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Novaes FJM, da Silva MAE, Silva DC, de Aquino Neto FR, Rezende CM. Extraction of Diterpene-Phytochemicals in Raw and Roasted Coffee Beans and Beverage Preparations and Their Relationship. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1580. [PMID: 37111804 PMCID: PMC10145731 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Cafestol and kahweol are expressive furane-diterpenoids from the lipid fraction of coffee beans with relevant pharmacological properties for human health. Due to their thermolability, they suffer degradation during roasting, whose products are poorly studied regarding their identity and content in the roasted coffee beans and beverages. This article describes the extraction of these diterpenes, from the raw bean to coffee beverages, identifying them and understanding the kinetics of formation and degradation in roasting (light, medium and dark roasts) as the extraction rate for different beverages of coffee (filtered, Moka, French press, Turkish and boiled). Sixteen compounds were identified as degradation products, ten derived from kahweol and six from cafestol, produced by oxidation and inter and intramolecular elimination reactions, with the roasting degree (relationship between time and temperature) being the main factor for thermodegradation and the way of preparing the beverage responsible for the content of these substances in them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Alice Esteves da Silva
- Aroma Analysis Laboratory, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, Bloco A, Sala 626A, Rio de Janeiro 21941-895, RJ, Brazil
| | - Diana Cardoso Silva
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Viçosa, Peter Henry Rolfs Avenue, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Francisco Radler de Aquino Neto
- Laboratory for the Support of Technological Development (LADETEC), Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Horácio Macedo, 1281, Polo de Química, Bloco C, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, RJ, Brazil
| | - Claudia Moraes Rezende
- Aroma Analysis Laboratory, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, Bloco A, Sala 626A, Rio de Janeiro 21941-895, RJ, Brazil
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2
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Dornelles RC, Guex CG, de Lima R, Nogueira-Librelotto DR, Casoti R, Engelmann AM, Emanuelli Mello CB, Brandt de Souza J, Melazzo de Andrade C, Machado AK, Pillat MM, Manfron MP, de Freitas Bauermann L. Richardia brasiliensis Gomes: phytochemical characterization, antiproliferative capacity and in vitro and in vivo toxicity. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 133:105221. [PMID: 35792244 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Richardia brasiliensis, known as poaia branca, is a medicinal species widely distributed throughout Brazil and used in folk medicine. However, studies on its toxicity are practically non-existent, and little is known about its biological activity. This study aimed to investigate its phytochemical compounds, assess its in vitro and in vivo toxicities, and determine its antiproliferative activity. UHPLC-ESI-HRFTMS performed the phytochemical characterization, and the antiproliferative activity was analyzed in different tumor cell lines. In vitro toxicity was evaluated in PBMC cells, and in vivo acute and repeated dose toxicity was evaluated according to OECD guidelines. It was identified alkaloids and terpenes as significant compounds. Regarding its antiproliferative activity, the human melanoma strain decreased its viability by about 95%. In vitro toxicity showed that the extracts maintained the viability of PBMCs; however, higher concentrations were able to increase the production of dsDNA quantity. In vivo tests showed no mortality nor signs of toxicity; the alterations found in hematological and biochemical parameters are within the standards for the species. The results indicate that R. brasiliensis has a good effect against the tumor cell line; still, more studies on its toxicity at higher concentrations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Castro Dornelles
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Camille Gaube Guex
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Rachel de Lima
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Rosana Casoti
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Ana Martiele Engelmann
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Camila Benaduce Emanuelli Mello
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Julia Brandt de Souza
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Cinthia Melazzo de Andrade
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Micheli Mainardi Pillat
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Melânia Palermo Manfron
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Farmácia Industrial, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Liliane de Freitas Bauermann
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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3
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Ait Atmane S, Ait Eldjoudi D, Aksoylu Özbek Z, Günç Ergönül P, Khettal B. Acute and 28-day repeated dose toxicity evaluations of cold pressed Pinus halepensis Mill. seed oil in mice and rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 132:105191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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4
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Yusni Y, Yusuf H. The Effect of Green Coffee on Blood Pressure, Liver and Kidney Functions in Obese Model Rats. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.8134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The effect of green coffee (GC) on blood pressure (BP) is still debated, but GC is thought to improve liver and kidney function.
AIM: This study aimed to analyze the effect of the GC intervention on BP, liver, and kidney functions in obese model rats.
METHODS: The research was a pre-clinical trial of pretest-posttest with control group design. Animals were divided into four groups: obese rats (G1), obese rats and GC (G2), obese rats and physical exercise (PE) (G3), and a combination of interventions (PE+GC) (G4). Data analysis used an independent sample t-test and analysis of variance; (p < 0.05).
