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Roberts DW. Electrophilic Reactivity of Sulfated Alcohols in the Context of Skin Sensitization. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:16-19. [PMID: 38079418 PMCID: PMC10792661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), although consistently positive in the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) for skin sensitization, shows no evidence of being a human sensitizer and is often described as a false positive, lacking structural alerts for sensitization. However, there is evidence of the cinnamyl sulfate anion being the metabolite responsible for the sensitization potential of cinnamyl alcohol to humans and in animal tests. Here, manufacturing chemistry data and physical organic chemistry principles are applied to confirm that SLS is not reactive enough to sensitize, whereas sensitization to cinnamyl alcohol via cinnamyl sulfate is plausible. Sensitization data for several other primary alcohols, including geraniol, farnesol, and possibly hydrocortisone, are also consistent with this mechanism. It seems possible that biosulfation may play a wider role than has previously been recognized in skin sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Roberts
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular
Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, U.K.
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2
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Roberts DW, Kimber I, Basketter DA. Specificity of the local lymph node assay (LLNA) for skin sensitisation. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 141:105402. [PMID: 37116738 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The local lymph node assay (LLNA) has provided a large dataset against which performance of non-animal approaches for prediction of skin sensitisation potential and potency can be assessed. However, a recent comparison of LLNA results with human data has argued that LLNA specificity is low, with many human non-sensitisers, particularly hydrophobic chemicals, being false positives. It has been suggested such putative false positives result from hydrophobic chemicals causing cytotoxicity, which induces irritancy, in turn driving non-specific lymphocyte proliferation. This paper finds that the apparent reduced specificity of the LLNA largely reflects differences in definitions of the boundaries between weak skin sensitisers and non-sensitisers. A small number of LLNA false positives may be due to lymphocyte proliferation without skin sensitisation, but most alleged 'false' positives are in fact very weak sensitisers predictable from structure-activity considerations. The evidence does not support the hypothesis for hydrophobicity-induced false positives. Moreover, the mechanistic basis is untenable. Sound LLNA data, appropriately interpreted, remain a good measure of sensitisation potency, applicable across a wide hydrophilicity-lipophilicity range. The standard data interpretation protocol enables detection of very low levels of sensitisation, irrespective of regulatory significance, but there is scope to interpret the data to give focus on regulatory significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Roberts
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moore's University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
| | - Ian Kimber
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - David A Basketter
- DABMEB Consultancy Ltd, Abbey View, Abbey St, Kingswood, Wotton-under-Edge, GL12 8RN, UK
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3
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Natsch A, Kleinstreuer N, Asturiol D. Reduced specificity for the local lymph node assay for lipophilic chemicals: Implications for the validation of new approach methods for skin sensitization. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 138:105333. [PMID: 36608925 PMCID: PMC9941753 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Meaningful and accurate reference data are crucial for the validation of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) in toxicology. For skin sensitization, multiple reference datasets are available including human patch test data, guinea pig data and data from the mouse local lymph node assay (LLNA). When assessed against the LLNA, a reduced sensitivity has been reported for in vitro and in chemico assays for lipophilic chemicals with a LogP ≥3.5, resulting in reliability restrictions within the h-CLAT OECD test guideline. Here we address the question of whether LLNA data are an appropriate reference for chemicals in this physicochemical range. Analysis of LLNA vs human reference data indicates that the false-discovery rate of the LLNA is significantly higher for chemicals with LogP ≥3.5. We present a mechanistic hypothesis whereby irritation caused by testing lipophilic chemicals at high test doses leads to unspecific cell proliferation. The accompanying analysis indicates that for lipophilic chemicals with negative calls in in vitro and in chemico assays, resorting to the LLNA is not necessarily a better option. These results indicate that the validation of NAMs in this particular LogP range should be based on a more holistic evaluation of the reference data and not solely upon LLNA data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Natsch
- Fragrances S&T, Ingredients Research, Givaudan Schweiz AG, Kemptthal, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, RTP, NC, USA
| | - David Asturiol
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy.
