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Osawa T, Schaeffer T, Borgmann K, Schmiel M, Staehler H, Di Padua C, Heinisch PP, Piber N, Mutsuga M, Hager A, Ewert P, Hörer J, Ono M. Impact of aortopulmonary collaterals on adverse events after total cavopulmonary connection. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2023; 64:ezad408. [PMID: 38070163 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezad408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Effects of aortopulmonary collaterals (APCs) on outcomes after the total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) are unclear. This study evaluated the incidence of APCs before and after TCPC and analysed the impacts of APCs on adverse outcomes. METHODS A total of 585 patients, who underwent TCPC from 1994 to 2020 and whose preoperative angiographies were available, were included. Pre-TCPC angiograms in all patients were used for the detection of APCs, and post-TCPC angiograms were evaluated in selected patients. Late adverse events included late death, protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) and plastic bronchitis (PB). RESULTS The median age at TCPC was 2.3 (1.8-3.4) years with a body weight of 12 (11-14) kg. APCs were found in 210 patients (36%) before TCPC and in 81 (14%) after TCPC. The closure of APCs was performed in 59 patients (10%) before TCPC, in 25 (4.2%) at TCPC and in 59 (10%) after TCPC. The occurrences of APCs before and after TCPC were not associated with short-term or mid-term mortality. The APCs before TCPC were associated with chylothorax (P = 0.025), prolonged chest tube duration (P = 0.021) and PB (P = 0.008). The APCs after TCPC were associated with PLE (P < 0.001) and PB (P < 0.001). With APCs following TCPC, freedom from PLE and PB was lower than without (P < 0.001, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS APCs before TCPC were associated with chylothorax, prolonged chest tube duration and PB. APCs after TCPC were associated with both PLE and PB. The presence of APCs might affect the lymph drainage system and increase the incidence of chylothorax, PLE and PB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Osawa
- Department of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Division of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Thibault Schaeffer
- Department of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Division of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Kristina Borgmann
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mervin Schmiel
- Department of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Division of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Helena Staehler
- Department of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Division of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Chiara Di Padua
- Department of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Division of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Paul Philipp Heinisch
- Department of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Division of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole Piber
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Masato Mutsuga
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Alfred Hager
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Ewert
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hörer
- Department of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Division of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Masamichi Ono
- Department of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Division of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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Chin CW, Nicholson GT, Bichell DP. Severe aortopulmonary collaterals are associated with lower transplant-free survival in patients undergoing staged single ventricle palliation. JTCVS OPEN 2023; 16:844-854. [PMID: 38204728 PMCID: PMC10775057 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjon.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Objective To identify risk factors for aortopulmonary collateral (APC) development and assess the impact of severe APCs in children undergoing staged single ventricle palliation. Methods Children undergoing a bidirectional Glenn operation between January 1, 2016, and March 31, 2021, at our center were included. All underwent angiography prior to Glenn and Fontan; APC flow was graded on a scale of 0 (no appreciable collateral flow) to 4 (severe burden). Demographic data, congenital diagnosis, clinical history, and outcomes were stratified by Glenn assessment; Fontan outcomes were stratified by pre-Fontan grade. Results Sixty patients met the inclusion criteria, all of whom had angiographic evidence of APCs. There were 7 transplants and 9 deaths in the cohort. There were no significant differences in demographics among the patients. Right ventricular morphology was more common in patients with severe pre-Glenn collaterals (24 of 44 vs 2 of 6 vs 7 of 8; P = .014). Longer stage 1 aortic cross-clamp duration was associated with greater severity pre-Glenn (44 minutes vs 34 minutes vs 66 minutes; P = .023). Patients with grade 3 pre-Glenn collaterals more commonly required transplantation than those with grade 1 collaterals (P < .001) and had lower overall transplant-free survival than those with grade 1 (P = .005) or grade 2 (P = .04) collaterals. Conclusions The ubiquity of APCs in this study demonstrates their prevalence in single ventricle disease. Right ventricular morphology and prolonged aortic cross-clamp duration are associated with higher burden. Greater severity was associated with decreased transplant-free survival. These data emphasize the negative long-term impact of these collaterals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George T. Nicholson
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Monroe Carrell Jr Children's Hospital, Nashville, Tenn
| | - David P. Bichell
- Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Department of Pediatrics, Monroe Carrell Jr Children's Hospital, Nashville, Tenn
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Sharma VJ, Carlson L, Esch J, Gopal M, Gauvreau K, Wamala I, Muter A, Porras D, Nathan M. Pre-Glenn aorto-pulmonary collaterals in single-ventricle patients. Cardiol Young 2023; 33:2589-2596. [PMID: 37066762 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951123000665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In single-ventricle patients undergoing staged-bidirectional Glenn, 36-59% have aorto-pulmonary collateral flow, but risk factors and clinical outcomes are unknown. We hypothesise that shunt type and catheter haemodynamics may predict pre-bidirectional Glenn aorto-pulmonary collateral burden, which may predict death/transplantation, pulmonary artery or aorto-pulmonary collateral intervention. METHODS Retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing a Norwood procedure for single-ventricle anatomy. Covariates included clinical and haemodynamic characteristics up to/including pre-bidirectional Glenn catheterisation and aorto-pulmonary collateral burden at pre-bidirectional Glenn catheterisation. Multivariable models used to evaluate relationships between risk factors and outcomes. RESULTS From January 2011 to March 2016, 104 patients underwent Norwood intervention. Male sex (odds ratio 3.36, 95% confidence interval 1.17-11.4), age at pre-bidirectional Glenn assessment (2.12, 1.33-3.39 per month), and pulmonary to systemic flow ratio (1.23, 1.08-1.41 per 0.1 unit) were associated with aorto-pulmonary collateral burden. Aorto-pulmonary collateral burden was not associated with death/transplantation (hazard ratio 1.19, 95% confidence interval 0.37-3.85), pulmonary artery (sub-hazard ratio 1.38, 0.32-2.61), or aorto-pulmonary collateral interventions (sub-hazard ratio 1.11, 0.21-5.76). Longer post-Norwood length of stay was associated with greater risk of death/transplantation (hazard ratio 1.22 per week, 95% confidence interval 1.08-1.38), but lower risk of aorto-pulmonary collateral intervention (sub-hazard ratio 0.86 per week, 95% confidence interval 0.75-0.98). Time to pre-bidirectional Glenn catheterisation was associated with lower risk of pulmonary artery (sub-hazard ratio 0.80 per month, 95% confidence interval 0.65-0.98) and aorto-pulmonary collateral intervention (sub-hazard ratio 0.79, 0.63-0.99). Probability of moderate/severe aorto-pulmonary collateral burden increased with left-to-right shunt (22.5% at <1.0, 57.6% at >1.4) and the age at pre-bidirectional Glenn catheterisation (10.6% at <2 months, 56.9% at >5 months). CONCLUSIONS Aorto-pulmonary collateral burden is common after Norwood procedure and increases as age at bidirectional Glenn increases. As expected, higher pulmonary to systemic flow ratio is a marker for greater aorto-pulmonary collateral burden pre-bi-directional Glenn; aorto-pulmonary collateral burden does not confer risk of death/transplantation or pulmonary artery intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun J Sharma
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura Carlson
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jesse Esch
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mallika Gopal
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kimberlee Gauvreau
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isaac Wamala
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Angelika Muter
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diego Porras
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meena Nathan
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Segar DE, Pan AY, McLennan DI, Kindel SJ, Handler SS, Ginde S, Woods RK, Goot BH, Spearman AD. Clinical Variables Associated with Pre-Fontan Aortopulmonary Collateral Burden. Pediatr Cardiol 2023; 44:228-236. [PMID: 36156171 PMCID: PMC10155213 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-022-03014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Aortopulmonary collaterals (APCs) develop universally, but to varying degrees, in patients with single ventricle congenital heart disease (CHD). Despite their ubiquitous presence, APCs remain poorly understood. We sought to evaluate the association between APC burden and common non-invasive clinical variables. We conducted a single center, retrospective study of patients with single ventricle CHD and previous Glenn palliation who underwent pre-Fontan cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging from 3/2018 to 3/2021. CMR was used to quantify APC flow, which was normalized to aortic (APC/QAo) and pulmonary vein (APC/QPV) blood flow. Univariate, multivariable, and classification and regression tree (CART) analyses were done to investigate the potential relationship between CMR-quantified APC burden and clinical variables. A total of 29 patients were included, all of whom had increased APC flow (APC/QAo: 26.9, [22.0, 39.1]%; APC/QPV: 39.4 [33.3, 46.9]%), but to varying degrees (APC/QAo: range 11.9-44.4%; APC/QPV: range 17.7-60.0%). Pulmonary artery size (Nakata index, at pre-Fontan CMR) was the only variable associated with APC flow on multivariable analysis (APC/QAo: p = 0.020, R2 = 0.19; APC/QPV: p = 0.0006, R2 = 0.36) and was the most important variable associated with APC burden identified by CART analysis (size inversely related to APC flow). APC flow is universally increased but highly variable in patients with single ventricle CHD and Glenn circulation. Small branch pulmonary artery size is a key factor associated with increased APC burden; however, the pathogenesis of APCs is likely multifactorial. Further research is needed to better understand APC pathogenesis, including predisposing and mitigating factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Segar
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Herma Heart Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Wisconsin, 9000 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Amy Y Pan
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Division of Quantitative Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Wisconsin, 9000 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Daniel I McLennan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Herma Heart Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Wisconsin, 9000 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Steven J Kindel
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Herma Heart Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Wisconsin, 9000 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Stephanie S Handler
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Herma Heart Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Wisconsin, 9000 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Salil Ginde
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Herma Heart Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Wisconsin, 9000 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Ronald K Woods
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Division of Congenital Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Benjamin H Goot
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Herma Heart Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Wisconsin, 9000 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Andrew D Spearman
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Herma Heart Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Wisconsin, 9000 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
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Pulmonary Vascular Sequelae of Palliated Single Ventricle Circulation: Arteriovenous Malformations and Aortopulmonary Collaterals. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9090309. [PMID: 36135454 PMCID: PMC9501802 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9090309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Children and adults with single ventricle congenital heart disease (CHD) develop many sequelae during staged surgical palliation. Universal pulmonary vascular sequelae in this patient population include two inter-related but distinct complications: pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) and aortopulmonary collaterals (APCs). This review highlights what is known and unknown about these vascular sequelae focusing on diagnostic testing, pathophysiology, and areas in need of further research.
