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Gould S, Templin MV. Off target toxicities and links with physicochemical properties of medicinal products, including antibiotics, oligonucleotides, lipid nanoparticles (with cationic and/or anionic charges). Data review suggests an emerging pattern. Toxicol Lett 2023; 384:14-29. [PMID: 37454775 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Toxicology is an essential part of any drug development plan. Circumnavigating the risk of failure because of a toxicity issue can be a challenge, and failure in late development is extremely costly. To identify potential risks, it requires more than just understanding the biological target. The toxicologist needs to consider a compound's structure, it's physicochemical properties (including the impact of the overall formulation), as well as the biological target (e.g., receptor interactions). Understanding the impact of the physicochemical properties can be used to predict potential toxicities in advance by incorporating key endpoints in early screening strategies and/or used to compare toxicity profiles across lead candidates. This review discussed the risks of off-target and/or non-specific toxicities that may be associated with the physicochemical properties of compounds, especially those carrying dominant positive or negative charges, including amphiphilic small molecules, peptides, oligonucleotides and lipids/liposomes/lipid nanoparticles. The latter of which are being seen more and more in drug development, including the recent Covid pandemic, where mRNA and lipid nanoparticle technology is playing more of a role in vaccine development. The translation between non-clinical and clinical data is also considered, questioning how a physicochemical driven toxicity may be more universal across species, which means that such toxicity may be reassuringly translatable between species and as such, this information may also be considered as a support to the 3 R's, particularly in the early screening stages of a drug development plan.
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2
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Considerations for the Nonclinical Safety Evaluation of Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:antib10020015. [PMID: 33921632 PMCID: PMC8167597 DOI: 10.3390/antib10020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The targeted delivery of drugs by means of linking them to antibodies (Abs) to form antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) has become an important approach in oncology and could potentially be used in other therapeutic areas. Targeted therapy is aimed at improving clinical efficacy while minimizing adverse reactions. The nonclinical safety assessment of ADCs presents several unique challenges involving the need to examine a complex molecule, each component of which can contribute to the effects observed, in appropriate animal models. Some considerations for the nonclinical safety evaluation of ADCs based on a literature review of ADCs in clinical development (currently or previously) are discussed.
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3
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Hey A, Baumann A, Kronenberg S, Blaich G, Mohl S, Fagg R, Ulrich P, Rattel B, Richter WF, Kiessling A, Weir L. Nonclinical Development of Biologics: Integrating Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics to Create Smarter and More Flexible Nonclinical Safety Programs Optimizing Animal Use. Int J Toxicol 2021; 40:270-284. [PMID: 33631988 DOI: 10.1177/1091581821994288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Safety assessment of biological drugs has its challenges due to the multiple new different modalities, for example, antibody-drug conjugates, bispecifics, nanobodies, fusion proteins and advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs), their different pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, and their ability to trigger immunogenicity and toxicity. In the public and in the pharmaceutical industry, there is a strong and general desire to reduce the number of animals used in research and development of drugs and in particular reducing the use of nonhuman primates. Important discussions and activities are ongoing investigating the smarter designs of early research and dose range finding studies, reuse of animals, and replacing animal experiments with in vitro studies. Other important challenges include absence of a relevant species and design of studies and developing genetically modified animals for special investigative toxicology studies. Then, the learnings and challenges from the development of the first ATMPs are available providing valuable insights in the development path for these new potentially transformative treatments. Finally, development of strategies for assessment of immunogenicity and prediction of translation of immunogenicity and associated findings to the clinic. On this, the eighth meeting for the European BioSafe members, these challenges served as the basis for the presentations and discussions during the meeting. This article serves as the workshop report reviewing the presentations and discussions at the meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hey
- Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Sven Kronenberg
- 30259Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Silke Mohl
- 30259Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Wolfgang F Richter
- 30259Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
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4
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Comparison of Genetically Engineered Immunodeficient Animal Models for Nonclinical Testing of Stem Cell Therapies. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020130. [PMID: 33498509 PMCID: PMC7909568 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
For the recovery or replacement of dysfunctional cells and tissue—the goal of stem cell research—successful engraftment of transplanted cells and tissues are essential events. The event is largely dependent on the immune rejection of the recipient; therefore, the immunogenic evaluation of candidate cells or tissues in immunodeficient animals is important. Understanding the immunodeficient system can provide insights into the generation and use of immunodeficient animal models, presenting a unique system to explore the capabilities of the innate immune system. In this review, we summarize various immunodeficient animal model systems with different target genes as valuable tools for biomedical research. There have been numerous immunodeficient models developed by different gene defects, resulting in many different features in phenotype. More important, mice, rats, and other large animals exhibit very different immunological and physiological features in tissue and organs, including genetic background and a representation of human disease conditions. Therefore, the findings from this review may guide researchers to select the most appropriate immunodeficient strain, target gene, and animal species based on the research type, mutant gene effects, and similarity to human immunological features for stem cell research.
