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Melekhina VY, Vlasova AV, Ilyin SO. Asphaltenes from Heavy Crude Oil as Ultraviolet Stabilizers against Polypropylene Aging. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4313. [PMID: 37959994 PMCID: PMC10648154 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The destruction of polymers under the influence of ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the cause of their aging and deterioration of strength properties. Asphaltenes are low-value waste products after the refining and deasphalting of heavy crude oil, which absorb UV radiation well. Asphaltenes require rational utilization, which suggests their use as UV stabilizing agents for polymers. In this work, asphaltenes were used to prevent UV aging of polypropylene (PP) by adding them in a mass fraction from 5% to 30% within an asphaltene/PP composite material. Rheometry, calorimetry, X-ray diffraction analysis, and tensile strength of PP films containing asphaltenes were performed before and after their intense UV irradiation for accelerated aging. Asphaltenes slightly reduce the viscosity, crystallinity, and mechanical strength of the initial PP due to their plasticizing effect. However, this deterioration in properties is more than compensated when studying UV-aged samples. Intense UV aging causes multiple catastrophic drops in the viscosity and strength of pure PP with the preservation of crystallinity due to the break of polymer chains and a decrease in molecular weight by approximately eight times. Asphaltenes suppress the destruction of PP, which is expressed in a significantly smaller decline in its viscosity and strength due to UV aging. The most optimal content of asphaltenes is 20%, which suppresses UV destruction by six times and best preserves the strength properties of PP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergey O. Ilyin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Liu G, Fang S, Wang Y, Liu J, Liang Y, Cao T, Liu Q. Emission of Volatile Organic Compounds in Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen and Its Inhibition by Using Montmorillonite Nanoclay. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061513. [PMID: 36987293 PMCID: PMC10053872 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bitumen emits a large amount of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the production and construction of asphalt mixture, which can cause both environmental hazards and health risks. In this study, a setup was designed to collect the VOCs released by base and crumb rubber-modified bitumen (CRMB) binders and their composition was characterized by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). Next, organic montmorillonite (Mt) nanoclay was added into CRMB binder and its inhibiting effect on the VOCs emission of the binder was investigated. Finally, the VOCs emission models for the CRMB and Mt-modified CRMB (Mt-CRMB) binders were established according to reasonable assumptions. The results indicated that the VOCs emission of CRMB binder was 3.2 times larger than that of the base binder. Due to its intercalated structure, the nanoclay can reduce the VOCs emission of CRMB binder by 30.6%. Especially, its inhibition effects on alkanes, olefins, and aromatic hydrocarbons were more significant. After finite element verification, the established model based on the Fick's second law can describe the emission behavior of CRMB and Mt-CRMB binders well. Overall, the Mt nanoclay can be used as an effective modifier to inhibit the VOCs emission of CRMB binder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shuaiyin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Water and Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Jinjun Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yangshi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tingwei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Quantao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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Chen S, Wang J, Li Q, Zhang W, Yan C. The Investigation of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Emissions in Environmentally Friendly Modified Asphalt. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173459. [PMID: 36080531 PMCID: PMC9460653 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Asphalt pavements are increasingly used in road engineering; however, the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from asphalt can harm the environment and humans. In this study, different types of modifiers are added to 70# virgin asphalt to prepare environmentally friendly modified asphalt, and its performance is analyzed. Through the self-designed simple asphalt heating-emission collection and detection device, the inhibition effect of different types of modifier combinations on VOCs in the asphalt emmissions was explored. Then, VOCs emission curves of modified asphalt at different temperatures were studied, and finally the basic physical properties of the environmentally friendly modified asphalt were tested. The test results showed that the optimal modifier combination was 5% activated carbon and 3% surfactant, in which the VOCs and the peak value of asphalt heating emissions were only 1385 min·ppm and 86 ppm, respectively, which represented the best VOCs suppression effect of other groups. At the same time, the modified asphalt with optimal additives improved the high-temperature performance of 70# base asphalt and did not affect the storage stability.
