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Peter-Ajuzie IK, Chukwu HS, Igbokwe CO. Microstructural characterization of the skin in the African straw-coloured fruit bat, Eidolon helvum (Pteropodidae). Anat Histol Embryol 2024; 53:e13003. [PMID: 37987196 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The African straw-coloured fruit Bat, Eidolon helvum, is a Yinpterochiroptera bat that is of public health and ecological importance. This study investigated the light microscopic morphology, morphometry and histochemistry of the skin and its glands across the cheek, withers, croup, ventral abdomen, perianal region, wing membrane, intercrural membrane and foot pad of the species. Sweat glands were absent and hypodermis was observed only in the withers, croup and ventral abdomen. The croup had the highest density of hair follicles while the perianal region had the highest density of sebaceous gland acini. The thicknesses of the dermis and epidermis were significantly high in the withers and foot pad respectively. Hair follicles and sebaceous glands were absent in the wing membrane. The sebaceous glands had melanin pigmentation at the periphery and stained positive to Alcian Blue-periodic acid Schiff at the withers and ventral abdomen. Epidermal and dermal thicknesses reported in this study were generally higher than those of Yangochiroptera bats and the presence of sebaceous glands and hair follicles in the wing membrane were variable in different bat species. This study has provided baseline information on the light microscopic morphology and morphometry of the skin and its glands across the various body regions in the African straw-coloured fruit bat. This information would be helpful in the understanding, handling, skin disease treatment and management of the bat in captivity for biomedical research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iheanyi Kemdirim Peter-Ajuzie
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Hannah Sarah Chukwu
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Casmir Onwuaso Igbokwe
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Bunda Campus, Malawi
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Vanderwolf K, Kyle C, Davy C. A review of sebum in mammals in relation to skin diseases, skin function, and the skin microbiome. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16680. [PMID: 38144187 PMCID: PMC10740688 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases vary among and within species but the causes of this variation can be unclear. Immune responses are an important driver of disease variation, but mechanisms on how the body resists pathogen establishment before activation of immune responses are understudied. Skin surfaces of mammals are the first line of defense against abiotic stressors and pathogens, and skin attributes such as pH, microbiomes, and lipids influence disease outcomes. Sebaceous glands produce sebum composed of multiple types of lipids with species-specific compositions. Sebum affects skin barrier function by contributing to minimizing water loss, supporting thermoregulation, protecting against pathogens, and preventing UV-induced damage. Sebum also affects skin microbiome composition both via its antimicrobial properties, and by providing potential nutrient sources. Intra- and interspecific variation in sebum composition influences skin disease outcomes in humans and domestic mammal species but is not well-characterized in wildlife. We synthesized knowledge on sebum function in mammals in relation to skin diseases and the skin microbiome. We found that sebum composition was described for only 29 live, wild mammalian species. Sebum is important in dermatophilosis, various forms of dermatitis, demodicosis, and potentially white-nose syndrome. Sebum composition likely affects disease susceptibility, as lipid components can have antimicrobial functions against specific pathogens. It is unclear why sebum composition is species-specific, but both phylogeny and environmental effects may drive differences. Our review illustrates the role of mammal sebum function and influence on skin microbes in the context of skin diseases, providing a baseline for future studies to elucidate mechanisms of disease resistance beyond immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Vanderwolf
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher Kyle
- Forensic Science Department, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
- Natural Resources DNA Profiling and Forensics Center, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christina Davy
