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Juarez-Villa JD, Zepeda-Quiroz I, Toledo-Ramírez S, Gomez-Johnson VH, Pérez-Allende F, Garibay-Vega BR, Rodríguez Castellanos FE, Moguel-González B, Garcia-Cruz E, Lopez-Gil S. Exploring kidney biopsy findings in congenital heart diseases: Insights beyond cyanotic nephropathy. World J Nephrol 2024; 13:88972. [PMID: 38596269 PMCID: PMC11000040 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v13.i1.88972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between congenital heart disease and chronic kidney disease is well known. Various mechanisms of kidney damage associated with congenital heart disease have been established. The etiology of kidneydisease has commonly been considered to be secondary to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), however, this has only been demonstrated in case reports and not in observational or clinical trials. AIM To identify baseline and clinical characteristics, as well as the findings in kidney biopsies of patients with congenital heart disease in our hospital. METHODS This is a retrospective observational study conducted at the Nephrology Department of the National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez". All patients over 16 years old who underwent percutaneous kidney biopsy from January 2000 to January 2023 with congenital heart disease were included in the study. RESULTS Ten patients with congenital heart disease and kidney biopsy were found. The average age was 29.00 years ± 15.87 years with pre-biopsy proteinuria of 6193 mg/24 h ± 6165 mg/24 h. The most common congenital heart disease was Fallot's tetralogy with 2 cases (20%) and ventricular septal defect with 2 (20%) cases. Among the 10 cases, one case of IgA nephropathy and one case of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis associated with immune complexes were found, receiving specific treatment after histopathological diagnosis, delaying the initiation of kidney replacement therapy. Among remaining 8 cases (80%), one case of FSGS with perihilar variety was found, while the other 7 cases were non-specific FSGS. CONCLUSION Determining the cause of chronic kidney disease can help in delaying the need for kidney replacement therapy. In 2 out of 10 patients in our study, interventions were performed, and initiation of kidney replacement therapy was delayed. Prospective studies are needed to determine the usefulness of kidney biopsy in patients with congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Daniel Juarez-Villa
- Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Iván Zepeda-Quiroz
- Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Sebastián Toledo-Ramírez
- Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Victor Hugo Gomez-Johnson
- Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Francisco Pérez-Allende
- Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | | | | | - Bernardo Moguel-González
- Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Edgar Garcia-Cruz
- Congenital Heart Disease, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Salvador Lopez-Gil
- Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
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Ohuchi H, Kawata M, Uemura H, Akagi T, Yao A, Senzaki H, Kasahara S, Ichikawa H, Motoki H, Syoda M, Sugiyama H, Tsutsui H, Inai K, Suzuki T, Sakamoto K, Tatebe S, Ishizu T, Shiina Y, Tateno S, Miyazaki A, Toh N, Sakamoto I, Izumi C, Mizuno Y, Kato A, Sagawa K, Ochiai R, Ichida F, Kimura T, Matsuda H, Niwa K. JCS 2022 Guideline on Management and Re-Interventional Therapy in Patients With Congenital Heart Disease Long-Term After Initial Repair. Circ J 2022; 86:1591-1690. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-22-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Ohuchi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Heart Disease, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Masaaki Kawata
- Division of Pediatric and Congenital Cardiovascular Surgery, Jichi Children’s Medical Center Tochigi
| | - Hideki Uemura
- Congenital Heart Disease Center, Nara Medical University
| | - Teiji Akagi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Atsushi Yao
- Division for Health Service Promotion, University of Tokyo
| | - Hideaki Senzaki
- Department of Pediatrics, International University of Health and Welfare
| | - Shingo Kasahara
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Hajime Ichikawa
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Hirohiko Motoki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine
| | - Morio Syoda
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University
| | - Hisashi Sugiyama
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital
| | - Hiroyuki Tsutsui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Kei Inai
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University
| | - Takaaki Suzuki
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Saitama Medical University
| | | | - Syunsuke Tatebe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Tomoko Ishizu
- Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba
| | - Yumi Shiina
- Cardiovascular Center, St. Luke’s International Hospital
| | - Shigeru Tateno
- Department of Pediatrics, Chiba Kaihin Municipal Hospital
| | - Aya Miyazaki
- Division of Congenital Heart Disease, Department of Transition Medicine, Shizuoka General Hospital
| | - Norihisa Toh
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Ichiro Sakamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Chisato Izumi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Yoshiko Mizuno
