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Grbović A, Pavlović S, Žugić V. Predictors of Higher Frequency of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:2178. [PMID: 38138281 PMCID: PMC10745040 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59122178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is one of the effective therapeutic options in the treatment of systolic heart failure (HF) with persistent symptoms. This prospective study was designed to determine whether CRT with biventricular pacing would reduce the risk of development of atrial fibrillation (AF) and to identify predictors for AF occurrence. Materials and Methods: The study population consisted of 126 patients, with a mean age of 63.8 ± 9.1 years, who were eligible for CRT with biventricular pacing. Inclusion criteria were left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 35%, QRS duration ≥ 130 msec, and persistent HF symptoms of New York Heart Association (NYHA) II or III, despite optimal drug therapy. Patients were followed for a period of 24 months and were evaluated through clinical, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic examination at baseline (prior to CRT implantation), as well as at 6 and 24 months post-implantation. At the end of follow-up, patients were divided into clinical responders and non-responders based on the following criteria: decrease in NYHA class ≥ I, increase in LVEF ≥ 10%, and reduction in QRS duration ≥ 20 msec. Results: At follow-up, CRT was associated with a significant increase in LVEF (20.6 ± 6.9% pre-implantation, 32.9 ± 9.3% 24 months after implantation; p < 0.001), reduction in left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters, and decrease in QRS duration (167.6 ± 14.3 msec pre-implantation, 131.7 ± 11.7 msec 24 months after implantation; p < 0.001), while left atrial (LA) diameter was slightly increased (p = 0.070). The frequency of AF occurrence increased after two years of follow-up (52.4% to 56.9%, p < 0.001). Significant predictors of AF occurrence in our study population were response to CRT-AF more frequent in non-responders (B = 8.134; p < 0.001), LA diameter-AF more frequent with larger LA diameter (B = 0.813; p < 0.001), and coronary sinus (CS) lead position-AF more frequent with posterolateral in comparison with lateral CS lead position (B = 5.159; p = 0.005). Conclusions: The results of our study provide new data on AF predictors in patients with HF subjected to CRT. There remains a permanent need for new predictors, which might help in patient selection and improvement in response rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Grbović
- Dedinje Cardiovascular Institute, Heroja Milana Tepića 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.P.); (V.Ž.)
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Yuan Y, Nie B, Gao B, Guo C, Li L. Natriuretic peptides as predictors for atrial fibrillation recurrence after catheter ablation: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33704. [PMID: 37171306 PMCID: PMC10174372 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catheter ablation (CA) has become the first-line treatment strategy for atrial fibrillation (AF) but remains with a substantial recurrence rate. The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine the association between baseline natriuretic peptide levels and AF recurrence after CA. METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Wiley-Cochrane Library for relevant studies published up until May 2022. Overall effect analysis and subgroup analysis were performed with Review Manager software. RESULTS Finally, 61 studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in our meta-analysis. Compared with the nonrecurrence group, the recurrence group had increased baseline level of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.39, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.21-0.56), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) (SMD = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.31-0.71), N-terminal pro-BNP (SMD = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.49-0.92), and midregional N-terminal pro-ANP (SMD = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.27-1.56). CONCLUSIONS Increased baseline natriuretic peptide levels, including ANP, BNP, N-terminal pro-BNP, and midregional N-terminal pro-ANP, are associated with a higher risk of AF recurrence after CA. Nonetheless, further studies are needed to elucidate the predictive value of baseline natriuretic peptides in AF patients undergoing CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Boyuan Nie
- Department of Day Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Binbin Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Caixia Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
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van Mourik MJW, Artola Arita V, Lyon A, Lumens J, De With RR, van Melle JP, Schotten U, Bekkers SCAM, Crijns HJGM, Van Gelder IC, Rienstra M, Linz DK. Association between comorbidities and left and right atrial dysfunction in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: Analysis of AF-RISK. Int J Cardiol 2022; 360:29-35. [PMID: 35618104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To identify the association between comorbidities and left atrial (LA) and right atrial (RA) function in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS This is a cross-sectional study. Speckle-tracking echocardiography was performed in 344 patients with paroxysmal AF at baseline, and available in 298 patients after 1-year follow-up. The number of comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, body mass index > 25 kg/m2, age > 65 years, moderate to severe mitral valve regurgitation and kidney dysfunction (estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2)) was determined and the association with atrial strain was tested. RESULTS Mean age of the patients was 58 (SD 12) years and 137 patients were women (40%). Patients with a higher number of comorbidities had larger LA volumes (p for trend <0.001), and had a decrease in all strain phases from the LA and RA, except for the RA contraction phase (p for trend 0.47). A higher number of comorbidities was associated with LA reservoir and conduit strain decrease independently of LA volume (p < 0.001, p < 0.001 respectively). Patients with 1-2 comorbidities, but not patients with 3 or more comorbidities, showed a further progression of impaired LA and RA function in almost all atrial strain phases at 14 [13-17] months follow-up. CONCLUSIONS In patients with paroxysmal AF, individual and combined comorbidities are related to lower LA and RA strain. In patients with few comorbidities, impairment in atrial function progresses during one year of follow-up. Whether comorbidity management prevents or reverses decrease in atrial function warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manouk J W van Mourik
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Vicente Artola Arita
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aurore Lyon
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joost Lumens
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ruben R De With
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joost P van Melle
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Schotten
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan C A M Bekkers
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Harry J G M Crijns
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Isabelle C Van Gelder
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel Rienstra
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dominik K Linz
