1
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Development and Validation of a Specific Sandwich ELISA for Determination of Soybean Allergens and Its Application in Processed Foods. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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2
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Food Safety Assessment of Commercial Genetically Modified Soybeans in Rats. Foods 2022; 11:foods11040496. [PMID: 35205976 PMCID: PMC8871208 DOI: 10.3390/foods11040496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the safety of commercial genetically modified (GM) soybeans has been well evaluated and GM soybeans are legally sold under government management, some consumers still have concerns about their safety. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety of commercial GM soybeans sold in markets as a food source. In the present study, two commercial GM (GM-1 and -2) soybeans and one non-GM soybean were randomly purchased and subjected to a whole food toxicity assessment. Rats (SD), male and female, were divided into six groups (10/sex/group). Two dosages of 1 g/kg/day and 5 g/kg/day of soybeans were selected for the low- and high-dose groups. Rats were administered the soybeans via daily oral fed for 90 days. The results indicate that the body weight, organ weight, biochemistry, hematology, and urology showed no biologically adverse effects. At necropsy, no significant differences between organ weights were noted between the non-GM- and GM soybeans-treated groups. Moreover, no gross or histopathological lesions were observed in the high-dosage (5 g/kg/day) fed groups of the non-GM and GM soybean fed rats. In conclusion, this food safety assessment revealed that commercial GM soybeans are substantially equivalent to non-GM soybeans in rats.
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Barre A, Damme EJV, Simplicien M, Benoist H, Rougé P. Are Dietary Lectins Relevant Allergens in Plant Food Allergy? Foods 2020; 9:foods9121724. [PMID: 33255208 PMCID: PMC7760050 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lectins or carbohydrate-binding proteins are widely distributed in seeds and vegetative parts of edible plant species. A few lectins from different fruits and vegetables have been identified as potential food allergens, including wheat agglutinin, hevein (Hev b 6.02) from the rubber tree and chitinases containing a hevein domain from different fruits and vegetables. However, other well-known lectins from legumes have been demonstrated to behave as potential food allergens taking into account their ability to specifically bind IgE from allergic patients, trigger the degranulation of sensitized basophils, and to elicit interleukin secretion in sensitized people. These allergens include members from the different families of higher plant lectins, including legume lectins, type II ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIP-II), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), jacalin-related lectins, GNA (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin)-like lectins, and Nictaba-related lectins. Most of these potentially active lectin allergens belong to the group of seed storage proteins (legume lectins), pathogenesis-related protein family PR-3 comprising hevein and class I, II, IV, V, VI, and VII chitinases containing a hevein domain, and type II ribosome-inactivating proteins containing a ricin B-chain domain (RIP-II). In the present review, we present an exhaustive survey of both the structural organization and structural features responsible for the allergenic potency of lectins, with special reference to lectins from dietary plant species/tissues consumed in Western countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick Barre
- UMR 152 PharmaDev, Institut de Recherche et Développement, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Pharmacie, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France; (A.B.); (M.S.); (H.B.)
| | - Els J.M. Van Damme
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Mathias Simplicien
- UMR 152 PharmaDev, Institut de Recherche et Développement, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Pharmacie, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France; (A.B.); (M.S.); (H.B.)
| | - Hervé Benoist
- UMR 152 PharmaDev, Institut de Recherche et Développement, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Pharmacie, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France; (A.B.); (M.S.); (H.B.)