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Kissner T, Blaich G, Baumann A, Kronenberg S, Hey A, Kiessling A, Schmitt PM, Driessen W, Carrez C, Kramer D, Fretland J, Richter WF, Paehler T, Hopfer U, Rattel B. Challenges of non-clinical safety testing for biologics: A Report of the 9th BioSafe European Annual General Membership Meeting. MAbs 2021; 13:1938796. [PMID: 34241561 PMCID: PMC8274438 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1938796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
New challenges and other topics in non-clinical safety testing of biotherapeutics were presented and discussed at the nineth European BioSafe Annual General Membership meeting in November 2019. The session topics were selected by European BioSafe organization committee members based on recent company achievements, agency interactions and new data obtained in the non-clinical safety testing of biotherapeutics, for which data sharing would be of interest and considered as valuable information. The presented session topics ranged from strategies of in vitro testing, immunogenicity prediction, bioimaging, and developmental and reproductive toxicology (DART) assessments to first-in-human (FIH) dose prediction and bioanalytical challenges, reflecting the entire space of different areas of expertise and different molecular modalities. During the 9th meeting of the European BioSafe members, the following topics were presented and discussed in 6 main sessions (with 3 or 4 presentations per session) and in three small group breakout sessions: 1) DART assessment with biotherapeutics: what did we learn and where to go?; 2) Non-animal testing strategies; 3) Seeing is believing: new frontiers in imaging; 4) Predicting immunogenicity during early drug development: hope or despair?; 5) Challenges in FIH dose projections; and 6) Non-canonical biologics formats: challenges in bioanalytics, PKPD and biotransformation for complex biologics formats. Small group breakout sessions were organized for team discussion about 3 specific topics: 1) Testing of cellular immune function in vitro and in vivo; 2) MABEL approach (toxicology and pharmacokinetic perspective); and 3) mRNA treatments. This workshop report presents the sessions and discussions at the meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kissner
- Preclinical Safety, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Guenter Blaich
- Preclinical Safety, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Andreas Baumann
- R&D Pharmaceuticals, Translational Sciences, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Kronenberg
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adam Hey
- Oncology Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Petra M. Schmitt
- Preclinical Safety, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Wouter Driessen
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Carrez
- Sanofi R&D, Translational In Vivo Models, Sanofi S.A, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Daniel Kramer
- Sanofi R&D, Translational Medicine & Early Development, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang F. Richter
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Paehler
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ulrike Hopfer
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benno Rattel
- Translational Safety & Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Munich, Germany
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6
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Son YW, Choi HN, Che JH, Kang BC, Yun JW. Advances in selecting appropriate non-rodent species for regulatory toxicology research: Policy, ethical, and experimental considerations. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 116:104757. [PMID: 32758521 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In vivo animal studies are required by regulatory agencies to investigate drug safety before clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the process of selecting a relevant non-rodent species for preclinical studies. The dog is the primary, default non-rodent used in toxicology studies with multiple scientific advantages, including adequate background data and availability. Rabbit has many regulatory advantages as the first non-rodent for the evaluation of reproductive and developmental as well as local toxicity. Recently, minipigs have increasingly replaced dogs and rabbits in toxicology studies due to ethical and scientific advantages including similarity to humans and breeding habits. When these species are not relevant, nonhuman primates (NHPs) can be used as the available animal models, especially in toxicology studies investigating biotherapeutics. Particularly, based on the phylogenetic relationships, the use of New-World marmosets can be considered before Old-World monkeys, especially cynomolgus with robust historical data. Importantly, the use of NHPs should be justified in terms of scientific benefits considering target affinity, expression pattern, and pharmacological cross-reactivity. Strict standards are required for the use of animals. Therefore, this review is helpful for the selection of appropriate non-rodent in regulatory toxicology studies by providing sufficient regulatory, ethical, and scientific data for each species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Wook Son
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, South Korea
| | - Ha-Ni Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Che
- Biomedical Center for Animal Resource and Development, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Kang
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Jun-Won Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, South Korea.