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Zhong XF, Liu DS, Zheng YQ, Peng GJ, Sheng YY, Chen LX, Liu YY. Left atrial reservoir and pump function after catheter ablation with persistent atrial fibrillation: a two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging study. Acta Cardiol 2022; 78:331-340. [PMID: 35904446 DOI: 10.1080/00015385.2022.2076308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE By using ultrasound strain rate (SR) imaging to evaluate the left atrial (LA) reservoir and pump function after catheter ablation (CA) with persistent atrial fibrillation (PAF). METHODS A total of 45 patients with PAF underwent echocardiography examination before and after ablation as well as during 6 months of follow-up. Peak SR was measured at each LA segment (septal, lateral, anterior, inferior and posterior) during systole (LAs) and late diastole (LAa). RESULTS During 6 months after CA, 30 patients were free of atrial fibrillation recurrence (AFR). left atrial area index (LAAI), left atrial maximum volume index (LAVImax), and E/Ea were obviously higher in patients with before CA, left atrial ejection fraction (LAEF), SR-LAs were lower than in normal cases, the SR-LAa was disappeared. Shortly after ablation, SR-LAa was recovered, and SR-LAs was reduced compared to those at baseline. At midterm follow-up, LAEF and SR-LAs were still lower than the control group, and LAAI and LAVImax were higher. SR-LAa was recovered slowly over time, but still lower. CONCLUSION LA reservoir function was seriously damaged and LA pump function disappeared in patients with PAF. LA reservoir function impairment appeared shortly after ablation, it showed improvement at midterm follow-up, but some degree of damage to the LA reservoir and pump function was still present. Speckle tracking imaging is a feasible technique for the assessment of LA function in patients with PAF, which is a potentially valuable clinical tool to assist in the early detection of atrial remodelling and reverse remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fang Zhong
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen Medical Ultrasound Engineering Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Liu
- Department of Pain Management, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying-Qi Zheng
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen Medical Ultrasound Engineering Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gui-Juan Peng
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen Medical Ultrasound Engineering Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Sheng
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen Medical Ultrasound Engineering Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li-Xin Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen Medical Ultrasound Engineering Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying-Ying Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen Medical Ultrasound Engineering Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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Lombard FW, Liang Y. Risk Factors for Mitral Valve Surgery: Atrial Fibrillation and Pulmonary Hypertension. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2019; 23:57-69. [PMID: 30608218 DOI: 10.1177/1089253218821694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yafen Liang
- 1 Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Jiang H, Wang W, Wang C, Xie X, Hou Y. Association of pre-ablation level of potential blood markers with atrial fibrillation recurrence after catheter ablation: a meta-analysis. Europace 2017; 19:392-400. [PMID: 27386883 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euw088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The meta-analysis was aimed to search for candidate blood markers whose pre-ablation level was associated with atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence after radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA). Methods and results A systematic literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, Springer Link, Web of Science, Wiley-Cochrane library, and supplemented with Google scholar search engine was performed. Thirty-six studies covering 11 blood markers were qualified for this meta-analysis. Compared with the nonrecurrence group, the recurrence group had increased pre-ablation level of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein, low density lipoprotein (LDL), and tissue inhibitor of metal loproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) [standardized mean difference (95% confidence interval): 0.37 (0.13-0.61), 0.77 (0.40-1.14), 1.25 (0.64-1.87), 0.37 (0.21-0.52), 0.35 (0.10-0.60), 0.24 (0.07-0.42), 0.17 (0.00-0.34), respectively], while no statistical difference of pre-ablation level of white blood cell, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and transforming growth factor-β1 was found. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that ANP was associated with AF recurrence in participants who had no concomitant structural heart diseases (SHD); however, not in participants who had SHD, C-reactive protein was associated with AF recurrence in Asian studies, whereas not in European studies. Conclusion Increased pre-ablation level of ANP, BNP, NT-pro-BNP, IL-6, C-reactive protein, LDL, and TIMP-2 was associated with greater risk of AF recurrence after RFCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.,Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, No. 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250014, China
| | - Weizong Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.,Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, No. 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250014, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, No. 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250014, China
| | - Xinxing Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, No. 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250014, China
| | - Yinglong Hou
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, No. 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250014, China
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Minami Y, Haruki S, Yashiro B, Suzuki T, Ashihara K, Hagiwara N. Enlarged left atrium and sudden death risk in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients with or without atrial fibrillation. J Cardiol 2016; 68:478-484. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mattioli AV, Bonatti S, Mattioli G. Left Atrial Anatomy and Function After Conversion From Atrial Fibrillation in Hypertrophic Hearts. Angiology 2016; 57:717-23. [PMID: 17235112 DOI: 10.1177/0003319706295490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy on left atrial (LA) electrical and mechanical function after cardioversion atrial fibrillation (A-Fib) of brief duration. Study group A included 100 patients with a first diagnosis of hypertension who had a moderate LV hypertrophy. The patient population included 64 men and 36 women with a mean age of 55 ±7 years who were hospitalized because of A-Fib and were cardioverted with external DC shock. Control group B included 100 patients without cardiac hypertrophy cardioverted because of lone A-Fib. Atrial function and size were assessed by Doppler echocardiography and the following parameters were measured: transmitral peak A velocity, atrial filling fraction, atrial ejection force, peak E velocity, deceleration time, and isovolumic relaxation time, LA maximal and minimal volume, and LV cardiac mass index. Baseline echocardiography showed that LA diameters and volumes were enlarged in all patients during A-Fib. After the restoration of sinus rhythm LA diameters and volumes decreased and the reduction was more evident in group B compared to group A. LA function as a continuous variable was negatively related to LV mass index ( r = -0.77), LA diameter ( r = -0.66 and r = -0.69 for the superoinferior diameter), LA maximal volume ( r = -0.61) and LA minimal volume ( r = -0.55) (all p<0.01). Atrial ejection force as a continuous variable was positively related to age ( r =0.78), peak A wave velocity ( r =0.71), systolic blood pressure ( r =0.51), and IVRT ( r =0.41) (all p<0.01). Hypertrophy influenced the recovery of atrial function after cardioversion of A-Fib. Atrial function was reduced in patients with LV hypertrophy even after A-Fib of brief duration.
