM421 did not produce any effects at oral doses up to 750 mg/kg in an Irwin test in rats, but a respiratory study in rats using head-out plethysmography resulted in substantial changes in respiratory function as well as moribundity and mortality at that and lower doses. An investigation was performed to determine the source of this discrepancy. METHODS Potential testing errors, differences in types of plethysmography testing chambers, effects on stress indicators, and off-target activity were investigated. RESULTS Respiratory changes and toxicity (resulting in euthanasia in extremis) were confirmed in a repeat, head-out plethysmography test, but the effects of DSM421 were much less severe overall when the rats were tested in whole-body chambers. Additionally, at the end of the 5-h post-dosing respiratory monitoring periods, levels of stress-related hormones (particularly corticosterone) were higher overall in the head-out, than in the whole-body, tested rats. Furthermore, DSM421 was found to produce changes in cardiovascular function in unrestrained rats, and it was shown to have off-target binding affinity at the adenosine A3 receptor (which is associated with bronchoconstriction). DISCUSSION The generalized stress inherent to head-out plethysmography testing exacerbated the respiratory effects of DSM421 and was possibly compounded by DSM421's cardiovascular effects, thus artifactually resulting in moribundity and mortality in rats. Care should be taken when choosing whether to use head-out versus whole-body plethysmography chambers during respiratory function testing in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Lynch
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
| | - Emilie Rossignol
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, P.O. Box 1826, 20, Route de Pré-Bois, 1215, Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Joerg J Moehrle
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, P.O. Box 1826, 20, Route de Pré-Bois, 1215, Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | | | - Kennan C Marsh
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Toufan Parman
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jon Mirsalis
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Sean E Ottinger
- Takeda Pharmaceutical International Co., 35 Landsdowne St, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA
| | - Jason A Segreti
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Mohan Rao
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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Chu F, Ma H, Jin X. Cardiovascular and respiratory safety evaluation of Musca Domestica larvae low molecular weight peptide in beagle dogs. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 29:397-402. [PMID: 30676175 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2018.1519863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: Many studies have demonstrated that the water extracts and low-molecular-weight peptide (LMWP) of the Musca domestica larvae contain significant biological activity. However, the cardiovascular and respiratory safety evaluations of LMWP are yet to be sufficiently investigated. Aim: This study focused on the cardiovascular and respiratory safety evaluations of the M. domestica larvae LMWP in beagle dogs. Methods: Direct cardiovascular and respiratory effects of three different doses of the M. domestica larvae LMWP were investigated following only once oral administration in conscious telemetered dogs, whereby ECG, arterial pressure, and respiratory data were collected using the Data Science International telemetric system. Results: The PR, QT, and QTcf intervals were significantly shortened in the medium-dose LMWP treatment group at 3 h after drug administration. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed in any of the corresponding indexes of other treatment groups at different time points compared to those of the control group. P wave, ST segment, R wave, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, and mean pressure were significantly different, although these differences had no significant dose-effect relationship. Respiratory frequency significantly increased in the medium-dose LMWP treatment group at 8 h after drug administration compared to that of the control group. Respiratory rate and tidal volume showed no significant differences at varying time points among all LMWP treatment groups. Conclusions: No toxicological effects related to cardiovascular and respiratory safety in beagle dogs were observed at any dose level of the M. domestica larvae LMWP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujiang Chu
- a School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances , Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , PR China
| | - Hongyan Ma
- b School of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , PR China
| | - Xiaobao Jin
- a School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances , Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , PR China