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Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs): Potent biopharmaceuticals to target solid and hematological cancers- an overview. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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8
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Brennan FR, Andrews L, Arulanandam AR, Blumel J, Fikes J, Grimaldi C, Lansita J, Loberg LI, MacLachlan T, Milton M, Parker S, Tibbitts J, Wolf J, Allamneni KP. Current strategies in the non-clinical safety assessment of biologics: New targets, new molecules, new challenges. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 98:98-107. [PMID: 30026135 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonclinical safety testing of biopharmaceuticals can present significant challenges to human risk assessment with these innovative and often complex drugs. Emerging topics in this field were discussed recently at the 2016 Annual US BioSafe General Membership meeting. The presentations and subsequent discussions from the main sessions are summarized. The topics covered included: (i) specialty biologics (oncolytic virus, gene therapy, and gene editing-based technologies), (ii) the value of non-human primates (NHPs) for safety assessment, (iii) challenges in the safety assessment of immuno-oncology drugs (T cell-dependent bispecifics, checkpoint inhibitors, and costimulatory agonists), (iv) emerging therapeutic approaches and modalities focused on microbiome, oligonucleotide, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) therapeutics, (v) first in human (FIH) dose selection and the minimum anticipated biological effect level (MABEL), (vi) an update on current regulatory guidelines, International Council for Harmonization (ICH) S1, S3a, S5, S9 and S11 and (vii) breakout sessions that focused on bioanalytical and PK/PD challenges with bispecific antibodies, cytokine release in nonclinical studies, determining adversity and NOAEL for biologics, the value of second species for toxicology assessment and what to do if there is no relevant toxicology species.
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Ulrich P, Blaich G, Baumann A, Fagg R, Hey A, Kiessling A, Kronenberg S, Lindecrona RH, Mohl S, Richter WF, Tibbitts J, Crameri F, Weir L. Biotherapeutics in non-clinical development: Strengthening the interface between safety, pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics and manufacturing. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 94:91-100. [PMID: 29355662 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Biological drugs comprise a wide field of different modalities with respect to structure, pharmacokinetics and pharmacological function. Considerable non-clinical experience in the development of proteins (e.g. insulin) and antibodies has been accumulated over the past thirty years. In order to improve the efficacy and the safety of these biotherapeutics, Fc modifications (e.g. Fc silent antibody versions), combinations (antibody-drug conjugates, protein-nanoparticle combinations), and new constructs (darpins, fynomers) have been introduced. In the last decade, advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) in research and development have become a considerable and strongly growing part of the biotherapeutic portfolio. ATMPs consisting of gene and cell therapy modalities or even combinations of them, further expand the level of complexity, which already exists in non-clinical development strategies for biological drugs and has thereby led to a further diversification of expertise in safety and PKPD assessment of biological drugs. It is the fundamental rationale of the BioSafe meetings, held yearly in the EU and in the US, to convene experts on a regular basis and foster knowledge exchange and mutual understanding in this fast growing area. In order to reflect at least partially the variety of the biotherapeutics field, the 2016 EU BioSafe meeting addressed the following topics in six sessions: (i) In vitro Meets in vivo to Leverage Biologics Development (ii) New developments and regulatory considerations in the cell and gene therapy field (iii) CMC Challenges with Biologics development (iv) Minipigs in non-clinical safety assessment (v) Opportunities of PKPD Assessment in Less Common Administration Routes In the breakout sessions the following questions were discussed: (i) Cynomolgus monkey as a reprotoxicology Species: Impact of Immunomodulators on Early Pregnancy Maintenance (ii) Safety Risk of Inflammation and Autoimmunity Induced by Immunomodulators (iii) Experience with non-GMP Material in Pivotal Non-clinical Safety Studies to Support First in Man (FiM) Trials (iv) Safety Assessment of Combination Products for Non-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Adam Hey
- Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Sven Kronenberg
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Silke Mohl
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang F Richter
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Flavio Crameri
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
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10