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Chen J, Yang ZG, Xu HY, Shi K, Long QH, Guo YK. Assessments of pulmonary vein and left atrial anatomical variants in atrial fibrillation patients for catheter ablation with cardiac CT. Eur Radiol 2016; 27:660-670. [PMID: 27229337 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-016-4411-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide a road map of pulmonary vein (PV) and left atrial (LA) variants in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) before catheter ablation procedure using cardiac CT. METHODS Cardiac CT was performed in 1420 subjects for accurate anatomical information, including 710 patients with AF and 710 matched controls without AF. PV variants, PV ostia and spatial orientation, LA enlargement, and left atrial diverticulum (LAD) were measured, respectively. Differences between these two groups were also respectively compared. Some risk factors for the occurrence of LAD were analyzed. RESULTS In total, PV variants were observed in 202 (28.5 %) patients with AF patients and 206 (29.0 %) controls without AF (p = 0.8153). The ostial sizes of all accessory veins were generally smaller than those of the typical four PVs (p = 0.0153 to 0.3958). There was a significant difference of LA enlargement between the AF and control groups (36.3 % vs. 12.5 %, p < 0.0001), while the prevalence of LAD was similar in these two groups (43.2 % vs. 41.9 %, p = 0.6293). CONCLUSION PV variants are common. Detailed knowledge of PVs and LA variants are helpful for providing anatomical road map to determine ablation strategy. KEY POINTS • PVs variants are helpful for providing anatomical road map to ablation. • PV variants are common. • DSCT could recognize these anatomic features before ablation as a non-invasive imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37# Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Yang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37# Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| | - Hua-Yan Xu
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37# Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Ke Shi
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37# Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Qi-Hua Long
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37# Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Ying-Kun Guo
- Department of Radiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Daniels LB, Lee NS, Hsu JC. Natriuretic Peptides for Predicting Left Atrial Reverse Remodeling After Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: Too Much of a Stretch? JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2016; 2:159-161. [PMID: 29766865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lori B Daniels
- UC San Diego Health, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | - Noel S Lee
- UC San Diego Health, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jonathan C Hsu
- UC San Diego Health, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Corradi D. Atrial fibrillation from the pathologist's perspective. Cardiovasc Pathol 2013; 23:71-84. [PMID: 24462196 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Electrophysiologically, it is characterized by a high rate of asynchronous atrial cell depolarization causing a loss of atrial contractile function and irregular ventricular rates. For a long time, AF was considered as a pure functional disorder without any structural background. Only in recent years, have new mapping and imaging techniques identified atrial locations, which are very often involved in the initiation and maintenance of this supraventricular arrhythmia (i.e. the distal portion of the pulmonary veins and the surrounding atrial myocardium). Morphological analysis of these myocardial sites has demonstrated significant structural remodeling as well as paved the way for further knowledge of AF natural history, pathogenesis, and treatment. This architectural myocardial disarrangement is induced by the arrhythmia itself and the very frequently associated cardiovascular disorders. At the same time, the structural remodeling is also capable of sustaining AF, thereby creating a sort of pathogenetic vicious circle. This review focuses on current understanding about the structural and genetic bases of AF with reference to their classification, pathogenesis, and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Corradi
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological, and Translational Sciences (S.Bi.Bi.T.), Unit of Pathology, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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Hyllén S, Nozohoor S, Meurling C, Wierup P, Sjögren J. Left Atrial Reverse Remodeling Following Valve Surgery for Chronic Degenerative Mitral Regurgitation in Patients with Preoperative Sinus Rhythm: Effects on Long-Term Outcome. J Card Surg 2013; 28:619-26. [DOI: 10.1111/jocs.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Snejana Hyllén
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care; Lund University and Skane University Hospital; Lund Sweden
| | - Shahab Nozohoor
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care; Lund University and Skane University Hospital; Lund Sweden
| | - Carl Meurling
- Department of Cardiology; Lund University and Skane University Hospital; Lund Sweden
| | - Per Wierup
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care; Lund University and Skane University Hospital; Lund Sweden
| | - Johan Sjögren
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care; Lund University and Skane University Hospital; Lund Sweden
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Tenekecioglu E, Agca FV, Karaagac K, Ozluk OA, Peker T, Kuzeytemiz M, Senturk M, Yılmaz M. Left atrial appendage function in prediction of paroxysmal atrial fibrilation in patients with untreated hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 2013; 36:348-53. [PMID: 24047156 DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2013.827700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The onset of AF results in a significant increase in mortality rates and morbidity in hypertensive patients and this rhythm disorder exposes patients to a significantly increased risk of cerebral or peripheral embolisms. Tissue Doppler imaging was found to be useful in early detection of myocardial dysfunction in several diseases. It was shown that tissue Doppler analysis of the walls of the left atrial appendage (LAA) can give accurate information about the function of the LAA in hypertensive patients. In this study, we aimed to investigate and identify the specific predictive parameters for the onset of AF in patients with hypertension with tissue Doppler imaging of LAA. We studied age and sex matched 57 untreated hypertensive patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) and 27 untreated hypertensive subjects without PAF. With transthoracic echocardiography, diastolic mitral A-velocity and LA maximal volume index which reflects reservoir function of left atrium was measured, with transesophageal echocardiography, LAA emptying velocity (LAA-PW D2) and tissue Doppler contracting velocity of LAA (LAA-TDI-D2) were measured. LA maximal volume index of the groups (22.28 ± 3.59 mL/m(2) in Group 1 versus 20.37 ± 3.97 mL/m(2) in Group 2, p = 0.07) and diastolic mitral A-velocity [0.93 (0.59-1.84) m/s in patients with PAF versus 0.90 (0.62-1.76) m/s in patients without PAF, p = 0.26] was not significantly different between study groups, during TEE, LAA-PW D2 (0.31 ± 0.04 m/s in Group 1 versus 0.33 ± 0.03 m/s in Group 2, p = 0.034) and LAA-TDI-D2 (0.18 ± 0.04 m/s in Group 1 versus 0.21 ± 0.05 m/s in Group 2, p = 0.014) were significantly decreased in Group 1. In this study, we found that in hypertensive PAF patients despite normal global LA functions, LAA contracting function was deteriorated. Tissue Doppler analysis of LAA is clinically usefull approach to detect the risk of developing PAF in hypertensives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhan Tenekecioglu