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Regulatory respiratory data refinement with reduced animal usage. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2018; 93:69-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Acute inhalation toxicity study of n-heneicosane and its combination with diflubenzuron: An attracticide of Aedes aegypti. Toxicol Ind Health 2018; 34:703-713. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233718774987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Combination of an oviposition pheromone and an insect growth regulator for the control of vectors is an effective approach. There is a need for toxicological evaluation before its introduction. The present study evaluates the acute inhalation toxicity of n-heneicosane and its combination with diflubenzuron in a head-only inhalation exposure chamber made of glass. Materials and methods: A head-only inhalation exposure chamber made of glass (volume: 3.5 l) was used for exposing four rats at a time. A glass nebulizer was used for aerosolization of n-heneicosane and its combination with diflubenzuron (1:10 w/w). Nebulization pressure was 10 and 15 psi and the air flow of exposure the chamber was adjusted to 30 lpm. Male Wistar rats were acclimatized in whole body plethysmographs that were connected to volumetric flow pressure transducers by silicon tubes. The transducers were connected to an amplifier and a digitized response was recorded through an oscillograph and personal computers. Respiratory variables were recorded online. After inhalation exposure, various other parameters like survival, body weight, organ body weight index and biochemical changes were recorded for analysis. Results and discussion: Particle size determination proved that the aerosol particles were within the respirable range. LC50 of n-heneicosane and its combination with diflubenzuron was found to be more than 5 g/m3. There were minimal changes observed during exposure to n-heneicosane and also its combination with diflubenzuron on the respiratory variables. The changes were not consistent with the dose. Conclusion: n-Heneicosane and its combination with diflubenzuron showed low mammalian toxicity.
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Segal L, Roger V, Williams C, Destexhe E, Garçon N. Effects of Adjuvant Systems on the cardiovascular and respiratory functions in telemetered conscious dogs and anaesthetised rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 73:116-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Tests of pulmonary function are useful tools for evaluating the potential for compounds to produce toxicity affecting the pulmonary system. Insults to the pulmonary system (i.e., due to drugs, biologics, toxins) can cause detectable dysfunction through multiple mechanisms. Manifestation of the response to insults will depend on the component(s) involved and the compensatory mechanism(s) initiated. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the concepts of pulmonary testing as it is applied to the preclinical evaluation of pharmaceutical test articles. The topics will include the techniques and methods that have been developed for use in nonclinical (animal) subjects and the parameters that are routinely measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stonerook
- Independent Toxicology/Safety Pharmacology Consultant, Columbia, MO, USA,
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Bassett L, Troncy E, Robichaud A, Schuessler TF, Pouliot M, Ascah A, Authier S. Reprint of "Non-invasive measure of respiratory mechanics and conventional respiratory parameters in conscious large animals by high frequency Airwave Oscillometry". J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2014; 70:283-6. [PMID: 25467812 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A number of drugs in clinical trials are discontinued due to potentially life-threatening airway obstruction. As some drugs may not cause changes in core battery parameters such as tidal volume (Vt), respiratory rate (RR) or minute ventilation (MV), including measurements of respiratory mechanics in safety pharmacology studies represents an opportunity for design refinement. The present study aimed to test a novel non-invasive methodology to concomitantly measure respiratory system resistance (Rrs) and conventional respiratory parameters (Vt, RR, MV) in conscious Beagle dogs and cynomolgus monkeys. METHODS An Airwave Oscillometry system (tremoFlo; THORASYS Inc., Montreal, Canada) was used to concomitantly assess Rrs and conventional respiratory parameters before and after intravenous treatment with a bronchoactive agent. Respiratory mechanics measurements were performed by applying a short (i.e. 16s) single high frequency (19Hz) waveform at the subject's airway opening via a face mask. During measurements, pressure and flow signals were recorded. After collection of baseline measurements, methacholine was administered intravenously to Beagle dogs (n=6) and cynomolgus monkeys (n=4) at 8 and 68μg/kg, respectively. RESULTS In dogs, methacholine induced significant increases in Vt, RR and MV while in monkeys, it only augmented RR. A significant increase in Rrs was observed after methacholine administration in both species with mean percentage peak increases from baseline of 88 (53)% for dogs and 28 (16)% for cynomolgus monkeys. CONCLUSION Airwave Oscillometry appears to be a promising non-invasive methodology to enable respiratory mechanics measurements in conscious large animals, a valuable refinement in respiratory safety pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Bassett
- CIToxLAB North America, 445 Armand Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada, H7V 4B3
| | - Eric Troncy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, P.O. Box 5000, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada, J2S 7C6
| | - Annette Robichaud
- SCIREQ Scientific Respiratory Equipment Inc., 6600 St-Urbain, Montreal, QC, Canada, H2S 3G8
| | - Thomas F Schuessler
- SCIREQ Scientific Respiratory Equipment Inc., 6600 St-Urbain, Montreal, QC, Canada, H2S 3G8; THORASYS Thoracic Medical Systems Inc., 6600 rue St-Urbain, Montreal, QC, Canada, H2S 3G8
| | - Mylène Pouliot
- CIToxLAB North America, 445 Armand Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada, H7V 4B3
| | - Alexis Ascah
- CIToxLAB North America, 445 Armand Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada, H7V 4B3
| | - Simon Authier
- CIToxLAB North America, 445 Armand Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada, H7V 4B3; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, P.O. Box 5000, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada, J2S 7C6.