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Schmiel M, Ono M, Staehler H, Georgiev S, Burri M, Heinisch PP, Strbad M, Ewert P, Hager A, Hörer J. Impact of Anatomical Sub-types and Shunt Types on Aortopulmonary Collaterals in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2022; 35:746-756. [PMID: 36007868 DOI: 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to clarify the relation of development of aortopulmonary collateral arteries (APCs) with anatomical sub-types and the shunt types at Norwood procedure in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). A total of 140 patients with HLHS who completed 3 staged palliation between 2003 and 2019 were included. Incidence of APCs and corresponding interventions were examined using angiogram by cardiac catheterization, with respect to the anatomical sub-types and shunt types. Totally, APCs were observed in 87 (62%) of the patients; pre-stage II in 32 (23%), pre-stage III in 64 (46%), and after stage III in 40 (29%). The incidence of APCs before stage II was significantly higher in patients with aortic atresia/mitral atresia (AA/MA) compared with other sub-types (P = 0.022). Patients with right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit (RVPAC) had a higher incidence of APCs originating from the descending aorta, compared with those with modified Blalock-Taussig shunt (20% vs 2%, P= 0.002). Interventions for APCs were performed in 58 (41%) patients; before stage II in 10 (7%), after stage II in 7 (5%), before stage III in 22 (16%), and after stage III in 32 (23%). Patients with AA/MA had more interventions before stage II (P= 0.019), and patients with aortic stenosis/mitral stenosis (AS/MS) had a lower incidence of interventions after stage III (P= 0.047). More than half of the patients with HLHS developed APCs. Before stage II, patients with AA/MA sub-type had a higher incidence of APCs, and those with RVPAC had significantly more APCs from the descending aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin Schmiel
- Department of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich Germany, Division of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Masamichi Ono
- Department of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich Germany, Division of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
| | - Helena Staehler
- Department of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich Germany, Division of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Stanimir Georgiev
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich at the Technical University of Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Melchior Burri
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Paul Philipp Heinisch
- Department of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich Germany, Division of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Martina Strbad
- Department of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich Germany, Division of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Peter Ewert
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich at the Technical University of Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Alfred Hager
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich at the Technical University of Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hörer
- Department of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich Germany, Division of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
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Schmiel M, Kido T, Georgiev S, Burri M, Heinisch PP, Vodiskar J, Strbad M, Ewert P, Hager A, Hörer J, Ono M. Aortopulmonary collaterals in single ventricle: incidence, associated factors and clinical significance. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2022; 35:6649621. [PMID: 35876534 PMCID: PMC9318886 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivac190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melvin Schmiel
- Department of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München , Munich, Germany
- Division of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Munich, Germany
| | - Takashi Kido
- Department of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München , Munich, Germany
- Division of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Munich, Germany
| | - Stanimir Georgiev
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University of Munich , Munich, Germany
| | - Melchior Burri
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München , Munich, Germany
| | - Paul Philipp Heinisch
- Department of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München , Munich, Germany
- Division of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Munich, Germany
| | - Janez Vodiskar
- Department of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München , Munich, Germany
- Division of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Strbad
- Department of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München , Munich, Germany
- Division of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Ewert
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University of Munich , Munich, Germany
| | - Alfred Hager
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University of Munich , Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hörer
- Department of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München , Munich, Germany
- Division of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Munich, Germany
| | - Masamichi Ono
- Department of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München , Munich, Germany
- Division of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Munich, Germany
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Jalal Z, Gewillig M, Boudjemline Y, Guérin P, Pilati M, Butera G, Malekzadeh-Milani S, Avesani M, Thambo JB. Transcatheter interventions in patients with a Fontan circulation: Current practice and future developments. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:965989. [PMID: 36110107 PMCID: PMC9468446 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.965989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fontan operation represents the last of multiple steps that are offered a wide range of congenital cardiac lesions with a single ventricle (SV) physiology. Nowadays this surgical program consists of a total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC), by anastomosing systemic veins to the pulmonary arteries (PAs), excluding the right-sided circulation from the heart. As a result of imaging, surgical, percutaneous, and critical care improvements, survival in this population has steadily increased. However, the Fontan physiology chronically increases systemic venous pressure causing systemic venous congestion and decreased cardiac output, exposing patients to the failure of the Fontan circulation (FC), which is associated with a wide variety of clinical complications such as liver disease, cyanosis, thromboembolism, protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), plastic bronchitis (PB), and renal dysfunction, ultimately resulting in an increased risk of exercise intolerance, arrhythmias, and premature death. The pathophysiology of the failing Fontan is complex and multifactorial; i.e., caused by the single ventricle dysfunction (diastolic/systolic failure, arrhythmias, AV valve regurgitation, etc.) or caused by the specific circulation (conduits, pulmonary vessels, etc.). The treatment is still challenging and may include multiple options and tools. Among the possible options, today, interventional catheterization is a reliable option, through which different procedures can target various failing elements of the FC. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of indications, techniques, and results of transcatheter options to treat cavopulmonary stenosis, collaterals, impaired lymphatic drainage, and the management of the fenestration, as well as to explore the recent advancements and clinical applications of transcatheter cavopulmonary connections, percutaneous valvular treatments, and to discuss the future perspectives of percutaneous therapies in the Fontan population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Jalal
- University Hospital of Bordeaux - Department of Pediatric and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Pessac, France.,IHU LIRYC Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, Fondation Bordeaux Université, Pessac, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Pessac, France
| | - Marc Gewillig
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Patrice Guérin
- Interventional Cardiology Unit, Inserm UMR 1229, L'Institut du Thorax, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Mara Pilati
- Medical and Surgical Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Butera
- Medical and Surgical Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sophie Malekzadeh-Milani
- Department of Congenital and Pediatric Cardiology, Centre de Reference Malformations Cardiaques Congenitales Complexes-M3C, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Pediatric Cardiology, Paris, France
| | - Martina Avesani
- University Hospital of Bordeaux - Department of Pediatric and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Pessac, France.,IHU LIRYC Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, Fondation Bordeaux Université, Pessac, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Pessac, France
| | - Jean-Benoit Thambo
- University Hospital of Bordeaux - Department of Pediatric and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Pessac, France.,IHU LIRYC Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, Fondation Bordeaux Université, Pessac, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Pessac, France
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Ozawa H, Hoashi T, Ohuchi H, Kurosaki K, Ichikawa H. Long-Term Outcomes After Fenestration Closure in High-Risk Fontan Candidates. Pediatr Cardiol 2021; 42:1356-1364. [PMID: 33881601 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-021-02619-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to assess the long-term outcomes after fenestration closure in patients at risk for Fontan failure. Of 119 patients who underwent Fontan operation between 1995 and 2004, fenestration was not created in 89 patients (NF group) and created in 30 patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, heterotaxy syndrome, high pulmonary arterial pressure, high systemic ventricular end-diastolic pressure, low ventricular ejection fraction, or atrioventricular valve regurgitation. All fenestrations were closed spontaneously or by catheter/surgical interventions, excepting two patients, and therefore, they were excluded. In fenestration group, patients with pre-Fontan mean pulmonary arterial pressure ≥ 15 mmHg or systemic atrioventricular valve regurgitation ≥ moderate were classified as high-risk Fontan candidates (F-HR group, n = 16), and the remaining patients were as standard-risk (F-SR group, n = 12). Protein-losing enteropathy-free survival rates did not differ among the three groups (p = 0.72). Serial follow-up catheter examinations after Fontan operation were completed in 69 patients in NF group and 11 patients in both F-SR and F-HR groups. Cardiac index and pulmonary vascular resistance significantly and similarly decreased over time in all groups, though the F-HR group showed lowest arterial oxygen saturation, lowest cardiac index, and highest pulmonary vascular resistance. The F-HR group also showed much veno-venous collaterals (p = 0.049), low peak oxygen consumption (p = 0.019), and low anaerobic threshold (p = 0.023) as compared to those in the F-SR group. In F-HR group, cyanosis remained after fenestration closure due to transformation from fenestration to veno-venous collaterals, which resulted in elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance, low cardiac index, and deterioration of exercise tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Ozawa
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe-Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
| | - Takaya Hoashi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe-Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan.