- Faculty of Nursing, Tokyo University of Information Sciences
| | - Atsuko Kato
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Koichi Sagawa
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Fukuoka Children’s Hospital
| | - Ryota Ochiai
- Department of Adult Nursing, Yokohama City University
| | - Fukiko Ichida
- Department of Pediatrics, International University of Health and Welfare
| | - Takeshi Kimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Koichiro Niwa
- Department of Cardiology, St. Luke’s International Hospital
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El Sayegh S, Ephrem G, Wish JB, Moe S, Lim K. Kidney disease and congenital heart disease: Partnership for life. Front Physiol 2022; 13:970389. [PMID: 36060680 PMCID: PMC9437216 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.970389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The literature on the relationship between kidney and cardiovascular diseases is continuously expanding. Scientists have elucidated many of the neurohormonal and hemodynamic pathways involved in cardiorenal disease. However, little is known about kidney disease in patients with congenital heart disease. Given advances in the medical and surgical care of this highly complex patient population, survival rates have dramatically improved leading to a higher percentage of adults living with congenital heart disease. Accordingly, a noticeable increase in the prevalence of kidney disease is appreciated in these patients. Some of the main risk factors for developing chronic kidney disease in the adult congenital heart disease population include chronic hypoxia, neurohormonal derangements, intraglomerular hemodynamic changes, prior cardiac surgeries from minimally invasive to open heart surgeries with ischemia, and nephrotoxins. Unfortunately, data regarding the prevalence, pathophysiology, and prognosis of chronic kidney disease in the adult congenital heart disease population remain scarce. This has led to a lack of clear recommendations for evaluating and managing kidney disease in these patients. In this review, we discuss contemporary data on kidney disease in adults with congenital heart disease in addition to some of the gaps in knowledge we face. The article highlights the delicate interaction between disease of the heart and kidneys in these patients, and offers the practitioner tools to more effectively manage this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skye El Sayegh
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Georges Ephrem
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Jay B. Wish
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Sharon Moe
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Kenneth Lim
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Kenneth Lim,
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Nakae K, Ueno K, Shiokawa N, Takahashi Y, Kawamura J, Hazeki D, Imoto Y, Kawano Y. Pediatric Patients Undergoing a Fontan Operation or with a High RACHS-1 Score Require Monitoring for Chronic Kidney Disease in Early Childhood. Pediatr Cardiol 2022; 43:1020-1028. [PMID: 35028678 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-022-02817-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although the number of pediatric patients with long-term survival following cardiac surgery is increasing, concerns regarding chronic kidney disease (CKD) after surgery are growing. We examined the frequency of and risk factors for pediatric CKD development in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) at least 2 years after cardiac surgery. This was a cross-sectional study of 147 patients who underwent open-heart surgery for CHD at Kagoshima University Hospital from April 2010 to March 2017. Data on demographics, acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery, cyanotic heart disease, Fontan circulation, medications in the perioperative period, and Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery-1 (RACHS-1) category were recorded. CKD was defined using the current classification system described in the National Kidney Foundation's Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative and assessed during early childhood within 2-3 years of cardiac surgery. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics for Windows version 25.0. We consecutively enrolled 147 patients, of whom 22 (15.0%) had CKD, all with stage-2 severity. Among patients with CKD, a higher proportion underwent Fontan surgery (P < 0.001), a higher proportion had cyanotic heart disease (P = 0.009), and the RACHS-1 category was high (P = 0.003). Patients with CKD appeared more frequently than patients without CKD in RACHS-1 categories 3, 5, and 6. It is essential to evaluate renal function longitudinally and monitor for CKD, given that patients who underwent Fontan surgery or complicated surgery in infancy have a high rate of developing postoperative CKD in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Nakae
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Ueno
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
| | - Naohiro Shiokawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
| | - Junpei Kawamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hazeki
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
| | - Yutaka Imoto
- Department of Cardiovascular and Gastroenterological Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Kawano
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