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Bassett L, Troncy E, Robichaud A, Schuessler TF, Pouliot M, Ascah A, Authier S. Non-invasive measure of respiratory mechanics and conventional respiratory parameters in conscious large animals by high frequency Airwave Oscillometry. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2014; 70:62-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Truchetti G, Troncy E, Robichaud A, Gold L, Schuessler T, Maghezzi S, Bassett L, Authier S. Respiratory mechanics: comparison of Beagle dogs, Göttingen minipigs and Cynomolgus monkeys. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2014; 70:48-54. [PMID: 24704341 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2014.03.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION When the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) is determined by respiratory safety pharmacology, follow-up studies are warranted and may include airway resistance and compliance. Respiratory mechanics in commonly used large animal species (Beagle dogs, Cynomolgus monkeys, and Göttingen minipigs) were compared. METHODS Eighteen animals were used (3/sex/species) in an anesthetized model (propofol infusion) with pancuronium as a neuromuscular blocker. Parameters of respiratory mechanics were evaluated at baseline and at peak drug effect. Resistance (Rrs) and elastance (Ers) were measured by applying a single frequency forced oscillation (0.5 Hz) to the subject's airway opening and fitting the flow, volume and pressure data to the single compartment model of the lung. Increasing doses of intravenous (IV) methacholine were administered in all three species, as well as doubling aerosolized concentrations of the same bronchoconstrictor agent before and after inhaled albuterol. RESULTS The slope of the IV methacholine dose-response curve for Rrs was similar in dogs and monkeys and both species differed from minipigs, which showed greater reactivity. At the highest IV dose tested, minipigs also reached higher levels of bronchoconstriction than the other two species. They were followed, in decreasing order, by dogs and monkeys. Albuterol induced a significant decrease in the slope of the dose-response curve only in dogs and monkeys. DISCUSSION Scientific literature is available on respiratory mechanics in monkeys and dogs but not in minipigs. Our results suggest that minipigs were more reactive than dogs and monkeys to IV methacholine while less sensitive to inhaled albuterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Truchetti
- Animal Research Group in Pharmacology of Quebec (GREPAQ), Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, J2S 7C6, Canada; Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Laval, Université Laval, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Eric Troncy
- Animal Research Group in Pharmacology of Quebec (GREPAQ), Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Annette Robichaud
- SCIREQ Scientific Respiratory Equipment Inc., 6600 St-Urbain, Suite 300 Montreal, Québec, H2S 3G8, Canada
| | - Leslie Gold
- SCIREQ Scientific Respiratory Equipment Inc., 6600 St-Urbain, Suite 300 Montreal, Québec, H2S 3G8, Canada
| | - Thomas Schuessler
- SCIREQ Scientific Respiratory Equipment Inc., 6600 St-Urbain, Suite 300 Montreal, Québec, H2S 3G8, Canada
| | - Said Maghezzi
- CiTox-LAB - North-America, Inc., 445 Armand Frappier, Laval, Quebec, H7V 4B3, Canada
| | - Leanne Bassett
- Animal Research Group in Pharmacology of Quebec (GREPAQ), Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, J2S 7C6, Canada; CiTox-LAB - North-America, Inc., 445 Armand Frappier, Laval, Quebec, H7V 4B3, Canada
| | - Simon Authier
- Animal Research Group in Pharmacology of Quebec (GREPAQ), Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, J2S 7C6, Canada; CiTox-LAB - North-America, Inc., 445 Armand Frappier, Laval, Quebec, H7V 4B3, Canada.