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Dauti A, Gerstl B, Chong S, Chisholm O, Anazodo A. Improvements in Clinical Trials Information Will Improve the Reproductive Health and Fertility of Cancer Patients. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol 2017; 6:235-269. [PMID: 28207285 DOI: 10.1089/jayao.2016.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are a number of barriers that result in cancer patients not being referred for oncofertility care, which include knowledge about reproductive risks of antineoplastic agents. Without this information, clinicians do not always make recommendations for oncofertility care. The objective of this study was to describe the level of reproductive information and recommendations that clinicians have available in clinical trial protocols regarding oncofertility management and follow-up, and the information that patients may receive in clinical trials patient information sheets or consent forms. A literature review of the 71 antineoplastic drugs included in the 68 clinical trial protocols showed that 68% of the antineoplastic drugs had gonadotoxic animal data, 32% had gonadotoxic human data, 83% had teratogenic animal data, and 32% had teratogenic human data. When the clinical trial protocols were reviewed, only 22% of the protocols reported the teratogenic risks and 32% of the protocols reported the gonadotoxic risk. Only 56% of phase 3 protocols had gonadotoxic information and 13% of phase 3 protocols had teratogenic information. Nine percent of the protocols provided fertility preservation recommendations and 4% provided reproductive information in the follow-up and survivorship period. Twenty-six percent had a section in the clinical trials protocol, which identified oncofertility information easily. When gonadotoxic and teratogenic effects of treatment were known, they were not consistently included in the clinical trial protocols and the lack of data for new drugs was not reported. Very few protocols gave recommendations for oncofertility management and follow-up following the completion of cancer treatment. The research team proposes a number of recommendations that should be required for clinicians and pharmaceutical companies developing new trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Dauti
- 1 College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, New York University , New York City, New York.,2 Population Sciences Department, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, Massachusetts.,3 Department of Women's and Children's Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney, Australia
| | - Brigitte Gerstl
- 4 Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital , Sydney, Australia
| | - Serena Chong
- 3 Department of Women's and Children's Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney, Australia
| | - Orin Chisholm
- 5 Department of Pharmaceutical Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney, Australia
| | - Antoinette Anazodo
- 3 Department of Women's and Children's Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney, Australia .,4 Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital , Sydney, Australia .,6 Nelune Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital , Randwick, Australia
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11
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Prior H, Sewell F, Stewart J. Overview of 3Rs opportunities in drug discovery and development using non-human primates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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12
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Yang Y, Guo Q, Chen X, Zhang J, Guo H, Qian W, Hou S, Dai J, Li B, Guo Y, Wang H. Preclinical studies of a Pro-antibody-drug conjugate designed to selectively target EGFR-overexpressing tumors with improved therapeutic efficacy. MAbs 2016; 8:405-13. [PMID: 26760045 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1127491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have exhibited potent clinical benefits in cancer therapy. However, development of ADCs against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has limitations because of wide expression of EGFR in both normal and tumor tissues. Previously, we developed an anti-EGFR protease-activated antibody (pro-antibody), termed as PanP, which remains inert against EGFR until activated by tumor-specific protease. Herein, we for the first time report a new class of pro-antibody-drug conjugate (PDC) against EGFR, denoted as PanP-DM1. It has been designed to selectively target the EGFR-overexpressing tumor cells and exert greater anti-tumor activity compared with PanP. Our data showed that PanP-DM1 also could be selectively activated by tumor-specific protease 'uPA'. Furthermore, activated PanP-DM1 was potently cytotoxic against EGFR-overexpressing tumor cell lines in vitro. Crucially, our data indicated that PanP-DM1 was significantly more effective in eradicating EGFR-overexpressing tumors in vivo. Additionally, toxicity was preliminarily evaluated in mice as measured by body weight loss. In summary, our study suggests that PanP-DM1, a novel pro-antibody-drug conjugate, has cancer-selectivity, efficacy and safety profile that supports its potential use for EGFR-overexpressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yang
- a International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China.,b School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University , Xinxiang , China.,c State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy , Shanghai , China