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Kriech AJ, Schreiner CA, Osborn LV, Riley AJ. Assessing cancer hazards of bitumen emissions – a case study for complex petroleum substances. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 48:121-142. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1391170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Nascimento PC, Gobo LA, Bohrer D, Carvalho LM, Cravo MC, Leite LFM. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fractions in asphalt mixtures using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2238-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciana Assis Gobo
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Santa Maria; 1000 Santa Maria Brazil
| | - Denise Bohrer
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Santa Maria; 1000 Santa Maria Brazil
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Çelik A, Yildirim S, Ekinci SY, Taşdelen B. Bio-monitoring for the genotoxic assessment in road construction workers as determined by the buccal micronucleus cytome assay. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 92:265-270. [PMID: 23474067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Buccal micronucleus cytome (BMCyt) assay monitors genetic damage, cell proliferation and cell death in humans exposed to occupational and environmental agents. BMCyt is used as an indicator of genotoxic exposure, since it is associated with chromosomal instability. There is little research on the occupational exposure among road construction workers for genotoxicity testing. In the present study, we evaluated MN frequencies and other nuclear changes, karyorrhexis (KR), karyolysis (KL), broken egg (BE), binucleate (BN), condensed chromatin cell (CCC), and picnotic cell (PC) in buccal mucosa cells of 40 road construction workers (twenty smokers and twenty non-smokers) and 40 control groups consisting of healthy persons (twenty smokers and twenty non-smokers). Microscopic observation was performed of 2000 cells per individual in both road construction workers and control group. In control and worker groups, for each person repair index (RI) was calculated via formula KR+L/BE+MN. The results showed a statistically significant increase in the frequency of MN in buccal epithelial cells of exposed group compared with control group (p<0.001). There is no significant difference between smokers and non-smokers for incidence of MN or nuclear changes and value of RI in exposed group. In road construction workers, RI is lower than the control group. There is a significant difference between workers and control group (p<0.001) for RI. Our data reveal that asphalt fumes during road paving operations are absorbed by workers and that asphalt fume exposure is able to significantly induce cytogenetic damage in buccal mucosa cells of workers after controlling some possible confounding factors, such as age, sex and smoking habits. In addition to determination of nuclear changes and the micronucleus, the determination of RI value presents a new approach to genotoxic bio-monitoring assessment studies of occupationally exposed population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayla Çelik
- Mersin University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biology, 33343 Mersin, Turkey.
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Bacaksiz A, Kayaalti Z, Soylemez E, Tutkun E, Soylemezoglu T. Lymphocyte DNA damage in Turkish asphalt workers detected by the comet assay. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2013; 24:11-17. [PMID: 23638654 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2013.773586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Asphalt has a highly complex structure and it contains several organic compounds including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocyclic compounds. In this study, comet assay was used to detect the DNA damage in blood lymphocytes of 30 workers exposed to asphalt fumes and 30 nonexposed controls. This is the first report on Turkish asphalt workers' investigated DNA damage using the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE). The DNA damage was evaluated by the percentage of DNA in the comet tail (% tail DNA) for each cell. According to our results, workers exposed to asphalt fumes had higher DNA damage than the control group (p < 0.01). The present study showed that asphalt fumes caused a significant increase in DNA damage and the comet assay is a suitable method for determining DNA damage in asphalt workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Bacaksiz
- a Department of Nutrition and Dietetics , Fazil Boyner School of Health, Kastamonu University , Kastamonu , Turkey
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Temperature-Dependent Emission Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Paving and Built-Up Roofing Asphalts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 56:148-60. [DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mer107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Welge P, Marczynski B, Raulf-Heimsoth M, Spickenheuer A, Kendzia B, Heinze E, Angerer J, Käfferlein HU, Pesch B, Brüning T. Assessment of micronuclei in lymphocytes from workers exposed to vapours and aerosols of bitumen. Arch Toxicol 2011; 85 Suppl 1:S65-71. [PMID: 21399969 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0683-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the micronucleus frequencies in peripheral blood lymphocytes of 225 mastic asphalt workers (age 17-62 years) and 69 non-bitumen-exposed road construction workers (age 18-64 years) in Germany before and after the working shift. Median shift exposure to vapours and aerosols of bitumen of exposed workers was 3.0 mg/m³. Micronuclei (MN) were determined with a standard method using cytochalasin B. Median MN frequency was 6.0 (interquartile range (IQR) 4.0-8.5) MN/1,000 binucleated lymphocytes (MN/1,000 BNC) in exposed workers and 6.0 (IQR 4.0-8.3) MN/1,000 BNC in non-exposed workers before shift. After shift, we observed 6.5 (IQR 4.4-9.3) MN/1,000 BNC in exposed workers and 6.5 (IQR 4.0-9.0) MN/1,000 BNC in non-exposed workers. Regression models were applied with the log-transformed MN frequency as the dependent variable in order to estimate the effects of exposure to vapours and aerosols of bitumen and of potential confounders. Age was the strongest predictor of MN formation in both exposed workers and referents. Our data suggest that MN formation was not associated with concentration of vapours and aerosols of bitumen during shift at the individual level. Although similar MN frequencies were observed in both groups, the modelling of factors potentially influencing MN frequency revealed a weak group difference in the post-shift model. We conclude that this small difference cannot be judged to be a relevant mutagenic effect of exposure to vapours and aerosols of bitumen, also with regard to the lack of adjustment for multiple testing and the lack of a group effect in the original data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Welge
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
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