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Vargas HM, Amouzadeh HR, Engwall MJ. Nonclinical strategy considerations for safety pharmacology: evaluation of biopharmaceuticals. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2012; 12:91-102. [DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2013.745851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Cardiorespiratory safety evaluation in non-human primates. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2012; 66:114-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Authier S, Gervais J, Fournier S, Gauvin D, Maghezzi S, Troncy E. Cardiovascular and respiratory safety pharmacology in Göttingen minipigs: Pharmacological characterization. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2011; 64:53-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gene expression profiling in the lung tissue of cynomolgus monkeys in response to repeated exposure to welding fumes. Arch Toxicol 2011; 84:191-203. [PMID: 19936710 PMCID: PMC2820669 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-009-0486-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Many in the welding industry suffer from bronchitis, lung function changes, metal fume fever, and diseases related to respiratory damage. These phenomena are associated with welding fumes; however, the mechanism behind these findings remains to be elucidated. In this study, the lungs of cynomolgus monkeys were exposed to MMA-SS welding fumes for 229 days and allowed to recover for 153 days. After the exposure and recovery period, gene expression profiles were investigated using the Affymetrix GeneChip Human U133 plus 2.0. In total, it was confirmed that 1,116 genes were up-or downregulated (over 2-fold changes, P\0.01) for the T1 (31.4 ± 2.8 mg/m3) and T2 (62.5 ± 2.7 mg/m3) dose groups. Differentially expressed genes in the exposure and recovery groups were analyzed, based on hierarchical clustering, and were imported into Ingenuity Pathways Analysis to analyze the biological and toxicological functions. Functional analysis identified genes involved in immunological disease in both groups. Additionally, differentially expressed genes in common between monkeys and rats following welding fume exposure were compared using microarray data, and the gene expression of selected genes was verified by real-time PCR. Genes such as CHI3L1, RARRES1, and CTSB were up-regulated and genes such as CYP26B1, ID4, and NRGN were down-regulated in both monkeys and rats following welding fume exposure. This is the first comprehensive gene expression profiling conducted for welding fume exposure in monkeys, and these expressed genes are expected to be useful in helping to understand transcriptional changes in monkey lungs after welding fume exposure.
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Respiratory safety pharmacology: concurrent validation of volume, rate, time, flow and ratio variables in conscious male Sprague-Dawley rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 58:444-50. [PMID: 20800083 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study compares basic respiratory variables (rate, tidal and minute volumes) with time-, flow- and ratio-derived parameters obtained using head-out plethysmography in rats following administration of reference drugs (isotonic saline, 2.0 mL/kg, IV; albuterol, 400 μg/kg, inhalation; methacholine, 136 μg/kg, IV; and remifentanil, 14 μg/kg, IV) to identify respiratory variables with superior sensitivity. Paired t-tests by block-period, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with baseline as covariate and a posteriori pair-wise comparisons using Dunnett's test were used. Variations in respiratory parameters observed over time justify the use of a control group in any respiratory safety pharmacology study for inter-groups comparison. Handling-, and slumbering-, induced perturbations were minimal. The system was sensitive and specific to detect changes in respiratory variables related to pharmacologically-induced bronchodilation, bronchoconstriction and central respiratory depression. The standard variables (respiratory rate, tidal and minute volumes) confirmed to be the cornerstone of respiratory safety pharmacology to detect pharmacological changes. Flow-derived parameters appeared as highly valuable complement for interpretation of respiratory response, whereas time- and ratio-derived parameters presented limited added value during interpretation.