| | - Qingcheng Guo
- a International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China.,c State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy , Shanghai , China
| | - Xi Chen
- a International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China.,c State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy , Shanghai , China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- c State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy , Shanghai , China.,f School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China
| | - Huaizu Guo
- a International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China.,c State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy , Shanghai , China.,d Zhangjiang Biotechnology Co. Ltd , Shanghai , China
| | - Weizhu Qian
- a International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China.,c State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy , Shanghai , China.,d Zhangjiang Biotechnology Co. Ltd , Shanghai , China
| | - Sheng Hou
- a International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China.,c State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy , Shanghai , China
| | - Jianxin Dai
- a International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China.,c State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy , Shanghai , China
| | - Bohua Li
- a International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China.,c State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy , Shanghai , China
| | - Yajun Guo
- c State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy , Shanghai , China.,e School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University , Liaocheng , China.,f School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China
| | - Hao Wang
- a International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China.,c State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy , Shanghai , China.,e School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University , Liaocheng , China
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13
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Baca M, De Vos J, Bruylants G, Bartik K, Liu X, Cook K, Eeltink S. A comprehensive study to protein retention in hydrophobic interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1032:182-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Beken S, Kasper P, van der Laan JW. Regulatory Acceptance of Alternative Methods in the Development and Approval of Pharmaceuticals. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 856:33-64. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33826-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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15
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Hinrichs MJM, Dixit R. Antibody Drug Conjugates: Nonclinical Safety Considerations. AAPS J 2015; 17:1055-64. [PMID: 26024656 PMCID: PMC4540738 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-015-9790-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are biopharmaceutical molecules consisting of a cytotoxic small molecule covalently linked to a targeted protein carrier via a stable cleavable or noncleavable linker. The process of conjugation yields a highly complex molecule with biochemical properties that are distinct from those of the unconjugated components. The impact of these biochemical differences on the safety and pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of the conjugate must be considered when determining the types of nonclinical safety studies required to support clinical development of ADCs. The hybrid nature of ADCs highlights the need for a science-based approach to safety assessment that incorporates relevant aspects of small and large molecule testing paradigms. This thinking is reflected in current regulatory guidelines, where sections pertaining to conjugates allow for a flexible approach to nonclinical safety testing. The aim of this article is to review regulatory expectations regarding early assessment of nonclinical safety considerations and discuss how recent advances in our understanding of ADC-mediated toxicity can be used to guide the types of nonclinical safety studies needed to support ADC clinical development. The review will also explore nonclinical testing strategies that can be used to streamline ADC development by assessing the safety and efficacy of next generation ADC constructs using a rodent screen approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jane Masson Hinrichs
- Department of Translational Sciences, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20878, USA,
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16