- Department of Cardiology, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Education and Resarch Hospital , Bursa , Turkey
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14
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Gulati A, Ismail TF, Jabbour A, Ismail NA, Morarji K, Ali A, Raza S, Khwaja J, Brown TDH, Liodakis E, Baksi AJ, Shakur R, Guha K, Roughton M, Wage R, Cook SA, Alpendurada F, Assomull RG, Mohiaddin RH, Cowie MR, Pennell DJ, Prasad SK. Clinical utility and prognostic value of left atrial volume assessment by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail 2013; 15:660-70. [PMID: 23475781 DOI: 10.1093/eurjhf/hft019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Echocardiographic studies have shown that left atrial volume (LAV) predicts adverse outcome in small heart failure (HF) cohorts of mixed aetiology. However, the prognostic value of LAV in non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is unknown. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) allows accurate and reproducible measurement of LAV. We sought to determine the long-term prognostic significance of LAV assessed by CMR in DCM. METHODS AND RESULTS We measured LAV indexed to body surface area (LAVi) in 483 consecutive DCM patients referred for CMR. Patients were prospectively followed up for a primary endpoint of all-cause mortality or cardiac transplantation. During a median follow-up of 5.3 years, 75 patients died and 9 underwent cardiac transplantation. After adjustment for established risk factors, LAVi was an independent predictor of the primary endpoint [hazard ratio (HR) per 10 mL/m(2) 1.08; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-1.15; P = 0.022]. LAVi was also independently associated with the secondary composite endpoints of cardiovascular mortality or cardiac transplantation (HR per 10 mL/m(2) 1.11; 95% CI 1.04-1.19; P = 0.003), and HF death, HF hospitalization, or cardiac transplantation (HR per 10 mL/m(2) 1.11; 95% CI 1.04-1.18; P = 0.001). The optimal LAVi cut-off value for predicting the primary endpoint was 72 mL/m(2). Patients with LAVi >72 mL/m(2) had a three-fold elevated risk of death or transplantation (HR 3.00; 95% CI 1.92-4.70; P < 0.001). LAVi provided incremental prognostic value for the prediction of transplant-free survival (net reclassification improvement 0.17; 95% CI 0.05-0.29; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS LAVi is a powerful independent predictor of transplant-free survival and HF outcomes in DCM. Assessment of LAV improves risk stratification in DCM and should be incorporated into routine CMR examination.
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Vassilikos V, Dakos G, Chatzizisis YS, Chouvarda I, Karvounis C, Maynard C, Maglaveras N, Paraskevaidis S, Stavropoulos G, Styliadis CI, Mochlas S, Styliadis I. Novel non-invasive P wave analysis for the prediction of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation recurrences in patients without structural heart disease. Int J Cardiol 2011; 153:165-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Shin SY, Lim HE, Choi UJ, Choi CU, Kim SH, Kim JW, Kim EJ, Rha SW, Park CG, Seo HS, Oh DJ, Shin C, Kim YH. Impaired Transport Function of the Left Atrium in Patients with Lone Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation. Echocardiography 2010; 28:44-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2010.01271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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17
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Relationship of left atrial enlargement to persistence or development of ECG left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients: implications for the development of new atrial fibrillation. J Hypertens 2010; 28:1534-40. [PMID: 20589977 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e328338c20e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistence and development of ECG left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) by Cornell product criteria are associated with an increased risk of atrial fibrillation compared with regression or continued absence of LVH. We postulated that this association might be in part mediated via greater left atrial enlargement (LAE) in patients with new and persistent ECG LVH. METHODS AND RESULTS Baseline and third year ECG LVH and left atrial systolic diameter were examined in 663 patients in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension echocardiographic substudy who were in sinus rhythm at baseline and had no history of atrial fibrillation. Left atrial systolic diameter was measured and considered enlarged if more than 3.8 cm in women or more than 4.2 cm in men. Cornell product LVH above 2440 mm-ms was considered consistent with LVH. After 3 years follow-up, 238 patients (35.9%) had continued absence of Cornell product LVH, 156 (23.5%) had regression of LVH, 236 (35.6%) had persistent LVH and 33 patients (5.0%) developed new ECG LVH. Compared with third year mean left atrial systolic dimension and prevalence of LAE in patients with continued absence of LVH (3.62+/-0.52 cm, 12.6%), there were step-wise increases in patients with regression of LVH (3.71+/-0.49 cm, 20.5%), persistence of LVH (3.82+/-0.57 cm, 32.2%) and development of new ECG LVH (3.91+/-0.42 cm, 36.4%, both P<0.001). After controlling for differences in age, sex, baseline SBP, BMI and Sokolow-Lyon voltage, randomized treatment allocation, change in DBP and SBP between baseline and third year and for isovolumic relaxation time and presence of an abnormal mitral E/A ratio at baseline and third year, the odds of having LAE were significantly increased in patients with persistent LVH (odds ratio 1.8, 95% confidence interval 1.1-3.2, P=0.043) or new LVH (odds ratio 3.1, 95% confidence interval 1.3-7.7, P=0.016), but not in patients with regression of Cornell product LVH (odds ratio 1.1, 95% confidence interval 0.6-2.0, P=0.860). CONCLUSION Persistence or development of new ECG LVH during antihypertensive therapy are associated with an increased risk of LAE after 3-year follow-up, whereas regression of ECG LVH is not associated with an increased risk of LAE. These findings provide insight into a possible mechanism by which changes in ECG LVH are associated with changing risk of developing atrial fibrillation.