| | - Pierre Rougé
- UMR 152 PharmaDev, Institut de Recherche et Développement, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Pharmacie, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France; (A.B.); (M.S.); (H.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-069-552-0851
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Naegeli H, Bresson J, Dalmay T, Dewhurst IC, Epstein MM, Firbank LG, Guerche P, Hejatko J, Moreno FJ, Mullins E, Nogué F, Rostoks N, Sánchez Serrano JJ, Savoini G, Veromann E, Veronesi F, Álvarez F, Ardizzone M, De Sanctis G, Devos Y, Dumont AF, Federici S, Gennaro A, Gómez Ruiz JÁ, Lanzoni A, Neri FM, Papadopoulou N, Paraskevopoulos K, Raffaello T. Scientific Opinion on application EFSA-GMO-NL-2016-132 for authorisation of genetically modified of insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant soybean DAS-81419-2 × DAS-44406-6 for food and feed uses, import and processing submitted in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 by Dow Agrosciences LCC. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06302. [PMID: 33250936 PMCID: PMC7677967 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean DAS-8419-2 × DAS-44406-6 was developed to provide protection against certain lepidopteran pests and tolerance to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and other related phenoxy herbicides, and glyphosate- and glufosinate ammonium-containing herbicides. The Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) Panel previously assessed the two single soybean events and did not identify safety concerns. No new data on the single soybean events, leading to modification of the original conclusions on their safety have been identified. The molecular characterisation, comparative analysis (agronomic, phenotypic and compositional characteristics) and the outcome of the toxicological, allergenicity and nutritional assessment indicate that the combination of the single soybean events and of the newly expressed proteins in the two-event stack soybean does not give rise to food and feed safety and nutritional concerns. In the case of accidental release of viable DAS-8419-2 × DAS-44406-6 seeds into the environment, soybean DAS-8419-2 × DAS-44406-6 would not raise environmental safety concerns. The post-market environmental monitoring plan and reporting intervals are in line with the intended uses of soybean DAS-8419-2 × DAS-44406-6. In conclusion, the GMO Panel considers that soybean DAS-8419-2 × DAS-44406-6, as described in this application, is as safe as its conventional counterpart and the non-genetically modified soybean reference varieties tested with respect to potential effects on human and animal health and the environment.
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Liu Y, Fang X, Sun X, Niu B, Chen Q. Detection of Allergen Genes in Peanut and Soybean by Circular Fluorescence Probe-Mediated Isothermal Amplification. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01883-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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7
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Ladics GS. Assessment of the potential allergenicity of genetically-engineered food crops. J Immunotoxicol 2018; 16:43-53. [PMID: 30409058 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2018.1533904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An extensive safety assessment process exists for genetically-engineered (GE) crops. The assessment includes an evaluation of the introduced protein as well as the crop containing the protein with the goal of demonstrating the GE crop is "as-safe-as" non-GE crops in the food supply. One of the evaluations for GE crops is to assess the expressed protein for allergenic potential. Currently, no single factor is recognized as a predictor for protein allergenicity. Therefore, a weight-of-the-evidence approach, which accounts for a variety of factors and approaches for an overall assessment of allergenic potential, is conducted. This assessment includes an evaluation of the history of exposure and safety of the gene(s) source; protein structure (e.g. amino acid sequence identity to human allergens); stability of the protein to pepsin digestion in vitro; heat stability of the protein; glycosylation status; and when appropriate, specific IgE binding studies with sera from relevant clinically allergic subjects. Since GE crops were first commercialized over 20 years ago, there is no proof that the introduced novel protein(s) in any commercialized GE food crop has caused food allergy.
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Souza MMDE, Silva BDA, Costa CSB, Badiale-Furlong E. Free phenolic compounds extraction from Brazilian halophytes, soybean and rice bran by ultrasound-assisted and orbital shaker methods. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2018; 90:3363-3372. [PMID: 30517215 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In several countries halophytes are commercially cultivated in low saline or even irrigated with seawater, as well as with saline aquaculture effluent, like a sea asparagus Sarcocornia ambigua, that show a biotechnological potential for bioactive compounds production. However, their recovery from matrix is sometimes inefficient because the lignocellulosic materials difficult the solvent action when drastic conditions are not applied. The ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was optimized by a central composite rotational design for recovery free phenolic compounds (FPC) from the sea asparagus S. ambigua. Optimum conditions were validated and compared with orbital shaker extraction for S. ambigua, other Brazilian halophytes (Apium graveolens, Myrsine parvifolia, Paspalum vaginatum, and Schinus terebinthifolius), soybean and rice bran. Except for P. vaginatum, soybean and rice bran, UAE yielded 18-29% higher FPC than that of the orbital shaker. Besides this analytical performance UAE method optimized is faster than the orbital shaker, providing shorter exposure of the analyst to the extractor solvent and applicable in matrices with different compositions. It was also demonstrated that halophytes species showed to be good natural sources of FPC in a better way as soybean and rice bran. This work was the first to report FPC in M. parvifolia and P. vaginatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel M DE Souza
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Halófitas/BTH, Instituto de Oceanografia/IO, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande/FURG, Av. Itália Km 8, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Bibiana DA Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande/FURG, Laboratório de Micotoxinas e Ciência de Alimentos, Escola de Química e Alimentos/EQA, Av. Itália Km 8, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - César S B Costa