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Stidl R, Fuchs S, Bossard M, Siekmann J, Turecek PL, Putz M. Safety of PEGylated recombinant human full-length coagulation factor VIII (BAX 855) in the overall context of PEG and PEG conjugates. Haemophilia 2015. [PMID: 26219204 PMCID: PMC4737295 DOI: 10.1111/hae.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Introduction BAX 855 is a PEGylated human full‐length recombinant factor VIII (rFVIII) based on licensed rFVIII (ADVATE). The applied PEGylation technology has been optimized to retain functionality of the FVIII molecule, improve its pharmacokinetic properties and allow less frequent injections while maintaining efficacy. Aim The aim of this study was to confirm that the excellent safety profile of ADVATE remains unchanged after PEGylation. Methods Non‐clinical safety studies with BAX 855 and its respective unbound polyethylene glycol (PEG) were conducted in several species. The distribution of a single dose of radiolabelled BAX 855 was further investigated in rats. Publically available safety data on PEG alone and PEGylated biomolecules were summarized and reviewed for specific safety findings attributable to PEG or PEGylated biopharmaceuticals. Results Safety pharmacology studies in rabbits and macaques and repeated dose toxicity studies in rats and macaques identified no safety issues. Results of a distribution study in rats administered radiolabelled BAX 855 showed that radioactivity was completely excreted; urine was the major elimination route. A 28‐day study in rats dosed with the unbound PEG constituent (PEG2ru20KCOOH) of BAX 855 showed no adverse or non‐adverse effects. Safety data for PEG and PEG‐protein conjugates indicate no safety concerns associated with PEG at clinically relevant dose levels. Although vacuolation of certain cell types has been reported in mammals, no such vacuolation was observed with BAX 855 or with the unbound PEG constituent. Conclusion Non‐clinical safety evaluation of PEG and BAX 855 identified no safety signals; the compound is now in clinical development for the treatment of patients with haemophilia A.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Stidl
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Fuchs
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Bossard
- Nektar Therapeutics, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - J Siekmann
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - M Putz
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH, Vienna, Austria
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Brennan FR, Baumann A, Blaich G, de Haan L, Fagg R, Kiessling A, Kronenberg S, Locher M, Milton M, Tibbitts J, Ulrich P, Weir L. Nonclinical safety testing of biopharmaceuticals--Addressing current challenges of these novel and emerging therapies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015. [PMID: 26219199 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Non-clinical safety testing of biopharmaceuticals can present significant challenges to human risk assessment with these often innovative and complex drugs. Hot Topics in this field were discussed recently at the 4th Annual European Biosafe General Membership meeting. In this feature article, the presentations and subsequent discussions from the main sessions are summarized. The topics covered include: (i) wanted versus unwanted immune activation, (ii) bi-specific protein scaffolds, (iii) use of Pharmacokinetic (PK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) data to impact/optimize toxicology study design, (iv) cytokine release and challenges to human translation (v) safety testing of cell and gene therapies including chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells and retroviral vectors and (vi) biopharmaceutical development strategies encompassing a range of diverse topics including optimizing entry of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) into the brain, safety testing of therapeutic vaccines, non-clinical testing of biosimilars, infection in toxicology studies with immunomodulators and challenges to human risk assessment, maternal and infant anti-drug antibody (ADA) development and impact in non-human primate (NHP) developmental toxicity studies, and a summary of an NC3Rs workshop on the future vision for non-clinical safety assessment of biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sven Kronenberg
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
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Valentin JP, Guth B, Hamlin RL, Lainée P, Sarazan D, Skinner M. Functional Cardiac Safety Evaluation of Novel Therapeutics. METHODS AND PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527673643.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Baumann A, Tuerck D, Prabhu S, Dickmann L, Sims J. Pharmacokinetics, metabolism and distribution of PEGs and PEGylated proteins: quo vadis? Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1623-31. [PMID: 24929223 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics (PK), metabolism and biodistribution of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in PEGylated proteins are important to understand the increased cellular vacuolation reported in various tissues in animals. The tissue distribution profile of PEGylated proteins and 'metabolic' PEG is guided largely by absolute PEG load, PEG molecular weight and, where applicable, receptor-mediated uptake via the protein moiety. High molecular weight PEGs show slow renal clearance, and consequently have a greater potential to accumulate within cells. The intracellular nonbiodegradable PEG can accumulate within the lysosome ultimately causing distension and vacuolation observed by standard histological examinations. Improved bioanalytical methodologies will contribute to the identification of specific PK parameters including distribution behavior to support development of PEGylated proteins as therapeutics.
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