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Patel C, Shukla P, Pande S, Punamiya R, Ranch K, Boddu SHS. Acute and sub-acute toxicity study of anti-obesity herbal granules in Sprague Dawley rats. BRAZ J BIOL 2024; 84:e264320. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.264320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Toxicological studies are essential for developing novel medications in pharmaceutical industries including ayurvedic preparation. Hence, the present study is aimed to evaluate acute and 28-days repeated dose oral toxicity of anti-obesity polyherbal granules (PHG) in Sprague Dawley rats by OECD guidelines No 425 and 407, respectively. In an acute oral toxicity study, a single dose of 2 g/kg PHG was administered to rats and mortality, body weight, and clinical observations were noted for fourteen days. However, in the subacute oral toxicity study, the PHG was administered orally at doses of 0.3, 0.5 and 1 g/kg daily for 28 days to rats. Food intake and body weight were recorded weekly. On the 29th day, rats were sacrificed and subjected to haematological, biochemical, urine, necropsy, and histopathological analysis. In an acute oral toxicity study, no treatment-related, mortality, behavioral changes, and toxicity were found throughout fourteen days. Likewise, in the sub-acute toxicity study, no mortality and toxic effects were found in haematology, biochemical, urine, necropsy and histopathological analysis in rats for 28 days of treatment with PHG. Based on these results, the LD50 of PHG was found to be greater than 2 g/kg and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of PHG for rats was found to be 0.5 g/kg/day. Thus, anti-obesity polyherbal granules showed a good safety profile in animal studies and can be considered an important agent for the clinical management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Patel
- L. M. College of Pharmacy, India
| | - P. Shukla
- Smt. B.N.B. Swaminarayan Pharmacy College, India
| | - S. Pande
- L. M. College of Pharmacy, India
| | | | - K. Ranch
- L. M. College of Pharmacy, India
| | - S. H. S. Boddu
- Ajman University, United Arab Emirates; Ajman University, United Arab Emirates
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Toxicological Safety Evaluation in Acute and 21-Day Studies of Ethanol Extract from Sol anum lyratum Thunb. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:8518324. [PMID: 35399634 PMCID: PMC8991412 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8518324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Solanum lyratum (Solanaceae) is a traditional Chinese medicine widely used to remedy cold fever, damp-heat jaundice, herpes, and nephritis dropsy. Despite its obvious therapeutic advantages, few toxicological studies have involved the efficacy and safety of its long-term treatment. To investigate the acute and subchronic toxicity of the extract of 75% ethanol extract of whole Solanum lyratum (ESL) after oral administration in mice. In acute toxicity experiment, mice were intragastric administration with ESL at doses of 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, or 5000 mg/kg for 1 day. In a subchronic toxicity experiment, mice were intragastrically administration with ESL at doses of 180, 360, and 720 mg/kg and 0.9% saline for 21 days. Weight gain, hematological, biochemical, and histopathological analysis of vital organs were evaluated. The presence of aristolochic acid I in ESL was studied using UPLC-QTOF-MS. Phytochemical analysis indicated that the presence of aristolochic acid I in ESL was 0.0025 mg/g. This relatively low concentration is not enough to cause toxicity. In the acute toxicity experiment, neither mortality nor clinical alterations were shown, except for the mild transient diarrhea at 5000 mg/kg. So the LD50 value of ESL was assessed to be more than 5000 mg/kg. In the subchronic toxicity experiment, neither mortality nor treatment-related clinical signs were observed. There was a significant increase in body weight, hemoglobin (HB), and urea nitrogen (BUN) after administration with ESL at 180 mg/kg. In addition, the weight of the stomach was increased and the hematocrit (HCT) was decreased after administration with ESL at 360 mg/kg. The changes were not considered treatment-related toxicological effects because the toxicity and histopathological analysis indicate that the extracts are safe for oral administration.
