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Yang C, Cronin MTD, Arvidson KB, Bienfait B, Enoch SJ, Heldreth B, Hobocienski B, Muldoon-Jacobs K, Lan Y, Madden JC, Magdziarz T, Marusczyk J, Mostrag A, Nelms M, Neagu D, Przybylak K, Rathman JF, Park J, Richarz AN, Richard AM, Ribeiro JV, Sacher O, Schwab C, Vitcheva V, Volarath P, Worth AP. COSMOS next generation - A public knowledge base leveraging chemical and biological data to support the regulatory assessment of chemicals. COMPUTATIONAL TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 19:100175. [PMID: 34405124 PMCID: PMC8351204 DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2021.100175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The COSMOS Database (DB) was originally established to provide reliable data for cosmetics-related chemicals within the COSMOS Project funded as part of the SEURAT-1 Research Initiative. The database has subsequently been maintained and developed further into COSMOS Next Generation (NG), a combination of database and in silico tools, essential components of a knowledge base. COSMOS DB provided a cosmetics inventory as well as other regulatory inventories, accompanied by assessment results and in vitro and in vivo toxicity data. In addition to data content curation, much effort was dedicated to data governance - data authorisation, characterisation of quality, documentation of meta information, and control of data use. Through this effort, COSMOS DB was able to merge and fuse data of various types from different sources. Building on the previous effort, the COSMOS Minimum Inclusion (MINIS) criteria for a toxicity database were further expanded to quantify the reliability of studies. COSMOS NG features multiple fingerprints for analysing structure similarity, and new tools to calculate molecular properties and screen chemicals with endpoint-related public profilers, such as DNA and protein binders, liver alerts and genotoxic alerts. The publicly available COSMOS NG enables users to compile information and execute analyses such as category formation and read-across. This paper provides a step-by-step guided workflow for a simple read-across case, starting from a target structure and culminating in an estimation of a NOAEL confidence interval. Given its strong technical foundation, inclusion of quality-reviewed data, and provision of tools designed to facilitate communication between users, COSMOS NG is a first step towards building a toxicological knowledge hub leveraging many public data systems for chemical safety evaluation. We continue to monitor the feedback from the user community at support@mn-am.com.
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Key Words
- AOP, Adverse Outcome Pathway
- Analogue selection
- CERES, Chemical Evaluation and Risk Estimation System
- CFSAN, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
- CMS-ID, COSMOS Identification Number
- COSMOS DB, COSMOS Database
- COSMOS MINIS, Minimum Inclusion Criteria of Studies in COSMOS DB
- COSMOS NG, COSMOS Next Generation
- CRADA, Cooperative Research and Development Agreement
- CosIng, Cosmetic Ingredient Database
- DART, Developmental & Reproductive Toxicity
- DB, Database
- DST, Dempster Shafer Theory
- Database
- ECHA, European Chemicals Agency
- EFSA, European Food Safety Authority
- Guided workflow
- HESS, Hazard Evaluation Support System
- HNEL, Highest No Effect Level
- HTS, High throughput screening
- ILSI, International Life Sciences Institute
- IUCLID, International Uniform Chemical Information Database
- Knowledge hub
- LEL, Lowest Effect Level
- LOAEL, Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level
- LogP, Logarithm of the octanol:water partition coefficient
- NAM, New Approach Methodology
- NGRA, Next Generation Risk-Assessment
- NITE, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (Japan)
- NOAEL, No Observed Adverse Effect Level
- NTP, National Toxicology Program
- OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- OpenFoodTox, EFSA’s OpenFoodTox database
- PAFA, Priority-based Assessment of Food Additive database
- PK/TK, Pharmacokinetics/Toxicokinetics
- Public database
- QA, Quality Assurance
- QC, Quality Control
- REACH, Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals
- SCC, Science Committee on Cosmetics (EU)
- SCCNFP, Scientific Committee of Cosmetic Products and Non-food Products intended for Consumers (EU)
- SCCP, Scientific Committee on Consumer Products (EU)
- SCCS, Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (EU)
- Study reliability
- TTC, Threshold of Toxicological Concern
- ToxRefDB, Toxicity Reference Database
- Toxicity
- US EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency
- US FDA, United States Food and Drug Administration
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yang
- MN-AM, Columbus, OH, USA
- MN-AM Nürnberg, Germany
| | - M T D Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | | | | | - S J Enoch
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | - B Heldreth
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Y Lan
- University of Bradford, UK
| | - J C Madden
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | | | | | | | - M Nelms
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | | | - K Przybylak
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | - J F Rathman
- MN-AM, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, USA
| | | | - A-N Richarz
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - V Vitcheva
- MN-AM, Columbus, OH, USA
- MN-AM Nürnberg, Germany
| | | | - A P Worth
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
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Madden JC, Enoch SJ, Paini A, Cronin MTD. A Review of In Silico Tools as Alternatives to Animal Testing: Principles, Resources and Applications. Altern Lab Anim 2020; 48:146-172. [PMID: 33119417 DOI: 10.1177/0261192920965977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Across the spectrum of industrial sectors, including pharmaceuticals, chemicals, personal care products, food additives and their associated regulatory agencies, there is a need to develop robust and reliable methods to reduce or replace animal testing. It is generally recognised that no single alternative method will be able to provide a one-to-one replacement for assays based on more complex toxicological endpoints. Hence, information from a combination of techniques is required. A greater understanding of the time and concentration-dependent mechanisms, underlying the interactions between chemicals and biological systems, and the sequence of events that can lead to apical effects, will help to move forward the science of reducing and replacing animal experiments. In silico modelling, in vitro assays, high-throughput screening, organ-on-a-chip technology, omics and mathematical biology, can provide complementary information to develop a complete picture of the potential response of an organism to a chemical stressor. Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) and systems biology frameworks enable relevant information from diverse sources to be logically integrated. While individual researchers do not need to be experts across all disciplines, it is useful to have a fundamental understanding of what other areas of science have to offer, and how knowledge can be integrated with other disciplines. The purpose of this review is to provide those who are unfamiliar with predictive in silico tools, with a fundamental understanding of the underlying theory. Current applications, software, barriers to acceptance, new developments and the use of integrated approaches are all discussed, with additional resources being signposted for each of the topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith C Madden