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Mori M, Kanzaki H, Amaki M, Ohara T, Hasegawa T, Takahama H, Hashimura K, Konno T, Hayashi K, Yamagishi M, Kitakaze M. Impact of reduced left atrial functions on diagnosis of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: results from analysis of time-left atrial volume curve determined by two-dimensional speckle tracking. J Cardiol 2010; 57:89-94. [PMID: 20951554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation is commonly associated with impaired reservoir and booster functions of the left atrium (LA). Recent advances in two-dimensional speckle tracking technique (2DST) enabled automatic analysis of the time-LA volume curve representing these functions. Our objective was to evaluate LA function in patients with or without paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) using 2DST. METHODS We studied 111 patients (68 men, age 62 ± 16 years) with (n = 53) or without (n = 58) PAF. After constructing time-LA volume curves from the apical four and two chamber views (iE33, Philips with QLAB 6.0, Philips Medical Systems, Bothell, WA, USA), maximal LA volume (LAVmax), preatrial contraction LA volume (LAVpreA), and minimum LA volume (LAVmin) were obtained. Then, LA reservoir volume (ARV=LAVmax-LAVmin) and active emptying volume (AEV=LAVpreA-LAVmin) were calculated to determine ARV/LAVmax as reservoir function and AEV/LAVpreA as booster pump function. RESULTS PAF was associated with greater LAVmax than that in controls (80 ± 21 ml versus 65 ± 16 ml, p < 0.001) and with reduced reservoir and booster functions (ARV/LAVmax 46 ± 9% versus 52 ± 7%; AEV/LAVpreA 29 ± 10% versus 36 ± 6%, p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic analysis demonstrated that ARV/LAVmax and AEV/LAVpreA were closely associated with the existence of PAF. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that the present 2DST enables determining LA reservoir and booster functions, providing insights into the diagnosis of PAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Mori
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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Molina L, Mont L, Marrugat J, Berruezo A, Brugada J, Bruguera J, Rebato C, Elosua R. Long-term endurance sport practice increases the incidence of lone atrial fibrillation in men: a follow-up study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:618-23. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/eun071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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20
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Rodrigo R, Cereceda M, Castillo R, Asenjo R, Zamorano J, Araya J, Castillo-Koch R, Espinoza J, Larraín E. Prevention of atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery: basis for a novel therapeutic strategy based on non-hypoxic myocardial preconditioning. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 118:104-27. [PMID: 18346791 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation is the most common complication of cardiac surgical procedures performed with cardiopulmonary bypass. It contributes to increased hospital length of stay and treatment costs. At present, preventive strategies offer only suboptimal benefits, despite improvements in anesthesia, surgical technique, and medical therapy. The pathogenesis of postoperative atrial fibrillation is considered to be multifactorial. However oxidative stress is a major contributory factor representing the unavoidable consequences of ischemia/reperfusion cycle occurring in this setting. Considerable evidence suggests the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the pathogenic mechanism of this arrhythmia. Interestingly, the deleterious consequences of high ROS exposure, such as inflammation, cell death (apoptosis/necrosis) or fibrosis, may be abrogated by a myocardial preconditioning process caused by previous exposure to moderate ROS concentration known to trigger survival response mechanisms. The latter condition may be created by n-3 PUFA supplementation that could give rise to an adaptive response characterized by increased expression of myocardial antioxidant enzymes and/or anti-apoptotic pathways. In addition, a further reinforcement of myocardial antioxidant defenses could be obtained through vitamins C and E supplementation, an intervention also known to diminish enzymatic ROS production. Based on this paradigm, this review presents clinical and experimental evidence supporting the pathophysiological and molecular basis for a novel therapeutic approach aimed to diminish the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation through a non-hypoxic preconditioning plus a reinforcement of the antioxidant defense system in the myocardial tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Rodrigo
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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21
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Zacà V, Galderisi M, Mondillo S, Focardi M, Ballo P, Guerrini F. Left atrial enlargement as a predictor of recurrences in lone paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Can J Cardiol 2007; 23:869-72. [PMID: 17876377 PMCID: PMC2651363 DOI: 10.1016/s0828-282x(07)70841-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A mild increase in left atrial (LA) size predicts arrhythmia onset and adverse events in patients with lone paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (LPAF). However, the role of LA size as a predictor of LPAF recurrences is still controversial. OBJECTIVE The potential role of LA size in affecting the frequency of recurrent episodes in patients with LPAF was investigated. METHODS Fifty-one patients who were admitted for a first episode of LPAF and presenting with one recurrence (group A, n=20), two or three recurrences (group B, n=18), or four or more recurrences (group C, n=13) during an average follow-up period of two years were retrospectively selected. The M-mode LA anteroposterior diameter (LAAPd) was used as an echocardiographic surrogate of LA size. RESULTS At baseline, LA size was normal or borderline in the control group, group A and group B, but significantly increased in group C. At two years' follow-up, a significant further LA enlargement from baseline was observed in group B (LAAPd 40+/-1.1 mm versus 40.7+/-1.2 mm, P<0.01) and in group C (LAAPd 41.4+/-1.6 mm versus 42.7+/-1.7 mm, P<0.001), while LA size remained substantially unchanged in the control group and in group A. CONCLUSIONS Observations confirmed the association of increased LA size and LPAF onset, and provide the first evidence for a potential role of LA progressive enlargement as a predictor of arrhythmic recurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Zacà
- Department of Cardiology, University of Siena, Siena
- Correspondence: Dr Valerio Zacà, Department of Cardiology, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 1, 53100, Siena, Italy. Telephone 39-0577-585379, fax 39-0277-233112, e-mail
| | - Maurizio Galderisi
- Cardioangiology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University, Naples
| | | | - Marta Focardi
