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Üstüner E, Yıldırım E, Macun HC, Ekici H, Şahin Y, Güncüm E, Anteplioğlu T, Elifoğlu TB, Bozkaya E. Ultrasonographic and histopathological investigation of the effect of N-acetylcysteine on doxorubicin-induced ovarian and uterine toxicity in rats. J Ovarian Res 2024; 17:135. [PMID: 38943148 PMCID: PMC11214216 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-024-01459-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the mitigating effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on doxorubicin (DOX)-induced ovarian and uterine toxicity in rats using laboratory tests, ultrasonographic (US) imaging, and histopathology analysis. METHODS Forty-eight rats were divided into six groups (n = 8) as follows: Group A (control) (0.5 mL saline administered intraperitoneally [IP]), Group B (a single 10 mg/kg dose of DOX administered IP on day 1), Group C (a single 10 mg/kg dose of DOX administered IP 24 h before sacrifice), Group D (100 mg/kg of NAC administered IP for 21 days), Group E ( a single 10 mg/kg dose of DOX administered IP on day 1 and 100 mg/kg of NAC administered IP for 21 days), and Group F (100 mg/kg of NAC administered IP for 21 days and a single 10 mg/kg dose of DOX administered IP 24 h before sacrifice). The ovaries were examined using B-mode US on days 1, 14, and 21, and the histopathological examinations of the ovaries and the uterus were undertaken after sacrifice on day 22. RESULTS Histomorphological analyses showed that ovarian weight decreased after DOX administration in Group B but not in Group E. US revealed a transient increase in ovarian size in Group B and E, reverting to baseline levels over time, as well as a progressive increase in peritoneal fluid in Groups B and E. Group B exhibited a significant decrease in the thickness of the endometrium and myometrium and uterine cornual length, which was not observed in Group E. Histopathological examination showed that DOX caused a decline in follicular count, especially in primordial, secondary, and Graafian follicles, and resulted in follicular atresia, predominantly in Group B. Destructive degeneration/necrosis and vascular changes were most prominently seen in the corpus luteum of Groups C and B. In NAC-treated rats (Groups E and F), although germ cell damage was present, atretic follicles and vascular changes, such as hyperemia and congestion, were reduced. The anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) level was the highest in Group F. CONCLUSIONS NAC, an antioxidant, attenuated DOX-induced gonadotoxicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evren Üstüner
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ebru Yıldırım
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Hasan Ceyhun Macun
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Hüsamettin Ekici
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Yaşar Şahin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Enes Güncüm
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Tuğçe Anteplioğlu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Taha Burak Elifoğlu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Esra Bozkaya
- Scientific and Technological Research Application and Research Center, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Türkiye
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Markowska A, Antoszczak M, Markowska J, Huczyński A. Gynotoxic Effects of Chemotherapy and Potential Protective Mechanisms. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2288. [PMID: 38927992 PMCID: PMC11202309 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16122288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is one of the leading cancer treatments. Unfortunately, its use can contribute to several side effects, including gynotoxic effects in women. Ovarian reserve suppression and estrogen deficiency result in reduced quality of life for cancer patients and are frequently the cause of infertility and early menopause. Classic alkylating cytostatics are among the most toxic chemotherapeutics in this regard. They cause DNA damage in ovarian follicles and the cells they contain, and they can also induce oxidative stress or affect numerous signaling pathways. In vitro tests, animal models, and a few studies among women have investigated the effects of various agents on the protection of the ovarian reserve during classic chemotherapy. In this review article, we focused on the possible beneficial effects of selected hormones (anti-Müllerian hormone, ghrelin, luteinizing hormone, melatonin), agents affecting the activity of apoptotic pathways and modulating gene expression (C1P, S1P, microRNA), and several natural (quercetin, rapamycin, resveratrol) and synthetic compounds (bortezomib, dexrazoxane, goserelin, gonadoliberin analogs, imatinib, metformin, tamoxifen) in preventing gynotoxic effects induced by commonly used cytostatics. The presented line of research appears to provide a promising strategy for protecting and/or improving the ovarian reserve in the studied group of cancer patients. However, well-designed clinical trials are needed to unequivocally assess the effects of these agents on improving hormonal function and fertility in women treated with ovotoxic anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Markowska
- Department of Perinatology and Women’s Health, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Antoszczak
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Janina Markowska
