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Li H, Wu M, Li Z, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Wang L, Hou Y, Wu T. Effect of supplementation with yeast polysaccharides on intestinal function in piglets infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1378070. [PMID: 38655081 PMCID: PMC11035810 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1378070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has caused huge economic losses to the pig industry. Yeast polysaccharides (YP) has been used as a feed additive in recent years and poses good anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects. The present study aimed to explore the protective effect of YP on intestinal damage in PEDV-infected piglets. Eighteen 7-day-old piglets with similar body weights were randomly divided into three groups: Control group (basal diet), PEDV group (basal diet), and PEDV+YP group (basal diet +20 mg/kg BW YP), six replicates per group and one pig per replicate. Piglets in PEDV group and PEDV+YP group were orally given PEDV (dose: 1 × 106 TCID50) at 19:30 PM on the 8th day of the experiment. The control group received the same volume of PBS solution. Weight was taken on an empty stomach in the morning of the 11th day, blood was collected and then anesthetic was administered with pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/kg·BW) by intramuscular injection, and samples were slaughtered after the anesthetic was complete. The results showed that YP could alleviate the destruction of intestinal villus morphology of piglets caused by PEDV. Meanwhile, PEDV infection can reduce the activity of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase, and increase the content of malondialdehyde. YP can improve the antioxidative capacity in the serum and small intestine of PEDV-infected piglets. In addition, YP inhibited the replication of PEDV in the jejunum ileum and colon. Moreover, YP can regulate the mRNA levels of inflammatory genes (IL-1β and iNOS) and lipid metabolic genes (APOA4 and APOC3) in the small intestine. In summary, YP could inhibit virus replicates, improve intestinal morphology, enhance antioxidant capacity, relieve inflammation and regulate the metabolism of the intestine in PEDV-infected piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiao Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengjun Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhonghua Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
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Hypothalamic detection of macronutrients via multiple gut-brain pathways. Cell Metab 2021; 33:676-687.e5. [PMID: 33450178 PMCID: PMC7933100 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Food intake is tightly regulated by complex and coordinated gut-brain interactions. Nutrients rapidly modulate activity in key populations of hypothalamic neurons that regulate food intake, including hunger-sensitive agouti-related protein (AgRP)-expressing neurons. Because individual macronutrients engage specific receptors in the gut to communicate with the brain, we reasoned that macronutrients may utilize different pathways to reduce activity in AgRP neurons. Here, we revealed that AgRP neuron activity in hungry mice is inhibited by site-specific intestinal detection of different macronutrients. We showed that vagal gut-brain signaling is required for AgRP neuron inhibition by fat. In contrast, spinal gut-brain signaling relays the presence of intestinal glucose. Further, we identified glucose sensors in the intestine and hepatic portal vein that mediate glucose-dependent AgRP neuron inhibition. Therefore, distinct pathways are activated by individual macronutrients to inhibit AgRP neuron activity.
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Jiang Z, Gao W, Du X, Zhang F, Bai X. Development of Low-calorie Organogel from sn-2 Position-modified Coconut Oil Rich in Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. J Oleo Sci 2019; 68:399-408. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess18210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zefang Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University
| | - Wei Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University
| | - Xiaojing Du
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University
| | - Fangfang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University
| | - Xinpeng Bai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University
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Mundi MS, Martindale RG, Hurt RT. Emergence of Mixed-Oil Fat Emulsions for Use in Parenteral Nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2017; 41:3S-13S. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607117742595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet S. Mundi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Robert G. Martindale
- Division of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Ryan T. Hurt
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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The effect of perinatal fish oil supplementation on neurodevelopment and growth of infants: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:2387-2397. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1512-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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A balance of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids is important in pregnancy. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION & INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnim.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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7