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Rivera-Ruiz DA, Flores-Martínez JJ, Rosales C, Herrera Montalvo LG. Constitutive Innate Immunity of Migrant and Resident Long-Nosed Bats (Leptonycteris yerbabuenae) in the Drylands of Mexico. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15040530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to birds, the relationship between migration and immunity has been scarcely studied in bats. We examined how the expression of the humoral portion of the constitutive immunity varied in a bat with partial, sex-biased migration: the lesser long-nosed bat (Leptonycteris yerbabuenae (Phyllostomidae)). The lesser long-nosed bat is a nectarivorous species distributed in the arid and semi-arid regions of North and Central America. We evaluated the bacteria-killing abilities (BKAs) of the plasma of male and female lesser long-nosed bats on the Pacific coast in different periods of the year. Because adult males are resident, they were used to explore the effect of reproductive activity on BKA, and we predicted higher values in mating males (i.e., individuals presenting scrotal testicles and a fresh dorsal patch). In contrast to males, most females migrate to cactus deserts in northern Mexico during pregnancy and lactation, and then return to the dry forests of west-central Mexico to mate. We predicted that the combined effect of breeding and migration would have an adverse effect on BKA; therefore, migratory pregnant and lactating females were expected to exhibit a lower BKA than mating females in west-central Mexico. We compared the BKAs of females captured in October and December in central Mexico, and we predicted that migratory females that had recently arrived in October should exhibit a lower BKA than females captured two months later. In addition, we compared the BKAs between lactating females and young in northern Mexico and predicted lower values in recently born individuals. We found that the BKAs of males were higher in reproductive individuals than in non-reproductive individuals. We found a significant difference in the BKAs between females at the two extremes of their migratory range: the values of pregnant females in Sonora and females in December were higher than those of females captured in October. Finally, we found no difference in BKAs between lactating females and young individuals. Our findings indicate that the basal levels of the innate humoral component are heightened in mating males, that this response is reduced in females that recently returned to their mating grounds, and that the constitutive immunity of young individuals matures early, probably in anticipation of the potential to encounter pathogens during their migration to west-central Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Rivera-Ruiz
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Edificio D, 1° Piso, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Estación de Biología Chamela, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 21, San Patricio 48989, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José Juan Flores-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Sistemas de Información Geográfica, Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rosales
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyacán 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Luis Gerardo Herrera Montalvo
- Estación de Biología Chamela, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 21, San Patricio 48989, Jalisco, Mexico
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Grisnik M, Grinath JB, Munafo JP, Walker DM. Functional Redundancy in Bat Microbial Assemblage in the Presence of the White Nose Pathogen. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022:10.1007/s00248-022-02098-2. [PMID: 35953677 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how host-associated microbial assemblages respond to pathogen invasion has implications for host health. Until recently, most investigations have focused on understanding the taxonomic composition of these assemblages. However, recent studies have suggested that microbial assemblage taxonomic composition is decoupled from its function, with assemblages being taxonomically varied but functionally constrained. The objective of this investigation was to understand how the Tri-colored bat, Perimyotis subflavus cutaneous microbial assemblage responds to fungal pathogen invasion within a functional context. We hypothesized that at a broad scale (e.g., KEGG pathways), there will be no difference in the functional assemblages between the white nose pathogen, Pseudogymnoascus destructans, positive and negative bats; and this pattern will be driven by the functional redundancy of bacterial taxa. At finer scales (e.g., gene models), we postulate differences in function attributed to interactions between bacteria and P. destructans, resulting in the production of antifungal metabolites. To test this, we used a combination of shotgun metagenomic and amplicon sequencing to characterize the bat cutaneous microbial assemblage in the presence/absence of P. destructans. Results showed that while there was a shift in taxonomic assemblage composition between P. destructans positive and negative bats, there was little overall difference in microbial function. Functional redundancy across bacterial taxa was clear at a broad-scale; however, both redundancy and variation in bacterial capability related to defense against pathogens was evident at finer scales. While functionality of the microbial assemblage was largely conserved in relation to P. destructans, the roles of particular functional pathways in resistance to fungal pathogens require further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Grisnik
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, 37132, USA.