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Bailly C. Anticancer Properties of Lobetyolin, an Essential Component of Radix Codonopsis (Dangshen). NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2021; 11:143-153. [PMID: 33161560 PMCID: PMC7981376 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-020-00283-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Lobetyolin (LBT) is a polyacetylene glycoside found in diverse medicinal plants but mainly isolated from the roots of Codonopsis pilosula, known as Radix Codonopsis or Dangshen. Twelve traditional Chinese medicinal preparations containing Radix Codonopsis were identified; they are generally used to tonify spleen and lung Qi and occasionally to treat cancer. Here we have reviewed the anticancer properties of Codonopsis extracts, LBT and structural analogs. Lobetyolin and lobetyolinin are the mono- and bis-glucosylated forms of the polyacetylenic compound lobetyol. Lobetyol and LBT have shown activities against several types of cancer (notably gastric cancer) and we examined the molecular basis of their activity. A down-regulation of glutamine metabolism by LBT has been evidenced, contributing to drug-induced apoptosis and tumor growth inhibition. LBT markedly reduces both mRNA and protein expression of the amino acid transporter Alanine-Serine-Cysteine Transporter 2 (ASCT2). Other potential targets are proposed here, based on the structural analogy with other anticancer compounds. LBT and related polyacetylene glycosides should be further considered as potential anticancer agents, but more work is needed to evaluate their efficacy, toxicity, and risk-benefit ratio.
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Amarasiri SS, Attanayake AP, Arawwawala LDAM, Jayatilaka KAPW, Mudduwa LKB. Acute and 28-Day Repeated-Dose Oral Toxicity Assessment of Abelmoschus moschatus Medik. in Healthy Wistar Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2020; 2020:1359050. [PMID: 32655655 PMCID: PMC7321509 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1359050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Abelmoschus moschatus Medik. (family: Malvaceae) has a long history of being used as a folk medicine in Sri Lanka. Despite the therapeutic use of this plant in traditional medicine, leaves of A. moschatus have not been subjected to scientific evaluation of toxicity/adverse effects in vivo. Thus, the present study was aimed to assess the acute and 28-day repeated-dose oral toxic effects of hexane (55 mg/kg), ethyl acetate (75 mg/kg), butanol (60 mg/kg), and aqueous (140 mg/kg) leaf extracts of A. moschatus in Wistar rats. Furthermore, identification of phytochemical constituents and determination of in vitro total antioxidant activity of the selected leaf extracts of A. moschatus were carried out. Repeated-dose oral administration of hexane and aqueous plant extracts produced no significant changes in the hematological profile and in selected biochemical parameters compared to the untreated healthy rats (p > 0.05). The administration of ethyl acetate and butanol extracts resulted in significant changes in some of the hematological parameters (p < 0.05), whereas biochemical parameters were not changed (p > 0.05). No significant changes in the relative organ weight of treated rats were observed (p > 0.05) except in the kidneys of Wistar rats treated with the ethyl acetate extract of A. moschatus (p < 0.05). Normal morphology with no signs of hemorrhages, necrosis, or inflammatory cell infiltrations was observed in the vital organs selected during the assessment of histopathology on H and E-stained tissue sections upon the treatment of selected extracts. Alkaloids were absent in the selected leaf extracts excluding the health risk for harmful alkaloids. The highest total antioxidant activity was reported in the butanol extract. In conclusion, the hexane and aqueous extracts of A. moschatus were completely nontoxic, whereas butanol and ethyl acetate extracts showed statistically significant changes in some hematological parameters and in relative organ weight of kidneys in healthy Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachinthi S. Amarasiri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka
| | - Anoja P. Attanayake
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Lakmini K. B. Mudduwa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka
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Kpemissi M, Metowogo K, Melila M, Veerapur VP, Negru M, Taulescu M, Potârniche AV, Suhas DS, Puneeth TA, Vijayakumar S, Eklu-Gadegbeku K, Aklikokou K. Acute and subchronic oral toxicity assessments of Combretum micranthum (Combretaceae) in Wistar rats. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:162-168. [PMID: 31993335 PMCID: PMC6976914 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute and subchronic oral toxicity assessments of Combretum micranthum leaves extract were evaluated in Wistar rats of both sexes. In acute oral toxicity assessment, LD50 of Combretum micranthum leaves extract is greater than 5000 mg/kg. In subchronic oral toxicity assessment at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day for 28 days, No significant changes in food consumption, body weight gain, organ weights and in biochemical parameters. The level of PLT increased in female rats in the sub-chronic study but the immune system was not affected. No treatment related pathology was identified during histopathology.
