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Huang Z, Sun Z, Liu J, Ju X, Xia H, Yang Y, Chen K, Wang Q. Insect transient receptor potential vanilloid channels as potential targets of insecticides. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 148:104899. [PMID: 37531974 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Chordotonal organs are miniature sensory organs present in insects. Chordotonal organs depend on transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. Transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channels are the only TRPs identified that can act as targets of insecticides. By binding with TRPV channels, insecticides targeting the chordotonal organs trigger the inflow of calcium ions, resulting in abnormal function of the chordotonal organ to achieve the goal of eliminating pests. TRPV channels are highly expressed in various developmental stages and tissue parts of insects and play an important role in the whole life history of insects. In this review, we will discuss the structure and types of TRPV channels as well as their genetic relationships in different species. We also systematically reviewed the recent progress of TRPV channels as insecticide targets, demonstrating that TRPV channels can be used as the target of new high-efficiency insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengqing Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhonghe Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jiayi Liu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Ju
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, PR China
| | - Hengchuan Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yanhua Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Keping Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qiang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Guo M, Qin Y, Sun H, Li Z, Zhang X, Wang X, Yang M, Luo F, Chen Z, Zhou L. Method validation for detection of afidopyropen and M440I007 in tea. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:5738-5746. [PMID: 37144352 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Afidopyropen is a novel biorational insecticide for controlling piercing pests with great potential for application in tea gardens that can form the metabolite M440I007 when utilized for crops. However, because of a lack of analytical method for afidopyropen and M440I007 in tea, there is no means of monitoring the residues. Therefore, method development, validation and simultaneous determination of afidopyropen and M440I007 in fresh tea leaves, dried tea and tea infusion is of prime significance. RESULTS A TPT cartridge-based method was developed for the solid phase extraction of afidopyropen and M440I007 from tea matrices. Extraction and clean-up conditions, including the composition, volume and temperature of elutions, were optimized to achieve the best results. Both targets were extracted using water and acetonitrile, with a water:acetonitrile (v/v) ratio of 4:10 for fresh leaves and 8:10 for dried tea, which were then cleaned and analyzed using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Both analytes demonstrated excellent linearity with a correlation coefficient above 0.998. The optimized analytical method offered limits of quantifications of 0.005, 0.005 and 0.002 mg kg-1 (converted to dried tea) in fresh tea shoots, dried tea and tea infusion for both targets, respectively. Average recoveries of afidopyropen and M440I007 ranged from 79.0% to 101.5%, with relative standard deviations ≤ 14.7%. CONCLUSION The results showed that the method of determination for these insecticides in tea matrices was practical and efficient. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Guo
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Qin
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hezhi Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoqun Li
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinru Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengjian Luo
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zongmao Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
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Loccisano AE, Freeman E, Doi A, Frericks M, Fegert I, Fabian E, Riffle B. A new approach methodology using kinetically-derived maximum dose levels in risk assessment - A case study with afidopyropen. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023:105429. [PMID: 37277056 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a case study for afidopyropen (AF; insecticide) to characterize chronic dietary human health risk using a Risk 21-based approach. Our objective is to use a well-tested pesticidal active ingredient (AF) to show how a new approach methodology (NAM), using the kinetically-derived maximum dose (KMD) and with far less animal testing, can reliably identify a health-protective point of departure (PoD) for chronic dietary human health risk assessments (HHRA). Chronic dietary HHRA involves evaluation of both hazard and exposure information to characterize risk. Although both are important, emphasis has been placed on a checklist of required toxicological studies for hazard characterization, with human exposure information only considered after evaluation of hazard data. Most required studies are not used to define the human endpoint for HHRA. The information presented demonstrates a NAM that uses the KMD determined by saturation of a metabolic pathway, which can be used as an alternative POD. In these cases, the full toxicological database may not need to be generated. Demonstration that the compound is not genotoxic and that the KMD is protective of adverse effects in 90-day oral rat and reproductive/developmental studies is sufficient to support the use of the KMD as an alternative POD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adriana Doi
- BASF Corporation Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Markus Frericks
- BASF SE Regulatory Toxicology Crop Protection, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Ivana Fegert
- BASF SE Regulatory Toxicology Crop Protection, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Eric Fabian
- BASF SE Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Brandy Riffle
- BASF Corporation Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
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Residue behavior and risk assessment of afidopyropen and its metabolite M440I007 in tea. Food Chem 2022; 404:134413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tan YM, Barton HA, Boobis A, Brunner R, Clewell H, Cope R, Dawson J, Domoradzki J, Egeghy P, Gulati P, Ingle B, Kleinstreuer N, Lowe K, Lowit A, Mendez E, Miller D, Minucci J, Nguyen J, Paini A, Perron M, Phillips K, Qian H, Ramanarayanan T, Sewell F, Villanueva P, Wambaugh J, Embry M. Opportunities and challenges related to saturation of toxicokinetic processes: Implications for risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 127:105070. [PMID: 34718074 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Top dose selection for repeated dose animal studies has generally focused on identification of apical endpoints, use of the limit dose, or determination of a maximum tolerated dose (MTD). The intent is to optimize the ability of toxicity tests performed in a small number of animals to detect effects for hazard identification. An alternative approach, the kinetically derived maximum dose (KMD), has been proposed as a mechanism to integrate toxicokinetic (TK) data into the dose selection process. The approach refers to the