| | - Joshua B Grinath
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, 83209, USA
| | - John P Munafo
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Donald M Walker
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, 37132, USA
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Zamora-Mejías D, Trejo-Salazar RE, Eguiarte LE, Ojeda M, Rodríguez-Herrera B, Morales-Malacara JB, Medellín RA. Traveler Mites: Population Genetic Structure of the Wing Mites Periglischrus paracaligus (Acari: Mesostigmata: Spinturnicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:1198-1210. [PMID: 35639803 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wing mites of the genus Periglischrus are ectoparasites exclusively associated with phyllostomid bats. These mites show high host specificity and have been studied to understand the evolutionary history of their bat hosts mainly by using a morphological variation. Through a phylogeographic approach, we analyzed the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of the ectoparasite Periglischrus paracaligus Herrin and Tipton which parasitizes Leptonycteris yerbabuenae Martínez and Villa (lesser long-nosed bat) in Mexico. By the implementation of a multilocus approach, we found that P. paracaligus populations were diverse for haplotype diversity, and had values ranging from 0.5 to 1. No genetic structuring in the P. paracaligus parasites was observed along with the distribution of the host, L. yerbabuenae, in Mexico, nor when populations or regions were compared, but our results revealed a process of historical demographic expansion in all the analyzed markers. We discuss possible scenarios that could explain the lack of population structure in the light of the data analyzed for the parasites and the biology of L. yerbabuenae, such as the interplay between parasite and host traits being responsible for the genetic make-up of parasite populations. We also inferred its phylogenetic position among wing mites parasitizing the two other species of Leptonycteris bats. Long-nosed bats' monophyly helps to explain the observed presence of distinctive clades in the wing mite's phylogeny in specific association with each long-nosed bat host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zamora-Mejías
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, CP 04510, México
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-275 04510, Circuito Exterior s/n Anexo al Jardín Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, CP 04510, México
- Universidad de Costa Rica, A.P. 2060, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Roberto-Emiliano Trejo-Salazar
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n Anexo al Jardín Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, CP 04510, México
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito Exterior s/n Anexo al Jardín Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, CP 04510, México
| | - Luis E Eguiarte
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito Exterior s/n Anexo al Jardín Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, CP 04510, México
| | - Margarita Ojeda
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Sistemática de Microartrópodos, Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Coyoacán, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Juan B Morales-Malacara
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, 76230, México
| | - Rodrigo A Medellín
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-275 04510, Circuito Exterior s/n Anexo al Jardín Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, CP 04510, México
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6
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Simal F, Smith L, Doest O, de Lannoy C, Franken F, Zaandam I, Simal D, Nassar JM. Bat Inventories at Caves and Mines on the Islands of Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao, and Proposed Conservation Actions. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2022. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2021.23.2.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Simal
- WILDCONSCIENCE, Kaya Platina 42, Kralendijk, Bonaire, Caribbean Netherlands
| | - Linda Smith
- Arikok National Park, San Fuego 70, Aruba, Dutch Caribbean
| | - Odette Doest
- Veterinary Practice Doest, St Michielsweg # 41, Willemstad, Curaçao, Dutch Caribbean
| | - Clifford de Lannoy
- CARMABI, Piscaderabaai z/n, P.O. Box 2090, Willemstad, Curaçao, Dutch Caribbean
| | - Facundo Franken
- Department of Agriculture, Husbandry and Fisheries, Piedra Plat 114-A, Oranjestad, Aruba, Dutch Caribbean
| | - Indra Zaandam
- Arikok National Park, San Fuego 70, Aruba, Dutch Caribbean
| | - Daniela Simal
- WILDCONSCIENCE, Kaya Platina 42, Kralendijk, Bonaire, Caribbean Netherlands
| | - Jafet M. Nassar
- Laboratorio de Biología de Organismos, Centro de Ecología, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Carretera Panamericana km 11, Caracas 1204, Venezuela
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7
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Muñoz‐Romo M, Page RA, Kunz TH. Redefining the study of sexual dimorphism in bats: following the odour trail. Mamm Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Muñoz‐Romo
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Apartado 0843‐03092 Balboa, Ancón Panamá
- Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada Departamento de Biología Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Los Andes Mérida5101Venezuela
| | - Rachel A. Page
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Apartado 0843‐03092 Balboa, Ancón Panamá
| | - Thomas H. Kunz
- Center for Ecology and Conservation Biology Department of Biology Boston University Boston02215USA
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García-Rawlins AM, Nassar JM, Tárano Z. Roosting Behaviour and Time Budgets of the CuraÇAoan Long-Nosed Bat, Leptonycteris curasoae (Phyllostomatidae, Glossophaginae) in Captivity. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2020. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2020.22.2.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ariany M. García-Rawlins