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Essential role of docosahexaenoic acid towards development of a smarter brain. Neurochem Int 2015; 89:51-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Liu Z, Liu W, Huang Y, Guo J, Zhao R, Yang X. Lipopolysaccharide significantly influences the hepatic triglyceride metabolism in growing pigs. Lipids Health Dis 2015; 14:64. [PMID: 26121977 PMCID: PMC4495945 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the practical commercial pig farms, inflammation is a perennial problem, yet most of studies on inflammation are focused on immune response. Actually, inflammation can induce body metabolism disorder which will finally influence animals' growth. In this study, we investigated the effect of acute inflammation on the triglyceride (TG) metabolism in the liver of growing pigs and the possible underlying mechanisms. METHODS Twelve male growing pigs were randomly divided into two groups, a control group (received saline) and a LPS group (intramuscular injected with 15 μg/kg LPS). Six hours after LPS injection, the pigs were euthanized and sampled. Biochemical indexes, inflammation factors, lipid metabolism related parameters and mitochondrial function were evaluated. The relationship between glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and the key enzymes of de novo lipogenesis were also investigated by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (ChIP). RESULTS LPS induced a serious inflammation in the liver of growing pigs proved by liver morphologic changes, the up-regulated plasma cortisol, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) content and gene expression of inflammation related genes in liver. For de novo lipogenesis, LPS significantly decreased the gene expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS), Acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1 (ACC-1) and Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1), and the protein expression of ACC-1 and SCD-1. For lipolysis, only the gene expression of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) was decreased. LPS did nothing to the gene expression of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and the lipolytic enzymes activities. For β-oxidation, LPS significantly increased the protein expression of CPT-1α, but the gene expression of mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes and the activities of mitochondrial complex IV and V demonstrated no obviously changes. Furthermore, ChIP results showed that LPS significantly decreased the level of GR binding to ACC-1 promoter. CONCLUSION LPS infection has a profound impact on hepatic TG metabolism. This impact is mainly demonstrated by the significantly deceased de novo lipogenesis, and GR may involve in its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weifeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ruqian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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Ngyugen H, McNamee CE. Determination and comparison of how the chain number and chain length of a lipid affects its interactions with a phospholipid at an air/water interface. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:5901-12. [PMID: 24811393 DOI: 10.1021/jp500840a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We determined how the number of chains in a lipid and its chain length affects its interactions with a phospholipid model membrane, and whether the number of chains or the chain length of lipids affects their interactions with the phospholipids more. This was achieved by using a Langmuir trough and a fluorescence microscope to study the interactions of mono-, di-, and triglycerides with a phospholipid monolayer at an air/water interface. The effect of the number of chains in a lipid on its interactions with phospholipids at air/water interfaces was shown by surface pressure-area per molecule isotherms and their thermodynamic analysis to worsen as the number of alkyl chains was increased to be greater than one. An increase in the packing density decreased the mixing ability of the lipids with the phospholipids, resulting in the formation of aggregates in the mixed monolayer. The aggregation was explained by the intermolecular hydrophobic and van der Waals attractions between the lipid molecules. Fluorescence microscopy revealed partial mixing without aggregation for monoglycerides, but the presence of lipid aggregation for diglycerides and triglycerides. The effect of decreasing the chain length of triglycerides from a long chain to a medium chain caused the interactions of the lipids with the phospholipid molecules at the air/water interface to significantly improve. Decreasing the chain length of monoglycerides from a long chain to a medium chain worsened their interaction with the phospholipid molecules. The effect of decreasing the triglyceride chain length on their interactions with phospholipids was much greater than the effect of decreasing the number of alkyl chains in the lipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Ngyugen
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University , Tokida 3-15-1, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567 Japan
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Matulka RA, Thompson DVML, Burdock GA. Lack of toxicity by medium chain triglycerides (MCT) in canines during a 90-day feeding study. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:35-9. [PMID: 19135768 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fats in food are natural energy sources to animals and are included in the American Association of Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) manual as a requirement for dog food. Medium chain triglycerides are comprised of a glycerol backbone esterified to medium chain length (8-12 carbon) fatty acids (FA) and, in the context of this report, are all saturated FA. Unlike esterified long chain (>12 carbons) FA (long chain triglycerides or LCT), MCT are lower in caloric value, and are eliminated from the body more quickly than LCT. The objective of this study was to determine the safety of MCT when fed to beagles for 90 days at levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% MCT added to conventional feed. The beagles were monitored for signs of toxicity by clinical observations, body weight measurements, food consumption level, physical examinations, hematology and serum chemistry, ophthalmic examinations, and urinalysis. There were no signs of toxic effects observed in any of the animals that were related to feed, and the animal viability was 100% at the end of the study. Some animals exhibited significant increased blood urea nitrogen, potassium and cholesterol levels in the 10% and 15% MCT-fed groups. Also, in the same groups with elevated nitrogen, there were concomitant reductions in total blood protein and urine volumes. These changes in serum chemistry may be the result of protein sparing effects due to the high levels of MCT intake, and are not deemed to be pathological in nature. Animals receiving 15% MCT in feed had lower levels of food intake due to palatability issues. From the other examination parameters, there were no significant changes noted between groups receiving MCT and vehicle feed. No safety concerns were noted at any dose level, although an issue with palatability precluded identifying 15% as the highest dose level tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray A Matulka
- Burdock Group, 801 North Orange Avenue, Suite 710, Orlando, FL 32801, USA.