| | - Hideo Ohuchi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kurosaki
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Hajime Ichikawa
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe-Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
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Aortopulmonary Collaterals in Single Ventricle Physiology: Variation in Understanding Occlusion Practice Among Interventional Cardiologists. Pediatr Cardiol 2020; 41:1608-1616. [PMID: 32720087 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-020-02418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although aortopulmonary collaterals (APCs) frequently develop in patients with single ventricle palliation, there is a lack of understanding of pathophysiology, natural history, and outcomes with no universal guidelines for management and interventional practice. We conducted a study to assess the views held by interventional congenital cardiologists regarding the hemodynamic impact of APCs in patients with single ventricle palliation, and their embolization practice. An electronic survey using the Pediatric Interventional Cardiology Symposium (PICS) mailing list was conducted between February and March 2019 with one reminder sent 2 weeks after initial invitation for participation. Of the 142 interventional cardiologist respondents, 95 (66.9%) reside in North America and 47 (33.1%) worldwide. We elected to exclude the data from interventionalists outside North America in this analysis as it was not representative of worldwide practice. Hypoxemia was considered to be the most common trigger for development of APCs by 56 (58.9%) respondents. After completion of total cavopulmonary connection, 30 (31.6%) respondents reported the APC burden stays the same while 31 (32.6%) feel it decreases. In evaluating the burden of APC flow, only 4 (4.2%) reported measuring oxygen saturation at different pulmonary artery segments, 21 (22.1%) perform segmental aortic angiograms, and 18 (19%) perform selective bilateral subclavian artery angiograms. A majority of respondents, 71 (74.7%), occlude the feeder vessel at different locations, while 10 (10.5%) occlude only the origin of the vessel. Our study demonstrates significant variation in the understanding of the cause and prognosis of APCs in patients with single ventricle palliation. Furthermore, there is variation in the approach for diagnosis and management among interventional cardiologists. Further studies are required to improve understanding of APCs and develop universal management guidelines.
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11
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Kim G, Ko H, Byun JH, Lee HD, Kim H, Sung SC, Choi KH. Risk Factors for Prolonged Pleural Effusion After Extracardiac Fontan Operation. Pediatr Cardiol 2019; 40:1545-1552. [PMID: 31435694 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-019-02183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged pleural effusion after Fontan operation is a significant morbidity that leads to long hospital stays. We investigated the association of multiple risk factors, including clinical characteristics, hemodynamic parameters, and preoperative, operative, and postoperative factors, with prolonged pleural effusion after Fontan operation. Eighty-five patients who underwent a Fontan operation between January 2005 and June 2018 in our center were included in this retrospective study. Patients were divided into two groups: group 1 (n = 36, 42.4%) included those with prolonged pleural effusion, defined as lasting > 14 days after the Fontan operation, and group 2 included patients without prolonged pleural effusion. Patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) were more prevalent in group 1 (n = 15, P = 0.006). No differences in age at Fontan operation, central venous pressure at Fontan operation, or hemodynamic parameters during the pre-Fontan evaluation were found between the two groups. In multivariable analysis, HLHS (P = 0.002), non-fenestration (P = 0.018), and high central venous pressure at bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt (BCPS) operation (P = 0.043) were independent risk factors for prolonged pleural effusion after Fontan operation. Adverse outcomes such as death, need for heart transplantation, and Fontan failure were not associated with prolonged pleural effusion. In conclusion, patients with HLHS and higher central venous pressure at BCPS were more likely to have a prolonged pleural effusion after Fontan operation, but fenestration was more likely to decrease prolonged effusion. We should consider closer management of fluid status before, during, and after surgery in patients with these risk factors after Fontan operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geena Kim
- Heart Center, Pusan National University Children's Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Ko
- Heart Center, Pusan National University Children's Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Joung-Hee Byun
- Heart Center, Pusan National University Children's Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Doo Lee
- Heart Center, Pusan National University Children's Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Beomeu-li, Mulgum-eup, Yangsan, Keungsangnam-do, 50612, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyungtae Kim
- Heart Center, Pusan National University Children's Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Chan Sung
- Heart Center, Pusan National University Children's Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Ho Choi
- Heart Center, Pusan National University Children's Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
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12
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Mohammad Nijres B, Taqatqa AS, Mubayed L, Jutzy GJ, Abdulla RI, Diab KA, Nguyen HH, Muller BA, Sosnowski CR, Murphy JJ, Vettukattil J, Kaley VR, Marckini DN, Samuel BP, Abdelhady K, Awad S. Determination of the Frequency of Right and Left Internal Mammary Artery Embolization in Single Ventricle Patients: A Two-Center Study. Pediatr Cardiol 2018; 39:1657-1662. [PMID: 30105467 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-018-1946-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Embolization of systemic to pulmonary artery collaterals to regulate pulmonary arterial flow or pressure of the cavopulmonary circulation in patients with single ventricle is a common practice. The relative incidence and impact of this practice on future interventions like coronary artery bypass grafting is poorly understood. This study aims to evaluate the frequency and implications of internal mammary artery (IMA) embolization in the single ventricle (SV) population. A retrospective chart review was performed of SV patients who underwent cardiac catheterization before and after Fontan procedure between February 2007 and 2017. Data were collected from two tertiary care centers in the Midwest. Of the 304 SV patients, 62 (20.4%) underwent embolization of one or more IMAs, whereas 242 (79.6%) did not. The rate of embolization of IMA was 40.5% in one center and 14.5% in the second center. Among patients who received IMA embolization, left internal mammary artery (LIMA) embolization was seen in 6 (9.7%) patients. Majority of patients underwent either right internal mammary artery (RIMA) embolization (n = 25; 40.3%) or RIMA and LIMA embolization (n = 27; 43.5%). IMA embolization in SV patients is common. Embolizing IMAs early in life will likely eliminate a valuable graft option for coronary artery bypass grafting should it be required in the future care of these patients. Multi-center, prospective, nation-wide studies are warranted to examine coronary artery disease in the SV population and true frequency of IMA embolization. Delineation of which IMAs were embolized is a necessary in surgical and cardiac intervention national data, such as Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) database. All measures should be taken to preserve IMAs patency, if deemed feasible and safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassel Mohammad Nijres
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Anas S Taqatqa
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Spectrum Health Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, 100 Michigan St NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Lamya Mubayed
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Gregory J Jutzy
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Ra-Id Abdulla
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Karim A Diab
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Hoang H Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Brieann A Muller
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Cyndi R Sosnowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Joshua J Murphy
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Joseph Vettukattil
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Spectrum Health Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, 100 Michigan St NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Vishal R Kaley
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Spectrum Health Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, 100 Michigan St NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Darcy N Marckini
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Spectrum Health Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, 100 Michigan St NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Bennett P Samuel
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Spectrum Health Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, 100 Michigan St NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Khaled Abdelhady
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 1200 W Harrison St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sawsan Awad
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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13
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Hoganson DM, Cigarroa CL, van den Bosch SJ, Sleeper LA, Callahan R, Friedman KG, Baird CW, Quinonez LG, Kaza AK, Emani SE, Kheir JN. Impact of a Composite Valved RV-PA Graft After Stage 1 Palliation. Ann Thorac Surg 2018; 106:1452-1459. [PMID: 29964021 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of a valved right ventricular to pulmonary artery shunt (RVPAS) has been reported by some to improve pulmonary artery growth after stage 1 palliation (S1P). METHODS We retrospectively reviewed all patients undergoing an S1P with an RVPAS between January 2013 and May 2017, stratified by RVPAS type: a ring-reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft or a composite graft that included a distal valved femoral or saphenous vein homograft. We examined the association of RVPAS type on postoperative hemodynamics, time to reintervention, pulmonary artery growth, and survival. RESULTS Among 94 infants, 56 (60%) underwent PTFE-only shunt, 24 (25%) underwent femoral vein homograft, and 14 (15%) underwent saphenous vein homograft, and no relevant risk factor differences were found between the groups. Arterial saturation was 2.3% higher (p = 0.014) and serum lactic acid was 1.24 mg/dL lower (p = 0.03) in the femoral vein homograft group than in the PTFE-only group, although venous saturation was similar. By 60 days, 50% of patients with saphenous vein homograft had a reintervention compared with 5% with PTFE graft (p < 0.0001) and 12% with femoral vein homograft (p = 0.2 versus PTFE). At the time of stage 2 palliation, no differences were found in pulmonary artery size or growth over time by either echocardiogram or angiography or in the density of aortopulmonary collaterals or degree of tricuspid regurgitation. The 12-month survival was similar between the groups. CONCLUSIONS The use of an interposition femoral vein homograft into the RVPAS may enhance perioperative stability, but it does not substantially improve interstage growth of the pulmonary arteries. Use of saphenous vein homograft is associated with earlier time to reintervention after S1P.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Hoganson
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Claire L Cigarroa
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Lynn A Sleeper
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ryan Callahan
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kevin G Friedman
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christopher W Baird
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Luis G Quinonez
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aditya K Kaza
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sitaram E Emani
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John N Kheir
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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14
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Routine Cardiac Catheterization Prior to Fontan Operation: Is It a Necessity? Pediatr Cardiol 2018; 39:818-823. [PMID: 29396581 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-018-1825-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Prior to the Fontan procedure, patients with single ventricle physiology with Glenn shunt are typically referred for cardiac catheterization to assess hemodynamics and potentially provide interventional measures. Currently, echocardiography provides detailed information which together with other non-invasive imaging such as CT scan and MRI may obviate the need for routine cardiac catheterization prior to the Fontan procedure. In this study, we examine the findings in cardiac catheterization in this population to determine: (a) the accuracy of echocardiography in providing adequate information prior to the Fontan procedure, particularly in identifying those in need of per-catheter intervention, and (b) the percentage of patients requiring interventional procedures during cardiac catheterization. We performed a retrospective chart review of echocardiographic and cardiac catheterization data for patients who underwent pre-Fontan cardiac catheterization at our center in the period from 02/01/2008 to 02/28/2017. We aimed to re-examine the necessity of routine cardiac catheterization in all single ventricle patients. This was performed through examining pre-catheterization echocardiography reports and comparing them to findings of the subsequent cardiac catheterization reports. Echocardiography reports were evaluated for accuracy in identifying significant anatomical or hemodynamic findings, which may impact success of Fontan procedure as well as the ability of echocardiography to predict findings important to know prior to the Fontan procedure. In this cohort of 40 children, 3 patients were found to have significant hemodynamic findings through cardiac catheterization which were not previously known by echocardiography. In addition, 28 out of 40 patients (70%) required interventional procedures to address significant abnormalities (systemic to pulmonary arterial collaterals, pulmonary artery stenosis, aortic arch stenosis, etc.). All cases of aortic arch stenosis were detected by echocardiography, however, all patients who required systemic to pulmonary arterial or left SVC embolization were not detected by echocardiography. Furthermore, echocardiography did not detect the need for branch pulmonary artery stenosis in 50% of cases. Cardiac catheterization appears to be an essential part of patient assessment prior to Fontan completion in patients with single ventricle physiology. This current practice may change in the future if a non-invasive screening tool is found to have high positive and negative predictive values in identifying the subset of patients who require potential intervention in pre-Fontan cardiac catheterization.