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De Rentiis AMA, Pink M, Verma N, Schmitz-Spanke S. Assessment of the different skin sensitization potentials of irritants and allergens as single substances and in combination using the KeratinoSens assay. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 84:317-325. [PMID: 33320367 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People are exposed to mixtures containing allergens and irritants often causing contact dermatitis. Therefore, regulatory authorities require systematic information on the effects of mixtures on the sensitization threshold. In this study a moderate (cinnamal) and a weak (ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) allergen were combined with irritants covering different mechanisms of action (sodium dodecyl sulfate, salicylic acid, and α-pinene). For a systematic approach, the single substances were initially tested using the KeratinoSens assay. Thereafter, each allergen was combined with noncytotoxic concentrations of the irritants. METHOD The KeratinoSens assay was applied for the single substances according to OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) Test Guideline 442D. Based on these results, three noncytotoxic concentrations of the irritants were selected and applied simultaneously with 12 concentrations of the allergens to the KeratinoSens cells. Sensitization threshold and cytotoxicity were measured and compared with the individual testing. RESULTS The combinations of allergens and irritants differed from the effects of the single substances and lowered the sensitization threshold. The quantitative approach allowed a clear description of the changes which varied by factors between 1.1 and 10.3. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the allergen was the prominent compound in the mixture and its nature appeared to determine the degree of the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M A De Rentiis
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mario Pink
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Nisha Verma
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simone Schmitz-Spanke
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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Bergal M, Puginier M, Gerbeix C, Groux H, Roso A, Cottrez F, Milius A. In vitro testing strategy for assessing the skin sensitizing potential of “difficult to test” cosmetic ingredients. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104781. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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6
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Yao W, Ding M, Bao L, Zhao Y, Wang D, Li Y, Qu Y, Hao C. Human monocyte-derived dendritic cells as an in vitro alternative model cell to evaluate the immunotoxicity of 2, 4-Dinitrochlorobenzene. Toxicol Lett 2020; 330:118-127. [PMID: 32413475 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Improvements in science and technology have led to the increasing threats of new chemicals to the public health. It is crucial to evaluate the toxicity, especially immunotoxicology. Dendritic cells (DCs) are believed to be more favorable choices in immunotoxicity evaluations. To obtain and evaluate the value of human monocyte-derived immature DCs (imDCs) in vitro applications in immunotoxicology, compared the results in vitro. DCs were obtained from enriched leukocytes of peripheral blood by using magnetic cell sorting and cytokine (rhGM-CSF + rhIL-4) co-induction. imDCs function in vitro and the surface antigens changes both in imDCs and THP-1 after 24 h of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) exposure were determined. The results were compared with those of DNCB-induced rats. The feasibility of imDCs applications in immunotoxicology was evaluated. In vivo, the splenic nodules, lymphocytes, and CD103+DC surface antigen expression were altered in the spleen of DNCB-induced rats. Moreover, DNCB exposure increased CD8+ T cell numbers both in peripheral blood and in the spleen of DNCB-induced rats. In vitro, DNCB exposure reduced the antigen uptake capacity and enhanced the T cell proliferative capacity of imDCs. The results are consistent with in vivo, but superior to that of the THP-1. Our results suggest that human monocyte-derived DCs may have potential applications as an attractive in vitro alternative cell model to evaluate the sensitization of DNCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Yao
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Disease, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Mingcui Ding
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Disease, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Lei Bao
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Youliang Zhao
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Disease, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Disease, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yiping Li
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Disease, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - YaQian Qu
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Disease, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Changfu Hao
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Disease, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
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7
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Tsuchiyama H, Maeda A, Nakajima M, Kitsukawa M, Takahashi K, Miyoshi T, Mutsuga M, Asaoka Y, Miyamoto Y, Oshida K. Gene expression profiles in auricle skin as a possible additional endpoint for determination of sensitizers: A multi-endpoint evaluation of the local lymph node assay. Toxicol Lett 2017; 280:133-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Corvaro M, Gehen S, Andrews K, Chatfield R, Macleod F, Mehta J. A retrospective analysis of in vivo eye irritation, skin irritation and skin sensitisation studies with agrochemical formulations: Setting the scene for development of alternative strategies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 89:131-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Battais F, Huppert C, Langonné I, Muller S, Sponne I. In vitrodetection of chemical allergens: an optimized assay using mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Contact Dermatitis 2017; 77:311-322. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Battais