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11
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Matulka RA, Noguchi O, Nosaka N. Safety evaluation of a medium- and long-chain triacylglycerol oil produced from medium-chain triacylglycerols and edible vegetable oil. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:1530-8. [PMID: 16753249 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2005] [Revised: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To reduce the incorporation of dietary lipids into adipose tissue, modified fats and oils have been developed, such as medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCT). Typical dietary lipids from vegetable oils, termed long-chain triacylglycerols (LCT), are degraded by salivary, intestinal and pancreatic lipases into two fatty acids and a monoacyl glycerol; whereas, MCT are degraded by the same enzymes into three fatty acids and the simple glycerol backbone. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) are readily absorbed from the small intestine directly into the bloodstream and transported to the liver for hepatic metabolism, while long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) are incorporated into chylomicrons and enter the lymphatic system. MCFA are readily broken down to carbon dioxide and two-carbon fragments, while LCFA are re-esterified to triacylglycerols and either metabolized for energy or stored in adipose tissue. Therefore, consumption of MCT decreases the incorporation of fatty acids into adipose tissue. However, MCT have technological disadvantages precluding their use in many food applications. A possible resolution is the manufacture and use of a triacylglycerol containing both LCT and MCT, termed medium- and long-chain triacylglycerol (MLCT). This manuscript describes studies performed for the safety evaluation of a MLCT oil enzymatically produced from MCT and edible vegetable oil (containing LCT), by a transesterification process. The approximate fatty acid composition of this MLCT consists of caprylic acid (9.7%), capric acid (3.3%), palmitic acid (3.8%), stearic acid (1.7%), oleic acid (51.2%), linoleic acid (18.4%), linolenic acid (9.0%), and other fatty acids (2.9%). The approximate percentages of long (L) and medium (M) fatty acids in the triacylglyerols are as follows: L, L, L (55.1%), L, L, M (35.2%), L, M, M (9.1%), and M, M, M (0.6%). The studies included: (1) acute study in rats (LD50>5000 mg/kg); (2) 6 week repeat-dose safety study via dietary administration to rats (NOAEL of 3500 mg/kg/day), (3) in vitro genotoxicity studies using Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli (negative at 5000 mg/plate), and (4) a four-week, placebo-controlled, double blind, human clinical trial utilizing 20 test subjects (no effects at 42 g MLCT/day). These data are corroborated by other studies published in the peer-reviewed literature on analogous MLCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Matulka
- Burdock Group, 2001 9th Avenue, Vero Beach, FL 32960, USA.
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Park SY, Kim YW, Kim JE, Kim JY. Age-associated changes in fat metabolism in the rat and its relation to sympathetic activity. Life Sci 2006; 79:2228-33. [PMID: 16890963 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, to determine if age associated changes in fat metabolism in skeletal muscle and liver were related with sympathetic activity, we measured sympathetic activity and palmitate oxidation rate, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1) activity, and triglyceride concentration in skeletal muscle and liver of rats at 8, 30 and 60 weeks of age. Body weight, intra-abdominal percent of fat mass, and plasma level of insulin, leptin, and triglyceride were all significantly increased with age. Tissue triglyceride concentration was increased with age in liver and skeletal muscle. The palmitate oxidation rate in liver and skeletal muscle was reduced with age in rats and inversely correlated with tissue triglyceride concentration. CPT-1 activity was not altered with age. Plasma catecholamine concentration and sympathetic activity, as measured by spectral analysis of heart rate variability, were increased with age. Plasma norepinephrine or epinephrine and tissue triglyceride had a positive correlation in liver and skeletal muscle. Plasma norepinephrine or epinephrine to tissue triglyceride ratio was similar according to age. In summary, in spite of increased sympathetic activity with age, the tissue triglyceride concentration was increased. Increased sympathetic activity may be the compensatory response and the reduced capacity of fatty acid oxidation is a main cause of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Young Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, South Korea.