- Laboratorio de Biología de Organismos, Centro de Ecología, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Carretera Panamericana Km 11, Caracas 1204, Venezuela
| | - Jafet M. Nassar
- Laboratorio de Biología de Organismos, Centro de Ecología, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Carretera Panamericana Km 11, Caracas 1204, Venezuela
| | - Zaida Tárano
- Laboratorio de Comportamiento Animal, Instituto de Biología Experimental, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Calle Suapure, Colinas de Bello Monte, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela
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Zamora-Mejías D, Morales-Malacara JB, Rodríguez-Herrera B, Ojeda M, Medellín RA. Does latitudinal migration represent an advantage in the decrease of ectoparasitic loads in Leptonycteris yerbabuenae (Chiroptera)? J Mammal 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyaa075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Latitudinal migration increases fitness of migrants by allowing them to exploit favorable conditions in nonadjacent geographic regions. Other consequences also may follow, such as interactions with parasites. Migrants may have lower parasite prevalence and abundance than resident individuals because of their ability to abandon infested areas or due to mortality of highly infested hosts. To further understand whether variation in ectoparasite loads is influenced by migration, we investigated whether prevalence and abundance of two species of obligate ectoparasites, the wing mite Periglischrus paracaligus (Mesostigmata: Spinturnicidae) and the bat fly Nycterophilia coxata (Diptera: Streblidae, Nycterophiliinae), of the lesser long-nosed bat, Leptonycteris yerbabuenae, varied between migratory and resident populations throughout their range in Mexico. We examined the presence or absence of migratory behavior, as well as sex and reproductive status of the host because ectoparasitism differentially affects the sexes. Our results showed that the prevalence of both ectoparasites did not vary between migrant and resident females or males, but abundance of the wing mite P. paracaligus was lower in migrant females compared with resident females, with an important influence from the reproductive status of the host. A partial negative relationship between ectoparasite loads and latitudinal migration therefore was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zamora-Mejías
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., México
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México
| | - Juan B Morales-Malacara
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | | | - Margarita Ojeda
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Sistemática de Microartrópodos, Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rodrigo A Medellín
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México
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Gaona O, Cerqueda-García D, Falcón LI, Vázquez-Domínguez G, Valdespino-Castillo PM, Neri-Barrios CX. Microbiota composition of the dorsal patch of reproductive male Leptonycteris yerbabuenae. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226239. [PMID: 31841551 PMCID: PMC6913938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria and other types of microbes interact with their hosts in several ways, including metabolic pathways, development, and complex behavioral processes such as mate recognition. During the mating season, adult males of the lesser long-nosed agave pollinator bat Leptonycteris yerbabuenae (Phyllostomidae: Glossophaginae) develop a structure called the dorsal patch, which is located in the interscapular region and may play a role in kin recognition and mate selection. Using high-throughput sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, we identified a total of 2,847 microbial phylotypes in the dorsal patches of eleven specimens. Twenty-six phylotypes were shared among all the patches, accounting for 30 to 75% of their relative abundance. These shared bacteria are distributed among 13 families, 10 orders, 6 classes and 3 phyla. Two of these common bacterial components of the dorsal patch are Lactococcus and Streptococcus. Some of them-Helcococcus, Aggregatibacter, Enterococcus, and Corynebacteriaceae-include bacteria with pathogenic potential. Half of the shared phylotypes belong to Gallicola, Anaerococcus, Peptoniphilus, Proteus, Staphylococcus, Clostridium, and Peptostreptococcus and specialize in fatty acid production through fermentative processes. This work lays the basis for future symbiotic microbe studies focused on communication and reproduction strategies in wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osiris Gaona
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas de la Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México, Instituto de Ecología, UNAM, Mexico City, México
- Laboratorio de Ecología Bacteriana, Instituto de Ecología, UNAM, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Daniel Cerqueda-García
- Consorcio de Investigación del Golfo de México (CIGOM), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Mérida, Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Luisa I. Falcón
- Laboratorio de Ecología Bacteriana, Instituto de Ecología, UNAM, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Guillermo Vázquez-Domínguez
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Patricia M. Valdespino-Castillo
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Carla-Ximena Neri-Barrios
- Laboratorio de Ecología Bacteriana, Instituto de Ecología, UNAM, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