Background Combretum micranthum (CM) (Combretaceae) is widely used in traditional medicine throughout West Africa for the treatment of diabetes, hypertension, inflammation, malaria and liver ailments. In our recent research we demonstrated that CM has nephroprotective potentials in diabetes mellitus, hypertension and renal disorders. However, to the best of our knowledge, no systematic study concerning its toxicity profile has been reported. Aim of the study The study carried out to evaluates the potential toxicity of the hydroalcoholic extract from leaves of the CM, through the method of acute and sub-chronic oral administration in rats. Materials and methods During the acute toxicity study, male and female rats were orally administrated with CM extract at single doses of 5000 mg/kg (n = 5/group/sex). Abnormal behaviour, toxic symptoms, weight, and death were observed for 14 consecutive days to assess the acute toxicity. For sub-chronic toxicity study, the extract was administered orally at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg (n = 5/group/sex) daily to Wistar rats for 28 days. The general behaviour and body weight of the rats was observed daily. A biochemical, haematological, macroscopical and histopathological examinations of several organs were conducted at the end of the treatment period. The CM extract was subjected to Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometric examination in order to detect the presence or absence of cyanide toxic compounds. Results The absence of absorbance peaks between the 2220−2260 cm−1 region of FT-IR spectrum of CM, indicating the absence of cyanide groups. This suggested that the CM extract may not contain toxic substances. During the acute toxicity test, no mortality or adverse effects were noted at the dose of 5000 mg/kg. In the subchronic study, the CM extract induced no mortality or treatment-related adverse effects with regard to body weight, general behaviour, relative organ weights, hematological, and biochemical parameters. Histopathological examination of vital organs showed normal architecture suggesting no morphological alterations. Conclusion The present study revealed that oral administration of CM extract for 28 days, at dosage up to 1000 mg/kg did not induce toxicological damage in rats. From acute toxicity study, the median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was estimated to be more than 5000 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabozou Kpemissi
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Lomé, Togo.,University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, Manastur Street. 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Sree Siddaganga College of Pharmacy, B.H. Road, Tumkur, 572 102, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | - Veeresh P Veerapur
- Sree Siddaganga College of Pharmacy, B.H. Road, Tumkur, 572 102, Karnataka, India
| | - Mihai Negru
- University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, Manastur Street. 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marian Taulescu
- University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, Manastur Street. 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adrian-Valentin Potârniche
- University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, Manastur Street. 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Yun JW, Kim SH, Kim YS, Choi EJ, You JR, Cho EY, Yoon JH, Kwon E, Kim HC, Jang JJ, Park JS, Che JH, Kang BC. Preclinical study of safety of Dendropanax morbifera Leveille leaf extract: General and genetic toxicology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 238:111874. [PMID: 30986520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE Dendropanax morbifera Leveille (DM) has been used in traditional medicines for infectious and skin diseases, and dysmenorrhea. It exhibits a diverse therapeutic potential including anti-cancer, anti-thrombotic, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. AIM OF THE STUDY Despite promising health benefits of DM, knowledge of its potential adverse effects is very limited. The current study focused on the investigation of subchronic toxicity and genotoxicity of extract obtained from DM according to the test guidelines published by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a toxicological evaluation of DM extracts using 14-day repeated-dose toxicity study and 13-week repeated-dose toxicity study in Sprague-Dawley rats administered orally at doses of 500, 1000, or 2000 mg/kg/day. The clastogenicity of DM extract was also evaluated by in vitro chromosome aberration assay and in vivo micronucleus assay. RESULTS Assessment of subchronic toxicity of DM extract by oral administration in rats revealed unremarkable treatment-related findings with respect to food/water consumption, body weight, mortality, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, necropsy, organ weight and histopathology at doses of 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg. Accordingly, the level of no-observed-adverse-effect for DM extract in 13-week subchronic toxicity study was considered to be 2000 mg/kg/day in rats. The data observed from in vitro chromosome aberration assay and in vivo micronucleus assay exclude any clastogenicity of DM extract. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the oral consumption of DM extract has no adverse effects in humans and represents a safe traditional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Won Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Soon Kim