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5
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Rathgeber SL, Lam C, Harris KC, GrewalMD J. Hepatic and Renal Consequences of Single Ventricle Physiology Palliated with the Fontan Operation. Can J Cardiol 2022; 38:1002-1011. [PMID: 35525398 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2022.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over time the long-term survival has dramatically increased for patients with complex congenital heart disease who undergo the Fontan operation. With this increased survival, it has become apparent that such a circulation has important consequences for other organ systems, particularly the liver and kidney. The adverse milieu created by chronic venous hypertension, low cardiac output and an inflammatory state contribute to the pathologic changes observed in the liver and kidneys over the long-term in Fontan patients. The clinical importance of these hepatic and renal comorbidities have only recently begun to be recognized in the context of increasing life expectancy in this population. The objectives of this review are: i) to provide an overview of the pathophysiology of the Fontan circulation and how liver and kidney disease evolve in this setting; ii) to summarize the current evidence base as it relates to the diagnostic approach to liver and kidney disease in Fontan patients; and, iii) to discuss the therapeutic approaches to Fontan associated liver and kidney disease. Given that this is a very active area of research in congenital heart disease, we have identified knowledge gaps and priority research areas to improve the care of Fontan patients. These include: i) establishing the optimal diagnostic tests to detect and track liver and kidney disease change over time,; ii) determining what treatable risk factors contribute to the development of liver and kidney disease; and, iii) evaluating therapies to prevent or slow progression of liver and kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Rathgeber
- Division of Cardiology, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Charmaine Lam
- Division of Cardiology, Yasmin and Amir Virani Provincial Adult Congenital Heart Program, St.Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kevin C Harris
- Division of Cardiology, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jasmine GrewalMD
- Division of Cardiology, Yasmin and Amir Virani Provincial Adult Congenital Heart Program, St.Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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6
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Katz DA, Lubert AM, Gao Z, Powell AW, Szugye C, Woodly S, Goldstein SL, Alsaied T, Opotowsky AR. Comparison of creatinine and cystatin C estimation of glomerular filtration rate in the Fontan circulation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcchd.2021.100286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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7
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Barradas-Pires A, Segura de la Cal T, Constantine A, Dimopoulos K. Systemic microangiopathy in Eisenmenger syndrome - The missing link? Int J Cardiol 2021; 337:62-63. [PMID: 34029617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2021.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Barradas-Pires
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre and Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Cardiology Department, Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Teresa Segura de la Cal
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre and Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Cardiology Department, Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Cardiology Department, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrew Constantine
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre and Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Cardiology Department, Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Unit, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos Dimopoulos
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre and Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Cardiology Department, Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Unit, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
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8
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Broberg CS, Kovacs AH, Sadeghi S, Rosenbaum MS, Lewis MJ, Carazo MR, Rodriguez FH, Halpern DG, Feinberg J, Galilea FA, Baraona F, Cedars AM, Ko JM, Porayette P, Maldonado J, Sarubbi B, Fusco F, Frogoudaki AA, Nir A, Chaudhry A, John AS, Karbassi A, Hoskoppal AK, Frischhertz BP, Hendrickson B, Bouma BJ, Rodriguez-Monserrate CP, Broda CR, Tobler D, Gregg D, Martinez-Quintana E, Yeung E, Krieger EV, Ruperti-Repilado FJ, Giannakoulas G, Lui GK, Ephrem G, Singh HS, Almeneisi HM, Bartlett HL, Lindsay I, Grewal J, Nicolarsen J, Araujo JJ, Cramer JW, Bouchardy J, Al Najashi K, Ryan K, Alshawabkeh L, Andrade L, Ladouceur M, Schwerzmann M, Greutmann M, Meras P, Ferrero P, Dehghani P, Tung PP, Garcia-Orta R, Tompkins RO, Gendi SM, Cohen S, Klewer S, Hascoet S, Mohammadzadeh S, Upadhyay S, Fisher SD, Cook S, Cotts TB, Aboulhosn JA. COVID-19 in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021; 77:1644-1655. [PMID: 33795039 PMCID: PMC8006800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) have been considered potentially high risk for novel coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) mortality