dose above which the systemic exposures depart from being proportional to external doses. This non-linear external-internal dose relationship arises from saturation or limitation of TK process(es), such as absorption or metabolism. The importance of TK information is widely acknowledged when assessing human health risks arising from exposures to environmental chemicals, as TK determines the amount of chemical at potential sites of toxicological responses. However, there have been differing opinions and interpretations within the scientific and regulatory communities related to the validity and application of the KMD concept. A multi-stakeholder working group, led by the Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI), was formed to provide an opportunity for impacted stakeholders to address commonly raised scientific and technical issues related to this topic and, more specifically, a weight of evidence approach is recommended to inform design and dose selection for repeated dose animal studies. Commonly raised challenges related to the use of TK data for dose selection are discussed, recommendations are provided, and illustrative case examples are provided to address these challenges or refute misconceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Tan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Rachel Brunner
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Rhian Cope
- Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Dawson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Peter Egeghy
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research & Development, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Pankaj Gulati
- Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brandall Ingle
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program, Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kelly Lowe
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anna Lowit
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Elizabeth Mendez
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David Miller
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jeffrey Minucci
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research & Development, Durham, NC, USA
| | - James Nguyen
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alicia Paini
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Monique Perron
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Katherine Phillips
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research & Development, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hua Qian
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Annandale, NJ, USA
| | | | - Fiona Sewell
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement, and Reduction of Animals in Research, London, UK
| | - Philip Villanueva
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC, USA
| | - John Wambaugh
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research & Development, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michelle Embry
- Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington DC, USA.
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Loccisano AE, Freeman E, Riffle B, Doi A, Frericks M, Fegert I, Fabian E. Afidopyropen: Challenges and impact of a toxicokinetic study designed to identify a point of inflection from dose-proportionality. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 124:104962. [PMID: 34019964 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Afidopyropen is an insecticide that acts as a transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype (TRPV) channel modulator in chordotonal organs of target insects and has been assessed for a wide range of toxicity endpoints including chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity in rats and mice. The current study evaluates the toxicokinetic properties of afidopyropen and its plasma metabolites in rats at dose levels where the pharmacokinetics (PK) are linear and nonlinear in an attempt to identify a point of inflection. Based on the results of this study and depending on the analysis method used, the kinetically derived maximum dose (KMD) is estimated to be between 2.5 and 12.5 mg/kg bw/d with linearity observed at doses below 2.5 mg/kg bw/d. A defined point of inflection could not be determined. These data demonstrate that consideration of PK is critical for improving the dose-selection in toxicity studies as well as to enhance human relevance of the interpretation of animal toxicity studies. The study also demonstrates the technical difficulty in obtaining a defined point of inflection from in vivo PK data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brandy Riffle
- BASF Corporation, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Adriana Doi
- BASF Corporation, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Markus Frericks
- BASF SE Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Ivana Fegert
- BASF SE Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Eric Fabian
- BASF SE Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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Loccisano AE, Bus J, Gollapudi B, Riffle B, Frericks M, Fegert I, Fabian E. Use of toxicokinetic data for afidopyropen to determine the dose levels in developmental toxicity studies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 113:104644. [PMID: 32194133 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Afidopyropen is an insecticide that acts as a TRPV channel modulator in chordotonal organs of target insects and has been assessed for a wide range of toxicity endpoints including developmental toxicity in rats and rabbits. The GLP developmental toxicity study in rabbits did not produce evidence of maternal or fetal toxicity at the highest dose tested (32 mg/kg/day) but pharmacokinetics (PK) in pregnant rabbits in this study exhibited onset of PK nonlinearity from 5 mg/kg/day on, as measured by plasma Cmax and AUC. The NOAEL (32 mg/kg/day) is 9000X higher than maximum expected human dietary exposures to afidopyropen; the dose range where nonlinear PK were observed (5-15 mg/kg/day) is 1400-4200X higher. As nonlinearity occurred between 5 and 15 mg/kg/day, 32 mg/kg/day is concluded to be a sufficiently high dose (kinetically derived maximum dose) for a prenatal developmental toxicity study. As recognized by regulatory dose-selection guidance, onset of saturated PK is evidence of excessive biological stress to test animals rendering any effects at such doses of questionable relevance for human risk assessment. These data demonstrate that consideration of PK is critical for improving the dose-selection in developmental toxicity studies to enhance human relevance of animal toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Bus
- Exponent Inc, Alexandria, VA, 22314, USA
| | | | - Brandy Riffle
- BASF Corporation, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Markus Frericks
- BASF SE Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Ivana Fegert
- BASF SE Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Eric Fabian
- BASF SE Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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Xie J, Zheng Y, Liu X, Dong F, Xu J, Wu X, Ji M, Zheng Y. Human health safety studies of a new insecticide: Dissipation kinetics and dietary risk assessment of afidopyropen and one of its metabolites in cucumber and nectarine. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 103:150-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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