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Halófitas/BTH, Instituto de Oceanografia/IO, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande/FURG, Av. Itália Km 8, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Eliana Badiale-Furlong
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande/FURG, Laboratório de Micotoxinas e Ciência de Alimentos, Escola de Química e Alimentos/EQA, Av. Itália Km 8, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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Murakami H, Ogawa T, Takafuta A, Yano E, Zaima N, Moriyama T. Identification of the 7S and 11S globulins as percutaneously sensitizing soybean allergens as demonstrated through epidermal application of crude soybean extract. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1408-1416. [PMID: 29629624 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1460573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous exposure to food allergens can predispose individuals to food allergies. Soybean, a major allergenic food, is an ingredient in various cosmetic products. However, the types of soybean proteins that are percutaneously sensitizing in humans or animal models remain unknown. In this study, BALB/c mice were dorsally shaved and epicutaneously exposed to a crude soybean extract including sodium dodecyl sulfate or distilled water alone. Specific IgEs secreted in response to 7S globulin (Gly m 5), 11S globulin (Gly m 6), Gly m 3, and Gly m 4 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays or immunoblots. Exposure to soybean extract elicited the secretion of soybean-specific IgEs. Of the soybean proteins, 7S and 11S globulins acted as percutaneous sensitizers in 6/9 mice (67%). Additionally, IgE bound specifically and preferentially to the 7S globulin β subunit. In conclusion, this is the first report to identify percutaneously sensitizing soybean allergens in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Murakami
- a Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture , Kindai University , Nara , Japan
| | - Takashi Ogawa
- a Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture , Kindai University , Nara , Japan
| | - Akiho Takafuta
- a Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture , Kindai University , Nara , Japan
| | - Erika Yano
- a Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture , Kindai University , Nara , Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Zaima
- a Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture , Kindai University , Nara , Japan
| | - Tatsuya Moriyama
- a Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture , Kindai University , Nara , Japan
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Lu M, Jin Y, Cerny R, Ballmer-Weber B, Goodman RE. Combining 2-DE immunoblots and mass spectrometry to identify putative soybean (Glycine max) allergens. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 116:207-215. [PMID: 29673863 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Soybean is recognized as a commonly allergenic food, but the identity of important allergens is not well studied. Recently, some global regulatory agencies started requiring quantitative analysis of individual allergens, including unproven allergens, as part of the risk assessment for genetically engineered (GE) soybeans. We sought to identify soybean proteins that bind IgE from any of 10 individual soybean-sensitized subjects. Soybean IgE binding proteins were identified by 2-DE immunoblots using sera from four soy-allergic and plasma from six soy-sensitized human subjects. Corresponding spots were excised from stained gels, digested, and analyzed using a quadrupole TOF Synapt G2-S tandem mass spectrometer. Results showed the major IgE binding proteins were subunits of either β-conglycinin (Gly m 5) or glycinin (Gly m 6). Soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (SKTI) was a significant IgE binding protein for four subjects. Soybean agglutinin, seed biotinylated protein (SBP) of 65 kDa, late embryogenesis protein (LEP), and sucrose-binding protein were identified as IgE binding only for soy-sensitized subjects. We conclude that the major soybean allergens are isoforms of Gly m 5, Gly m 6, and possibly SKTI and that requirements for quantitative measurement of proteins that are not clear allergens is not relevant to safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Lu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 North 21st Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Yuan Jin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 North 21st Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Ron Cerny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 639 N. 12th Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Barbara Ballmer-Weber
- Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Richard E Goodman
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 North 21st Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
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11
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Lu M, Jin Y, Ballmer-Weber B, Goodman RE. A comparative study of human IgE binding to proteins of a genetically modified (GM) soybean and six non-GM soybeans grown in multiple locations. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 112:216-223. [PMID: 29307601 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Prior to commercialization, genetically modified (GM) crops are evaluated to determine the allergenicity of the newly expressed protein. Some regulators require an evaluation of endogenous allergens in commonly allergenic crops including soybean to determine if genetic transformation increased endogenous allergen concentrations, even asking for IgE testing using sera from individual sensitized subjects. Little is known about the variability of the expression of endogenous allergens among non-GM varieties or under different environmental conditions. We tested IgE binding to endogenous allergenic proteins in an experimental non-commercial GM line, a non-GM near-isoline control, and five non-GM commercial soybean lines replicated at three geographically separated locations. One-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) immunoblotting and ELISA were performed using serum or plasma from eleven soybean allergic patients. The results of immunoblots and ELISA showed no significant differences in IgE binding between the GM line and its non-GM near-isoline control. However, some distinct differences in IgE binding patterns were observed among the non-GM commercial soybean lines and between different locations, highlighting the inherent variability in endogenous allergenic proteins. Understanding the potential variability in the levels of endogenous allergens is necessary to establish a standard of acceptance for GM soybeans compared to non-GM soybean events and lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Lu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