or other complications. Objectives This study sought to define the impact of COVID-19 in adults with CHD and to identify risk factors associated with adverse outcomes. Methods Adults (age 18 years or older) with CHD and with confirmed or clinically suspected COVID-19 were included from CHD centers worldwide. Data collection included anatomic diagnosis and subsequent interventions, comorbidities, medications, echocardiographic findings, presenting symptoms, course of illness, and outcomes. Predictors of death or severe infection were determined. Results From 58 adult CHD centers, the study included 1,044 infected patients (age: 35.1 ± 13.0 years; range 18 to 86 years; 51% women), 87% of whom had laboratory-confirmed coronavirus infection. The cohort included 118 (11%) patients with single ventricle and/or Fontan physiology, 87 (8%) patients with cyanosis, and 73 (7%) patients with pulmonary hypertension. There were 24 COVID-related deaths (case/fatality: 2.3%; 95% confidence interval: 1.4% to 3.2%). Factors associated with death included male sex, diabetes, cyanosis, pulmonary hypertension, renal insufficiency, and previous hospital admission for heart failure. Worse physiological stage was associated with mortality (p = 0.001), whereas anatomic complexity or defect group were not. Conclusions COVID-19 mortality in adults with CHD is commensurate with the general population. The most vulnerable patients are those with worse physiological stage, such as cyanosis and pulmonary hypertension, whereas anatomic complexity does not appear to predict infection severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Broberg
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Adrienne H Kovacs
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Soraya Sadeghi
- Ahmanson/UCLA Adult Congenital Heart Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Marlon S Rosenbaum
- Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Matthew J Lewis
- Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Matthew R Carazo
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Fred H Rodriguez
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dan G Halpern
- Division of Cardiology, York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jodi Feinberg
- Division of Cardiology, York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Fernando Baraona
- Instituto Nacional del Tórax - Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ari M Cedars
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jong M Ko
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Prashob Porayette
- Division of Cardiology, University of Iowa Stead Family Children's Hospital, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jennifer Maldonado
- Division of Cardiology, University of Iowa Stead Family Children's Hospital, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Berardo Sarubbi
- Monaldi Hospital, Adult Congenital Heart Disease Unit, Naples, Italy
| | - Flavia Fusco
- Monaldi Hospital, Adult Congenital Heart Disease Unit, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Amiram Nir
- Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Anisa Chaudhry
- Penn State Hershey Heart and Vascular Institute, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anitha S John
- Division of Cardiology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Arvind K Hoskoppal
- UPMC Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Benjamin P Frischhertz
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Benjamin Hendrickson
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Le Bonheur Heart Institute, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Berto J Bouma
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Daniel Tobler
- Division of Cardiology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Gregg
- Division of Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Efren Martinez-Quintana
- Cardiology Service, Universitario Insular-Materno Infantil, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Yeung
- Anschutz Medical Campus, Colorado's Adult and Teen Congenital Heart Program, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Eric V Krieger
- Division of Cardiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - George K Lui
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Pediatric Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Georges Ephrem
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Harsimran S Singh
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hassan Mk Almeneisi
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Heather L Bartlett
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ian Lindsay
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jasmine Grewal
- University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Colombia, Canada
| | - Jeremy Nicolarsen
- Providence Adult and Teen Congenital Heart Program, Pediatric and Adult Cardiology, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - John J Araujo
- Department of Pediatric and Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Somer Incare Cardiovascular Center, Rionegro, Colombia
| | - Jonathan W Cramer
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Judith Bouchardy
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Khalid Al Najashi
- Pediatric Cardiology Department, Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kristi Ryan
- OSF Healthcare Children's Hospital of Illinois, Adult Congenital Heart Program, Peoria, Illinois, USA
| | - Laith Alshawabkeh
