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Yang J, Zhang H, Lin JL, Liu J, Jiang XW, Peng L. Association between serum cotinine and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in adults living with HIV, HBV, or HCV (NHANES 2005-2018). Sci Rep 2022; 12:21769. [PMID: 36526719 PMCID: PMC9758166 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26420-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although people all know that nicotine in tobacco smoke is the key to cause health damage, they ignore the synergistic effect of a large number of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) produced by incomplete tobacco combustion on nicotine or cotinine metabolism. Our aim is to investigate the association between serum VOCs and cotinine in smokers infected with HIV, HBV or HCV. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2005-2018) database, including 13,652 nationally representative subjects' sociodemographic characteristics and serological indicators, was used in this study. Smokers living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) were compared to non-infected population. The correlation between VOCs and cotinine as well as the effects of VOCs on cotinine metabolism were analyzed by Spearman correlation analysis and multivariable logistic regression analysis, respectively. Among HIV, HBV, or HCV infected smokers with the largest exposure dose to tobacco, the intensity of the association between VOCs and cotinine was the strongest. The results of multivariable binary logistic regression showed that high concentrations of 1,2-Dichlorobenzene (OR:1.036, CI:1.009-1.124), Benzene (OR:1.478, CI:1.036-2.292), Carbon Tetrachloride (OR:1.576, CI:1.275-2.085) and 2,5-Dimethylfuran (OR:1.091, CI:1.030-1.157) in blood might be independent risk factors leading to the increase of serum metabolite cotinine in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- grid.508318.7Major Infectious Diseases Management Department, Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, 610066 China
| | - Hao Zhang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Jin-Long Lin
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178School of Marxism, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Institute of Population Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Jing Liu
- People Liberation Army Haidian District 17th Retired Cadres Rest Home, Beijing, 100143 China
| | - Xiao-Wen Jiang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Department of Epidemiology, School of Clinical Oncology, Peking University, Beijing, 100142 China
| | - Lei Peng
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Department of Epidemiology, School of Clinical Oncology, Peking University, Beijing, 100142 China
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Pohl H, Mumtaz M. Evaluation of interactions in chemical mixtures containing cyanides. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 132:105187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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Méausoone C, Landkocz Y, Cazier F, Seigneur M, Courcot D, Billet S. Toxicological responses of BEAS-2B cells to repeated exposures to benzene, toluene, m-xylene, and mesitylene using air-liquid interface method. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:1262-1274. [PMID: 33269480 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In order to reduce exposure to toxic chemicals, the European REACH regulation (1907/2006) recommends substituting toxic molecules with compounds that are less harmful to human health and the environment. Toluene is one of the most frequently used solvents in industries despite its toxicity. The objective of this study is to better understand and compare the toxicity of toluene and its homologues in a bronchial cell model. Thus, human bronchial BEAS-2B cells were exposed to steams of toluene, m-xylene, mesitylene (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene), and benzene (20 and 100 ppm). Exposure was carried out using an air-liquid interface (ALI) system (Vitrocell) during 1 h/day for 1, 3, or 5 days. Cytotoxicity, xenobiotic metabolism enzyme gene expression, and inflammatory response were evaluated following cell exposures. BEAS-2B cell exposure to toluene and its homologues revealed the involvement of major (CYP2E1) and minor metabolic pathways (CYP1A1). A late induction of genes (EPHX1, DHDH, ALDH2, and ALDH3B1) was measured from Day 3 and can be linked to the formation of metabolites. An increase in the secretion level of inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and GM-CSF) was also observed. In parallel, regulation between inflammatory mediators and the expression of transmembrane glycoprotein mucin MUC1 was also studied. This in vitro approach with ALI system points out the relevance of conducting repeated exposures to detect potential late effects. The difference recorded after cell exposure to toluene and its homologues highlights the importance of substitution principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Méausoone
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkirk, France
| | - Yann Landkocz
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkirk, France
| | - Fabrice Cazier
- Centre Commun de Mesures, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkirk, France
| | - Marianne Seigneur
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkirk, France
| | - Dominique Courcot