- Gynecological Oncology Center, Poznańska 58A, 60-850 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Adam Huczyński
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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3
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Abdel-Megeed RM, Abdel-Hamid AHZ, Kadry MO. Titanium dioxide nanostructure-loaded Adriamycin surmounts resistance in breast cancer therapy: ABCA/P53/C-myc crosstalk. Future Sci OA 2024; 10:FSO979. [PMID: 38827789 PMCID: PMC11140649 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2023-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: To clarify the alternation of gene expression responsible for resistance of Adriamycin (ADR) in rats, in addition to investigation of a novel promising drug-delivery system using titanium dioxide nanoparticles loaded with ADR (TiO2-ADR). Method: Breast cancer was induced in female Sprague-Dawley rats, followed by treatment with ADR (5 mg/kg) or TiO2-ADR (2 mg/kg) for 1 month. Results: Significant improvements in both zinc and calcium levels were observed with TiO2-ADR treatment. Gene expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter membrane proteins (ABCA1 & ABCG1), P53 and Jak-2 showed a significant reduction and overexpression of the C-myc in breast cancer-induced rats. TiO2-ADR demonstrated a notable ability to upregulate these genes. Conclusion: TiO2-ADR could be a promising drug-delivery system for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab M Abdel-Megeed
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical & Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Center, El Buhouth St., Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Hamid Z Abdel-Hamid
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical & Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Center, El Buhouth St., Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Mai O Kadry
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical & Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Center, El Buhouth St., Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
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4
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Zhang S, Yahaya BH, Pan Y, Liu Y, Lin J. Menstrual blood-derived endometrial stem cell, a unique and promising alternative in the stem cell-based therapy for chemotherapy-induced premature ovarian insufficiency. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:327. [PMID: 37957675 PMCID: PMC10644549 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03551-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy can cause ovarian dysfunction and infertility since the ovary is extremely sensitive to chemotherapeutic drugs. Apart from the indispensable role of the ovary in the overall hormonal milieu, ovarian dysfunction also affects many other organ systems and functions including sexuality, bones, the cardiovascular system, and neurocognitive function. Although conventional hormone replacement therapy can partly relieve the adverse symptoms of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), the treatment cannot fundamentally prevent deterioration of POI. Therefore, effective treatments to improve chemotherapy-induced POI are urgently needed, especially for patients desiring fertility preservation. Recently, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapies have resulted in promising improvements in chemotherapy-induced ovary dysfunction by enhancing the anti-apoptotic capacity of ovarian cells, preventing ovarian follicular atresia, promoting angiogenesis and improving injured ovarian structure and the pregnancy rate. These improvements are mainly attributed to MSC-derived biological factors, functional RNAs, and even mitochondria, which are directly secreted or indirectly translocated with extracellular vesicles (microvesicles and exosomes) to repair ovarian dysfunction. Additionally, as a novel source of MSCs, menstrual blood-derived endometrial stem cells (MenSCs) have exhibited promising therapeutic effects in various diseases due to their comprehensive advantages, such as periodic and non-invasive sample collection, abundant sources, regular donation and autologous transplantation. Therefore, this review summarizes the efficacy of MSCs transplantation in improving chemotherapy-induced POI and analyzes the underlying mechanism, and further discusses the benefit and existing challenges in promoting the clinical application of MenSCs in chemotherapy-induced POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghui Zhang
- Stem Cell and Biotherapy Technology Research Center, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Stem Cell Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, East of JinSui Road, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Lung Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (IPPT), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Badrul Hisham Yahaya
- Lung Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (IPPT), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ying Pan
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, , China
| | - Yanli Liu
- Stem Cell and Biotherapy Technology Research Center, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Stem Cell Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, East of JinSui Road, Xinxiang, Henan, China.
| | - Juntang Lin
- Stem Cell and Biotherapy Technology Research Center, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Stem Cell Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, East of JinSui Road, Xinxiang, Henan, China.