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15
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Vu EL, Mossad EB. Less Invasive, More Informative: A New Mathematical Model of Oxygen Kinetics of Bidirectional Glenn Circulation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2018. [PMID: 29525194 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2018.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Vu
- Baylor College of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesia, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Emad B Mossad
- Baylor College of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesia, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
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16
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Durable Benefit of Particle Occlusion of Systemic to Pulmonary Collaterals in Select Patients After Superior Cavopulmonary Connection. Pediatr Cardiol 2018; 39:245-253. [PMID: 28988309 PMCID: PMC5799020 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-017-1748-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Systemic to pulmonary arterial collaterals (SPC) are commonly found in patients undergoing staged operative palliation for single ventricle heart disease. Occlusion of SPC as part of pre-Fontan catheterization has been shown to improve hemodynamics acutely. Anecdotally, the effect of this intervention appears to be transient, and to our knowledge there is no data supporting its durability in these patients. Between 1/1/2016 and 5/1/2017, 24 children underwent Glenn operations at our institution. Of these, 3 patients had signs and symptoms deteriorating clinical status suggestive of volume overload in the period between their Glenn operation and Fontan completion, prompting heart catheterization. SPC were occluded with a combination of polyvinyl alcohol embolization particles, and in some cases coils or vascular plugs. Clinical course and data from echocardiograms and serial catheterizations are presented. SPC occlusion was performed over 6 procedures in 3 subjects with technical success in each case. Hemodynamic evaluation was repeated in 2/3 patients with improvement in collateral burden and hemodynamics in both cases. One patient previously thought to be unsuitable for Fontan completion improved sufficiently to undergo late Fontan completion, which was ultimately successful. In all patients, there was improvement in clinical status. In patients with severe SPC collateral durable benefit was seen, suggesting that in certain cases intervention on SPC remote from Fontan completion may have clinical benefit.
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17
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Batlivala SP, Briscoe WE, Ebeid MR. Particle embolization of systemic-to-pulmonary collateral artery networks in congenital heart disease: Technique and special considerations. Ann Pediatr Cardiol 2018; 11:181-186. [PMID: 29922015 PMCID: PMC5963232 DOI: 10.4103/apc.apc_93_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic-to-pulmonary artery collateral networks commonly develop in patients with single-ventricle physiology and chronic hypoxemia. Although these networks augment pulmonary blood flow, much of the flow is ineffective and contributes to cardiac volume loading. This volume loading can have detrimental effects, especially for single-ventricle patients. Some data suggest that occluding collaterals may improve outcomes after subsequent operations, especially when the volume of collateral flow is significant. Traditional practice has been to coil occlude the feeding vessel. We perform particle embolization of these collateral networks for two primary reasons. First, access to the feeding vessel is not blocked as collaterals may redevelop. Second, particles occlude the most distal connections. Thus, embolization with particles should be considered as an alternative to coil occluding the proximal feeding vessel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarosh P Batlivala
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.,Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Batson Children's Hospital, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - William E Briscoe
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Makram R Ebeid
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.,Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Batson Children's Hospital, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
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18
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Mohammad Nijres B, Abdulla RI, Awad S, Murphy J. Can the Pulmonary Artery Wedge Pressure be Used Reliably as a Surrogate for the Left Atrial Mean Pressure in Pre-Fontan Evaluation? Pediatr Cardiol 2017; 38:1434-1440. [PMID: 28702716 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-017-1681-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The correlation between mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) and left atrial mean pressure (LAMP) has been poorly studied in patients with single ventricle (SV) physiology (Bernstein et al. in Pediatr Cardiol 33: 15-20 2012). The aim of this study is to determine if the PAWP can be used safely as a surrogate to the LAMP to calculate the pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) during the pre-Fontan evaluation. Also, we aimed to understand if the presence of significant systemic-to-pulmonary collaterals (SPCs) is a confounding factor for accurate estimation of the LAMP. From February 2007 to February 2017, forty-one patients were eligible for inclusion in the study. These patients were varied in terms of underlying cardiac malformation. Sex distribution was equal with 20 males and 21 females. Median weight was 11.8 kg, median body surface area was 0.51 m2, median age at catheterization was 2 years, and the median age at Glenn surgery was 5 months. We found the left and right PAWP and LAMP correlated strongly and the differences in the measurements were negligible. Similar findings were observed when calculating PVRs using PAWP and LAMP. These findings were more pronounced in the absence of significant SPCs. PAWP and LAMP correlation was still valid in the presence of significant SPCs; however, the correlation among the calculated PVRs was more attenuated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassel Mohammad Nijres
- Rush Center for Congenital Heart Disease, Rush University Children's Hospital, 1625 W. Harrison St, Kellogg Building, Suite 608, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Ra-Id Abdulla
- Rush Center for Congenital Heart Disease, Rush University Children's Hospital, 1625 W. Harrison St, Kellogg Building, Suite 608, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sawsan Awad
- Rush Center for Congenital Heart Disease, Rush University Children's Hospital, 1625 W. Harrison St, Kellogg Building, Suite 608, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Joshua Murphy
- Rush Center for Congenital Heart Disease, Rush University Children's Hospital, 1625 W. Harrison St, Kellogg Building, Suite 608, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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Averin K, Byrnes JW, Benscoter DT, Whiteside W, DeSena H, Hirsch R, Goldstein BH. Life-threatening airway bleeding after palliation of single ventricle congenital heart disease. Heart 2017; 104:254-260. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2017-311764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveTo describe acute and mid-term outcomes following presentation with, and treatment for, life-threatening airway bleeding (hemoptysis) in palliated single ventricle congenital heart disease (SV-CHD).MethodsCase series of patients with SV-CHD who presented to a large congenital heart centre with hemoptysis between 2004 and 2015.ResultsTwenty-one episodes of hemoptysis occurred in 12 patients (58% female, median 10.5 (IQR 7.2, 16.4) years). First hemoptysis episode occurred after Fontan completion (n=8), after superior cavopulmonary anastomosis (SCPA, n=3) and in one shunt-dependent patient. Bronchoscopy was performed in conjunction with catheterisation in 14/21 (67%) initial catheterisations. A specific anatomic source of airway bleeding was identified in 95% of bronchoscopy cases and was uniformly distributed in all lobar segments. Transcatheter intervention with systemic-to-pulmonary collateral artery (SPC) occlusion was performed in 28/30 catheterisations. Apart from increased airway bleeding during interventional bronchoscopy (37%), there were no procedural complications. Median hospital length of stay was 9.0 (3.5, 14.5) days with patients undergoing 1.0 (1.0,2.0) catheterisations per episode of hemoptysis. Two SCPA patients did not survive to discharge. During a median follow-up of 32.5 (12.5, 87.5) months, freedom from mortality was 75%, with all three deaths occurring in the SCPA group by 4 months posthemoptysis. Recurrent hemoptysis occurred in 60% of patients.ConclusionsDespite the potentially life-threatening nature of hemoptysis in patients with SV-CHD, a policy of bronchoscopic evaluation and transcatheter treatment is safe and may contribute to low mortality at mid-term follow-up in Fontan patients. Hemoptysis in SCPA patients may portend a poor prognosis. Recurrent hemoptysis is common.