| | - Yuan Jin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
| | - Barbara Ballmer-Weber
- Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Richard E Goodman
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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12
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Murakami H, Ogawa T, Takafuta A, Yano E, Zaima N, Moriyama T. Percutaneous Sensitization to Soybean Proteins Is Attenuated by Oral Tolerance. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2018; 64:483-486. [PMID: 30606971 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.64.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Oral tolerance prevents allergic responses, but cutaneous exposure to food allergens predisposes individuals to food allergies. Soybean, a major allergenic food, is also an ingredient in various cosmetic products. However, it remains to be determined whether oral tolerance prevents percutaneous sensitization to soybean proteins in humans or animal models. In this study, BALB/c mice were divided into three groups; the SS group fed a soybean-containing diet, and the CS and control (C) groups fed a soybean-free diet. After being dorsally shaved, the CS and SS groups were epicutaneously exposed to a soybean extract while the control group was exposed to only the carrier. Specific IgE and IgG1 immunoglobulins secreted in response to the soybean proteins were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Exposure to the soybean extract elicited the secretion of IgE and IgG1 specific for Gly m 5 and Gly m 6, and trypsin inhibitor. Oral soybean consumption attenuated the secretion of all the soybean-specific IgEs and IgG1s, suggesting that percutaneous sensitization to soybean proteins is attenuated by oral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Murakami
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University
| | - Takashi Ogawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University
| | - Akiho Takafuta
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University
| | - Erika Yano
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University
| | - Nobuhiro Zaima
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University
- Agricultural Technology and Innovation Research Institute, Kindai University
| | - Tatsuya Moriyama
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University
- Agricultural Technology and Innovation Research Institute, Kindai University
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McClain S, Stevenson SE, Brownie C, Herouet-Guicheney C, Herman RA, Ladics GS, Privalle L, Ward JM, Doerrer N, Thelen JJ. Variation in Seed Allergen Content From Three Varieties of Soybean Cultivated in Nine Different Locations in Iowa, Illinois, and Indiana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1025. [PMID: 30083174 PMCID: PMC6065051 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) is an important food stock, and also considered an allergenic food with at least eight well characterized allergens. However, it is a less prevalent allergen source than many other foods and is rarely life-threatening. Soybean is incorporated into commonly consumed foods, and therefore, the allergens pose a potential concern for individuals already sensitized. The protein profile of soybean can be affected by several factors including genetic and environmental. To investigate how soybean allergen content may be affected by genetics and/or environment, nine soy allergens were quantified from three commercial soybean varieties grown at nine locations in three states within a single climate zone in North America; Iowa, Illinois, and Indiana, United States. Quantitation was achieved using liquid chromatography-selected reaction monitoring (LC-SRM) tandem mass spectrometry with AQUA peptide standards specific to the nine target allergens. Quantitation of allergen concentration indicated that both genetics and location affected specific allergen content. Seven of the nine allergens were significantly influenced by genetics, with the exceptions of glycinin G4 and KTI 3. The allergens P34, Gly m Bd 28k, glycinin G3, and KTI 1 showed statistically significant impact from location as well, but at a lower threshold of significance compared with genetics (cultivar/variety). This dataset contributes to our understanding of the natural variation of endogenous allergens, as it represents a sampling of soybeans grown in a controlled, distributed plot design under agronomic conditions common for commercial soybean food and feed production. The aim was to build upon our recent understanding of how allergens are expressed as part of the overall soybean proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott McClain
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Scott McClain,
| | - Severin E. Stevenson
- Department of Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Cavell Brownie
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | | | - Rod A. Herman
- Dow AgroSciences, Zionsville, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Gregory S. Ladics
- Pioneer Hi-Bred, DuPont Agricultural Biotechnology, Wilmington, DE, United States
| | - Laura Privalle
- BASF Plant Science, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Jason M. Ward
- Regulatory Affairs, Royal Canin, U.S.A., St. Charles, MO, United States
| | - Nancy Doerrer
- Protein Allergenicity Technical Committee, Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jay J. Thelen
- Department of Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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Dunn SE, Vicini JL, Glenn KC, Fleischer DM, Greenhawt MJ. The allergenicity of genetically modified foods from genetically engineered crops: A narrative and systematic review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2017; 119:214-222.e3. [PMID: 28890018 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Eliza Dunn
- Medical Sciences and Outreach Lead, Monsanto Company, St Louis, Missouri; Division of Emergency Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri
| | - John L Vicini
- Food and Feed Safety Scientific Affairs Lead, Monsanto Company, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Kevin C Glenn
- Allergenicity/Pipeline Issues Management Lead, Monsanto Company, St Louis, Missouri
| | - David M Fleischer
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Matthew J Greenhawt
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.