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Frick WF, Heady PA, Earl AD, Arteaga MC, Cortés-Calva P, Medellín RA. Seasonal ecology of a migratory nectar-feeding bat at the edge of its range. J Mammal 2018; 99:1072-1081. [PMID: 30323407 PMCID: PMC6178787 DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyy088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Migratory species that cross geopolitical boundaries pose challenges for conservation planning because threats may vary across a species’ range and multi-country collaboration is required to implement conservation action plans. The lesser long-nosed bat (Leptonycteris yerbabuenae) is a migratory pollinator bat that was removed from the Endangered Species List in the United States in 2018 and from threatened status in Mexico in 2013. The seasonal ecology and conservation status of the species is well understood in the core part of its range on mainland Mexico and in the southwestern United States, but relatively little is known about the species on the Baja California peninsula in northwestern Mexico, a part of its range range separated by the Gulf of California. We studied the seasonal ecology of lesser long-nosed bats on the Baja peninsula at 8 focal roosts along a 450-km north-to-south transect to test hypotheses about migratory or residential status of the species on the Baja peninsula. We provide evidence of an extensive population of lesser long-nosed bats on the Baja peninsula that is primarily seasonally migratory and includes 2 mating roosts with males on the southern part of the peninsula. Seasonal ecology of lesser long-nosed bats was closely associated with the flowering and fruiting season of the cardón (Pachycereus pringlei), the dominant columnar cactus on the peninsula. However, we discovered that some female lesser long-nosed bats arrive and give birth at southern roosts in mid-February, about 2 months earlier than other migratory populations in more northern Sonoran Desert habitats. We documented the loss of nearly a third of the known maternity roosts during the study, demonstrating that action to protect key roosts remains a high priority. Migratory pollinators are particularly vulnerable to climate and land-use changes and we recommend continued monitoring and research to guide effective range-wide conservation of the species. Las especies migratorias o con rangos de distribución amplios que incluyen fronteras geopolíticas, representan desafíos particulares para la planificación de estrategias de conservación, ya que las amenazas así como las tendencias poblacionales pueden variar a lo largo de su rango geográfico y se requiere la colaboración de múltiples países para implementar planes de acción que permitan su conservación. El murciélago magueyero menor (Leptonycteris yerbabuenae) es un murciélago polinizador migratorio que recientemente fue sacado de la lista de especies en peligro en los Estados Unidos en 2018 y en México en 2013. La ecología estacional y el estatus de conservación de esta especie, ha sido bien estudiado en el centro de su rango de distribución en México continental, pero se sabe muy poco acerca de la especie en la Península de Baja California en el noreste de México, región que está separada del resto del rango por el golfo de California. Nosotros estudiamos la ecología estacional del murciélago magueyero menor, en ocho cuevas a lo largo de un transecto de 450 km norte-sur, en la Península de Baja California y pusimos a prueba la hipótesis del status migratorio o residente de sus poblaciones en esta región. Proporcionamos la primera evidencia de una extensa población de esta especie en la península, a cual es principalmente migratoria estacional e incluye dos cuevas de reproducción ubicadas al sur de esta región. La ecología estacional del murciélago magueyero menor estuvo fuertemente asociada con la estación de floración y fructificación del cardón (Pachycereus pringlei), el cactus columnar dominante en la península. Nosotros también descubrimos que algunas hembras llegan y dan a luz en las cuevas más sureñas, a mediados de febrero, cerca de dos meses antes que otras poblaciones migratorias, en el desierto de Sonora del norte. Durante el tiempo de este estudio, documentamos la destrucción de una de las cuevas de maternidad, lo que demuestra la necesidad de acciones de conservación para proteger estos refugios. Los polinizadores migratorios son particularmente vulnerables a cambios en el uso del suelo y al cambio climático y recomendamos continuar con el monitoreo y la investigación, con el fin de guiar su conservación a lo largo de todo el rango de distribución de la especie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winifred F Frick
- Bat Conservation International, Austin, TX, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Paul A Heady
- Bat Conservation Research and Services, Aptos, CA, USA
| | | | - Maria Clara Arteaga
- Departamento de Biología de la Conservación, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana N. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Patricia Cortés-Calva
- Programa de Planeación Ambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
| | - Rodrigo A Medellín
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal, México Distrito Federal, México
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Abstract
With over 1200 species identified, bats represent almost one quarter of the world’s mammals. Bats provide crucial environmental services, such as insect control and pollination, and inhabit a wide variety of ecological niches on all continents except Antarctica. Despite their ubiquity and ecological importance, relatively little has been published on diseases of bats, while much has been written on bats’ role as reservoirs in disease transmission. This chapter will focus on diseases and pathologic processes most commonly reported in captive and free-ranging bats. Unique anatomical and histological features and common infectious and non-infectious diseases will be discussed. As recognition of both the importance and vulnerability of bats grows, particularly following population declines in North America due to the introduction of the fungal disease white-nose syndrome, efforts should be made to better understand threats to the health of this unique group of mammals.