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkirk, France
| | - Sylvain Billet
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkirk, France
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Chung CJ, Hsu HT, Chang CH, Li SW, Liu CS, Chung MC, Wu GW, Jung WT, Kuo YJ, Lee HL. Relationships among cigarette smoking, urinary biomarkers, and urothelial carcinoma risk: a case-control study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:43177-43185. [PMID: 32729033 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10196-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a known risk factor for urothelial carcinoma (UC). However, there is limited information about the distributions and effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on smoking-related UC risk. With this hospital-based case-control study, we explored the associations between urinary levels of cotinine and VOC metabolites (acrylamide, 1,3-butadiene, and benzene) and the risk of UC. Urological examinations and pathological verifications were used to confirm the diagnoses of UC. All study participants provided smoking-related information via questionnaires and face-to-face interviews; they also provided urine samples for the measurement of VOC metabolites, cotinine, and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), which was used as an indicator of oxidative stress. We applied multiple logistic regression analysis to estimate the risk of UC, and we found that levels of urinary cotinine and 8-OHdG were higher in the UC group than in the control group. Furthermore, urinary levels of VOC metabolites, including N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine (AAMA), N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine, N-acetyl-S-(4-hydroxy-2-buten-1-yl)-L-cysteine-3, trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA), and S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA), increased with increasing levels of urinary cotinine. After adjusting for potential risk factors, dose-response relationships were observed between UC risk and urinary levels of AAMA, t,t-MA, SPMA, and 8-OHdG. Participants with high urinary levels of cotinine, AAMA, t,t-MA, SPMA, and 8-OHdG had risks of UC that were 3.5- to 6-fold higher than those of participants with lower levels. Future, large-scale investigations of the risks of UC should be explored, and repeated measurement of VOC metabolites should be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Jung Chung
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Tsung Hsu
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Wei Li
- Department of Urology, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Shong Liu
- Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Chi Chung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Wei Wu
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, 510, Zhongzheng Road, Xinzhuang District, New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Jung Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, 510, Zhongzheng Road, Xinzhuang District, New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, 510, Zhongzheng Road, Xinzhuang District, New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan.
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Coronel Vargas G, Au WW, Izzotti A. Public health issues from crude-oil production in the Ecuadorian Amazon territories. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 719:134647. [PMID: 31837875 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Crude oil production (COP) is a high-pollution industry but the vast Amazon rainforest has been an active COP zone for South America. Although COP has been associated with a variety of health effects among workers around the world, such effects have not been adequately investigated in the Amazon region, especially at the community level. Therefore, this review was conducted to provide a report about COP in the Amazon of Ecuador and about its association with health status of indigenous human populations. Some epidemiological surveys in the Amazonian Territories indicate that COP has been associated with health problems in the surrounding populations, e.g. cancers in the stomach, rectum, skin, soft tissue, kidney and cervix in adults, and leukemia in children. In addition, some biomarkers and mechanistic studies show exposure effects. However, due to limitations from these studies, contradictory associations have been reported. Our review indicates that COP in the Amazonian territories of northern Ecuador was characterised by contamination which could have affected the indigenous and non-indigenous populations. However, there have not been dedicated investigations to provide relationships between the contamination and the subsequent exposure-health effects. Since indigenous populations have different lifestyle and cultures from regular city dwellers, systematic studies on their potential health hazards need to be conducted. Due to the remote locations and sparse populations, these new studies may involve the use of novel and genomic-based biomarkers as well as using high technology in the remote regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William W Au
- University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, Targu Mures, Romania; University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Alberto Izzotti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Via L.B. Albertis 2, Genoa, Italy; Policlinic Hospital San Martino, Genoa, Italy.