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Choi
- Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation, Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research (JINR), Jangheung-gun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ran You
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Cho
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hee Yoon
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Euna Kwon
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chin Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-June Jang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sung Park
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Che
- Biomedical Center for Animal Resource and Development, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byeong-Cheol Kang
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Center for Animal Resource and Development, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Designed Animal and Transplantation Research Institute, Institute of GreenBio Science Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
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Gao SM, Liu JS, Wang M, Cao TT, Qi YD, Zhang BG, Sun XB, Liu HT, Xiao PG. Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Codonopsis: A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 219:50-70. [PMID: 29501674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Species of the genus Codonopsis are perennial herbs mainly distributed throughout East, Southeast and Central Asia. As recorded, they have been used as traditional Chinese medicines since the Qing Dynasty, where they were claimed for strengthening the spleen and tonifying the lung, as well as nourishing blood and engendering liquid. Some species are also used as food materials in southern China and Southeast Asia, such as tea, wine, soup, plaster, and porridge. AIM OF THE REVIEW The review aims to assess the ethnopharmacological uses, explicit the material basis and pharmacological action, promote the safety of medical use, and suggest the future research potentials of Codonopsis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information on the studies of Codonopsis was collected from scientific journals, books, and reports via library and electronic data search (PubMed, Elsevier, Scopus, Google Scholar, Springer, Science Direct, Wiley, Researchgate, ACS, EMBASE, Web of Science and CNKI). Meanwhile, it was also obtained from published works of material medica, folk records, ethnopharmacological literatures, Ph.D. and Masters Dissertation. Plant taxonomy was confirmed to the database "The Plant List" (www.theplantlist.org). RESULTS Codonopsis has been used for medicinal purposes all around the world. Some species are also used as food materials in southern China and Southeast Asia. The chemical constituents of Codonopsis mainly are polyacetylenes, polyenes, flavonoids, lignans, alkaloids, coumarins, terpenoids, steroids, organic acids, saccharides, and so on. Extract of Codonopsis exhibit extensive pharmacological activities, including immune function regulation, hematopoiesis improvement, cardiovascular protection, neuroprotection, gastrointestinal function regulation, endocrine function regulation, cytotoxic and antibacterial effects, anti-aging and anti-oxidation, etc. Almost no obvious toxicity or side effect are observed and recorded for Codonopsis. CONCLUSIONS The traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Codonopsis are reviewed in this paper. Species of the genus have long been used as traditional medicines and food materials, they are reported with a large number of chemical constituents with different structures, extensive pharmacological activities in immune system, blood system, digestive system, etc. and almost no toxicity. More profound studies on less popular species, pharmacodynamic material basis and pharmacological mechanism, and quality assurance are suggested to be carried out to fulfil the research on the long-term clinical use and new drug research of Codonopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Man Gao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine (Peking Union Medical College), Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jiu-Shi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine (Peking Union Medical College), Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine (Peking Union Medical College), Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Ting-Ting Cao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine (Peking Union Medical College), Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yao-Dong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine (Peking Union Medical College), Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Ben-Gang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine (Peking Union Medical College), Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiao-Bo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine (Peking Union Medical College), Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Hai-Tao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine (Peking Union Medical College), Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Pei-Gen Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine (Peking Union Medical College), Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