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20
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Sathanandam S, Justino H, Waller BR, Gowda ST, Radtke W, Qureshi AM. The Medtronic Micro Vascular Plug™ for Vascular Embolization in Children With Congenital Heart Diseases. J Interv Cardiol 2017; 30:177-184. [PMID: 28211168 DOI: 10.1111/joic.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the early multi-center, clinical experience with the Medtronic Micro Vascular Plug™ (MVP) in children with congenital heart disease (CHD) undergoing vascular embolization. BACKGROUND The MVP is a large diameter vascular occlusion device that can be delivered through a microcatheter for embolization of abnormal blood vessels. METHODS A retrospective review of embolization procedures using the MVP in children with CHD was performed in 3-centers. Occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus using the MVP was not included. RESULTS Ten children underwent attempted occlusion using the MVP. The most common indication to use the MVP was failed attempted occlusion using other embolic devices. Five, single ventricle patients (median age 3-years, median weight 14.9 kg) underwent occlusion of veno-venous collaterals following bidirectional Glenn operation. Three patients (Median age 8 years) underwent occlusion of coronary artery fistulae (CAF). Two patients (age 7 months and 1 year) underwent occlusion of large aorto-pulmonary collaterals. A 7-day-old child with a large CAF required 2 MVPs and an Amplatzer Vascular Plug (AVP-II) for complete occlusion. Occlusion of all other blood vessels was achieved using a single MVP. One MVP embolized distally in an 8-years-old child with a large CAF. There were no other procedural complications or during follow-up (median 9 months). CONCLUSIONS The MVP is a new, large-diameter vascular embolization device that can be delivered through a microcatheter. It may play an important role in providing highly effective occlusion of abnormal vessels in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Sathanandam
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Henri Justino
- The Lillie Frank Abercrombie Section of Cardiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - B Rush Waller
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Srinath T Gowda
- Children's Hospital of San Antonio, Baylor College of Medicine, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Athar M Qureshi
- The Lillie Frank Abercrombie Section of Cardiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Vaughn G, Moore J, Lamberti J, Canter C. Management of the failing Fontan: Medical, interventional and surgical treatment. PROGRESS IN PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Abdelhady K, Taqatqa A, Miranda C, Awad S. Frequency of Mammary Artery Coiling in Single-Ventricle Patients and Future Coronary Artery Grafting. Pediatr Cardiol 2016; 37:1302-6. [PMID: 27306543 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-016-1434-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pre-Fontan coil closure of aorto-pulmonary collaterals decreases single-ventricle volume load and improves outcome. Coiling of right and left internal mammary arteries may present a challenge to cardiothoracic surgery teams caring for these patients when future coronary artery bypass grafting is needed for SV patients. The goal of this study was to determine the frequency of internal mammary artery coil closure in SV patients in a single tertiary care center. A retrospective review of all pediatric single-ventricle patients who underwent cardiac catheterization between March 2009 and October 2015 at Rush Center for Congenital Heart Disease was performed. Fifty-one patients' charts were reviewed. Twenty-five patients received coil closure of one or more internal mammary artery (coil group) and 26 received no coil closure (no-coil group). In the coil group, 21 (84 %) had their collateral vessels coiled in the pre-Fontan period and 4 (16 %) had their vessels coiled in the post-Fontan period. In the coil group, 18 (72 %) had their right internal mammary artery coiled and 7 (28 %) had both right and left internal mammary arteries coiled. None of the coil group had isolated coil closure of the left internal mammary artery. This study is the first to verify the frequency of right and/or left internal mammary artery coil closure in SV patients and the potential impact on future coronary artery bypass grafting. Extensive peri-Fontan coiling of the internal mammary arteries presents a significant potential challenge for subsequent management of SV patients as older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Abdelhady
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Anas Taqatqa
- Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Rush Center for Congenital Heart Disease, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 West Congress Parkway, Pavilion 670, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Carlos Miranda
- Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Rush Center for Congenital Heart Disease, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 West Congress Parkway, Pavilion 670, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sawsan Awad
- Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Rush Center for Congenital Heart Disease, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 West Congress Parkway, Pavilion 670, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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23
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Sharma A, Kumar S, Priya S. Ruptured aneurysm of major aortopulmonary collateral artery: management using amplatzer vascular plug. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2016; 6:274-7. [PMID: 27280092 DOI: 10.21037/cdt.2016.01.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Aneurysm of a major aortopulmonary collateral artery (MAPCA) is quite rare. Aneurysmally dilated MAPCA may be complicated with rupture and massive hemoptysis leading to sudden death. Possible pathophysiology for aneurysm formation is persistent high pressure state in collateral circulation. High index of suspicion is necessary to avoid catastrophic complications as the amount of hemoptysis does not correlate with disease severity and etiology. We present a case of large ruptured aneurysm of a MAPCA presenting with massive haemoptysis in a patient of cyanotic congenital heart disease which was salvaged by endovascular deployment of vascular plug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sharma
- Cardiac Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Cardiac Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarv Priya
- Cardiac Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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24
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Sandeep N, Uchida Y, Ratnayaka K, McCarter R, Hanumanthaiah S, Bangoura A, Zhao Z, Oliver-Danna J, Leatherbury L, Kanter J, Mukouyama YS. Characterizing the angiogenic activity of patients with single ventricle physiology and aortopulmonary collateral vessels. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2015; 151:1126-35.e2. [PMID: 26611747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Patients with single ventricle congenital heart disease often form aortopulmonary collateral vessels via an unclear mechanism. To gain insights into the pathogenesis of aortopulmonary collateral vessels, we correlated angiogenic factor levels with in vitro activity and angiographic aortopulmonary collateral assessment and examined whether patients with single ventricle physiology have increased angiogenic factors that can stimulate endothelial cell sprouting in vitro. METHODS In patients with single ventricle physiology (n = 27) and biventricular acyanotic control patients (n = 21), hypoxia-inducible angiogenic factor levels were measured in femoral venous and arterial plasma at cardiac catheterization. To assess plasma angiogenic activity, we used a 3-dimensional in vitro cell sprouting assay that recapitulates angiogenic sprouting. Aortopulmonary collateral angiograms were graded using a 4-point scale. RESULTS Compared with controls, patients with single ventricle physiology had increased vascular endothelial growth factor (artery: 58.7 ± 1.2 pg/mL vs 35.3 ± 1.1 pg/mL, P < .01; vein: 34.8 ± 1.1 pg/mL vs 21 ± 1.2 pg/mL, P < .03), stromal-derived factor 1-alpha (artery: 1901.6 ± 1.1 pg/mL vs 1542.6 ± 1.1 pg/mL, P < .03; vein: 2092.8 pg/mL ± 1.1 vs 1752.9 ± 1.1 pg/mL, P < .02), and increased arterial soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1, a regulatory vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (612.3 ± 1.2 pg/mL vs 243.1 ± 1.2 pg/mL, P < .003). Plasma factors and sprout formation correlated poorly with aortopulmonary collateral severity. CONCLUSIONS We are the first to correlate plasma angiogenic factor levels with angiography and in vitro angiogenic activity in patients with single ventricle disease with aortopulmonary collaterals. Patients with single ventricle disease have increased stromal-derived factor 1-alpha and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1, and their roles in aortopulmonary collateral formation require further investigation. Plasma factors and angiogenic activity correlate poorly with aortopulmonary collateral severity in patients with single ventricles, suggesting complex mechanisms of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nefthi Sandeep
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Neurovascular Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md; Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
| | - Yutaka Uchida
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Neurovascular Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Kanishka Ratnayaka
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
| | - Robert McCarter
- Department of Biostatistics & Informatics, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
| | | | - Aminata Bangoura
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Jacqueline Oliver-Danna
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Linda Leatherbury
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
| | - Joshua Kanter
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
| | - Yoh-Suke Mukouyama
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Neurovascular Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
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Whitehead KK, Harris MA, Glatz AC, Gillespie MJ, DiMaria MV, Harrison NE, Dori Y, Keller MS, Rome JJ, Fogel MA. Status of systemic to pulmonary arterial collateral flow after the fontan procedure. Am J Cardiol 2015; 115:1739-45. [PMID: 25907503 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The investigators recently validated a method of quantifying systemic-to-pulmonary arterial collateral flow using phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging velocity mapping. Cross-sectional data suggest decreased collateral flow in patients with total cavopulmonary connections (TCPCs) compared with those with superior cavopulmonary connections (SCPCs). However, no studies have examined serial changes in collateral flow from SCPCs to TCPCs in the same patients. The aim of this study was to examine differences in collateral flow between patients with SCPCs and those with TCPCs. Collateral flow was quantified by 2 independent measures from 250 single-ventricle studies in 219 different patients (115 SCPC and 135 TCPC studies, 31 patients with both) and 18 controls, during routine studies using through-plane phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging. Collateral flow was indexed to body surface area, aortic flow, and pulmonary venous flow. Regardless of indexing method, SCPC patients had significantly higher collateral flow than TCPC patients (1.64 ± 0.8 vs 1.03 ± 0.8 L/min/m(2), p <0.001). In 31 patients who underwent serial examinations, collateral flow as a fraction of aortic flow increased early after TCPC completion. In TCPC patients, indexed collateral flow demonstrated a significant negative correlation with time from TCPC. In conclusion, SCPC and TCPC patients demonstrate substantial collateral flow, with SCPC patients having higher collateral flow than TCPC patients overall. On the basis of the paired subset analysis, collateral flow does not decrease in the short term after TCPC completion and trends toward an increase. In the long term, however, collateral flow decreases over time after TCPC completion.