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Méausoone C, El Khawaja R, Tremolet G, Siffert S, Cousin R, Cazier F, Billet S, Courcot D, Landkocz Y. In vitro toxicological evaluation of emissions from catalytic oxidation removal of industrial VOCs by air/liquid interface (ALI) exposure system in repeated mode. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 58:110-117. [PMID: 30910524 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Toxicity of toluene and by-products formed during its catalytic oxidative degradation was studied in human bronchial BEAS-2B cells repeatedly exposed. BEAS-2B cells were exposed using an Air-Liquid Interface (ALI) System (Vitrocell®) for 1 h per day during 1, 3 or 5 days to gaseous flows: toluene vapors (100 and 1000 ppm) and outflow after catalytic oxidation of toluene (10 and 100%). After exposure to gaseous flow, cytotoxicity, inflammatory response and Xenobiotic Metabolism Enzymes (XME) gene expression were investigated. No significant cytotoxicity was found after 5 days for every condition of exposure. After cells exposure to catalytic oxidation flow, IL-6 level increased no significantly in a time- and dose-dependent way, while an inverted U-shaped profile of IL-8 secretion was observed. XME genes induction, notably CYP2E1 and CYP2F1 results were in line with the presence of unconverted toluene and benzene formed as a by-product, detected by analytical methods. Exposure to pure toluene also demonstrated the activation of these XMEs involved in its metabolism. Repeated exposure permits to show CYP1A1, CYP1B1 and CY2S1 expression, probably related to the formation of other by-products, as PAHs, not detected by standard analytical methods used for the development of catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Méausoone
- UCEIV - EA4492, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - Rebecca El Khawaja
- UCEIV - EA4492, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - Gauthier Tremolet
- UCEIV - EA4492, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - Stéphane Siffert
- UCEIV - EA4492, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - Renaud Cousin
- UCEIV - EA4492, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - Fabrice Cazier
- Centre Commun de Mesure, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - Sylvain Billet
- UCEIV - EA4492, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - Dominique Courcot
- UCEIV - EA4492, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France..
| | - Yann Landkocz
- UCEIV - EA4492, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
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Frangos J, Mikkonen A, Down C. Derivation of an occupational exposure limit for an inhalation analgesic methoxyflurane (Penthrox(®)). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 80:210-25. [PMID: 27181451 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Methoxyflurane (MOF) a haloether, is an inhalation analgesic agent for emergency relief of pain by self administration in conscious patients with trauma and associated pain. It is administered under supervision of personnel trained in its use. As a consequence of supervised use, intermittent occupational exposure can occur. An occupational exposure limit has not been established for methoxyflurane. Human clinical and toxicity data have been reviewed and used to derive an occupational exposure limit (referred to as a maximum exposure level, MEL) according to modern principles. The data set for methoxyflurane is complex given its historical use as anaesthetic. Distinguishing clinical investigations of adverse health effects following high and prolonged exposure during anaesthesia to assess relatively low and intermittent exposure during occupational exposure requires an evidence based approach to the toxicity assessment and determination of a critical effect and point of departure. The principal target organs are the kidney and the central nervous system and there have been rare reports of hepatotoxicity, too. Methoxyflurane is not genotoxic based on in vitro bacterial mutation and in vivo micronucleus tests and it is not classifiable (IARC) as a carcinogenic hazard to humans. The critical effect chosen for development of a MEL is kidney toxicity. The point of departure (POD) was derived from the concentration response relationship for kidney toxicity using the benchmark dose method. A MEL of 15 ppm (expressed as an 8 h time weighted average (TWA)) was derived. The derived MEL is at least 50 times higher than the mean observed TWA (0.23 ppm) for ambulance workers and medical staff involved in supervising use of Penthrox. In typical treatment environments (ambulances and treatment rooms) that meet ventilation requirements the derived MEL is at least 10 times higher than the modelled TWA (1.5 ppm or less) and the estimated short term peak concentrations are within the MEL. The odour threshold for MOF of 0.13-0.19 ppm indicates that the odour is detectable well below the MEL. Given the above considerations the proposed MEL is health protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Frangos
- Golder Associates, 570 - 588 Swan Street, Richmond, Victoria, 3121, Australia.