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YAMAGUCHI I, AKOH CC, LAI OM. MODIFICATION OF FISH OIL BY LIPOZYME TL IM TO PRODUCE STRUCTURED LIPID. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4522.2004.tb00261.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Lipid sources for enteral nutrition continue to be an exciting area of investigation. It is timely to review recent developments which have largely contributed to thrust enteral feeding into a new era. RECENT FINDINGS Although much more research needs to be done, there is a better understanding of the competitive relationships between n-6/n-3 fatty acids in conditions of metabolic and immune stress as well as in autoimmune and degenerative diseases. Although structured lipids are more completely absorbed and cleared, other more important clinical benefits need to be documented before they can be considered cost-effective. Immune enhancing formulas are the subject of controversy and some have been shown to be more effective than others. Enteral formulations with short-chain fatty acids are promising but more experimental work on the normal, and the sick colon is needed. Finally, there are a few isolated studies suggesting that enteral feeding with liposomes and with lipolytic products may have advantages when the digestive phase needs to be circumvented. The era of nutrigenomics, in which the effect of specific lipids on genes and proteins is being explored, is with us. We can look forward to nutrigenetics when the effect of genetic variation on the interaction between diet and disease will guide our practice. SUMMARY Clinicians already have access to lipid sources and formulations which allow them to individualize enteral feeding programs. More clinical and technological research needs to be carried out, however, before products can be tailored to produce optimal effects in specific conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude C Roy
- Departments of Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Montréal, Hospital Sainte-Justine, 3175 Ste-Catherine Road, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3T 1C5.
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Osborn HT, Akoh CC. Structured Lipids-Novel Fats with Medical, Nutraceutical, and Food Applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2002; 1:110-120. [PMID: 33451231 DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2002.tb00010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Generally, structured lipids (SLs) are triacylglycerols (TAGs) that have been modified to change the fatty acid composition and/or their positional distribution in glycerol backbone by chemically and/or enzymatically catalyzed reactions and/or genetic engineering. More specifically, SLs are modified TAGs with improved nutritional or functional properties. SLs provide an effective means for producing tailor-made lipids with desired physical characteristics, chemical properties, and/or nutritional benefits. The production, commercialization outlook, medical, and food applications of SLs are reviewed here. Physical property measurements for SL in food systems and future research needs for increased industrial acceptance are also included in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Osborn
- The authors are with the Univ. of Georgia, Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Food Science Building, Athens, GA 30602-7610
| | - C C Akoh
- The authors are with the Univ. of Georgia, Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Food Science Building, Athens, GA 30602-7610
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BEARDSELL DAVID, FRANCIS JULIE, RIDLEY DAN, ROBARDS KEVIN. HEALTH PROMOTING CONSTITUENTS IN PLANT DERIVED EDIBLE OILS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4522.2002.tb00205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bendixen H, Flint A, Raben A, Høy CE, Mu H, Xu X, Bartels EM, Astrup A. Effect of 3 modified fats and a conventional fat on appetite, energy intake, energy expenditure, and substrate oxidation in healthy men. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 75:47-56. [PMID: 11756059 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/75.1.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different dietary fats are metabolized differently in humans and may influence energy expenditure, substrate oxidation, appetite regulation, and body weight regulation. OBJECTIVE We examined the short-term effects of 4 triacylglycerols (test fats) on subjective appetite, ad libitum energy intake, meal-induced thermogenesis, and postprandial substrate oxidation. DESIGN Eleven healthy, normal-weight men (mean age: 25.1 +/- 0.5 y) consumed 4 different test fats [conventional fat (rapeseed oil) and 3 modified fats (lipase-structured fat, chemically structured fat, and physically mixed fat)] in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. RESULTS No significant differences in appetite sensations or ad libitum energy intakes were observed between the 4 test fats. Overall, the 4 fats exerted different effects on energy expenditure (meal effect: P < 0.01) and substrate oxidation (interaction between meal and time: P < 0.05). In post hoc tests, the 3 modified fats resulted in significantly higher postprandial energy expenditure and fat oxidation than did the conventional fat (P < 0.008, Bonferroni adjusted); no significant differences were observed between the 3 modified fats. CONCLUSIONS Structured fats do not change short-term postprandial appetite sensations or ad libitum energy intakes but do result in higher postprandial energy expenditure and fat oxidation than do conventional fats and hence promote negative energy and fat balance. In humans, a physically mixed fat (trioctanoate + rapeseed oil) is metabolized as quickly as are structured fats. The position of medium-chain fatty acids on the glycerol backbone of triacylglycerols does not seem to affect energy expenditure or appetite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Bendixen