- Department of Cardiology, University of Siena, Siena
| | - Piercarlo Ballo
- Cardiology Operative Unit, S Andrea Hospital, La Spezia, Italy
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22
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Wang Z, Tan H, Zhong M, Jiang G, Zhang Y, Zhang W. Strain Rate Imaging for Noninvasive Functional Quantification of the Left Atrium in Hypertensive Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation. Cardiology 2007; 109:15-24. [PMID: 17627105 DOI: 10.1159/000105322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM Strain rate (SR) imaging has been applied to the detection of regional left ventricular (LV) dysfunction but not as much to the assessment of left atrial (LA) function. We aimed to assess atrial myocardial properties during atrial fibrillation (AF) by myocardial velocity, SR and strain, focusing on the effects of hypertension and atrial arrhythmias, especially paroxysmal AF. METHODS We compared 3 groups of a total of 110 consecutive patients with hypertension presenting to our institution: 20 with brief atrial tachycardia, 20 with paroxysmal AF and 70 with hypertension alone. These patients and 32 controls underwent transthoracic echocardiography, tissue velocity imaging (TVI), strain examination and SR imaging. Atrial tissue velocity, strain and SR values of hypertensive patients were compared with those of age-matched controls. RESULTS Compared with controls, hypertensive patients with paroxysmal AF showed significantly increased atrial myocardial features as assessed by TVI (p < 0.05-0.001). Time to peak late diastolic SR corrected for heart rate (TASRc) and the difference of early diastolic SR (deltaESR) were significantly increased (both p < 0.05), whereas the difference of late diastolic SR (deltaASR) (p < 0.05) and the difference of TASRc (deltaTASRc) (p < 0.001) were significantly decreased; moreover, systolic SR (SSR), deltaASR and deltaTASRc were significantly decreased (p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively), whereas deltaESR was significantly increased (p < 0.01), as compared with hypertensive patients without arrhythmia. No other parameters differed among the 4 groups. CONCLUSIONS SR imaging combined with TVI enables noninvasive quantification of LA dysfunction due to hypertension and paroxysmal AF. In hypertensive patients, paroxysmal AF decreases the efficiency, not the ability, of LA myocardia to reserve potential energy, which suggests that LA myocardial reservoir function decreases. The impaired conductivity of the left atrium leads to decreased total active atrial contraction and prolonged interatrial conduction. Thus, the temporal asynchrony of the atria is enhanced, but contraction asynchrony is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Ji'nan, China
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23
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Sitges M, Teijeira VA, Scalise A, Vidal B, Tamborero D, Collvinent B, Rivera S, Molina I, Azqueta M, Paré C, Brugada J, Mont L. Is there an anatomical substrate for idiopathic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation? A case–control echocardiographic study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 9:294-8. [PMID: 17416909 DOI: 10.1093/europace/eum045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM Idiopathic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) occurs in patients with apparently normal heart. Its mechanisms may be complex and are poorly understood. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether patients with idiopathic AF have any structural abnormality that may explain the occurrence of AF. METHODS AND RESULTS A case-control study was undertaken including 60 consecutive patients (mean age 48 +/- 12 years; 75% men) with idiopathic AF admitted to the emergency department. Sixty sex- and age-matched healthy volunteers made up the control group. An echocardiogram was performed in all patients and volunteers to assess the left atrial (LA) and ventricular (LV) dimensions and valvular function. LV diastolic function was also evaluated by analysis of the LV inflow and pulmonary vein flow velocity patterns and tissue Doppler imaging of the mitral annulus. All AF patients showed normal echocardiographic studies with similar LV dimensions, ejection fraction, and diastolic function when compared with normal controls. However, patients with AF had larger LA dimensions (27 +/- 3 vs. 24 +/- 3 mm/m(2)), LA area (10 +/- 2 vs. 8 +/- 2 mm(2)/m(2)), and LA volume (27 +/- 9 vs. 19 +/- 6 mL/m(2)) (P < 0.05 for all). Among patients with AF, there were no differences in LA size between patients with a first episode or recurrent paroxysmal episodes. CONCLUSION Patients with idiopathic AF showed larger left atria when compared with controls, there being no differences between patients with a first episode or a recurrence. This suggests the presence of an enhanced substrate to develop idiopathic lone AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sitges
- Department of Cardiology, Thorax Institute, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Villarroel 136, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
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Yamada T, Murakami Y, Okada T, Okamoto M, Shimizu T, Toyama J, Yoshida Y, Tsuboi N, Ito T, Muto M, Kondo T, Inden Y, Hirai M, Murohara T. Plasma atrial natriuretic Peptide and brain natriuretic Peptide levels after radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97:1741-4. [PMID: 16765125 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2005] [Revised: 12/21/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels are elevated in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). The aim of this study was to investigate the change in these patients after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). In 66 patients with paroxysmal AF (PAF) and without any structural heart disease, plasma ANP and BNP levels were measured before and 3 months after successful PVI. At baseline, in 14 patients, ANP and BNP levels were elevated, and in 52 patients, only BNP levels were elevated. There were no significant relations between the attack frequency or the duration of PAF episodes and ANP or BNP levels. Neither ANP nor BNP level at baseline was a valid predictor of AF recurrence. Even in 31 patients (47%) with recurrent PAF, attacks of PAF were significantly reduced. In 66 patients with elevated ANP and/or BNP levels at baseline, levels were significantly reduced after PVI independent of PAF recurrence (ANP: 69.0+/-23.0 vs 25.0+/-7.7 pg/ml, p<0.0001; BNP: 58.4+/-50.7 vs 22.5+/-27.1 pg/ml, p<0.0001). In 42 patients without AF recurrences, ANP and BNP levels were reduced to within the normal range. In conclusion, in patients with PAF without any structural heart disease, ANP and/or BNP levels were elevated. In those patients, relief of the AF burden by successful PVI significantly reduced elevated plasma ANP and BNP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Yamada
- Division of Cardiology, Aichi Prefectural Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center, Ichinomiya, Japan.