- Department of Toxicology and Biometrology; National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS); 54019 Vandoeuvre cedex France
| | - Cécile Huppert
- Department of Toxicology and Biometrology; National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS); 54019 Vandoeuvre cedex France
| | - Isabelle Langonné
- Department of Toxicology and Biometrology; National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS); 54019 Vandoeuvre cedex France
| | - Samuel Muller
- Department of Toxicology and Biometrology; National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS); 54019 Vandoeuvre cedex France
| | - Isabelle Sponne
- Department of Toxicology and Biometrology; National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS); 54019 Vandoeuvre cedex France
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Abstract
Skin sensitization associated with allergic contact dermatitis is a common health problem and is an important consideration for toxicologists in safety assessment. Historically, in vivo predictive tests have been used with good success to identify substances that have the potential to induce skin sensitization, and these tests formed the basis of safety evaluation. These original tests are now being replaced gradually either by in vitro assays or by further refinements of in vivo methods such as the local lymph node assay. Human data have also been available to inform classification decisions for some substances and have been used by risk managers to introduce measures for exposure reduction. However, humans encounter hazards in the context of exposure rather than in the form of intrinsic hazards per se, and so in this article, we have examined critically the extent to which human data have been used to refine classification decisions and safety evaluations. We have also evaluated information on the burden of human allergic skin disease and used this to address the question of whether, and to what extent, the identification and evaluation of skin sensitization hazards has led to an improvement of public and/or occupational health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - IR White
- Department of Cutaneous Allergy, St John’s Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - JP McFadden
- Department of Cutaneous Allergy, St John’s Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - I Kimber
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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11
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Evaluation of an optimized protocol using human peripheral blood monocyte derived dendritic cells for the in vitro detection of sensitizers: Results of a ring study in five laboratories. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:976-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Piersma AH, Ezendam J, Luijten M, Muller JJA, Rorije E, van der Ven LTM, van Benthem J. A critical appraisal of the process of regulatory implementation of novel in vivo and in vitro methods for chemical hazard and risk assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44:876-94. [PMID: 25058877 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.940445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory toxicology urgently needs applicable alternative test systems that reduce animal use, testing time, and cost. European regulation on cosmetic ingredients has already banned animal experimentation for hazard identification, and public awareness drives toward additional restrictions in other regulatory frameworks as well. In addition, scientific progress stimulates a more mechanistic approach of hazard identification. Nevertheless, the implementation of alternative methods is lagging far behind their development. In search for general bottlenecks for the implementation of alternative methods, this manuscript reviews the state of the art as to the development and implementation of 10 diverse test systems in various areas of toxicological hazard assessment. They vary widely in complexity and regulatory acceptance status. The assays are reviewed as to parameters assessed, biological system involved, standardization, interpretation of results, extrapolation to human hazard, position in testing strategies, and current regulatory acceptance status. Given the diversity of alternative methods in many aspects, no common bottlenecks could be identified that hamper implementation of individual alternative assays in general. However, specific issues for the regulatory acceptance and application were identified for each assay. Acceptance of one-in-one replacement of complex in vivo tests by relatively simple in vitro assays is not feasible. Rather, innovative approaches using test batteries are required together with metabolic information and in vitro to in vivo dose extrapolation to convincingly provide the same level of information of current in vivo tests. A mechanistically based alternative approach using the Adverse Outcome Pathway concept could stimulate further (regulatory) acceptance of non-animal tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldert H Piersma
- RIVM, Center for Health Protection , Bilthoven , the Netherlands
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13
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Alloul-Ramdhani M, Tensen CP, El Ghalbzouri A. Performance of the N/TERT epidermal model for skin sensitizer identification via Nrf2-Keap1-ARE pathway activation. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:982-9. [PMID: 24794257 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Animal testing of chemical ingredients for cosmetic purposes is prohibited. Therefore there is an urgent need for in vitro models to identify chemical allergens. In human skin, keratinocytes (KCs) are abundantly present and are key players in initiation of allergic contact dermatitis. One of the pathways that has been shown to be induced by sensitizers is the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway. In this study we compared the response of four keratinocyte-based models including (a) primary human KCs, (b) N/TERT monolayer cultures, (c) the Leiden Epidermal models (LEMs) and (d) the N/TERT epidermal models (NEMs). All keratinocyte-based models were subjected to chemical exposure of the sensitizer 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and irritant Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at nontoxic concentrations. Activation of the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway was evaluated by measuring Nrf2 protein levels as well as nuclear translocation and activation of transcriptional targets of Nrf2. Results show that the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway is activated by the sensitizer DNCB in monolayer keratinocytes and as well as the LEMs and NEMs and not by the irritant SDS. Collectively our data demonstrate that the N/TERT models respond similarly as primary KCs and could therefore serve as an alternative model for skin sensitizer identification, thereby overcoming the need for primary skin tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cornelis P Tensen