- Research Department of Human Nutrition, the Centre for Advanced Food Studies, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Stuchlík M, Žák S. LIPID-BASED VEHICLE FOR ORAL DRUG DELIVERY. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2001. [DOI: 10.5507/bp.2001.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Shen H, Howles P, Tso P. From interaction of lipidic vehicles with intestinal epithelial cell membranes to the formation and secretion of chylomicrons. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2001; 50 Suppl 1:S103-25. [PMID: 11576698 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(01)00181-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipophilic drugs are carried by chylomicrons that are secreted by the small intestine and transported in lymph. This review discusses the digestion, uptake, and transport of dietary lipids and the impact that these processes have on the absorption of lipophilic drugs by the gastrointestinal tract. This chapter complements Dr. Chris Potter's chapter on the "pre-absorptive" events of drug processing and solubilization. This chapter reviews the digestion of lipids in the gastric and intestinal lumen and the role of bile salts in the solubilization of lipid digestion products for uptake by the gut. Both the passive and active uptake of lipid digestion products is discussed. How intestinal lipid transporters located at the brush border membrane may play a role in the uptake of lipids by the enterocytes is examined, as is the regulation of the absorption of cholesterol by the human ATP-binding cassette transporter-1 (ABC1). The intracellular trafficking and the resynthesis of complex lipids from lipid digestion products are explored, and the formation and secretion of chylomicrons are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shen
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Straarup EM, Høy CE. Lymphatic transport of fat in rats with normal- and malabsorption following intake of fats made from fish oil and decanoic acid. Effects of triacylglycerol structure. Nutr Res 2001; 21:1001-1013. [PMID: 11446984 DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(01)00298-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fish oils contain essential polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n-3 family. In fat malabsorption the n-3 fatty acids are poorly absorbed. Absorption may be improved by modifying the fatty acid profile of fish oil through interesterification with medium chain fatty acids. We examined the absorption of fish oil interesterified with decanoic acid in rats with normal- and malabsorption compared to a physical mixture and the fish oil itself. The interesterified fats were: 1) a regiospecific fat with decanoic acid located mainly in the sn1/3-positions and a long chain fatty acid from fish oil in the sn2-position, 2) a fat with a random distribution of fatty acids in all positions of the triacylglycerol. The main mesenteric lymph duct was cannulated for collection of lymph. In the malabsorbing rats the common bile duct was cannulated as well to divert both pancreatic juice and bile. The fatty acid composition in lymph samples collected for 24 hours was determined. Accumulated transport of n-3 fatty acids from fish oil was improved in malabsorbing rats and recoveries of fatty acids after 24 hours were improved in both rats with normal- and malabsorption administered the randomized fat compared to fish oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M. Straarup
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition and Center for Advanced Food Studies, The Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Willis WM, Marangoni AG. Biotechnological strategies for the modification of food lipids. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2000; 16:141-75. [PMID: 10819078 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.1999.10647973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W M Willis
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Asakura L, Lottenberg AM, Neves MQ, Nunes VS, Rocha JC, Passarelli M, Nakandakare ER, Quintão EC. Dietary medium-chain triacylglycerol prevents the postprandial rise of plasma triacylglycerols but induces hypercholesterolemia in primary hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71:701-5. [PMID: 10702162 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/71.3.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies showed divergent results concerning the influence of medium-chain triacylglycerol (MCT) on lipoprotein metabolism. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare the effects of MCT and corn oil on plasma lipids in primary hypertriglyceridemic patients. DESIGN Ten subjects ate different proportions of corn oil and MCT for 12 wk. The subjects first ate a low-fat diet for 2 wk and during the next 4 wk, corn oil was added as the sole source of fat. Thereafter, for 2-wk periods, the subjects were sequentially fed corn oil and MCT mixed in the following proportions: 3:1, 1:1, and 0:1. Fasting plasma total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and HDL-cholesterol concentrations were measured at the end of each period. At the end of the 100%-corn oil and of the 100%-MCT periods, subjects were fed a test meal containing the respective oil (40 g fat/m(2) body surface area) and total cholesterol and triacylglycerols were measured at 2-h intervals over 8 h; fasting lipoprotein composition was also measured. RESULTS Compared with corn oil, MCT was associated with a higher mean (+/-SD) fasting total cholesterol concentration (6.39 +/- 1.14 compared with 5.51 +/- 0.98 mmol/L, respectively; P < 0. 05); non-HDL-cholesterol concentrations were also higher with MCT (5. 36 +/- 1.11 mmol/L) than with corn oil (4.51 +/- 0.92 mmol/L; P < 0. 005). In response to the liquid test meal, plasma total cholesterol did not change with either diet but triacylglycerols increased with the 100%-corn oil diet. CONCLUSIONS MCT prevents the risk of pancreatitis due to postprandial hypertriglyceridemia but has the inconvenience of raising total cholesterol concentrations in primary hypertriglyceridemic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Asakura