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Han AY, Lee YS, Kwon S, Lee HS, Lee KW, Seol GH. Codonopsis lanceolata extract prevents hypertension in rats. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 39:119-124. [PMID: 29433673 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Codonopsis lanceolata, a plant with antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and blood lipid improving effects, has been widely used as a therapeutic agent in traditional medicine. PURPOSE The present study investigated the ability of an ethanol extract of Codonopsis lanceolata (ECL) to prevent hypertension in hypertensive rats. METHODS Rats were orally administered daily doses of 0 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg ECL for 3 weeks. As a positive control, rats were orally administered 10 mg/kg/day nifedipine. Hypertension was induced by immobilization stress for 2 h/day and by administration of 0.8 mg/kg/day nicotine for 3 weeks, followed by injection of 3 mg/kg nicotine on the day of sacrifice. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured using a volume pressure recording system. Vasoconstriction and vasodilation of aortic cross sections were measured with a physiological recorder. Neutrophil counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were estimated with an automated cell counter. RESULTS Treatment with both dosages of ECL significantly reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) in hypertensive rats. Both doses of ECL tended to increase ACh- and SNP-induced vascular relaxation in hypertensive rats. Treatment with 200 mg/kg ECL significantly reduced neutrophil in hypertensive rats. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that ECL is effective in reducing SBP and inflammation in hypertensive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Young Han
- Department of Basic Nursing Science, College of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Seok Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonho Kwon
- Department of Basic Nursing Science, College of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui Su Lee
- Department of Basic Nursing Science, College of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Won Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Geun Hee Seol
- Department of Basic Nursing Science, College of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Codonopsis lanceolata Water Extract Increases Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity in Rats with Experimentally-Induced Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9111200. [PMID: 29104217 PMCID: PMC5707672 DOI: 10.3390/nu9111200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the mechanisms and efficacy of Codonopsis lanceolata water extract (CLW) for treating type 2 diabetic (T2DM) symptoms. Partial pancreatectomized (Px) rats, a non-obese T2DM model, were provided high fat diets containing cellulose (control), 0.3% (CLW-L) or 1% CLW (CLW-H) for eight weeks. The positive control group was provided with rosiglitazone (20 mg/kg bw/day). The control group had lower epididymal fat masses than the CLW and the positive control groups, possibly due to urinary glucose loss, although CPT-1 and SIRT-1 expression was higher in the CLW group. CLW-H significantly reduced serum glucose levels and urinary glucose loss compared to the untreated control. The improvement of glucose utilization was associated with a higher fat mass in the CLW-H and positive control groups. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was higher in the untreated control than other groups and CLW tightly regulated insulin secretion as much as the positive control, and it was much tighter than the untreated control. Glucose infusion rates were higher during the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp in the CLW and positive controls than the untreated control, and liver glucose outputs were lower during basal and hyperinsulinemic conditions in the CLW and positive control groups than the untreated control group. The increased hepatic insulin sensitivity was associated with enhanced insulin signaling in CLW (pAkt➔pGSK-1β). In conclusion, CLW consumption effectively alleviated diabetic symptoms by improving insulin sensitivity, potentiating hepatic insulin signaling and tightly regulating the insulin secretion capacity in non-obese T2DM rats.