RESULTS: There was a different effect of the GC, PE, and PE+GC intervention on BP (186.50 ± 3.45 vs. 91.33 ± 1.96 p = 0.001*; 189.17 ± 2.93 vs. 119.50 ± 3.73 p = 0.001*; 191.8 3 ± 2.64 vs. 98.83 ± 3.76 p = 0.001*) in obese rats. There was a significant difference in Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) (p=0.001*), Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) (p = 0.001*), Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (p = 0.001*), and Creatinine (p = 0.001*) before and after the intervention in the three groups (G2, G3, and G4). SGOT, SGPT, and Creatinine levels decreased significantly after PE, GC, and PE+GC intervention. On the other hand, BUN levels decreased significantly after GC and its combination intervention. Meanwhile, in the control group and the intervention of PE, it increased significantly.
CONCLUSIONS: GC is more effective in lowering BP without causing impaired liver and kidney function in obese rats.
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Branquinho LS, Verdan MH, Dos Santos E, Macorini LFB, Maris RS, Kuraoka-Oliveira AM, Bacha FB, Cardoso CAL, Arena AC, Silva-Filho SE, Kassuya CAL. Toxicological evaluation of ethanolic extract of leaves from Doliocarpus dentatus in Swiss mice. Drug Chem Toxicol 2021; 45:2699-2705. [PMID: 34666582 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.1982638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Doliocarpus dentatus (Dilleniaceae) has been used in folk medicine to treat inflammation and pain; however, studies evaluating its toxicity potential, as well as its effects on anxiety and depression, are scarce. This study investigated the toxicological profile of an ethanolic extract from leaves of D. dentatus (EEDd), and its effects on anxiety and depression models in mice. Male and female mice received either a single dose (500, 1000 or 2000 mg/kg) or repeated doses (75, 150 or 300 mg/kg) of EEDd by oral gavage. During the subacute toxicity assay, behavioral tests were performed on days 4, 14, 21 and 28. No evidence of toxicity was observed in the animals in both acute and subacute tests. However, males treated with the highest dose presented a reduction in the absolute weight of the kidney, an elevation in the AST levels, in addition to an alteration in the urea levels. The treatment did not affect other biochemical parameters, and did not induce any depressive-like behavior. EEDd exhibited low toxicity after single and repeated exposures. Since some analyzed parameters were compromised, further toxicity studies should be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Helena Verdan
- Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Fernando Benitez Macorini
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Brazil.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University Center of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Brazil
| | - Rafael Souza Maris
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Brazil.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University Center of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Brazil
| | | | - Flávia Barbieri Bacha
- Faculty of Exact and Agrarian Sciences, University Center of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Brazil
| | - Claudia Andrea Lima Cardoso
- Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Brazil.,Center of Studies in Natural Resources, State University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Dourados, Brazil
| | - Arielle Cristina Arena
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP - Paulista State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Saulo Euclides Silva-Filho
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition College, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Pioneiros, Brazil
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6
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Bosso H, Barbalho SM, de Alvares Goulart R, Otoboni AMMB. Green coffee: economic relevance and a systematic review of the effects on human health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:394-410. [PMID: 34236263 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1948817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Coffee is probably the most popular beverage after water and is an important component in diet and health since its consumption is high worldwide. Globally, it is the most relevant food commodity being just behind crude oil. Besides its pleasant flavor, it is an antioxidant source due to polyphenols, which are protective compounds against several diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the economic relevance and perform a systematic review of green coffee's effects on human health. Databases such as MEDLINE-PubMed, EMBASE, COCHRANE, and GOOGLE SCHOLAR were searched, and PRISMA guidelines were followed. Green coffee is considered a novel food product because consumers usually consume only roasted coffee. It can be marketed as such or as an extract. Due to the content of bioactive compounds, which are partially lost during the roasting process, the extracts are usually marketed concerning the potential regarding health effects. Green coffee can be used as dietary supplements, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, as a source of antioxidants. It can benefit human health, such as improvement in blood pressure, plasma lipids, and body weight (thus contributing to the improvement of risk components of Metabolic Syndrome). Moreover, benefits for cognitive functions may also be included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Bosso
- Medical school of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Sandra Maria Barbalho
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation - UNIMAR, Marília, SP, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Food and Technology of Marilia (FATEC), Marilia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo de Alvares Goulart
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation - UNIMAR, Marília, SP, Brazil