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26
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Di Maria MV, Cohen MS, Harris MA, Fogel MA, Whitehead KK. Doppler-derived flow pattern in the descending aorta does not predict systemic to pulmonary arterial collateral flow in patients with single ventricle palliation: a cross-sectional study. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg 2015; 6:209-14. [PMID: 25870339 DOI: 10.1177/2150135114563937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with single ventricle heart disease are at risk for developing systemic to pulmonary arterial collateral vessels that adversely impact short-term outcomes, although the effect on long-term outcomes remains unclear. Collateral flow (CollF) can be quantified using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) flow quantification. The velocity-time integral (VTI), obtained from spectral Doppler tracings, has been used in "runoff" lesions like aortic regurgitation to quantify insufficiency. We hypothesized that the VTI ratio of the proximal descending aorta (DAo) after cavopulmonary anastomosis (CPA) would estimate CollF. METHODS A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted. Patients who had a superior CPA or total CPA and underwent CMR between April 2008 and December 2012 were included. Those with greater than trivial semilunar valve insufficiency or aortic arch obstruction were excluded. In a subset (n = 88), spectral Doppler tracings of the DAo were analyzed to determine the VTI ratio. In another subset (n = 112), CMR was used to determine the ratio of retrograde to antegrade flow in the DAo. RESULTS There was no linear correlation between VTI ratio and CollF (r (2) = .006, P = .46). There was a weakly positive correlation with CollF (r (2) = .07, P = .007) and the CMR measured ratio of retrograde to antegrade flow. Holodiastolic flow reversal by echo did not predict higher CollF (P = .40), but those with holodiastolic flow reversal by CMR had significantly higher CollF (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS The ratio of reverse to forward flow in the DAo as determined by Doppler echo does not accurately reflect CollF in children with single ventricle after CPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Di Maria
- Children's Hospital Colorado Heart Institute, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Meryl S Cohen
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, The Cardiac Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew A Harris
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, The Cardiac Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark A Fogel
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, The Cardiac Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kevin K Whitehead
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, The Cardiac Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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27
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Coronary artery bypass grafting in single-ventricle patients palliated with Fontan procedure: future consideration. Pediatr Cardiol 2015; 36:251-2. [PMID: 25511664 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-014-1072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Aldosterone-cortisol imbalance immediately after fontan operation with implications for abnormal fluid homeostasis. Am J Cardiol 2014; 114:1578-83. [PMID: 25261875 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal water metabolism is frequently observed after Fontan surgery. We hypothesized that patients' adrenal hormones show unique responses immediately after Fontan operation and that such a hormonal profile is related to postoperative hemodynamics and water imbalance. Twenty-eight patients who underwent a Fontan operation (n = 16) or a non-Fontan type operation (n = 12; controls) under cardiopulmonary bypass were studied. Postoperative urine cortisol and aldosterone levels were measured daily to minimize the influence of circadian rhythms and temporal hemodynamic variations. Cortisol excretion was markedly elevated on postoperative day (POD) 0 in controls, consistent with a stress-induced cortisol response. Cortisol excretion was not high on POD 0 in Fontan patients and was markedly lower than that in the controls (444 ± 150 vs 34 ± 6 μg/m(2)/day, p <0.05), indicating an adrenal insufficiency status. Conversely, aldosterone levels were significantly higher in Fontan patients than in controls immediately after surgery and remained so thereafter. The cortisol-to-aldosterone ratio was significantly lower in Fontan patients on POD 0 (p <0.05 vs controls); low cortisol-to-aldosterone ratios were associated with a longer pleural drainage duration and intensive care unit stay. Daily cortisol and aldosterone levels were significantly associated with postoperative hemodynamics; low cortisol levels correlated with low cardiac and urine outputs, whereas high aldosterone levels correlated with low cardiac output and increased blood pressure and central venous pressure. Thus, aldosterone-to-cortisol imbalance occurred specifically after the Fontan operation. This unique hormonal profile significantly affected patients' postoperative water balance and hemodynamics. Modulation of the adrenal hormone could be useful for reducing postoperative complications after the Fontan operation.
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Kitano M, Yazaki S, Kagisaki K. Aggressive coil embolization for connected aortopulmonary collateral arteries with large shunts developed after diaphragmatic plication performed after cavopulmonary connection to facilitate Fontan circulation. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2013; 82:E694-703. [PMID: 23804520 DOI: 10.1002/ccd.25094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We present two patients of univentricular physiology, who underwent diaphragmatic plication following the complication of diaphragmatic paralysis resulting from a bidirectional Glenn procedure. Over several months, complex connections developed between aortopulmonary collateral arteries, resulting in large shunts around the plication sites and an increased central pulmonary artery (PA) pressure to 14-15 mmHg. Most blood flow from these connections was reversed in the lower PAs of the affected side, reaching the contralateral lungs through the central PAs. Selective angiography identified almost all of the feeding arteries and complex connections. Aggressive coil embolization at these sites decreased the PA pressure to approximately 10 mmHg, enabling the Fontan procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Kitano
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Japan
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30
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Prakash A, Satiroglu E, Porras D, McElhinney DB, Keane JF, Lock JE, Geva T, King W, Powell AJ. Risk factors for profuse systemic-to-pulmonary artery collateral burden in hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Am J Cardiol 2013; 112:400-4. [PMID: 23642507 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Risk factors for developing systemic-to-pulmonary artery collaterals (SPCs) in hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) are unknown. We performed a retrospective case-control study to identify risk factors for developing a profuse SPC burden in HLHS. Angiograms of 439 patients with HLHS (performed <2 years of age) were reviewed using a previously published angiographic grading scale to identify cases (profuse SPC burden, n = 20) and controls (no or minimal SPC burden, n = 35). In univariate analyses, profuse SPC burden was associated with mitral atresia and aortic atresia subtype (MA/AA) (65% vs 14%, p <0.0001), use of a Sano shunt (70% vs 37%, p = 0.03), longer log-transformed durations of intensive care unit stay (p = 0.02), hospital stay (p = 0.002), pleural drainage (p = 0.008) after stage 1 palliation, lower oxygen saturation at discharge after stage 1 palliation (82 ± 4 vs 85 ± 4%, p = 0.03), and a history of severe shunt obstruction (37% vs 11%, p = 0.04). In a multivariate logistic regression model, profuse SPC burden was associated with MA/AA subtype (odds ratio 6.6), Sano shunt type (odds ratio 8.6), and log-transformed duration of hospital stay after stage 1 (odds ratio 7.9, model p <0.0001, area under the curve 0.88). Nonassociated parameters included fetal aortic valve dilation, severe cyanotic episodes, number of days with open sternum or number of additional exploratory thoracotomies after stage 1 palliation, pulmonary vein stenosis, and restrictive atrial septal defect. In conclusion, in the present case-control study of patients with HLHS, the development of a profuse SPC burden was associated with MA/AA subtype, Sano shunt type, and longer duration of hospital stay after stage 1 palliation.
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31
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Dori Y, Glatz AC, Hanna BD, Gillespie MJ, Harris MA, Keller MS, Fogel MA, Rome JJ, Whitehead KK. Acute effects of embolizing systemic-to-pulmonary arterial collaterals on blood flow in patients with superior cavopulmonary connections: a pilot study. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2013; 6:101-6. [PMID: 23322742 DOI: 10.1161/circinterventions.112.972265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The significance and optimal treatment of systemic-to-pulmonary arterial collateral (SPC) vessels in single ventricle patients are poorly understood. The acute efficacy of SPC embolization has not been demonstrated in a quantifiable fashion. We sought to assess the acute efficacy of SPC embolization on blood flow as quantified by phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging and hypothesized that embolization acutely decreases SPC flow and increases systemic blood flow (Q(S)). METHODS AND RESULTS Six superior cavopulmonary connection patients underwent SPC flow quantification by phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging, including quantification of superior and inferior caval, total pulmonary artery, total pulmonary vein, ascending and descending aortic flows (Q(SVC), Q(IVC), Q(PA), Q(PV), Q(Ao), and Q(Dao), respectively), both immediately before and after cardiac catheterization with coil and particle embolization of angiographically evident SPC vessels. All studies were performed under a single anesthetic. After embolization, we found a significant decrease in SPC flow of 0.9 (range, 0.6-1.3) L/(min·m(2)) (P=0.03); a median reduction of 47% (range, 32-60). There was a significant decrease in the median Q(P):Q(S) from 1.3 before to 0.8 after embolization (P=0.03), and an increase in Q(S) from a median of 3.4 to 4.4 L/(min·m(2)) (P<0.05), and Q(SVC) from a median of 1.7 to 2.3 L/(min·m(2)) (P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS We report on the acute efficacy of SPC embolization, demonstrating a significant decrease in SPC flow and Q(P):Q(S) and increase in Q(SVC) and Q(S). Further studies are needed to assess the durability of the procedure and the effect on Fontan and longer-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Dori
- Department of Radiology, Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. ..edu
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32