- Lipids Laboratory (LIM 10), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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Berger A, Fleith M, Crozier G. Nutritional implications of replacing bovine milk fat with vegetable oil in infant formulas. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000; 30:115-30. [PMID: 10697128 DOI: 10.1097/00005176-200002000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Berger
- Department of Nutrition, Nestle Research Center, Nestec SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Abstract
Vegetable oils are a major component of human diets, comprising as much as 25% of average caloric intake. Until recently, it was not possible to exert significant control over the chemical composition of vegetable oils derived from different plants. However, the advent of genetic engineering has provided novel opportunities to tailor the composition of plant-derived lipids so that they are optimized with respect to food functionality and human dietary needs. In order to exploit this new capability, it is essential for food scientists and nutritionists to define the lipid compositions that would be most desirable for various purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Broun
- Mendel Biotechnology, Hayward, California 94545, USA.
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Abstract
Lipids in enteral nutrition facilitate the presentation of a high energy source with low osmotic impact. Focus has shifted from macronutrients towards the inclusion of special nutrients and growth factors. Recent advances in the design of triacylglycerol lipids with specific structures facilitate the absorption of essential fatty acids of the n-3 series, which provide specific benefits with respect to tissue repair and to the immune system. Enteric formulations containing n-3 lipids are proving to be of value in sustaining seriously ill patients. Information from well-controlled trials is generally consistent in establishing the benefits of formulations containing n-3 lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Redgrave
- University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth, Australia.
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Druml W, Fischer M, Ratheiser K. Use of intravenous lipids in critically ill patients with sepsis without and with hepatic failure. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1998; 22:217-23. [PMID: 9661122 DOI: 10.1177/0148607198022004217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fat is the preferred energy fuel both in patients with sepsis and with hepatic failure. Thus lipid emulsions should serve as an ideal nutritional substrate in parenteral nutrition. However, previous studies have generated conflicting results on the utilization of artificial lipids in these disease states, and systematic studies in critically ill patients with combined organ dysfunctions and additional complications are lacking. We compared the elimination, hydrolysis, and oxidation of a 20% lipid emulsion in critically ill patients on respiratory support with sepsis and with sepsis plus hepatic failure and in healthy control subjects. SETTING Medical critical care unit of a university hospital. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Eight critically ill patients with sepsis, 8 patients with sepsis and decompensated chronic hepatic failure, and 10 healthy volunteers were investigated. Elimination and hydrolysis was evaluated during constant i.v. infusion of 4.5 mg.kg body wt-1.min-1 of triglycerides during 120 minutes. Concentrations of plasma triglycerides, free fatty acids, and glycerol were measured, and elimination parameters were analyzed from plasma curves of triglycerides by using a two-compartment model. Resting energy expenditure and substrate oxidation were measured by indirect calorimetry. RESULTS In patients with sepsis without and with hepatic failure the rise in plasma triglycerides was blunted and the clearance of triglycerides was enhanced by 20% and 40% (p < .05), respectively, compared with healthy controls. Basal free fatty acid concentrations were elevated, and the rise of free fatty acids and glycerol was comparable to healthy subjects. Energy expenditure was increased and lipid oxidation (as fraction of total energy expenditure) was slightly elevated in both patient groups; the rise in lipid oxidation during lipid infusion was comparable to controls. No side effects or impairment of gas exchange was seen. CONCLUSIONS In a clinically relevant dosage range, the utilization of an i.v. lipid emulsion, the elimination and hydrolysis of triglycerides, and the lipid oxidation is not impaired in ventilated critically ill patients with sepsis or sepsis and chronic hepatic failure. Lipid emulsions thus are efficiently metabolized in critically ill patients with combined organ dysfunctions and associated sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Druml
- Medical Department III, Vienna General Hospital, University of Vienna, Austria
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