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lauren Andrade
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Magalie Ladouceur
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Adult Congenital Heart Disease Unit, Paris, France
| | - Markus Schwerzmann
- University Hospital Inselspital, Center for Congenital Heart Disease, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Paolo Ferrero
- ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Cardiovascular Department, University of Milano, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Payam Dehghani
- Prairie Vascular Research Network, University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Poyee P Tung
- University of Texas at Houston, Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rocio Garcia-Orta
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Rose O Tompkins
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, The Geurin Family Congenital Heart Program, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Salwa M Gendi
- West Virginia University, Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Scott Cohen
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Scott Klewer
- Division of Cardiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | | | - Shailendra Upadhyay
- Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Pediatric Cardiology Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Stacy D Fisher
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen Cook
- Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Adult Congenital Heart Center, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Timothy B Cotts
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jamil A Aboulhosn
- Ahmanson/UCLA Adult Congenital Heart Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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9
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Evaluation of renal injury in children with uncorrected CHDs with significant shunt using urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. Cardiol Young 2020; 30:1313-1320. [PMID: 32741389 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951120002024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CHDs can be complicated by renal injury which worsens morbidity and mortality. Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, a sensitive and specific biomarker of renal tubular injury, has not been studied in children with uncorrected CHDs. This study evaluated renal injury in children with uncorrected CHDs using this biomarker. METHODS The patients were children with uncorrected CHDs with significant shunt confirmed on echocardiogram with normal renal ultrasound scan, in the paediatric cardiology clinic of a tertiary hospital. The controls were age-matched healthy children recruited from general practice clinics. Information on bio-data and socio-demographics were collected and urine was obtained for measurement of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels. RESULTS A total of 65 children with uncorrected CHDs aged 2 to 204 months were recruited. Thirty-one (47.7%) were males while 36 (55.4%) had acyanotic CHDs. The median urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin level of patients of 26.10 ng/ml was significantly higher than controls of 16.90 ng/ml (U = 1624.50, p = 0.023). The median urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin level of patients with cyanotic and acyanotic CHDs were 30.2 ng/ml and 22.60 ng/ml respectively; (Mann-Whitney U = 368.50, p = 0.116). The prevalence of renal injury using 95th percentile cut-off value of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin was 16.9%. Median age of patients with renalinjury was 16 (4-44) months. CONCLUSIONS Children with uncorrected CHDs have renal injury detected as early as infancy. The use of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in early detection of renal injury in these children may enhance early intervention and resultant prevention of morbidity and reduction in mortality.
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Zafar F, Lubert AM, Katz DA, Hill GD, Opotowsky AR, Alten JA, Goldstein SL, Alsaied T. Long-Term Kidney Function After the Fontan Operation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 76:334-341. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Abstract
Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (HOA) is an orphan syndrome characterized by abnormal proliferation of the skin and osseous tissues at the distal parts of the extremities. The main clinical features are: a peculiar bulbous deformity of the tips of the digits conventionally described as "clubbing," periosteal proliferation of the tubular bones, and synovial effusions. In most instances, HOA develops a reaction to a severe internal illness, such as lung cancer, cyanotic heart disease, or liver cirrhosis. There is a subgroup of patients who do not have underlying pathology. Such cases are classified as having primary HOA. Digital clubbing is easy to recognize. Any patient with newly developed digital clubbing should undergo careful search for an underlying illness with special attention to intra-thoracic pathologies. Painful HOA is treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications. Vascular endothelial growth factor and prostaglandin E2 have been proposed as key bone proliferating mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Martínez-Lavín
- Chief Rheumatology Department. National Institute of Cardiology, Juan Badiano 1, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico.