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5
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Trujillo M, Odle AK, Aykin-Burns N, Allen AR. Chemotherapy induced oxidative stress in the ovary: drug-dependent mechanisms and potential interventions†. Biol Reprod 2023; 108:522-537. [PMID: 36539327 PMCID: PMC10106837 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer incidence and relative survival are expected to increase over the next few decades. With the majority of patients receiving combinatorial chemotherapy, an increasing proportion of patients experience long-term side effects from treatment-including reproductive disorders and infertility. A limited number of studies have examined mechanisms of single-agent chemotherapy-induced gonadotoxicity, with chemotherapy-induced oxidative stress being implicated in the loss of reproductive functions. Current methods of female fertility preservation are costly, invasive, only moderately successful, and seldom presented to cancer patients. The potential of antioxidants to alleviate chemotherapy has been overlooked at a time when it is becoming increasingly important to develop strategies to protect reproductive functions during chemotherapy. This review will summarize the importance of reactive oxygen species homeostasis in reproduction, chemotherapy-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in oocytes, chemotherapy-induced oxidative stress, and several promising natural adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Trujillo
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Angela K Odle
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Nukhet Aykin-Burns
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Antiño R Allen
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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6
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Morsi AA, Faruk EM, Medhat E, Taha NM, Ebrahim UFA. Modulatory effects of concomitant quercetin/sitagliptin administration on the ovarian histological and biochemical alterations provoked by doxorubicin in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. J Histotechnol 2022; 46:65-79. [DOI: 10.1080/01478885.2022.2105481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Morsi
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Eman Mohamed Faruk
- Department Anatomy, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, KSA
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Engy Medhat
- Department Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Neama M. Taha
- Physiology Department, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, KSA
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7
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Feugang JM, Ishak GM, Eggert MW, Arnold RD, Rivers OS, Willard ST, Ryan PL, Gastal EL. Intrafollicular injection of nanomolecules for advancing knowledge on folliculogenesis in livestock. Theriogenology 2022; 192:132-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Liang W, He X, Bi J, Hu T, Sun Y. Role of reactive oxygen species in tumors based on the 'seed and soil' theory: A complex interaction (Review). Oncol Rep 2021; 46:208. [PMID: 34328200 PMCID: PMC8329912 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) can serve as the 'soil' for the growth and survival of tumor cells and function synergically with tumor cells to mediate tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is somewhat of a double‑edged sword for tumors. Accumulating evidence has reported that regulating ROS levels can serve an anti‑tumor role in the TME, including the promotion of cancer cell apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, preventing immune escape, manipulating tumor metabolic reorganization and improving drug resistance. In the present review, the potential role of ROS in anti‑tumor therapy was summarized, including the possibility of directly or indirectly targeting the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
| | - Xinying He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
| | - Jianqiang Bi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
| | - Yunchuan Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
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9
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Renu K, Pureti LP, Vellingiri B, Valsala Gopalakrishnan A. Toxic effects and molecular mechanism of doxorubicin on different organs – an update. TOXIN REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.1912099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaviyarasi Renu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, India
| | - Lakshmi Prasanna Pureti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, India
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10
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Mohan UP, P B TP, Iqbal STA, Arunachalam S. Mechanisms of doxorubicin-mediated reproductive toxicity - A review. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 102:80-89. [PMID: 33878324 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The anticancer drug doxorubicin has been associated with several adverse side-effects including reproductive toxicity in both genders. The current review has complied the mechanisms of doxorubicin induced reproductive toxicity. The articles cited in the review were searched using Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct. Doxorubicin treatment has been found to cause a decrease in testicular mass along with histopathological deformities, oligospermia and abnormalities in sperm morphology. Apart from severely affecting the normal physiological role of both Leydig cells and Sertoli cells, doxorubicin also causes chromosome abnormalities and affects DNA methylase enzyme. Testicular lipid metabolism has been found to be negatively affected by doxorubicin treatment resulting in altered profile of sphingolipids glycerophospholipids and neutral lipids. Dysregulation of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) and 17β- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) are strongly linked to testicular exposure to doxorubicin. Further, oxidative stress along with endoplasmic reticulum stress are also found to aggravate the male reproductive functioning in doxorubicin treated conditions. Several antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) are downregulated by doxorubicin. It also disturbs the hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG)-axis including testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone etc. In females, the drug disturbs folliculogenesis and oogenesis leading to failure of ovulation and uterine cycle. In rodent model the drug shortens pro-estrous and estrous phases. It was also found that doxorubicin causes mitochondrial dysfunction in oocytes with impaired calcium signaling along with ER stress. The goal of the present review is to comprehends various pathways due to which doxorubicin treatment promotes toxicity in male and female reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Priya Mohan
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Adverse Drug Reactions, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu, PIN 626126, India
| | | | | | - Sankarganesh Arunachalam
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Adverse Drug Reactions, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu, PIN 626126, India.