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15
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Hill RC, Fast BJ, Herman RA. Transgenesis affects endogenous soybean allergen levels less than traditional breeding. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 89:70-73. [PMID: 28720347 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The regulatory body that oversees the safety assessment of genetically modified (GM) crops in the European Union, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), uniquely requires that endogenous allergen levels be quantified as part of the compositional characterization of GM versions of crops, such as soybean, that are considered to be major allergenic foods. The value of this requirement for assessing food safety has been challenged for multiple reasons including negligible risk of altering allergen levels compared with traditional non-GM breeding. Scatter plots comparing the mean endogenous allergen levels in non-GM soybean isoline grain with the respective levels in GM grain or concurrently grown non-GM commercial reference varieties clearly show that transgenesis causes less change compared with traditional breeding. This visual assessment is confirmed by the quantitative fit of the line of identity (y = x) to the datasets. The current science on allergy does not support the requirement for quantifying allergen levels in GM crops to support safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Hill
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, United States.
| | - Brandon J Fast
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, United States
| | - Rod A Herman
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, United States
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16
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Hill RC, Wang X, Schafer BW, Gampala SS, Herman RA. Measurement of lipid transfer proteins in genetically engineered maize using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). GM CROPS & FOOD 2017; 8:239-252. [PMID: 28758829 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2017.1349602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous allergenicity evaluation is a required part of the risk assessment for genetically engineered (GE) crops. Although maize is not considered a major allergenic food, a lipid transfer protein (Zea m 14) in maize grain has been identified as a potential IgE-mediated food allergen. Currently, the relationship between allergen exposure and risk of sensitization is not well understood. Hence, reliable quantitative methods are useful for determining the natural range and variability of allergen levels across multiple geographies and genetic backgrounds. A LC-MS/MS analytical method was developed and validated in our laboratory to quantify Zea m 14 in grain from 2 GE maize hybrids and 20 non-GE maize hybrids. The measured Zea m 14 levels in GE maize grain and conventional non-GE maize grain ranged from 146.87 to 574.93 ng/mg across 16 field sites located in the United States and Argentina. The method accurately quantified endogenous Zea m 14 from maize grain and results show Zea m 14 levels in the GE maize varieties were within the natural variation observed in traditionally bred non-GE maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Hill
- a Dow AgroSciences LLC , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- a Dow AgroSciences LLC , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | | | | | - Rod A Herman
- a Dow AgroSciences LLC , Indianapolis , IN , USA
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17
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Hill RC, Oman TJ, Wang X, Shan G, Schafer B, Herman RA, Tobias R, Shippar J, Malayappan B, Sheng L, Xu A, Bradshaw J. Development, Validation, and Interlaboratory Evaluation of a Quantitative Multiplexing Method To Assess Levels of Ten Endogenous Allergens in Soybean Seed and Its Application to Field Trials Spanning Three Growing Seasons. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:5531-5544. [PMID: 28635260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
As part of the regulatory approval process in Europe, comparison of endogenous soybean allergen levels between genetically engineered (GE) and non-GE plants has been requested. A quantitative multiplex analytical method using tandem mass spectrometry was developed and validated to measure 10 potential soybean allergens from soybean seed. The analytical method was implemented at six laboratories to demonstrate the robustness of the method and further applied to three soybean field studies across multiple growing seasons (including 21 non-GE soybean varieties) to assess the natural variation of allergen levels. The results show environmental factors contribute more than genetic factors to the large variation in allergen abundance (2- to 50-fold between environmental replicates) as well as a large contribution of Gly m 5 and Gly m 6 to the total allergen profile, calling into question the scientific rational for measurement of endogenous allergen levels between GE and non-GE varieties in the safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Hill
- Dow AgroSciences LLC , 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Trent J Oman
- Dow AgroSciences LLC , 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- Dow AgroSciences LLC , 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Guomin Shan
- Dow AgroSciences LLC , 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Barry Schafer
- Dow AgroSciences LLC , 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Rod A Herman
- Dow AgroSciences LLC , 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Rowel Tobias
- EAG Laboratories , 4780 Discovery Drive, Columbia, Missouri 65201, United States
| | - Jeff Shippar
- Covance Laboratories , 3301 Kinsman Blvd., Madison, Wisconsin 53704, United States
| | - Bhaskar Malayappan
- Critical Path Services LLC , 3070 McCann Farm Drive, Garnet Valley, Pennsylvania 19060, United States