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25
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Abhayaratna WP, Seward JB, Appleton CP, Douglas PS, Oh JK, Tajik AJ, Tsang TSM. Left Atrial Size. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47:2357-63. [PMID: 16781359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 818] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 01/27/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Left atrial (LA) enlargement has been proposed as a barometer of diastolic burden and a predictor of common cardiovascular outcomes such as atrial fibrillation, stroke, congestive heart failure, and cardiovascular death. It has been shown that advancing age alone does not independently contribute to LA enlargement, and the impact of gender on LA volume can largely be accounted for by the differences in body surface area between men and women. Therefore, enlargement of the left atrium reflects remodeling associated with pathophysiologic processes. In this review, we discuss the normal size and phasic function of the left atrium. Further, we outline the clinically important aspects and pitfalls of evaluating LA size, and the methods for assessing LA function using echocardiography. Finally, we review the determinants of LA size and remodeling, and we describe the evidence regarding the prognostic value of LA size. The use of LA volume for risk stratification is an evolving science. More data are required with respect to the natural history of LA remodeling in disease, the degree of LA modifiability with therapy, and whether regression of LA size translates into improved cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter P Abhayaratna
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Wong GC, Marcotte F, Rudski LG. Impact of chronic lisinopril therapy on left atrial volume versus dimension in chronic organic mitral regurgitation. Can J Cardiol 2006; 22:125-9. [PMID: 16485047 PMCID: PMC2538997 DOI: 10.1016/s0828-282x(06)70251-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic mitral regurgitation imparts a volume load on the left atrium (LA). Because this chamber may dilate asymmetrically, changes in left atrial size may be underestimated using standard two-dimensional or M-mode techniques. METHODS The effect of lisinopril therapy in the setting of chronic organic mitral regurgitation on LA dimension was studied using standard M-mode techniques and LA volumes using the biplane Simpson's method. RESULTS Mitral regurgitant fraction was reduced at one year in the lisinopril group versus the placebo group (-6.7%+/-3.5% versus 3.5%+/-3.2%, respectively; P<0.05). Significant reductions in both maximum and minimum LA volumes were seen in the lisinopril group (88+/-33 mL to 75+/-23 mL and 46+/-20 mL to 38+/-16 mL, respectively; P<0.01). This change in LA size was not appreciated when measurements were performed using standard M-mode techniques (from 44.3+/-6.9 mm to 44.1+/-7.4 mm; P=not significant). There was no significant relationship between change in LA volume and change in regurgitant fraction or systolic blood pressure. Change in LA volume was moderately correlated with change in left ventricular mass. CONCLUSIONS Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy reduces LA volume in the setting of chronic mitral regurgitation. This change in LA size is not apparent when standard M-mode techniques are used. Therefore, a volumetric assessment of atrial size in the setting of chronic mitral regurgitation proved to be superior to standard two-dimensional techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lawrence G Rudski
- Correspondence: Dr Lawrence G Rudski, Division of Cardiology, Sir Mortimer B Davis Jewish General Hospital, Room E-206, 3755 chemin de la Côte Ste Catherine, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2. Telephone 514-340-8222 ext 2992, fax 514-340-7534, e-mail
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Phang RS, Isserman SM, Karia D, Pandian NG, Homoud MK, Link MS, Estes NAM, Wang PJ. Echocardiographic evidence of left atrial abnormality in young patients with lone paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2004; 94:511-3. [PMID: 15325943 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2004] [Accepted: 05/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Usual assessment of left atrial size by 2-dimensional echocardiography in the anteroposterior dimension often underestimates the true atrial size. We compared 15 young patients (< or =50 years old) with lone paroxysmal atrial fibrillation to age-matched controls, and measured atrial size in the inferosuperior and mediolateral dimensions. These additional measurements and atrial volumes were significantly increased compared with control patients, revealing that patients with apparent "lone" paroxysmal atrial fibrillation may have subtle structural abnormalities of the left atrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Phang
- Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Boldt A, Wetzel U, Lauschke J, Weigl J, Gummert J, Hindricks G, Kottkamp H, Dhein S. Fibrosis in left atrial tissue of patients with atrial fibrillation with and without underlying mitral valve disease. Heart 2004; 90:400-5. [PMID: 15020515 PMCID: PMC1768173 DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2003.015347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2003] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the hypothesis that major extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins are expressed differently in the left atrial tissue of patients in sinus rhythm (SR), lone atrial fibrillation (AF), and AF with underlying mitral valve disease (MVD). DESIGN Case-control study. PATIENTS 118 patients with lone AF, MVD+AF, and SR. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Collagen I, collagen III, and fibronectin protein expression measured by quantitative western blotting techniques and immunohistochemical methods. RESULTS Protein concentrations increased in patients with AF (all forms) compared with those in SR (all forms): collagen I (1.15 (0.11) v 0.45 (0.28), respectively; p = 0.002), collagen III (0.74 (0.05) v 0.46 (0.11); p = 0.002, and fibronectin (0.88 (0.06) v 0.62 (0.13); p = 0.08). Especially, collagen I was similarly enhanced in both lone AF (1.49 (0.15) and MVD+AF (1.53 (0.16) compared with SR (0.56 (0.28); both p = 0.01). Collagen III was not significantly increased in lone AF but was significantly increased in AF combined with MVD (0.84 (0.07) both compared with SR (0.46 (0.11); p = 0.01). The concentration of fibronectin was not significantly increased in lone AF and MVD+AF (both compared with SR). Furthermore, there was a similar degree of enhanced collagen expression in paroxysmal AF and chronic AF. CONCLUSIONS AF is associated with fibrosis. Forms of AF differ from each other in collagen III expression. However, there was no systematic difference in ECM expression between paroxysmal AF and chronic AF. Enhanced concentrations of ECM proteins may have a role in structural remodelling and the pathogenesis of AF as a result of separation of the cells by fibrotic depositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Boldt