| | - Antti Mikkonen
- Golder Associates, 570 - 588 Swan Street, Richmond, Victoria, 3121, Australia
| | - Christin Down
- Golder Associates, 570 - 588 Swan Street, Richmond, Victoria, 3121, Australia
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Li W, Chen L, Su Y, Yin H, Pang Y, Zhuang Z. 1,2-Dichloroethane induced nephrotoxicity through ROS mediated apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00056d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
1,2-Dichloroethane (DCE) decreased kidney cell proliferation, even induced cell apoptosisviaincreasing the generation of ROS in the presence of an extra-metabolic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxue Li
- Faculty of Toxicology
- Guangzhou key laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment
- School of Public Health
- Sun Yet-sen University
- Guangzhou
| | - Liping Chen
- Faculty of Toxicology
- Guangzhou key laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment
- School of Public Health
- Sun Yet-sen University
- Guangzhou
| | - Yiwei Su
- Faculty of Toxicology
- Guangzhou key laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment
- School of Public Health
- Sun Yet-sen University
- Guangzhou
| | - Hua Yin
- Faculty of Toxicology
- Guangzhou key laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment
- School of Public Health
- Sun Yet-sen University
- Guangzhou
| | - Yaqin Pang
- Faculty of Toxicology
- School of Public Health
- Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities
- Guangxi
- China
| | - Zhixiong Zhuang
- Faculty of Toxicology
- Guangzhou key laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment
- School of Public Health
- Sun Yet-sen University
- Guangzhou
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9
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Schulte PA, Whittaker C, Curran CP. Considerations for Using Genetic and Epigenetic Information in Occupational Health Risk Assessment and Standard Setting. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2015; 12 Suppl 1:S69-S81. [PMID: 26583908 PMCID: PMC4685594 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2015.1060323#.xhlte1uzbx4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Risk assessment forms the basis for both occupational health decision-making and the development of occupational exposure limits (OELs). Although genetic and epigenetic data have not been widely used in risk assessment and ultimately, standard setting, it is possible to envision such uses. A growing body of literature demonstrates that genetic and epigenetic factors condition biological responses to occupational and environmental hazards or serve as targets of them. This presentation addresses the considerations for using genetic and epigenetic information in risk assessments, provides guidance on using this information within the classic risk assessment paradigm, and describes a framework to organize thinking about such uses. The framework is a 4 × 4 matrix involving the risk assessment functions (hazard identification, dose-response modeling, exposure assessment, and risk characterization) on one axis and inherited and acquired genetic and epigenetic data on the other axis. The cells in the matrix identify how genetic and epigenetic data can be used for each risk assessment function. Generally, genetic and epigenetic data might be used as endpoints in hazard identification, as indicators of exposure, as effect modifiers in exposure assessment and dose-response modeling, as descriptors of mode of action, and to characterize toxicity pathways. Vast amounts of genetic and epigenetic data may be generated by high-throughput technologies. These data can be useful for assessing variability and reducing uncertainty in extrapolations, and they may serve as the foundation upon which identification of biological perturbations would lead to a new paradigm of toxicity pathway-based risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. A. Schulte
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Education and Information Division, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - C. Whittaker
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Education and Information Division, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - C. P. Curran
- Northern Kentucky University, Department of Biological Sciences, Highland Heights, Kentucky
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Schulte PA, Whittaker C, Curran CP. Considerations for Using Genetic and Epigenetic Information in Occupational Health Risk Assessment and Standard Setting. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2015; 12 Suppl 1:S69-81. [PMID: 26583908 PMCID: PMC4685594 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2015.1060323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Risk assessment forms the basis for both occupational health decision-making and the development of occupational exposure limits (OELs). Although genetic and epigenetic data have not been widely used in risk assessment and ultimately, standard setting, it is possible to envision such uses. A growing body of literature demonstrates that genetic and epigenetic factors condition biological responses to occupational and environmental hazards or serve as targets of them. This presentation addresses the considerations for using genetic and epigenetic information in risk assessments, provides guidance on using this information within the classic risk assessment paradigm, and describes a framework to organize thinking about such uses. The framework is a 4 × 4 matrix involving the risk assessment functions (hazard identification, dose-response modeling, exposure assessment, and risk characterization) on one axis and inherited and acquired genetic and epigenetic data on the other axis. The cells in the matrix identify how genetic and epigenetic data can be used for each risk assessment function. Generally, genetic and epigenetic data might be used as endpoints in hazard identification, as indicators of exposure, as effect modifiers in exposure assessment and dose-response modeling, as descriptors of mode of action, and to characterize toxicity pathways. Vast amounts of genetic and epigenetic data may be generated by high-throughput technologies. These data can be useful for assessing variability and reducing uncertainty in extrapolations, and they may serve as the foundation upon which identification of biological perturbations would lead to a new paradigm of toxicity pathway-based risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. A. Schulte