| | - Li Sheng
- EPL Bioanalytical Services , 9095 W. Harristown Blvd, Niantic, Illinois 62551, United States
| | - Austin Xu
- Primera Analytical Solutions , 259 Wall Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Jason Bradshaw
- Pyxant Laboratories , 4720 Forge Road #106, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80907, United States
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18
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Selb R, Wal JM, Moreno FJ, Lovik M, Mills C, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Fernandez A. Assessment of endogenous allergenicity of genetically modified plants exemplified by soybean - Where do we stand? Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 101:139-148. [PMID: 28111299 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
According to EU regulation, genetically modified (GM) plants considered to be allergenic have to be assessed concerning their endogenous allergens before placement on the EU market, in line with the international standards described in Codex Alimentarius. Under such premises, a quantitative relevant increase in allergens might occur in GM plants as an unintended effect compared with conventionally produced crops, which could pose a risk to consumers. Currently, data showing a connection between dose and allergic sensitisation are scarce since the pathophysiological mechanisms of sensitisation are insufficiently understood. In contrast, data on population dose-distribution relationships acquired by oral food challenge are available showing a connection between quantity of allergenic protein consumed and the population of allergic individuals experiencing reactions. Soybean is currently the only recognised allergenic GM food by law for which EFSA has received applications and was therefore taken as an example for defining an assessment strategy. Identification of potential allergens, methodology for quantification as well as risk assessment considerations, are discussed. A strategy is proposed for the identification, assessment and evaluation of potential hazards/risks concerning endogenous allergenicity in food derived from plants developed by biotechnology. This approach could be expanded to other allergenic foods in the future, whenever required.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Selb
- European Food Safety Authority, Parma, Italy
| | - J M Wal
- INRA-CEA, Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - F J Moreno
- Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Lovik
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - C Mills
- School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - K Hoffmann-Sommergruber
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Fernandez
- European Food Safety Authority, Parma, Italy.
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19
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Geng T, Stojšin D, Liu K, Schaalje B, Postin C, Ward J, Wang Y, Liu ZL, Li B, Glenn K. Natural Variability of Allergen Levels in Conventional Soybeans: Assessing Variation across North and South America from Five Production Years. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:463-472. [PMID: 27997188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) is one of eight major allergenic foods with endogenous proteins identified as allergens. To better understand the natural variability of five soybean allergens (Gly m 4, Gly m 5, Gly m 6, Gly m Bd 28k, and Gly m Bd 30k), validated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were developed. These ELISAs measured allergens in 604 soybean samples collected from locations in North and South America over five growing seasons (2009-2013/2014) and including 37 conventional varieties. Levels of these five allergens varied 5-19-fold. Multivariate statistical analyses and pairwise comparisons show that environmental factors have a larger effect on allergen levels than genetic factors. Therefore, from year to year, consumers are exposed to highly variable levels of allergens in soy-based foods, bringing into question whether quantitative comparison of endogenous allergen levels of new genetically modified soybean adds meaningful information to their overall safety risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Geng
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, United States
| | - Duška Stojšin
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, United States
| | - Kang Liu
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, United States
| | - Bruce Schaalje
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, United States
| | - Cody Postin
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, United States
| | - Jason Ward
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, United States
| | - Yongcheng Wang
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, United States
| | - Zi Lucy Liu
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, United States
| | - Bin Li
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, United States
| | - Kevin Glenn
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, United States
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20