- Heart Centre, Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Taracón Zubimendi B, Barrios Alonso V, Amador Borrego A, Tomás Zarlenga J, Calderón Montero A. Fibrilación auricular en una paciente hipertensa con un quiste pericardíaco. HIPERTENSION Y RIESGO VASCULAR 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1889-1837(04)71486-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Mattioli AV, Bonatti S, Bonetti L, Mattioli G. Left atrial size after cardioversion for atrial fibrillation: effect of external direct current shock. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2003; 16:271-6. [PMID: 12618736 DOI: 10.1067/mje.2003.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of external direct current (DC) shock on left atrial (LA) dimension and volumes after cardioversion for atrial fibrillation, and the relation between LA size and atrial function. METHODS We evaluated 180 patients who were randomly cardioverted with DC shock (90 patients) or drugs (90 patients). Echocardiographic evaluations included LA size and volumes. LA passive and active emptying volumes were calculated, and LA function was measured as atrial ejection force. Changes in LA diameters and volumes were correlate with atrial systolic function. RESULTS The LA was dilated in all patients during arrhythmia and decreased after the restoration of sinus rhythm. The entity of reduction was different in the 2 groups of patients. LA maximal and minimal volumes were increased after DC shock as compared with patients treated with drugs (LA maximal volume 34 +/- 4 vs 31 +/- 5; P <.01; LA minimal volume 18 +/- 2.6 vs 15 +/- 3.6; P <.01). The atrial function was also depressed after DC shock and the delay in the recovery of atrial contractility was related to LA dilation. Patients treated with drugs had a higher atrial ejection force that was associated with a more marked reduction in LA maximal volume after the restoration of in sinus rhythm. A relationship between LA volumes and atrial ejection force was observed in the group of patients with depressed atrial mechanic function (r = -0.78; P <.001). The active emptying fraction was lower, although not significantly, in this group, whereas the conduit volume was increased. CONCLUSION External DC shock induced a depressed atrial mechanic function in many patients and this was associated with a persistence of LA dilation.
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Sato Y, Kiriazis H, Yatani A, Schmidt AG, Hahn H, Ferguson DG, Sako H, Mitarai S, Honda R, Mesnard-Rouiller L, Frank KF, Beyermann B, Wu G, Fujimori K, Dorn GW, Kranias EG. Rescue of contractile parameters and myocyte hypertrophy in calsequestrin overexpressing myocardium by phospholamban ablation. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:9392-9. [PMID: 11115498 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m006889200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac-specific overexpression of murine cardiac calsequestrin results in depressed cardiac contractile parameters, low Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and cardiac hypertrophy in transgenic mice. To test the hypothesis that inhibition of phospholamban activity may rescue some of these phenotypic alterations, the calsequestrin overexpressing mice were cross-bred with phospholamban-knockout mice. Phospholamban ablation in calsequestrin overexpressing mice led to reversal of the depressed cardiac contractile parameters in Langendorff-perfused hearts or in vivo. This was associated with increases of SR Ca(2+) storage, assessed by caffeine-induced Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger currents. The inactivation time of the L-type Ca(2+) current (I(Ca)), which has an inverse correlation with Ca(2+)-induced SR Ca(2+) release, and the relation between the peak current density and half-inactivation time were also normalized, indicating a restoration in the ability of I(Ca) to trigger SR Ca(2+) release. The prolonged action potentials in calsequestrin overexpressing cardiomyocytes also reversed to normal upon phospholamban ablation. Furthermore, ablation of phospholamban restored the expression levels of atrial natriuretic factor and alpha-skeletal actin mRNA as well as ventricular myocyte size. These results indicate that attenuation of phospholamban function may prevent or overcome functional and remodeling defects in hypertrophied hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sato
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, and Division of Cardiology, University of Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
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Mattioli AV, Sansoni S, Lucchi GR, Mattioli G. Serial evaluation of left atrial dimension after cardioversion for atrial fibrillation and relation to atrial function. Am J Cardiol 2000; 85:832-6. [PMID: 10758922 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(99)00876-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The size of the left atrium is usually increased during atrial fibrillation (AF). The aim of the present study was to evaluate changes in left atrial (LA) dimension after cardioversion for AF, and the relation between LA dimension and atrial function. The initial study population included 171 consecutive patients. Patients who had spontaneous cardioversion to sinus rhythm (56 patients) were compared with patients who had random cardio-version with drugs (50 patients) or direct-current (DC) shock (50 patients). Echocardiographic evaluations included LA size and volume. LA passive and active emptying volumes were calculated, and LA function was assessed. Atrial stunning was observed in 18 patients reverted with DC shock and in 7 patients reverted with drugs. The left atrium was dilated in all patients during AF (48 +/- 5 mm). The size of the left atrium decreased after restoration of sinus rhythm in all patients with spontaneous reversion to sinus rhythm, in 73% of patients reverted with drugs, and in 50% of patients reverted with DC shock. The comparison between patients with a normal mechanical atrial function and patients with reduced atrial function showed that a higher atrial ejection force was associated with a more marked reduction in LA size after restoration of sinus rhythm. A relation between LA volumes and atrial ejection force was observed in the group of patients with depressed atrial mechanical function (r = -0.78; p <0.001). The active emptying fraction was lower, although not significantly, in this group, whereas the conduit volume was increased. Thus, a depressed atrial mechanical function after cardioversion for AF was associated with a persistence of LA dilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Mattioli
- Department of Cardiology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy.
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