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Authier S, Haefner P, Fournier S, Troncy E, Moon LB. Combined cardiopulmonary assessments with implantable telemetry device in conscious freely moving cynomolgus monkeys. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2010; 62:6-11. [PMID: 20570745 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Female cynomolgus monkeys were surgically implanted with telemetry transmitters recording ECG (DII), arterial pressure, physical activity, body temperature, and tidal volume. Respiratory rate (RR) and tidal volume (TV) were monitored simultaneously with the telemetry transmitter using impedance. Impedance-based monitoring of RR and TV by telemetry correlated with controlled TV and with pneumotachometer (>98%) in restrained animals. Control drugs with cardiovascular and respiratory effects, including saline, medetomidine (0.01, 0.02 and 0.04mg/kg) and cocaine (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5mg/kg) were administered intravenously. An averaging epoch of 5min was used for analysis of respiratory data. Medetomidine induced significant respiratory depression with decrease in RR and TV in freely moving animals while cocaine increased TV, RR and minute ventilation (MV) with concomitant increase in heart rate when compared with time matched values from saline-treated animals. The onset, duration and magnitude of cardiovascular and respiratory changes were correlated. This highlights the dependency of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. The use of cardiopulmonary monitoring can allow continuous monitoring including during night time when variability of respiratory parameters is lower. Monitoring of cardiovascular and respiratory parameters in the same animals could also help to decrease the number of animals used in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Authier
- LAB Research Inc., 445 Armand Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada H7V 4B3.
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Atai H, Sasaki K, Odagiri N, Imaizumi M, Ando K. [Measurement of respiratory function in Cynomolgus monkeys by whole body plethysmograph]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2010; 135:185-189. [PMID: 20467167 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.135.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Ewart LC, Haley M, Bickerton S, Bright J, Elliott K, McCarthy A, Williams L, Ricketts SA, Holland T, Valentin JP. Pharmacological validation of a telemetric model for the measurement of bronchoconstriction in conscious rats. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2010; 61:219-29. [PMID: 20219687 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Telemetric measurement of intra-pleural pressure in conscious animals that are restrained in head-out plethysmography chambers enables determination of airway resistance. Originally proposed over 10 years ago, pharmacological validation of this technique is limited. Here airway resistance in conscious, instrumented rats was compared to measurement in anaesthetised rats via a fluid filled oesophageal catheter following administration of two different pharmacological agents. METHODS Male rats were implanted with telemetry devices and were trained to accept the restraint of head-out plethysmography chambers. A separate group of male rats were anaesthetised, placed in a body-enclosed plethysmography chamber and were prepared with a tracheal, oesphageal and jugular vein cannulae. Methacholine or NECA were given intravenously and changes in ventilation and airway resistance were measured. RESULTS The pressure signal obtained in the telemetered rats was found to be extremely variable. Variability was confounded by excessive struggling, particularly during the infusion periods. Misplacement of the pressure sensitive catheter tip and prior habituation to the chamber were not factors in signal variability. Consequently, no dose-response relationship to either pharmacological agent was established in this model. Dose-dependent increases in resistance to both methacholine and NECA were measured in anaesthetised rats using body-enclosed plethysmography. DISCUSSION Given the variability of the pressure signal within and between rats, the feasibility of a model in conscious rats for the measurement of airway resistance is questioned. Improved restraint methods or alternative models in conscious animals should therefore be explored. In the meantime, assessment of airway resistance is best confined to the anaesthetised rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna C Ewart
- Safety Pharmacology, Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca R&D Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom.
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