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11
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Ameliorative effect of recombinant human lactoferrin on the premature ovarian failure in rats after cyclophosphamide treatments. J Ovarian Res 2021; 14:17. [PMID: 33478578 PMCID: PMC7821665 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-020-00763-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of recombinant human lactoferrin (rhLF) on the premature ovarian failure (POF) of rats. After cyclophosphamide treatments, the POF rats were divided into the following groups: normal control group (NC), low-dose group (LD), medium-dose group (MD) and high-dose group (HD) of rhLF. After drug administrations, the ovarian indexes and hormonal levels were detected. After follicle number count, the proliferation and apoptosis were analyzed with the expressions of genes related with oogenesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptosis detected, followed by the calculation of oxidative stress and protein expressions. After 4-hydroperoxy cyclophosphamide (4-HC) treatments, the effect of rhLF on the proliferation, ROS production and gene expressions of primary rat granulosa cells (GCs) cultured in vitro were detected. After mating, the fertilities of POF rats were recorded. The result showed that the rhLF administrations up-regulated the ovarian index with the number of developing follicles increased and the decreases of hormonal levels conferred. The Ki-67 intensities of the MD and HD groups were up-regulated with the Tunnel intensities decreased. The rhLF treatments significantly promoted the expression of oogenesis, antioxidant and anti-apoptosis related genes. The expression of Bax and Caspase 3 were decreased with the expression of Bcl-2 up-regulated after rhLF administrations. The in vitro treatments of rhLF effectively conferred the toxicity of 4-HC on primary rat GCs. The fertility assessment showed the rhLF treatments up-regulated the offspring’s’ folliculogenesis, which confirmed the ameliorative role of rhLF on the POF damages via the inhibition of ROS production in GCs.
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12
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Primary and Secondary Markers of Doxorubicin-Induced Female Infertility and the Alleviative Properties of Quercetin and Vitamin E in a Rat Model. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 96:316-326. [PMID: 32810592 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of cancer has recently risen among the women at the reproductive age. Therefore, exposure to doxorubicin (DOX) chemotherapy has become a cause of reproductive toxicity followed by secondary destructive effects. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of quercetin (QCT) and vitamin.E (Vit.E) on doxorubicin-induced toxicity in the ovary and uterus, and the secondary bone-related effects in a rat model. Animals were divided into six groups including control normal saline/corn oil (CON), QCT at 20 mg/Kg, Vit.E at 200 mg/Kg, DOX at accumulative 15 mg/Kg, DOX/QCT, and DOX/Vit.E. After 21 days of treatment, the alterations were analyzed in histoarchitecture, apoptosis, hormones secretion, the gene expression of aromatase and estrogen α-receptor (ER-α) in the uterine and ovarian tissues, and serum levels of bone-related factors. The results demonstrated the ameliorative effects of QCT and Vit.E on doxorubicin caused altered ovarian histology, increased apoptosis, decreased ovarian aromatase and ER-α gene expression (p-value<0.05), decreased estrogen and progesterone levels, decreased ALP (p-value<0.001), and increased osteocalcin (p-value<0.05). The findings suggested that the studied antioxidants administration could be a promising fertility preservation strategy in DOX-treated females.