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Yun JW, Kim SH, Kim YS, You JR, Cho EY, Yoon JH, Kwon E, Ahn JH, Jang JJ, Che JH, Kang BC. A comprehensive study on in vitro and in vivo toxicological evaluation of Artemisia capillaris. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 88:87-95. [PMID: 28487065 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia capillaris (AC) has been used as an alternative therapy in obesity, atopic dermatitis, and liver diseases through several biological activity including anti-steatotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Despite its ethnomedicinal benefits, no sufficient background information is available about the long-term safety and genotoxicity of the AC extract. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the 13-week subchronic toxicity and genotoxicity of the AC extract according to the test guidelines published by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. In the 13-week toxicity study using doses of 25, 74, 222, 667, and 2000 mg/kg body weight, oral administration of the AC extract in male and female rats did not result in any significant adverse effects in food/water consumption, body weight, mortality, hematology, serum biochemistry, organ weight and histopathology. Accordingly, the no-observed-adverse-effect level in rats of both genders was established for the AC extract at 2000 mg/kg/day, the highest dose level tested. In addition, the AC extract was not genotoxic in a battery of tests including Ames test, in vitro chromosome aberration assay and in vivo micronucleus assay. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the AC extract is considered as a safe traditional medicine for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Won Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Soon Kim
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ran You
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Cho
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hee Yoon
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Euna Kwon
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hun Ahn
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-June Jang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Che
- Biomedical Center for Animal Resource and Development, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byeong-Cheol Kang
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Center for Animal Resource and Development, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Designed Animal and Transplantation Research Institute, Institute of GreenBio Science Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
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Phytochemical Screening and Antinociceptive and Antidiarrheal Activities of Hydromethanol and Petroleum Benzene Extract of Microcos paniculata Barks. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3167085. [PMID: 27777944 PMCID: PMC5061988 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3167085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Introduction. Microcos paniculata is traditionally used for treating diarrhea, wounds, cold, fever, hepatitis, dyspepsia, and heat stroke. Objective. To investigate the qualitative phytochemical constituents of hydromethanol (HMPB) and petroleum benzene extract of Microcos paniculata barks (PBMPB) and to evaluate their antinociceptive and antidiarrheal activities. Methods. Phytochemical constituents and antinociceptive and antidiarrheal activities were determined and evaluated by different tests such as Molisch's, Fehling's, Mayer's, Wagner's, Dragendorff's, frothing, FeCl3, alkali, Pew's, and Salkowski's test, general test of glycosides, Baljet and NH4OH test, formalin-induced paw licking, acetic acid-induced writhing, tail immersion, and hot plate tests, and castor oil and MgSO4 induced diarrheal tests. Results. These extracts revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, and triterpenoids and significantly (⁎P < 0.05, versus control) reduced paw licking and abdominal writhing of mice. At 30 min after their administration, PBMPB revealed significant increase in latency (⁎P < 0.05, versus control) in tail immersion test. In hot plate test, HMPB and PBMPB 200 mg/kg showed significant increase in response latency (⁎P < 0.05, versus control) at 30 min after their administration. Moreover, both extracts significantly (⁎P < 0.05, versus control) inhibited percentage of diarrhea in antidiarrheal models. Conclusion. Study results indicate that M. paniculata may provide a source of plant compounds with antinociceptive and antidiarrheal activities.
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Cho M, Shin GH, Kim JM, Lee JH, Park SO, Lee SJ, Shin H, Lee BY, Kang IJ, Lee OH. Acute and subchronic (13-week) toxicity of fermented Acanthopanax koreanum extracts in Sprague Dawley rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 77:93-9. [PMID: 26925497 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The biological fermentation of plants is usually used to improve their product properties, including their biological activity. Acanthopanax koreanum is a plant indigenous to Jeju, Korea; however, fermented A. koreanum (FAK) has not been guaranteed to be safe. Therefore, in this study, a safety evaluation of aqueous extracts of FAK was performed using Sprague Dawley rats. The acute toxicity of FAK did not influence animal mortality, body weight changes or the animals' clinical appearance at a concentration of 5000 mg/kg body weight. Using doses of 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg/day in a subchronic (13-week) toxicity study, the administration of FAK in male rats increased their body weight, food consumption, absolute liver weight, liver-associated enzymes and total cholesterol content. However, these effects of FAK were not considered toxic because the changes were not accompanied by any evidence of clinical signs or any change in the histopathological examination. On the other hand, the FAK-treated female rats did not exhibit significant changes in their body weight, food consumption, absolute and relative organ weights or liver enzymes. These results suggest that the acute oral administration of FAK is non-toxic to rats, and 13 weeks of repeated dosing demonstrated no FAK-related toxicity at a concentration of 2000 mg/kg. Therefore, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of FAK was determined to be 2000 mg/kg/day for both male and female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- MyoungLae Cho
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Hae Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Min Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ha Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Ok Park
- STR Biotech Co., LTD, Chuncheon 24234, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jong Lee
- STR Biotech Co., LTD, Chuncheon 24234, Republic of Korea
| | - HyunMu Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Boo-Yong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, CHA University, Kyonggi 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Jun Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Hwan Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
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