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Satoh R, Teshima R, Kitta K, Lang GH, Schegg K, Blumenthal K, Hicks L, Labory-Carcenac B, Rouquié D, Herman RA, Herouet-Guicheney C, Ladics GS, McClain S, Poulsen LK, Privalle L, Ward JM, Doerrer N, Rascle JB. Inter-laboratory optimization of protein extraction, separation, and fluorescent detection of endogenous rice allergens. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:2198-2207. [PMID: 27399872 PMCID: PMC5062055 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1206810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In rice, several allergens have been identified such as the non-specific lipid transfer protein-1, the α-amylase/trypsin-inhibitors, the α-globulin, the 33 kDa glyoxalase I (Gly I), the 52-63 kDa globulin, and the granule-bound starch synthetase. The goal of the present study was to define optimal rice extraction and detection methods that would allow a sensitive and reproducible measure of several classes of known rice allergens. In a three-laboratory ring-trial experiment, several protein extraction methods were first compared and analyzed by 1D multiplexed SDS-PAGE. In a second phase, an inter-laboratory validation of 2D-DIGE analysis was conducted in five independent laboratories, focusing on three rice allergens (52 kDa globulin, 33 kDa glyoxalase I, and 14-16 kDa α-amylase/trypsin inhibitor family members). The results of the present study indicate that a combination of 1D multiplexed SDS-PAGE and 2D-DIGE methods would be recommended to quantify the various rice allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Satoh
- a Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization , Tsukuba , Japan
| | - Reiko Teshima
- b Division of Novel Foods and Immunochemistry , National Institute of Health Sciences , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Kazumi Kitta
- a Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization , Tsukuba , Japan
| | - Gang-Hua Lang
- a Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization , Tsukuba , Japan
| | - Kathleen Schegg
- c Nevada Proteomics Center , University of Nevada Reno , Reno , NV , USA
| | - Kenneth Blumenthal
- d Formerly at Department of Biochemistry , State University of New York at Buffalo , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Leslie Hicks
- e Formerly at Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Facility , Donald Danforth Plant Science Center , St. Louis , MI , USA
| | | | - David Rouquié
- f Bayer S.A.S., Bayer CropScience , Sophia Antipolis , France
| | - Rod A Herman
- g Dow AgroSciences LLC , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | | | - Gregory S Ladics
- i DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences , Newark , DE , USA
| | - Scott McClain
- j Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Lars K Poulsen
- k Allergy Clinic , Copenhagen University Hospital at Gentofte , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Laura Privalle
- l Regulatory Science , Formerly at BASF Plant Science , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Jason M Ward
- m Regulatory Division, Product Characterization Center , Formerly at Monsanto Co. , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Nancy Doerrer
- n Protein Allergenicity Technical Committee , ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) , Washington , DC , USA
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21
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Rao J, Yang L, Guo J, Quan S, Chen G, Zhao X, Zhang D, Shi J. Metabolic changes in transgenic maize mature seeds over-expressing the Aspergillus niger phyA2. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:429-437. [PMID: 26581949 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1894-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Non-targeted metabolomics analysis revealed only intended metabolic changes in transgenic maize over-expressing the Aspergillus niger phyA2. Genetically modified (GM) crops account for a large proportion of modern agriculture worldwide, raising increasingly the public concerns of safety. Generally, according to substantial equivalence principle, if a GM crop is demonstrated to be equivalently safe to its conventional species, it is supposed to be safe. In this study, taking the advantage of an established non-target metabolomic profiling platform based on the combination of UPLC-MS/MS with GC-MS, we compared the mature seed metabolic changes in transgenic maize over-expressing the Aspergillus niger phyA2 with its non-transgenic counterpart and other 14 conventional maize lines. In total, levels of nine out of identified 210 metabolites were significantly changed in transgenic maize as compared with its non-transgenic counterpart, and the number of significantly altered metabolites was reduced to only four when the natural variations were taken into consideration. Notably, those four metabolites were all associated with targeted engineering pathway. Our results indicated that although both intended and non-intended metabolic changes occurred in the mature seeds of this GM maize event, only intended metabolic pathway was found to be out of the range of the natural metabolic variation in the metabolome of the transgenic maize. Therefore, only when natural metabolic variation was taken into account, could non-targeted metabolomics provide reliable objective compositional substantial equivalence analysis on GM crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Rao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD., Minghan District, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, No. 519 East Beijing Road, Nanchang, 330029, China
| | - Litao Yang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD., Minghan District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jinchao Guo
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD., Minghan District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Sheng Quan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD., Minghan District, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Ruifeng Agro-biotechnology Co. Ltd, No 233 Rushan Rd., Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Guihua Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD., Minghan District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiangxiang Zhao
- Departmen of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal College, Huaian, 223300, China
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD., Minghan District, Shanghai, 200240, China
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD., Minghan District, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Shanghai Ruifeng Agro-biotechnology Co. Ltd, No 233 Rushan Rd., Shanghai, 200120, China.