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13
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Spears N, Lopes F, Stefansdottir A, Rossi V, De Felici M, Anderson RA, Klinger FG. Ovarian damage from chemotherapy and current approaches to its protection. Hum Reprod Update 2020; 25:673-693. [PMID: 31600388 PMCID: PMC6847836 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmz027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-cancer therapy is often a cause of premature ovarian insufficiency and infertility since the ovarian follicle reserve is extremely sensitive to the effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. While oocyte, embryo and ovarian cortex cryopreservation can help some women with cancer-induced infertility achieve pregnancy, the development of effective methods to protect ovarian function during chemotherapy would be a significant advantage. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This paper critically discusses the different damaging effects of the most common chemotherapeutic compounds on the ovary, in particular, the ovarian follicles and the molecular pathways that lead to that damage. The mechanisms through which fertility-protective agents might prevent chemotherapy drug-induced follicle loss are then reviewed. SEARCH METHODS Articles published in English were searched on PubMed up to March 2019 using the following terms: ovary, fertility preservation, chemotherapy, follicle death, adjuvant therapy, cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, doxorubicin. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to the analysis of the protective agents. OUTCOMES Recent studies reveal how chemotherapeutic drugs can affect the different cellular components of the ovary, causing rapid depletion of the ovarian follicular reserve. The three most commonly used drugs, cyclophosphamide, cisplatin and doxorubicin, cause premature ovarian insufficiency by inducing death and/or accelerated activation of primordial follicles and increased atresia of growing follicles. They also cause an increase in damage to blood vessels and the stromal compartment and increment inflammation. In the past 20 years, many compounds have been investigated as potential protective agents to counteract these adverse effects. The interactions of recently described fertility-protective agents with these damage pathways are discussed. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Understanding the mechanisms underlying the action of chemotherapy compounds on the various components of the ovary is essential for the development of efficient and targeted pharmacological therapies that could protect and prolong female fertility. While there are increasing preclinical investigations of potential fertility preserving adjuvants, there remains a lack of approaches that are being developed and tested clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Spears
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh UK
| | - F Lopes
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh UK
| | | | - V Rossi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - M De Felici
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - R A Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh UK
| | - F G Klinger
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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14
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Tian Y, Zhang MY, Li N, Wang JJ, Ge W, Tan SJ, Shen W, Li L. Zearalenone exposure triggered porcine granulosa cells apoptosis via microRNAs-mediated focal adhesion pathway. Toxicol Lett 2020; 330:80-89. [PMID: 32439583 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA), a metabolite of Fusarium, which is commonly found in moldy feed crops, is a well-known exogenous endocrine disruptor and has serious negative effects on animal reproduction. In order to understand the toxic effects of ZEA exposure on porcine granulosa cells (pGCs), which were exposed to 10 μM and 30 μM ZEA for 48 h in vitro, several methods were used for analysis. Flow cytometry and TUNEL analysis showed that the apoptosis of pGCs significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner after ZEA exposure compared with that of the control group. Whole transcriptome RNA-seq analysis was performed to reveal the mRNAs and miRNAs expression changes of pGCs after ZEA exposure and it was found that the expression of apoptosis-related genes was altered after ZEA exposure, and miRNAs were also significantly different among the experimental groups. In particular, ZEA exposure affected the expression of miRNAs associated with apoptosis-related pathways, such as miR-744, miR-1343 and miR-331-3p, as well as focal adhesion pathways related genes, Pak4 and Elk1, which were also involved in the apoptosis-related pathways. Moreover, the regulation networks between apoptosis-related mRNA and miRNAs were confirmed with the results of RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence. In conclusion, our results here demonstrated that ZEA exposure impaired pGCs growth and apoptosis via miRNAs-mediated focal adhesion pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tian
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Ming-Yu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jun-Jie Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Wei Ge
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Shao-Jing Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Wei Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Lan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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15
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Han J, Wang H, Zhang T, Chen Z, Zhao T, Lin L, Xia G, Wang C. Resveratrol attenuates doxorubicin-induced meiotic failure through inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis in mouse oocytes. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:7717-7728. [PMID: 32352929 PMCID: PMC7244048 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DXR), a widely used chemotherapeutic drug, has adverse effects on female fertility in young cancer patients. However, the underlying mechanisms of doxorubicin exposure on female fertility and how to prevent it have not been well studied yet. Here, mouse oocytes were employed to investigate the issues mentioned above. The results showed that doxorubicin treatment impaired oocyte meiotic maturation by destroying spindle assembly and chromosome arrangement. In addition, doxorubicin caused oxidative stress by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Furthermore, doxorubicin led to severe DNA damage in oocytes, which eventually induced apoptosis through DNA damage-P63-Caspase3 pathway. Conversely, resveratrol (RES) effectively improved oocyte quality by restoring spindle and chromosome configuration, reducing ROS levels and inhibiting apoptosis. In summary, our results indicate that RES can protect oocytes against doxorubicin-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huarong Wang