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Hansen JH, Runge U, Uebing A, Scheewe J, Kramer HH, Fischer G. Cardiac Catheterization and Interventional Procedures as Part of Staged Surgical Palliation for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. CONGENIT HEART DIS 2012; 7:565-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0803.2012.00709.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hinnerk Hansen
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel; Kiel; Germany
| | - Ute Runge
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel; Kiel; Germany
| | - Anselm Uebing
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel; Kiel; Germany
| | - Jens Scheewe
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel; Kiel; Germany
| | - Hans-Heiner Kramer
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel; Kiel; Germany
| | - Gunther Fischer
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel; Kiel; Germany
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Burchill LJ, Ross HJ. Heart transplantation in adults with end-stage congenital heart disease. Future Cardiol 2012; 8:329-42. [PMID: 22413990 DOI: 10.2217/fca.12.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Residual abnormalities in cardiac structure and function predispose adults with congenital heart disease to late-onset heart failure and its complications. Evaluation of this population requires collaboration between adult congenital and heart failure specialists. In addition to assessing heart transplant eligibility, clinicians must balance the risks of premature listing against progressive heart failure and increased waiting list mortality. Following heart transplantation, adults with congenital heart disease have higher mortality due to an increased risk of bleeding, infection and donor right heart failure secondary to pulmonary hypertension. Concerns relating to increased early mortality should be balanced against superior long-term survival in adult congenital heart disease patients surviving beyond the first year after heart transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Burchill
- University of Toronto, Toronto Congenital Cardiac Centre for Adults, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Canada
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Grosse-Wortmann L, Drolet C, Dragulescu A, Kotani Y, Chaturvedi R, Lee KJ, Mertens L, Taylor K, La Rotta G, van Arsdell G, Redington A, Yoo SJ. Aortopulmonary collateral flow volume affects early postoperative outcome after Fontan completion: a multimodality study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 144:1329-36. [PMID: 22502974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aortopulmonary collaterals are a frequent phenomenon in patients after bidirectional cavopulmonary connection. The aortopulmonary collateral flow volume can be quantified using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. However, the significance of aortopulmonary collateral flow for the postoperative outcome after total cavopulmonary connection is unclear and was sought to be determined. METHODS The data from 33 patients were prospectively studied with cardiac magnetic resonance, echocardiography, and cardiac catheterization before the total cavopulmonary connection operation. The early postoperative outcomes after total cavopulmonary connection completion were recorded. RESULTS Aortopulmonary collateral flow was 1.59 L/min/m(2) ± 0.65 L/min/m(2) (range, 0.54 L/min/m(2)-3.34 L/min/m(2)), constituting 43% ± 13% (range, 12-87%) of pulmonary blood flow and 35% ± 12% (range, 11-62%) of the cardiac index, resulting in a pulmonary blood flow/systemic blood flow ratio of 1.06 ± 0.17 (range, 0.79-1.55). The aortopulmonary collateral flow correlated with pulmonary blood flow/systemic blood flow ratio (r = 0.69, P < .0001), oxygen saturation (r = 0.42, P = .018), and cardiac index (r = 0.53, P = .002). Of the 36 patients, 24 underwent fenestrated total cavopulmonary connection during the study period. The aortopulmonary collateral flow, relative to the cardiac index, correlated with the duration of hospital stay (r = 0.48, P = .02) and pleural drainage (r = 0.45, P = .03). Patients whose pleural drainage lasted 1 week or less had less aortopulmonary collateral flow before the Fontan operation than those with a longer period until chest tube removal (1.23 L/min/m(2) ± 0.38 L/min/m(2) vs 1.73 L/min/m(2) ± 0.76 L/min/m(2); P = .03). Compared with a contemporary group of total cavopulmonary connection patients with fenestration in their extracardiac conduit who were studied prospectively, with a similar protocol, the bidirectional cavopulmonary connection had a greater amount of aortopulmonary collateral flow (1.59 L/min/m(2) ± 0.65 L/min/m(2) vs 1.30 L/min/m(2) ± 0.57 L/min/m(2), P = .04). CONCLUSIONS Patients after bidirectional cavopulmonary connection routinely acquire a large amount of aortopulmonary collateral flow. The hemodynamic consequences of aortopulmonary collateral flow translate into adverse outcomes early after total cavopulmonary connection completion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Grosse-Wortmann
- Labatt Family Heart Center, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Mendoza A, Albert L, Ruiz E, Boni L, Ramos V, Velasco JM, Herrera D, Granados MA, Comas JV, Perez A. Operación de Fontan. Estudio de los factores hemodinámicos asociados a la evolución postoperatoria. Rev Esp Cardiol 2012; 65:356-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2011.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Glatz AC, Rome JJ, Small AJ, Gillespie MJ, Dori Y, Harris MA, Keller MS, Fogel MA, Whitehead KK. Systemic-to-pulmonary collateral flow, as measured by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, is associated with acute post-Fontan clinical outcomes. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2012; 5:218-25. [PMID: 22228054 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.111.966986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic-pulmonary collateral (SPC) flow occurs commonly in single ventricle patients after superior cavo-pulmonary connection, with unclear clinical significance. We sought to evaluate the association between SPC flow and acute post-Fontan clinical outcomes using a novel method of quantifying SPC flow by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging. METHODS AND RESULTS All patients who had SPC flow quantified by CMR imaging before Fontan were retrospectively reviewed to assess for acute clinical outcomes after Fontan completion. Forty-four subjects were included who had Fontan completion between May 2008 and September 2010. SPC flow prior to Fontan measured 1.5±0.9 L/min/m(2), accounting for 31±11% of total aortic flow and 44±15% of total pulmonary venous flow. There was a significant linear association between natural log-transformed duration of hospitalization and SPC flow as a proportion of total aortic (rho=0.31, P=0.04) and total pulmonary venous flow (rho=0.29, P=0.05). After adjustment for Fontan type and presence of a fenestration, absolute SPC flow was significantly associated with hospital duration ≥7 days (odds ratio [OR]=9.2, P=0.02) and chest tube duration ≥10 days (OR=22.7, P=0.009). Similar associations exist for SPC flow as a percentage of total aortic (OR=1.09, P=0.048 for hospitalization ≥7 days; OR=1.24, P=0.007 for chest tube duration ≥10 days) and total pulmonary venous flow (OR=1.07, P=0.048 for hospitalization ≥7 days; OR=1.18, P=0.006 for chest tube duration ≥10 days). CONCLUSIONS Increasing SPC flow before Fontan, as measured by CMR imaging, is associated with increased duration of hospitalization and chest tube following Fontan completion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Glatz
- The Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Feinstein JA, Benson DW, Dubin AM, Cohen MS, Maxey DM, Mahle WT, Pahl E, Villafañe J, Bhatt AB, Peng LF, Johnson BA, Marsden AL, Daniels CJ, Rudd NA, Caldarone CA, Mussatto KA, Morales DL, Ivy DD, Gaynor JW, Tweddell JS, Deal BJ, Furck AK, Rosenthal GL, Ohye RG, Ghanayem NS, Cheatham JP, Tworetzky W, Martin GR. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome: current considerations and expectations. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 59:S1-42. [PMID: 22192720 PMCID: PMC6110391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In the recent era, no congenital heart defect has undergone a more dramatic change in diagnostic approach, management, and outcomes than hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). During this time, survival to the age of 5 years (including Fontan) has ranged from 50% to 69%, but current expectations are that 70% of newborns born today with HLHS may reach adulthood. Although the 3-stage treatment approach to HLHS is now well founded, there is significant variation among centers. In this white paper, we present the current state of the art in our understanding and treatment of HLHS during the stages of care: 1) pre-Stage I: fetal and neonatal assessment and management; 2) Stage I: perioperative care, interstage monitoring, and management strategies; 3) Stage II: surgeries; 4) Stage III: Fontan surgery; and 5) long-term follow-up. Issues surrounding the genetics of HLHS, developmental outcomes, and quality of life are addressed in addition to the many other considerations for caring for this group of complex patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Feinstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Lucile Salter Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.
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Abstract
Interventional cardiology plays a key role in the diagnosis and management of patients with functionally univentricular physiology after the various stages of surgical palliation. The interventions performed are widely variable in type, including angioplasty of stenotic vessels and implantation of stents in stenotic vessels; closure of defects such as collaterals, leaks in baffles, and fenestrations; creation of fenestration; and more. In the setting of venous hypertension associated with stenosis at the Fontan baffle, conduit, or pulmonary arteries, stent implantation is often preferred, as the aim is to eliminate completely the narrowing, given that relatively mild stenosis can have a significant detrimental hemodynamic effect in patients with functionally univentricular circulation. The procedure is highly successful. In patients who fail after Fontan procedure, creation of a fenestration is often performed, with variable technique depending on the underlying anatomic substrate. To increase chances of patency of the fenestration, implantation of a stent is often required, particularly in the setting of an extracardiac conduit. For those patients with cyanosis and favorable Fontan hemodynamics, closure of the fenestration is performed using atrial septal occluder devices with high success rate. Coils compatible with magnetic resonance imaging are used widely to treat collateral vessels, although on occasion other specific embolization tools are required, such as particles or vascular plugs. Postoperative arch obstruction is successfully managed with angioplasty at a younger age, while implantation of a stent in the aorta is reserved for older patients. Specifics of these interventional procedures as applied to the population of patients with functionally univentricular hearts are described in this manuscript.