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Education and Information Division, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Address correspondence to Paul A. Schulte, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Education and Information Division, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS-C14 Cincinnati, OH45226, . E-mail:
| | - C. Whittaker
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Education and Information Division, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - C. P. Curran
- Northern Kentucky University, Department of Biological Sciences, Highland Heights, Kentucky
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11
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Riederer AM, Dhingra R, Blount BC, Steenland K. Predictors of blood trihalomethane concentrations in NHANES 1999-2006. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:695-702. [PMID: 24647036 PMCID: PMC4080535 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1306499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trihalomethanes (THMs) are water disinfection by-products that have been associated with bladder cancer and adverse birth outcomes. Four THMs (bromoform, chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane) were measured in blood and tap water of U.S. adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2006. THMs are metabolized to potentially toxic/mutagenic intermediates by cytochrome p450 (CYP) 2D6 and CYP2E1 enzymes. OBJECTIVES We conducted exploratory analyses of blood THMs, including factors affecting CYP2D6 and CYP2E1 activity. METHODS We used weighted multivariable regressions to evaluate associations between blood THMs and water concentrations, survey year, and other factors potentially affecting THM exposure or metabolism (e.g., prescription medications, cruciferous vegetables, diabetes, fasting, pregnancy, swimming). RESULTS From 1999 to 2006, geometric mean blood and water THM levels dropped in parallel, with decreases of 32%-76% in blood and 38%-52% in water, likely resulting, in part, from the lowering of the total THM drinking water standard in 2002-2004. The strongest predictors of blood THM levels were survey year and water concentration (n = 4,232 total THM; n = 4,080 bromoform; n = 4,582 chloroform; n = 4,374 bromodichloromethane; n = 4,464 dibromochloromethane). We detected statistically significant inverse associations with diabetes and eating cruciferous vegetables in all but the bromoform model. Medications did not consistently predict blood levels. Afternoon/evening blood samples had lower THM concentrations than morning samples. In a subsample (n = 230), air chloroform better predicted blood chloroform than water chloroform, suggesting showering/bathing was a more important source than drinking. CONCLUSIONS We identified several factors associated with blood THMs that may affect their metabolism. The potential health implications require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Riederer
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Benchalgo N, Gagné F, Fournier M. Immunotoxic effects of an industrial waste incineration site on groundwater in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:981-990. [PMID: 25079628 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60539-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The discharge of organic waste from the petrochemical industry into the Mercier lagoons caused major groundwater contamination. The objective of this study was to determine the immunotoxic potential of three groundwater wells at increasing distance from the incinerator dumping site (1.17, 2.74 and 5.40 km). Rainbow Trout were exposed to increasing concentrations of water from three groundwater wells for 14 days. Immunocompetence was characterized by phagocytosis, mitogen-stimulated proliferation of lymphocytes, cell cycle analysis and apoptosis. A significant increase in innate (phagocytosis) and specific immune response (B lymphocyte proliferation) was observed in trout exposed to water collected from the well at 2.74 km. However, phagocytosis activity was suppressed in groups at 1.17 and 5.40 km. The proportion of lymphocytes in S phase was significantly increased in groups at 2.74 and 5.40 km, while lymphocytes in G0/G1 phase were decreased in all three exposure groups. Additionally, dexamethasone (DEX)-induced apoptosis of lymphocytes was significantly reduced in the group at 2.74 km, which suggests decreased lymphocyte turnover. Furthermore, the ratio of DEX-induced apoptosis/apoptosis was lower in the groups at 2.74 and 5.40 km. In summary, our experiments have shown that exposure to the mixture of organic compounds present in Mercier groundwater modulates phagocytosis and cell proliferation, disrupts the cell cycle and reduces the ratio of DEX-induced apoptosis/apoptosis. It is concluded that groundwater collected in the vicinity of an incinerator containment field could impact immunocompetence in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadjet Benchalgo
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 des Prairies, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada.