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13
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Sergiel A, Naves J, Kujawski P, Maślak R, Serwa E, Ramos D, Fernández-Gil A, Revilla E, Zwijacz-Kozica T, Zięba F, Painer J, Selva N. Histological, chemical and behavioural evidence of pedal communication in brown bears. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1052. [PMID: 28432322 PMCID: PMC5430784 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01136-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most mammals rely upon scent for intraspecific communication. As most bear species have large home ranges and are non-territorial, scent deposit while walking could be an effective way to communicate with conspecifics. Here, we investigate the existence of pedal glands in brown bears and their role in chemical communication from a histological, biochemical and behavioural perspective. We found eccrine glands in footpads, and prominent apocrine and sebaceous glands in the interdigital, metacarpal and metatarsal skin sections. Pedal scent contained 26 compounds including carboxylic acids, important constituents of mammalian secretions. Six of these compounds were exclusive for males. Finally, we describe a specific marking gait recorded in the field, mostly performed by males. Our study supports the existence of chemical communication through pedal marking in brown bears and suggests sex-coding potential of pedal scent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Sergiel
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Adama Mickiewicza Av. 33, 31120, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Javier Naves
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana CSIC, Avd. Americo Vespucio s/n, 41092, Seville, Spain
| | - Piotr Kujawski
- Wrocław Research Centre EIT+, Stabłowicka 147, 54006, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Robert Maślak
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Conservation of Vertebrates, Institute of Environmental Biology, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza Str. 21, 50335, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Serwa
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Conservation of Vertebrates, Institute of Environmental Biology, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza Str. 21, 50335, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Damián Ramos
- Consejería de Desarrollo Rural y Recursos Naturales, Gobierno del Principado de Asturias, C/Coronel Aranda, 2 - Planta 3ª, 33005, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alberto Fernández-Gil
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana CSIC, Avd. Americo Vespucio s/n, 41092, Seville, Spain
| | - Eloy Revilla
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana CSIC, Avd. Americo Vespucio s/n, 41092, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Filip Zięba
- Tatra National Park, Kuźnice 1, 34500, Zakopane, Poland
| | - Johanna Painer
- Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine, Savoyenstraße 1, 1160, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nuria Selva
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Adama Mickiewicza Av. 33, 31120, Kraków, Poland
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Nassar JM, Galicia R, Ibarra A, Medellin RA. Tracking the origin of the smearing behavior in long-nosed bats (Leptonycteris spp.). Mamm Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Ramírez Hernández G, Herrera M. LG. Allocation of endogenous nutrients for reproduction in the lesser long-nosed bat (
Leptonycteris yerbabuenae
) in central Mexico. J Mammal 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyv149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In contrast to birds, the contribution of body reserves to sustain reproductive activities of migratory bats has not being examined. We used C stable isotope analysis to track the importance of nutrients stored in body tissues of the lesser long-nosed bat ( Leptonycteris yerbabuenae ) in Central Mexico. The bat migrates seasonally between areas dominated by vegetation types with contrasting C stable isotope values: in spring–summer, it forages in cactus forests before commuting to dry and wet forests, where mating and births occur. We collected breath and whole blood from nonreproductive individuals in a cactus forest in spring–mid-summer, from mating individuals in an evergreen forest in mid-late summer, and from lactating females in winter in a tropical deciduous forest. We also collected hair and milk from lactating females and several tissues from naturally aborted fetus in late autumn. We tested the hypothesis that nutrient reserves accumulated in cactus forest contribute to the maintenance of adults when they commute to their reproductive grounds, to the construction of offspring tissues during pregnancy, and to the production of milk. The importance of energy stores accumulated in cactus forests to fuel oxidative metabolism was marginal for mating males but it was high for some mating females. Nutrient stores accumulated in cactus forests contributed to ~50% of synthesis of fetus tissues but their contribution for milk production was negligible. Female lesser long-nosed bats can be described as capital-income breeders in relation to the development of offspring during gestation and as incomer breeders in relation to lactation.