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Tuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ziqi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guoliang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia, China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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16
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Sadek K, Abouzed T, Nasr S, Shoukry M. Licochalcone B Ameliorates Liver Cancer via Targeting of Apoptotic Genes, DNA Repair Systems, and Cell Cycle Control. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2020; 19:372-386. [PMID: 33841550 PMCID: PMC8019863 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2020.1101292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox factor-1 (APE1/Ref-1) is a ubiquitous multifunctional protein required in the DNA base excision repair pathway and a noteworthy reducing-oxidizing factor that regulates the activity of various transcription factors. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) assume a key role in directing the progression of the cell- cycle. The present study evaluated the synergistic efficacy of using licochalcone B (LCB) and fullerene C60 (FnC60) nanoparticles against diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocarcinoma in rats and relevant signaling pathways, with APE1/Ref-1 and CDK-4, as novel anti-cancer- targeting. LCB alone and in combination with FnC60 significantly decreased DNA fragmentation, oxidative DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine levels), APE1/Ref-1, CDK-4, retinoblastoma, B- cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), B-cell lymphoma-xL (Bcl-xL), and β-arrestin-2 mRNA expression, and APE1/Ref-1 and CDK-4 protein expression. In contrast, these treatments significantly increased the expression of protein 53 (p53), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), and caspase-3. These data suggest that LCB either alone or in combination with FnC60 elicited significant protective effects against DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis, which may have occurred because of the regulation of enzymes involved in DNA repair and cell-cycle control at S phase progression as well as the induction of apoptosis at the gene and protein expression levels. Furthermore, FnC60 potentiated the effect of LCB at the molecular level, possibly through targeting of cancerous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadry Sadek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhur University, Egypt.
| | - Tarek Abouzed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Egypt.
| | - Sherif Nasr
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhur University, Egypt.
| | - Moustafa Shoukry
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Egypt.
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17
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Sun B, Ma Y, Wang F, Hu L, Sun Y. miR-644-5p carried by bone mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes targets regulation of p53 to inhibit ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:360. [PMID: 31783913 PMCID: PMC6884862 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1442-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This article aims to reveal the therapeutic effects and potential mechanisms of bone mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC)-derived exosomes on premature ovarian failure (POF). Methods Exosomes were collected from BMSCs and were used to treat cisplatin-induced POF mouse models. Pathological changes of ovarian tissue were detected by using HE staining and by Western blot that detected the expression of apoptosis-related proteins. In cisplatin-induced primary granulosa cell injury, exosomes were co-cultured with the granulosa cells. The apoptosis or viability of granulosa cells was analyzed by flow cytometry or MTT, respectively. In Target scan and microT-CDS databases, an intersection of miRNAs targeting to p53 was found. The expressions of miRNAs in BMSC-derived exosomes were detected by qRT-PCR. Besides, miR-664-5p targeted to p53 of cells was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Results BMSC-derived exosomes improved the follicular morphology of POF mice and inhibited the expression of apoptosis-related protein. By co-culture of exosomes and primary granulosa cells, BMSC-derived exosomes repressed cisplatin-induced granulosa cells apoptosis and increased cells viability, while these effects were abrogated after the exosome-containing RNA was degraded by RNase. By Target scan, microT-CDS and qRT-PCR, miR-664-5p was regarded as the dominated RNA in BMSC-derived exosomes. By dual-luciferase reporter assay, miR-664-5p negatively regulated p53 luciferase activity. After shRNA interfering miR-664-5p of BMSC, BMSC-derived exosomes exerted no protective effect on cisplatin-induced granulosa cell apoptosis. Conclusion Our results indicated that miR-644-5p carried by BMSC-derived exosomes inhibited the apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cell by targeting p53 of cells, suggesting that miR-644-5p had the potential to treat POF and restore ovarian function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, China.,Henan Provincial Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases (Reproductive Medicine) Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, China.,Henan Engineering Laboratory of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Screening, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Yujia Ma
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, China.,Henan Provincial Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases (Reproductive Medicine) Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, China.,Henan Engineering Laboratory of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Screening, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, China.,Henan Provincial Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases (Reproductive Medicine) Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, China.,Henan Engineering Laboratory of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Screening, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Linli Hu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, China.,Henan Provincial Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases (Reproductive Medicine) Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, China.,Henan Engineering Laboratory of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Screening, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Yingpu Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, China. .,Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, China. .,Henan Provincial Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases (Reproductive Medicine) Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, China. .,Henan Engineering Laboratory of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Screening, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, China.