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12
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Rajpal S, Alshawabkeh L, Almaddah N, Joyce CM, Shafer K, Gurvitz M, Waikar SS, Mc Causland FR, Landzberg MJ, Opotowsky AR. Association of Albuminuria With Major Adverse Outcomes in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease: Results From the Boston Adult Congenital Heart Biobank. JAMA Cardiol 2019. [PMID: 29541749 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2018.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Importance Albuminuria is associated with adverse outcomes in diverse groups of patients, but the importance of albuminuria in the emerging population of increasingly complex adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD) remains unknown. Objective To assess the prevalence, risk factors, and prognostic implications of albuminuria in ACHD. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective study assessed a cohort of ambulatory patients aged 18 years and older who were examined at an ACHD referral center and enrolled in the Boston ACHD Biobank between May 17, 2012, to August 5, 2016. Albuminuria was defined as an urine albumin-to-creatinine (ACR) ratio of 30 mg/g or more. Main Outcomes and Measures Death or nonelective cardiovascular hospitalization, defined as overnight admission for heart failure, arrhythmia, thromboembolic events, cerebral hemorrhage, and/or disease-specific events. Results We measured the ACR of 612 adult patients with CHD (mean [SD] age, 38.6 [13.4] years; 308 [50.3%] women). Albuminuria was present in 106 people (17.3%) and was associated with older age (patients with ACR <30 mg/g: mean [SD]: 37.5 [13.2] years; vs patients with ACR ≥30 mg/g: 43.8 [13.1] years; P < .001), presence of diabetes mellitus (ACR <30 mg/g: 13 of 506 [2.6%]; vs ≥30 mg/g: 11 of 106 [10.4%]; P < .001), lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (ACR <30 mg/g: median [interquartile range (IQR)]: 103.3 [90.0-116.4] mL/min/1.73 m2; ACR ≥30 mg/g: 99.1 [78.8-108.7] mL/min/1.73 m2; P = .002), and cyanosis (ACR <30 mg/g: 23 of 506 [5.1%]; vs ACR ≥30 mg/g: 21 of 106 [22.6%]; P < .001). After a mean (SD) follow-up time of 270 (288) days, 17 patients (2.5%) died, while 68 (11.1%) either died or experienced overnight inpatient admission. Albuminuria predicted outcome, with 30 of 106 patients with albuminuria (28.3%) affected vs 38 of 506 patients without albuminuria (7.5%; hazard ratio [HR], 3.0; 95% CI, 1.9-4.9; P < .001). Albuminuria was also associated with increased mortality (11 of 106 [10.4%]; vs 6 of 506 [1.2%] in patients with and without albuminuria, respectively; HR, 6.4; 95% CI, 2.4-17.3; P < .001). Albuminuria was associated with the outcomes only in patients with a biventricular circulation (HR, 4.5; 95% CI, 2.5-8.0) and not those with single-ventricle circulation (HR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.4-2.8; P = 0.01 compared with biventricular circulation group). Among 133 patients (21.7%) in NYHA functional class 2, albuminuria was strongly associated with death or nonelective hospitalization. Conclusions and Relevance Albuminuria is common and is associated with increased risk for adverse outcome in patients with ACHD with biventricular circulation. Albuminuria appears especially useful in stratifying risk in patients categorized as NYHA functional class 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Rajpal
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Cardiology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Laith Alshawabkeh
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego
| | - Nureddin Almaddah
- Department of Medicine, North Shore Medical Center, Salem, Massachusetts
| | - Caroline M Joyce
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Keri Shafer
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle Gurvitz
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sushrut S Waikar
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Michael J Landzberg
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alexander R Opotowsky