En contraste con las aves, la contribución de las reservas corporales para mantener las actividades reproductivas no ha sido evaluada en los murciélagos migratorios. En este estudio, usamos análisis de isótopos estables de C para reconstruir la importancia de los nutrientes almacenados en los tejidos del murciélago magueyero menor ( Leptonycteris yerbabuenae ) en el centro de México. Este murciélago migra estacionalmente entre áreas dominadas por tipos de vegetación con valores contrastantes de isótopos estables de C: la especie forrajea en bosques de cactáceas en primavera-verano antes de moverse a bosques secos y húmedos donde ocurren el apareamiento y los nacimientos. Se colectaron muestras de aliento y sangre entera de individuos no reproductivos en un bosque de cactáceas en primavera y mediados del verano, de individuos en etapa de apareamiento en un bosque húmedo a mediados y finales del verano, y de hembras lactantes en el invierno en un bosque seco tropical. Además, se colectaron muestras de pelo y leche de las hembras lactantes, y de varios tejidos de fetos a finales del otoño. Se probó la hipótesis de que las reservas de nutrientes acumuladas en el bosque de cactáceas contribuyen al mantenimiento de los adultos cuando se mueven a sus sitios de apareamiento, a la construcción de tejidos de las crías durante la preñez, y a la producción de leche. La importancia de las reservas de energía acumuladas en los bosques de cactáceas fue marginal para los machos y fue alta para algunas hembras durante el apareamiento. Los nutrientes acumulados en los bosques de cactáceas contribuyeron en hasta el 50% de la síntesis de tejidos de los fetos pero su contribución para la producción de leche fue de poca importancia. Las hembras de los murciélagos magueyeros menores siguen una estrategia reproductiva mixta de uso de reservas acumuladas y de nutrientes externos en relación al desarrollo de las crías durante la gestación, y una estrategia de uso de nutrientes externos en relación a la lactancia.
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Simal F, de Lannoy C, García-Smith L, Doest O, de Freitas JA, Franken F, Zaandam I, Martino A, González-Carcacía JA, Peñaloza CL, Bertuol P, Simal D, Nassar JM. Island–island and island–mainland movements of the Curaçaoan long-nosed bat, Leptonycteris curasoae. J Mammal 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyv063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Fatty acid methyl ester profiles of bat wing surface lipids. Lipids 2014; 49:1143-50. [PMID: 25227993 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3951-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sebocytes are specialized epithelial cells that rupture to secrete sebaceous lipids (sebum) across the mammalian integument. Sebum protects the integument from UV radiation, and maintains host microbial communities among other functions. Native glandular sebum is composed primarily of triacylglycerides (TAG) and wax esters (WE). Upon secretion (mature sebum), these lipids combine with minor cellular membrane components comprising total surface lipids. TAG and WE are further cleaved to smaller molecules through oxidation or host enzymatic digestion, resulting in a complex mixture of glycerolipids (e.g., TAG), sterols, unesterified fatty acids (FFA), WE, cholesteryl esters, and squalene comprising surface lipid. We are interested if fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiling of bat surface lipid could predict species specificity to the cutaneous fungal disease, white nose syndrome (WNS). We collected sebaceous secretions from 13 bat spp. using Sebutape(®) and converted them to FAME with an acid catalyzed transesterification. We found that Sebutape(®) adhesive patches removed ~6× more total lipid than Sebutape(®) indicator strips. Juvenile eastern red bats (Lasiurus borealis) had significantly higher 18:1 than adults, but 14:0, 16:1, and 20:0 were higher in adults. FAME profiles among several bat species were similar. We concluded that bat surface lipid FAME profiling does not provide a robust model predicting species susceptibility to WNS. However, these results provide baseline data that can be used for lipid roles in future ecological studies, such as life history, diet, or migration.