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Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits doxorubicin-induced inflammation on human ovarian tissue. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181424. [PMID: 30996116 PMCID: PMC6522724 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy protocol can destroy the reproductive potential of young cancer patients. Doxorubicin (DOX) is a potent anthracycline commonly used in the treatment of numerous malignancies. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the ovarian toxicity of DOX via inflammation and the possible protective effect of the green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). Ovarian tissue of three patients was cultured with 1 µg/ml DOX and/or 10 µg/ml EGCG for 24 and 48 h. Levels of inflammatory factors were determined by quantitative Real-Time PCR, western blot, zimography, and multiplex bead-based immunoassay. Morphological evaluation, damaged follicle count and TUNEL assay were also performed. DOX influenced inflammatory responses by inducing a significant increase in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2), of inflammatory interleukins (IL), such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8), and the inflammatory proteins mediators metalloproteinase-2 and metalloproteinase-9 (MMP2 and MMP9). IL-8 secretion in the culture supernatants and MMP9 activity also significantly raised after DOX treatment. Moreover, a histological evaluation of the ovarian tissue showed morphological damage to follicles and stroma after DOX exposure. EGCG significantly reduced DOX-induced inflammatory responses and improved the preservation of follicles. DOX-induced inflammation could be responsible for the ovarian function impairment of chemotherapy. EGCG could have a protective role in reducing DOX-mediated inflammatory responses in human ovarian tissue.
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Dynes J, Osz K, Hooper A, Petrik J. Low-dose metronomic delivery of cyclophosphamide is less detrimental to granulosa cell viability, ovarian function, and fertility than maximum tolerated dose delivery in the mouse. Biol Reprod 2018; 97:449-465. [PMID: 29024988 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/iox110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy can cause early menopause or infertility in women and have a profound negative impact on the quality of life of young female cancer survivors. Various factors are known to influence the risk of chemotherapy-induced ovarian failure, including the drug dose and treatment duration; however, the scheduling of dose administration has not yet been evaluated as an independent risk factor. We hypothesized that low-dose metronomic (LDM) chemotherapy scheduling would be less detrimental to ovarian function than the traditional maximum tolerated dose (MTD) strategy. In vitro, MTD cyclophosphamide exposure resulted in decreased proliferation and increased granulosa cell apoptosis, while cells treated with LDM cyclophosphamide were not different from untreated controls. Treatments of MTD cyclophosphamide induced high levels of follicle atresia and enhanced follicle recruitment in mice. In contrast, LDM delivery of an equivalent dose of cyclophosphamide reduced growing follicle numbers, but was not associated with higher levels of follicle atresia or recruitment. MTD cyclophosphamide induced significant vascular disruption and DNA damage in vivo, while LDM chemotherapy with equal cumulative amounts of cyclophosphamide was not different from controls. MTD chemotherapy also had a negative effect on mouse-fertility outcomes. Our findings suggest that LDM scheduling could potentially minimize the long-term effects of cyclophosphamide on female fertility by preventing follicle depletion from enhanced activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Dynes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kata Osz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allyssa Hooper
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jim Petrik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Role and potential targeting of hepatic apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1 and cyclin-dependent kinase-4 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:x. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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