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Li HY, Gan RY, Shang A, Mao QQ, Sun QC, Wu DT, Geng F, He XQ, Li HB. Plant-Based Foods and Their Bioactive Compounds on Fatty Liver Disease: Effects, Mechanisms, and Clinical Application. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6621644. [PMID: 33728021 PMCID: PMC7939748 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6621644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fatty liver disease (FLD), including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD), is a serious chronic metabolic disease that affects a wide range of people. Lipid accumulation accompanied by oxidative stress and inflammation in the liver is the most important pathogenesis of FLD. The plant-based, high-fiber, and low-fat diet has been recommended to manage FLD for a long time. This review discusses the current state of the art into the effects, mechanisms, and clinical application of plant-based foods in NAFLD and AFLD, with highlighting related molecular mechanisms. Epidemiological evidence revealed that the consumption of several plant-based foods was beneficial to alleviating FLD. Further experimental studies found out that fruits, spices, teas, coffee, and other plants, as well as their bioactive compounds, such as resveratrol, anthocyanin, curcumin, and tea polyphenols, could alleviate FLD by ameliorating hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, gut dysbiosis, and apoptosis, as well as regulating autophagy and ethanol metabolism. More importantly, clinical trials confirmed the beneficial effects of plant-based foods on patients with fatty liver. However, several issues need to be further studied especially the safety and effective doses of plant-based foods and their bioactive compounds. Overall, certain plant-based foods are promising natural sources of bioactive compounds to prevent and alleviate fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Yu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Ao Shang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qian-Qian Mao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Quan-Cai Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Ding-Tao Wu
- Institute of Food Processing and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Fang Geng
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Qin He
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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8
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K V, HV S, K S. Acute and sub-chronic toxicity evaluation of a standardized green coffee bean extract (CGA-7™) in Wistar albino rats. SAGE Open Med 2021; 9:2050312120984885. [PMID: 33708386 PMCID: PMC7907716 DOI: 10.1177/2050312120984885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite having numerous physiological benefits, toxicological assessment of green coffee beans is sparce. Here, we document the oral acute and sub-chronic toxicity of a standardized decaffeinated green coffee bean extract containing 50% chlorogenic acids (CGA-7™) in rats. METHODS We have performed a limit test at single oral dose of 2000 mg/kg to evaluate the acute toxicity in female Wistar rats. Furthermore, repeated dose 90-day toxicity study was conducted to assess the risk of long-term use of CGA-7. RESULT A 14-day observation revealed no clinical signs of toxicity or mortality in animals at 2000 mg/kg acute oral dose of CGA-7. The administration of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg CGA-7 showed significant alterations in some parameters such as food consumption, relative organ weights of brain and spleen, haematological and biochemical parameters compared to control. These changes were not consistent and dose-dependent throughout the study. Furthermore, the changes were within the physiological range and toxicologically insignificant. CGA-7 did not affect the normal metabolism and physiology of the animals up to 1000 mg/kg dose. Macroscopic and histological examination of organs did not reveal any organ toxicity. CONCLUSION Finally, the findings from this study suggest the safety of green coffee bean extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatakrishna K
- R&D Center for Excellence, Vidya Herbs Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, India
| | - Sudeep HV
- R&D Center for Excellence, Vidya Herbs Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, India
| | - Shyamprasad K
- R&D Center for Excellence, Vidya Herbs Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, India
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9
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do Amaral LA, Farias Pereira Subtil Cavalcante AC, da Silva Fleming de Almeida T, Marques Romeiro Santos M, Candeloro Portugal L, Suzuki Dos Santos B, Bittencourt FF, Troquez T, Domingues Nazário CE, Fontoura Cavalheiro L, Murino Rafacho BP, Monreal ACD, Oliveira RJ, Freitas Dos Santos E. Acute and subacute (28 days) oral toxicity studies of tucum almond oil ( Bactris Setosa Mart.) in mice. Drug Chem Toxicol 2021; 45:1754-1760. [PMID: 33441004 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.1871737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Oils extracted from almonds are often used with particular interest due to their prospective health effects and benefits. Tucum is a Pantanal fruit widely consumed by local population and no in vivo toxicity studies regarding its safety are available in the literature to date. This study investigated the acute and subacute toxicity of tucum almond oil (TAO) in mice by evaluating its safety profile. For the acute (2000 mg/kg) and subacute (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) toxicity studies, TAO was administered orally to mice according to 425 and 407 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Guidelines, respectively. Food intake, body, and organ weight of animals were recorded. Signs of toxicity were assessed, and hematological, biochemical and histopathological analyses were performed. In the acute toxicity study, no mortality or behavioral changes were observed in mice treated with 2000 mg/kg, indicating that LD50 is higher than this dose. In the subacute toxicity test, the doses evaluated did not produce relevant changes in hematological, biochemical or histopathological parameters in the exposed animals. The data obtained suggest that TAO did not induce toxicity after exposure to a single or repeated doses and LD50 value may be considered to be more than 2000 mg/kg body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luane Aparecida do Amaral
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, Medical School, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mirelly Marques Romeiro Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, Medical School, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | | | - Bárbara Suzuki Dos Santos
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Troquez
- Clinical Laboratory, University Center of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Brazil
| | | | | | - Bruna Paola Murino Rafacho