| | - François Gagné
- Emerging Methods, Aquatic Contaminant Research Division, Environment Canada, 105 Mc Gill St., Montréal, Quebec H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - Michel Fournier
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 des Prairies, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
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Cosnier F, Nunge H, Brochard C, Burgart M, Rémy A, Décret MJ, Cossec B, Campo P. Impact of coexposure on toluene biomarkers in rats. Xenobiotica 2013; 44:217-28. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.830204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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14
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Peng H, Xie SK, Huang MJ, Ren DL. Associations of CYP2E1 rs2031920 and rs3813867 polymorphisms with colorectal cancer risk: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:2389-95. [PMID: 23595220 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0788-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) is a natural enzyme involved in the metabolic activation of many carcinogens, and the functional polymorphisms in the CYP2E1 gene might have impacts on colorectal cancer risk. Many studies were published to assess the associations of CYP2E1 rs2031920 and rs3813867 polymorphisms with colorectal cancer risk, but no consistent findings were reported. A systemic review and meta-analysis of eligible studies was performed to comprehensively assess the associations above. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95 % confidence interval (95 % CIs) were used to assess the strength of the associations. Seventeen studies from 15 publications with 17,082 individuals were finally included into this meta-analysis. Meta-analysis of the 13 studies on CYP2E1 rs2031920 polymorphism showed that there was a significant association between CYP2E1 rs2031920 polymorphism and colorectal cancer risk under two genetic models (c2 versus c1: OR = 1.19, 95 % CI 1.03-1.37, P = 0.022; c2c2/c2c1 versus c1c1: OR = 1.16, 95 % CI 1.00-1.35, P = 0.046). Meta-analysis of those four case-control studies on CYP2E1 rs3813867 polymorphism showed that there was no significant association between CYP2E1 rs3813867 polymorphism and colorectal cancer risk under all contrast models (c2 versus c1: OR = 0.96, 95 % CI 0.80-1.16, P = 0.672; c2c2 versus c1c1: OR = 1.26, 95 % CI 0.43-3.67, P = 0.672; c2c2/c1c2 versus c1c1: OR = 0.95, 95 % CI 0.78-1.16, P = 0.114; and c2c2 versus c1c2/c1c1: OR = 1.17, 95 % CI 0.41-3.36, P = 0.775). Therefore, the findings from this meta-analysis suggest that CYP2E1 rs2031920 polymorphism is associated with colorectal cancer risk, but CYP2E1 rs3813867 polymorphism is not associated with colorectal cancer risk. In addition, more well-designed studies with large sample size are needed to provide a more precise evaluation on the associations above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, SunYat-sen University, 26 Yuancun Heng 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510655, Guangdong, China
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15
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Pohl HR, Ruiz P, Scinicariello F, Mumtaz MM. Joint toxicity of alkoxyethanol mixtures: contribution of in silico applications. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 64:134-42. [PMID: 22749914 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to chemicals occurs often as mixtures. Presented in this paper is information on alkoxyethanols and the impact they might have on human health in combination with some commonly found aliphatic and aromatic compounds. Our studies to evaluate the joint toxicity of these chemicals among themselves and in combination with other chemicals reveal a variety of possible outcomes depending on the exposure scenario. The interactions are predominantly based on metabolic pathways and are common among several solvents and organic compounds. Quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) analysis can be used with high confidence to identify chemicals that will interact to influence overall joint toxicity. Potential human exposure to a combination of alkoxyethanol, toluene and substituted benzenes may increase reproductive and developmental disease conditions. Inheritable gene alterations result in changes in the enzyme function in different subpopulations causing variations in quantity and/or quality of particular isoenzymes. These changes are responsible for differential metabolism of chemicals in species, genders, and life stages and are often the basis of a population's susceptibility. Unique genotypes introduced as a function of migration can alter the genetic makeup of any given population. Hence special consideration should be given to susceptible populations while conducting chemical health risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Pohl
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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