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Ait-Ali L, De Marchi D, Lombardi M, Scebba L, Picano E, Murzi B, Festa P. The role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in candidates for Fontan operation: proposal of a new algorithm. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2011; 13:69. [PMID: 22077996 PMCID: PMC3260224 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-13-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To propose a new diagnostic algorithm for candidates for Fontan and identify those who can skip cardiac catheterization (CC). METHODS Forty-four candidates for Fontan (median age 4.8 years, range: 2-29 years) were prospectively evaluated by trans-thoracic echocardiography (TTE), Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) and CC. Before CC, according to clinical, echo and CMR findings, patients were divided in two groups: Group I comprised 18 patients deemed suitable for Fontan without requiring CC; group II comprised 26 patients indicated for CC either in order to detect more details, or for interventional procedures. RESULTS In Group I ("CC not required") no unexpected new information affecting surgical planning was provided by CC. Conversely, in Group II new information was provided by CC in three patients (0 vs 11.5%, p = 0.35) and in six an interventional procedure was performed. During CC, minor complications occurred in one patient from Group I and in three from Group II (6 vs 14%, p = 0.7). Radiation Dose-Area product was similar in the two groups (Median 20 Gycm(2), range: 5-40 vs 26.5 Gycm(2), range: 9-270 p = 0.37). All 18 Group I patients and 19 Group II patients underwent a total cavo-pulmonary anastomosis; in the remaining seven group II patients, four were excluded from Fontan; two are awaiting Fontan; one refused the intervention. CONCLUSION In this paper we propose a new diagnostic algorithm in a pre-Fontan setting. An accurate non-invasive evaluation comprising TTE and CMR could select patients who can skip CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Ait-Ali
- Institute of Clinical Physiology - National Research Council (CNR), Ospedale del cuore "G.Pasquinucci" Via Aurelia Sud 54100 Massa, Italy
- MRI Lab Fondazione G.Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana Pisa Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniele De Marchi
- MRI Lab Fondazione G.Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana Pisa Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Massimo Lombardi
- MRI Lab Fondazione G.Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana Pisa Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luigi Scebba
- Anesthesia departement, Ospedale del cuore "G.Pasquinucci" Fondazione G.Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana Via Aurelia Sud 54100 Massa, Italy
| | - Eugenio Picano
- Institute of Clinical Physiology - National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Bruno Murzi
- Cardiac-surgery department. Ospedale del cuore "G.Pasquinucci" Fondazione G.Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana Via Aurelia Sud 54100 Massa, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Festa
- MRI Lab Fondazione G.Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana Pisa Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Pediatric Cardiology department, Ospedale del cuore "G.Pasquinucci" Fondazione G.Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana Via Aurelia Sud 54100 Massa, Italy
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Kim SW, Jun TG, Yang JH, Park PW, Kang IS, Hurh J, Lee HJ. Omission of a Prior Glenn Anastomosis Is a Risk Factor for Prolonged Pleural Drainage after the Fenestrated Extracardiac Conduit Fontan Procedure. J Card Surg 2011; 26:509-14. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8191.2011.01291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Practice variability and outcomes of coil embolization of aortopulmonary collaterals before Fontan completion: a report from the Pediatric Heart Network Fontan Cross-Sectional Study. Am Heart J 2011; 162:125-30. [PMID: 21742098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2011.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The practice of coiling aortopulmonary collaterals (APCs) before Fontan completion is controversial, and published data are limited. We sought to compare outcomes in subjects with and without pre-Fontan coil embolization of APCs using the Pediatric Heart Network Fontan Cross-Sectional Study database which enrolled survivors of prior Fontan palliation. METHODS We compared hospital length of stay after Fontan in 80 subjects who underwent APC coiling with 459 subjects who did not. Secondary outcomes included post-Fontan complications and assessment of health status and ventricular performance at cross-sectional evaluation (mean 8.6 ± 3.4 years after Fontan). RESULTS Centers varied markedly in frequency of pre-Fontan APC coiling (range 0%-30% of subjects, P < .001). The coil group was older at Fontan (P = .004) and more likely to have single right ventricular morphology (P = .054) and pre-Fontan atrioventricular valve regurgitation (P = .03). The coil group underwent Fontan surgery more recently (P < .001), was more likely to have a prior superior cavopulmonary anastomosis (P < .001), and more likely to undergo extracardiac Fontan connection (P < .001) and surgical fenestration (P < .001). In multivariable analyses, APC coiling was not associated with length of stay (hazard ratio for remaining in-hospital 0.91, 95% CI 0.70-1.18, P = .48) or postoperative complications, except more post-Fontan catheter interventions (hazard ratio 1.74, 95% CI 1.04-2.91, P = .03), primarily additional APC coils. The groups had similar outcomes at cross-sectional evaluation. CONCLUSION Management of APCs before Fontan shows marked practice variation. We did not find an association between pre-Fontan coiling of APCs and shorter postoperative hospital stay or with better late outcomes. Prospective studies of this practice are needed.
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Feltes TF, Bacha E, Beekman RH, Cheatham JP, Feinstein JA, Gomes AS, Hijazi ZM, Ing FF, de Moor M, Morrow WR, Mullins CE, Taubert KA, Zahn EM. Indications for cardiac catheterization and intervention in pediatric cardiac disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011; 123:2607-52. [PMID: 21536996 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0b013e31821b1f10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 512] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Open anastomosis of extracardiac conduit for total cavopulmonary connection decreases post-operative pleural effusion. Cardiol Young 2010; 20:686-91. [PMID: 20810010 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951110001010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to see whether the open anastomosis technique using vacuum-assisted venous drainage at the time of the Fontan procedure was associated with decreased post-operative pleural effusion. METHODS We analysed a subgroup of patients with a functional single ventricle who underwent non-fenestrated total cavopulmonary connection completion with the insertion of an extracardiac conduit as the sole or predominant procedure conducted by a single surgeon at a single institute, using either an open or closed anastomosis technique. RESULTS Median age and weight were 2.3 years, with a range from 1.3 to 27.6 years and 11.4 kilograms, with a range from 9.7 to 43 kilograms, respectively. The open anastomosis technique was associated with a shorter bypass run (p = 0.015), decreased surgical duration (p = 0.032), fewer pleural effusion days (p = 0.049), and lesser pleural effusion (p = 0.013) than closed anastomosis. Correlation analysis demonstrated a significant relationship between the amount of pleural effusion and surgical duration (correlation efficient, 0.535; p = 0.033). A logistic regression model showed that the open technique was associated with a 20-fold increase in the likelihood of having a total chest tube discharge of less than 300 millilitres (p = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS The open anastomosis technique shortens operative duration and bypass run, which in turn might contribute to decreased pleural effusion soon after the modified Fontan procedure.
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Abstract
Choussat's "Ten Commandments," which describes the components of an ideal Fontan candidate, was first published in 1977. Despite the wisdom in these commandments, it is clear from a historic perspective that total compliance with all criteria does not necessarily portend excellent long-term survival. I believe the end point of the original commandments should be modified to include improvement in long-term survival. I suggest the following single commandment: "Thou Shalt Be Perfect."
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Schmitt B, Steendijk P, Ovroutski S, Lunze K, Rahmanzadeh P, Maarouf N, Ewert P, Berger F, Kuehne T. Pulmonary vascular resistance, collateral flow, and ventricular function in patients with a Fontan circulation at rest and during dobutamine stress. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2010; 3:623-31. [PMID: 20631032 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.109.931592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role, interplay, and relative importance of the multifactorial hemodynamic and myocardial mechanisms causing dysfunction of the Fontan circulation remain incompletely understood. METHODS AND RESULTS Using an MRI catheterization technique, we performed a differential analysis of pulmonary vascular resistance and aortopulmonary collateral blood flow in conjunction with global ventricular pump function, myocontractility (end-systolic pressure-volume relation), and diastolic compliance (end-diastolic pressure-volume relation) in 10 patients with a Fontan circulation at rest and during dobutamine stress. Pulmonary and ventricular pressures were measured invasively and synchronized with velocity-encoded MRI-derived pulmonary and aortic blood flows and cine MRI-derived ventricular volumes. Pulmonary vascular resistance and end-systolic and end-diastolic pressure-volume relations were then determined. Aortopulmonary collateral flow was calculated as the difference between aortic and pulmonary flow. Compared to rest, dobutamine caused a small increase in mean pulmonary pressures (P<0.05). Collateral flow was significantly augmented (P<0.001) and contributed importantly to an increase in pulmonary flow (P<0.01). Pulmonary vascular resistance decreased significantly (P<0.01). Dobutamine did not increase stroke volumes significantly despite slightly enhanced contractility (end-systolic pressure-volume relation). Active early relaxation (τ) was inconspicuous, but the end-diastolic pressure-volume relation shifted upward, indicating reduced compliance. CONCLUSIONS In patients with a Fontan circulation, aortopulmonary collateral flow contributes substantially to enhanced pulmonary flow during stress. Our data indicate that pulmonary vascular response to augmented cardiac output was adequate, but decreased diastolic compliance was identified as an important component of ventricular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Schmitt
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin and The Charité, Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Baghdady Y, Hussein Y, Shehata M. Vascular endothelial growth factor in children with cyanotic and acyanotic and congenital heart disease. Arch Med Sci 2010; 6:221-5. [PMID: 22371751 PMCID: PMC3281344 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2010.13899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vascular endothelial growth factor is a potent stimulator of angiogenesis. Children with cyanotic congenital heart disease often experience the development of widespread formation of collateral blood vessels, which may represent a form of abnormal angiogenesis resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. We undertook the present study to determine whether children with cyanotic congenital heart disease have elevated serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor compared to children with acyanotic heart disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS Serum was obtained from 35 children with cyanotic congenital heart disease and 30 children with acyanotic heart disease. Vascular endothelial growth factor levels were measured in the serum of these patients by sandwich enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS Vascular endothelial growth factor was significantly elevated in children with cyanotic congenital heart disease compared to children with acyanotic heart disease (150.3 ±48.1 vs. 85.4 ±18.7 pg/ml, respectively, p < 0.001). In the cyanotic group, oxygen saturation (SaO(2)) was negatively correlated with VEGF (r=-0.631, p < 0.001) while haemoglobin was positively correlated (r=0.781, p = 0.007). No significant correlations were found in the acyanotic group. CONCLUSIONS Children with cyanotic congenital heart disease have elevated systemic levels of vascular endothelial growth factor directly related to the degree of cyanosis (SaO(2) and haemoglobin levels). These findings suggest that the widespread formation of collateral vessels in these children may be mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Baghdady
- Cardiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Yasser Hussein
- Paediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Shehata
- Clinical Pathology Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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Brown DW, Powell AJ, Geva T. Imaging complex congenital heart disease — functional single ventricle, the Glenn circulation and the Fontan circulation: A multimodality approach. PROGRESS IN PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Stern HJ. The argument for aggressive coiling of aortopulmonary collaterals in single ventricle patients. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2009; 74:897-900. [DOI: 10.1002/ccd.22156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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A new diagnostic algorithm for assessment of patients with single ventricle before a Fontan operation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009; 138:917-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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