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Pannkuk EL, McGuire LP, Gilmore DF, Savary BJ, Risch TS. Glycerophospholipid analysis of Eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis) hair by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chem Ecol 2014; 40:227-35. [PMID: 24532214 PMCID: PMC4167415 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0388-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pilosebaceous units found in the mammalian integument are composed of a hair follicle, the proximal portion of the hair shaft, a sebaceous gland, and the erector pili muscle. Pilosebaceous units release protective oils, or sebum, by holocrine secretion onto skin and hair through rupturing of sebocytes. Sebum is composed largely of polar and neutral lipids including glycerolipids, free fatty acids, sterols, wax esters, sterol esters, and squalene. In addition to these lipid classes, there is a small proportion of ionic/anionic glycerophospholipids (GPs). Composition of GPs on hair is rarely addressed despite their broad biological activities as signaling molecules and membrane stability. Furthermore, knowledge on GP composition in bats is lacking. Bat GP composition is important to document due to GP roles ranging from decreasing drag during migration to interaction with the integumentary microbiome. In this study, we analyzed GP molecular composition with liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and compared GP content to previous literature. A total of 152 GPs were detected. Broad GP classes identified include lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylcholine (PC), lysophosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidic acid, and phosphatidylglycerol, with PC being the most abundant class. The acyl components were consistent with fatty acid methyl esters and triacylglyceride moieties found in Eastern red bat sebum. Glycerophospholipid proportions of the hair surface were different from a previous study on bat lung surfactants. This study determined the broad class and molecular species of bat sebum GPs that may be used in future ecological studies in vespertilionid bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L Pannkuk
- Graduate Program of Environmental Science, Arkansas State University, P.O. Box 847, State University, Jonesboro, AR, 72467, USA,
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Rincón-Vargas F, Stoner KE, Vigueras-Villaseñor RM, Nassar JM, Chaves ÓM, Hudson R. Internal and external indicators of male reproduction in the lesser long-nosed batLeptonycteris yerbabuenae. J Mammal 2013. [DOI: 10.1644/11-mamm-a-357.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Muñoz-Romo M, Nielsen LT, Nassar JM, Kunz TH. Chemical Composition of the Substances from Dorsal Patches of Males of the CuraÇAoan Long-Nosed Bat,Leptonycteris curasoae(Phyllostomidae: Glossophaginae). ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2012. [DOI: 10.3161/150811012x654411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Muñoz-Romo M, Burgos JF, Kunz TH. The Dorsal Patch of Males of the Curaçaoan Long-Nosed bat,Leptonycteris curasoae(Phyllostomidae: Glossophaginae) as a Visual Signal. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2011. [DOI: 10.3161/150811011x578769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Histomorphology of preorbital gland in territorial and non-territorial male blackbuck Antelope cervicapra, a critically endangered species. Biologia (Bratisl) 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-011-0015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Muñoz-Romo M, Kunz TH. Dorsal Patch and Chemical Signaling in Males of the Long-Nosed Bat,Leptonycteris curasoae(Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). J Mammal 2009. [DOI: 10.1644/08-mamm-a-324.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Murray KL, Fleming TH. Social Structure and Mating System of the Buffy Flower Bat,Erophylla sezekorni(Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae). J Mammal 2008. [DOI: 10.1644/08-mamm-s-068.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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