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Son HU, Lee SH. Evaluation of eye irritation by S-(-)-10,11-dihydroxyfarnesic acid methyl ester secreted by Beauveria bassiana CS1029. Exp Ther Med 2013; 6:909-912. [PMID: 24137288 PMCID: PMC3797286 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether S-(-)-10,11-dihydroxyfarnesic acid methyl ester produced by cell subtype Beauveria bassiana CS1029 causes acute toxicity when used for cosmetic purposes by performing an eye irritation test. New Zealand white (NZW) rabbits were treated with a 100 mg/dose of S-(-)-10,11-dihydroxyfarnesic acid methyl ester according to standard procedure guidelines. No significant changes in terms of ocular lesions of the cornea, turbidity of the cornea, swelling of the eyelid or ocular discharge were observed in the methyl ester-treated groups, while sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, a positive control, caused severe toxicity. The anatomical and pathological observations indicate that the methyl ester produced by Beauveria bassiana CS1029 did not induce eye irritation in the lenses of the rabbits. The data suggest that the methyl ester evaluated in this study has promising potential as a cosmetic ingredient that does not irritate the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-U Son
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
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15
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Dendritic cell migration assay: A potential prediction model for identification of contact allergens. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1170-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Son HU, Yoon EK, Cha YS, Kim MA, Shin YK, Kim JM, Choi YH, Lee SH. Comparison of the toxicity of aqueous and ethanol fractions of Angelica keiskei leaf using the eye irritancy test. Exp Ther Med 2012; 4:820-824. [PMID: 23226733 PMCID: PMC3493708 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2012.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether aqueous and ethanol fractions of the Angelica keiskei leaf exert toxicity when used for cosmetic purposes, we performed the acute eye irritancy test. Animals were treated with sample fractions (100 mg/dose) according to standard procedure guidelines. No significant changes or damage was detected in the fraction-treated groups in terms of ocular lesions in the cornea, the size of the cornea with turbidity, swelling of the eyelid and emission discharge. However, sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, a positive control, induced severe toxic symptoms. Thus, aqueous and ethanol fractions of Angelica keiskei do not appear to induce acute toxicity in the eye lens, as assessed from anatomical and pathological observations in the rabbit eye. Our results collectively suggest that aqueous and ethanol fractions show promise as cosmetic ingredients that do not cause eye toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-U Son
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701
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Kolle SN, Basketter D, Schrage A, Gamer AO, Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R. Further experience with the local lymph node assay using standard radioactive and nonradioactive cell count measurements. J Appl Toxicol 2012; 32:597-607. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.2754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne N. Kolle
- BASF SE; Experimental Toxicology and Ecology; Ludwigshafen; Germany
| | | | | | - Armin O. Gamer
- BASF SE; Experimental Toxicology and Ecology; Ludwigshafen; Germany
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19
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Rovida C, Ryan C, Cinelli S, Basketter D, Dearman R, Kimber I. The local lymph node assay (LLNA). CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN TOXICOLOGY 2012; Chapter 20:Unit 20.7. [PMID: 22511117 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx2007s51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) is a widely accepted method for assessing the skin sensitization potential of chemicals. Compared with other in vivo methods in guinea pig, the LLNA offers important advantages with respect to animal welfare, including a requirement for reduced animal numbers as well as reduced pain and trauma. In addition to hazard identification, the LLNA is used for determining the relative skin sensitizing potency of contact allergens as a pivotal contribution to the risk assessment process. The LLNA is the only in vivo method that has been subjected to a formal validation process. The original LLNA protocol is based on measurement of the proliferative activity of draining lymph node cells (LNC), as determined by incorporation of radiolabeled thymidine. Several variants to the original LLNA have been developed to eliminate the use of radioactive materials. One such alternative is considered here: the LLNA:BrdU-ELISA method, which uses 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) in place of radiolabeled thymidine to measure LNC proliferation in draining nodes.
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Adenuga D, Woolhiser MR, Gollapudi BB, Boverhof DR. Differential Gene Expression Responses Distinguish Contact and Respiratory Sensitizers and Nonsensitizing Irritants in the Local Lymph Node Assay. Toxicol Sci 2012; 126:413-25. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Inter-laboratory study of the in vitro dendritic cell migration assay for identification of contact allergens. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:2124-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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