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Juliano Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, Medical School, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil.,Stem Cell, Cell Therapy and Toxicological Genetics Research Centre, Maria Aparecida Pedrossian, University Hospital, Brazilian Hospital Services Company, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Elisvânia Freitas Dos Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, Medical School, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
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10
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Colombo R, Papetti A. Decaffeinated coffee and its benefits on health: focus on systemic disorders. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:2506-2522. [PMID: 32551832 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1779175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The current literature has mainly focused on benefits and risks deriving from the consumption of caffeinated coffee and its implications for inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Today, data about the role of caffeine in many disorders are controversial and the attention has increasingly focused on decaffeinated coffee and its non-caffeine compounds, which could have mainly beneficial effects. In fact, coffee phenolic compounds not only exhibit well-known antioxidant properties, but they can also antagonize some negative effects of caffeine, for example in inflammatory pathway and in glucose metabolism and homeostasis. In this review, we consider the literature of the last two decades and critically discuss the effects of decaffeinated coffee compounds on systemic disorders, mainly inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, hepatic dysfunctions, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adele Papetti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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11
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Klingel T, Kremer JI, Gottstein V, Rajcic de Rezende T, Schwarz S, Lachenmeier DW. A Review of Coffee By-Products Including Leaf, Flower, Cherry, Husk, Silver Skin, and Spent Grounds as Novel Foods within the European Union. Foods 2020; 9:E665. [PMID: 32455549 PMCID: PMC7278860 DOI: 10.3390/foods9050665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The coffee plant Coffea spp. offers much more than the well-known drink made from the roasted coffee bean. During its cultivation and production, a wide variety of by-products are accrued, most of which are currently unused, thermally recycled, or used as animal feed. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of novel coffee products in the food sector and their current legal classification in the European Union (EU). For this purpose, we have reviewed the literature on the composition and safety of coffee flowers, leaves, pulp, husk, parchment, green coffee, silver skin, and spent coffee grounds. Some of these products have a history of consumption in Europe (green coffee), while others have already been used as traditional food in non-EU-member countries (coffee leaves, notification currently pending), or an application for authorization as novel food has already been submitted (husks, flour from spent coffee grounds). For the other products, toxicity and/or safety data appear to be lacking, necessitating further studies to fulfill the requirements of novel food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tizian Klingel
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany; (T.K.); (J.I.K.); (V.G.); (T.R.d.R.)
| | - Jonathan I. Kremer
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany; (T.K.); (J.I.K.); (V.G.); (T.R.d.R.)
| | - Vera Gottstein
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany; (T.K.); (J.I.K.); (V.G.); (T.R.d.R.)
| | - Tabata Rajcic de Rezende
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany; (T.K.); (J.I.K.); (V.G.); (T.R.d.R.)
| | - Steffen Schwarz
- Coffee Consulate, Hans-Thoma-Strasse 20, 68163 Mannheim, Germany;
| | - Dirk W. Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany; (T.K.); (J.I.K.); (V.G.); (T.R.d.R.)
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12
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Khan HU, Aamir K, Sisinthy SP, Nagojappa NBS, Arya A. Food additive "lauric acid" possess non-toxic profile on biochemical, haematological and histopathological studies in female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8805. [PMID: 32266118 PMCID: PMC7120040 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lauric acid (LA), a common constituent of coconut oil, is used as food additives and supplements in various formulations. Despite various potential pharmacological properties, no scientific evidence on its dose-related toxicity and safety is available till date. Objective The current study was conducted to evaluate acute oral toxicity of LA on normal rats. Methods The study was conducted in accordance with the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines (OECD 423) with slight modifications. LA was administered orally to female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (n = 6/group) at a single dose of 300 and 2,000 mg/kg body weight, respectively, while normal control received vehicle only. Animals from all the three groups were monitored for any behavioural and toxicological changes and mortality for two weeks. Food and fluid consumption, body weight was monitored on daily basis. At the end (on day 15th) of the experimental period, blood was collected for haematological and biochemical analysis. Further, all the animals were euthanized, and internal organs were harvested for histopathological investigation using four different stainings; haematoxylin and eosin, Masson trichrome, Periodic Acid Schiff and Picro Sirius Red for gross pathology through microscopical observation. Results The study results showed no LA treatment-related mortality and morbidity at two different dosages. Daily food and water consumption, body weight, relative organ weight, haematological, and biochemical analysis were observed to be normal with no severe alterations to the internal tissues. Conclusion The current finding suggests that single oral administration of LA, even up to 2,000 mg/kg body weight, did not exhibit any signs of toxicity in SD rats; thus, it was safe to be used on disease models in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidayat Ullah Khan
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Khurram Aamir
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sreenivas Patro Sisinthy
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Aditya Arya
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Parkville VIC, Australia.,Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals, (IPHARM), Bukit Gelugor Pulau, Pinang, Malaysia
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