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, 4589Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Steven J Enoch
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, 4589Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alicia Paini
- 99013European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Mark T D Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, 4589Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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3
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Gustafson E, Debruyne C, De Troyer O, Rogiers V, Vinken M, Vanhaecke T. Screening of repeated dose toxicity data in safety evaluation reports of cosmetic ingredients issued by the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety between 2009 and 2019. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3723-3735. [PMID: 32839844 PMCID: PMC7603458 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02868-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A focal point in the safety evaluation of cosmetic ingredients includes oral repeated dose toxicity testing, which is intended to address the most complex human endpoints. Seven years after the full implementation of the animal testing ban for cosmetic ingredients in the EU, there are still no alternative methods available capable of fully replacing oral repeated dose toxicity testing. Until this issue is resolved, the development of new cosmetic ingredients remains seriously hampered. The present paper describes a thorough screening of the oral repeated dose toxicity data included in safety evaluation reports of cosmetic ingredients addressed in the Annexes of the Cosmetics Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009, issued by the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety between 2009 and 2019. The liver and the haematological system were identified as the potentially most frequently affected organs upon oral administration of cosmetic ingredients to animals. Evaluation of altered biochemical, morphological, and histopathological parameters related to hepatotoxicity indicated that the most recurrent events are liver weight changes, elevated liver enzymes, and alterations in serum cholesterol and bilirubin levels. Combined listing of affected parameters associated with steatosis and cholestasis indicated the possible occurrence of cholestasis, provoked by a limited number of cosmetic ingredients. The most frequently affected parameters related to the haematological system were indicative of anaemia. An in-depth analysis allowed characterisation of both regenerative and non-regenerative anaemia, pointing to direct and indirect haematotoxicity, respectively. The results presented in this study call for prioritisation of research targeted towards the development of new approach methodologies fit for animal-free repeated dose toxicity evaluation of cosmetic ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Gustafson
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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Mahony C, Ashton RS, Birk B, Boobis AR, Cull T, Daston GP, Ewart L, Knudsen TB, Manou I, Maurer-Stroh S, Margiotta-Casaluci L, Müller BP, Nordlund P, Roberts RA, Steger-Hartmann T, Vandenbossche E, Viant MR, Vinken M, Whelan M, Zvonimir Z, Cronin MTD. New ideas for non-animal approaches to predict repeated-dose systemic toxicity: Report from an EPAA Blue Sky Workshop. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 114:104668. [PMID: 32335207 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA) convened a 'Blue Sky Workshop' on new ideas for non-animal approaches to predict repeated-dose systemic toxicity. The aim of the Workshop was to formulate strategic ideas to improve and increase the applicability, implementation and acceptance of modern non-animal methods to determine systemic toxicity. The Workshop concluded that good progress is being made to assess repeated dose toxicity without animals taking advantage of existing knowledge in toxicology, thresholds of toxicological concern, adverse outcome pathways and read-across workflows. These approaches can be supported by New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) utilising modern molecular technologies and computational methods. Recommendations from the Workshop were based around the needs for better chemical safety assessment: how to strengthen the evidence base for decision making; to develop, standardise and harmonise NAMs for human toxicity; and the improvement in the applicability and acceptance of novel techniques. "Disruptive thinking" is required to reconsider chemical legislation, validation of NAMs and the opportunities to move away from reliance on animal tests. Case study practices and data sharing, ensuring reproducibility of NAMs, were viewed as crucial to the improvement of non-animal test approaches for systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Randolph S Ashton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 53715, USA.
| | - Barbara Birk
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Carl-Bosch-Straβe 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Alan R Boobis
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Tom Cull
- Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, MK44 1LQ, UK.
| | - George P Daston
- Mason Business Center, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, 45040, USA.
| | - Lorna Ewart
- Veroli Consulting Limited, Cambridge, UK; Emulate Inc, 27 Dry Dock Avenue, Boston, MA, 02210, USA.
| | - Thomas B Knudsen
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Irene Manou
- European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA) Industry Secretariat, Belgium.
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Innovations in Chemical and Food Safety, Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street #07-01 Matrix, Singapore, 138671, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
| | | | | | - Pär Nordlund
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore.
| | - Ruth A Roberts
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Thomas Steger-Hartmann
- Investigational Toxicology, Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstraβe 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Mark R Viant
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Maurice Whelan
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Italy.
| | - Zvonar Zvonimir
- European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA) Industry Secretariat, Belgium.
| | - Mark T D Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
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