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22
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Panda R, Tetteh AO, Pramod SN, Goodman RE. Enzymatic Hydrolysis Does Not Reduce the Biological Reactivity of Soybean Proteins for All Allergic Subjects. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:9629-39. [PMID: 26447491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Many soybean protein products are processed by enzymatic hydrolysis to attain desirable functional food properties or in some cases to reduce allergenicity. However, few studies have investigated the effects of enzymatic hydrolysis on the allergenicity of soybean products. In this study the allergenicity of soybean protein isolates (SPI) hydrolyzed by Alcalase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, bromelain, or papain was evaluated by IgE immunoblots using eight soybean-allergic patient sera. The biological relevance of IgE binding was evaluated by a functional assay using a humanized rat basophilic leukemia (hRBL) cell line and serum from one subject. Results indicated that hydrolysis of SPI by the enzymes did not reduce the allergenicity, and hydrolysis by chymotrypsin or bromelain has the potential to increase the allergenicity of SPI. Two-dimensional (2D) immunoblot and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of the chymotrypsin-hydrolyzed samples indicated fragments of β-conglycinin protein are responsible for the apparent higher allergenic potential of digested SPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhi Panda
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Food Innovation Center, University of Nebraska , 1901 North 21st Street, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-6207, United States
| | - Afua O Tetteh
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Food Innovation Center, University of Nebraska , 1901 North 21st Street, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-6207, United States
| | | | - Richard E Goodman
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Food Innovation Center, University of Nebraska , 1901 North 21st Street, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-6207, United States
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23
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Geng T, Liu K, Frazier R, Shi L, Bell E, Glenn K, Ward JM. Development of a Sandwich ELISA for Quantification of Gly m 4, a Soybean Allergen. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4947-53. [PMID: 25946567 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Gly m 4 is a key soybean allergen that causes allergic symptoms in the skin, gastrointestinal tract, or respiratory tract of sensitive individuals. To understand naturally variable levels of Gly m 4 among conventional soybean varieties, a sandwich ELISA was developed and validated using a mouse anti-Gly m 4 monoclonal antibody and a goat anti-Gly m 4 polyclonal antibody as capture and detection antibodies, respectively. The ELISA shows high specificity to Gly m 4 without any cross-reactivity to other soybean proteins and has a quantification range of 7.8-250 ng/mL using an Escherichia coli-produced recombinant Gly m 4, with 2.1 ng/mL being the limit of detection. Within the quantification range, the coefficients of variation of the intra-assay and interassay precision are less than 5 and 12%, respectively. Moreover, extraction efficiency and dilutional parallelism experiments were completed to demonstrate the assay is accurate. The validated assay was used to quantify Gly m 4 levels in 128 soybean samples from 24 conventional soybean varieties grown at 8 distinct geographical locations. There was a 13-fold difference between the least and greatest amounts of Gly m 4 concentrations among the samples, and the results demonstrate that the most significant sources of variability in Gly m 4 levels in the conventional varieties were related to location and variety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Geng
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, United States
| | - Kang Liu
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, United States
| | - Ronald Frazier
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, United States
| | - Lifang Shi
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, United States
| | - Erin Bell
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, United States
| | - Kevin Glenn
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, United States
| | - Jason M Ward
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, United States
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24
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Food processing and allergenicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 80:223-240. [PMID: 25778347 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Food processing can have many beneficial effects. However, processing may also alter the allergenic properties of food proteins. A wide variety of processing methods is available and their use depends largely on the food to be processed. In this review the impact of processing (heat and non-heat treatment) on the allergenic potential of proteins, and on the antigenic (IgG-binding) and allergenic (IgE-binding) properties of proteins has been considered. A variety of allergenic foods (peanuts, tree nuts, cows' milk, hens' eggs, soy, wheat and mustard) have been reviewed. The overall conclusion drawn is that processing does not completely abolish the allergenic potential of allergens. Currently, only fermentation and hydrolysis may have potential to reduce allergenicity to such an extent that symptoms will not be elicited, while other methods might be promising but need more data. Literature on the effect of processing on allergenic potential and the ability to induce sensitisation is scarce. This is an important issue since processing may impact on the ability of proteins to cause the acquisition of allergic sensitisation, and the subject should be a focus of future research. Also, there remains a need to develop robust and integrated methods for the risk assessment of food allergenicity.
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