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Rychik J, Atz AM, Celermajer DS, Deal BJ, Gatzoulis MA, Gewillig MH, Hsia TY, Hsu DT, Kovacs AH, McCrindle BW, Newburger JW, Pike NA, Rodefeld M, Rosenthal DN, Schumacher KR, Marino BS, Stout K, Veldtman G, Younoszai AK, d'Udekem Y. Evaluation and Management of the Child and Adult With Fontan Circulation: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2019; 140:e234-e284. [PMID: 31256636 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It has been 50 years since Francis Fontan pioneered the operation that today bears his name. Initially designed for patients with tricuspid atresia, this procedure is now offered for a vast array of congenital cardiac lesions when a circulation with 2 ventricles cannot be achieved. As a result of technical advances and improvements in patient selection and perioperative management, survival has steadily increased, and it is estimated that patients operated on today may hope for a 30-year survival of >80%. Up to 70 000 patients may be alive worldwide today with Fontan circulation, and this population is expected to double in the next 20 years. In the absence of a subpulmonary ventricle, Fontan circulation is characterized by chronically elevated systemic venous pressures and decreased cardiac output. The addition of this acquired abnormal circulation to innate abnormalities associated with single-ventricle congenital heart disease exposes these patients to a variety of complications. Circulatory failure, ventricular dysfunction, atrioventricular valve regurgitation, arrhythmia, protein-losing enteropathy, and plastic bronchitis are potential complications of the Fontan circulation. Abnormalities in body composition, bone structure, and growth have been detected. Liver fibrosis and renal dysfunction are common and may progress over time. Cognitive, neuropsychological, and behavioral deficits are highly prevalent. As a testimony to the success of the current strategy of care, the proportion of adults with Fontan circulation is increasing. Healthcare providers are ill-prepared to tackle these challenges, as well as specific needs such as contraception and pregnancy in female patients. The role of therapies such as cardiovascular drugs to prevent and treat complications, heart transplantation, and mechanical circulatory support remains undetermined. There is a clear need for consensus on how best to follow up patients with Fontan circulation and to treat their complications. This American Heart Association statement summarizes the current state of knowledge on the Fontan circulation and its consequences. A proposed surveillance testing toolkit provides recommendations for a range of acceptable approaches to follow-up care for the patient with Fontan circulation. Gaps in knowledge and areas for future focus of investigation are highlighted, with the objective of laying the groundwork for creating a normal quality and duration of life for these unique individuals.
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Scholes GB, Zannino D, Kausman JY, Cheung MMH. Altered in utero kidney development in newborns with congenital heart disease. Pediatr Res 2019; 85:644-649. [PMID: 30228371 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0163-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is known that the heart is not the only organ affected in congenital heart disease (CHD); there is growth restriction of both the brain and the whole body. The protective mechanism of "the brain-sparing phenomenon" re-directs blood flow toward the growing brain in fetuses with CHD. We hypothesized that these changes would result in impaired fetal kidney growth. METHODS The preoperative ultrasound measurements of kidney length were obtained retrospectively from 452 neonates requiring surgery for CHD. Percentiles were generated based on regression analysis of normative kidney length from three datasets according to both corrected gestational age and to birthweight. RESULTS As a cohort, neonates with CHD have significantly enlarged kidneys, with a mean percentile ranging from 54.1-72.7 (p < 0.001), depending on the three normal population datasets used for comparison. The kidneys of neonates with left heart obstruction were consistently demonstrated to be greater than normal, unlike those with cyanotic heart disease which were shown to have either normal or enlarged kidneys, depending on the reference population used. CONCLUSIONS The kidneys of newborns with CHD are not reduced in size, and on average are larger than normal. The nature of this size discrepancy and its subsequent clinical significance is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma B Scholes
- Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Diana Zannino
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Joshua Y Kausman
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael M H Cheung
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Ortega-Díaz M, Puerta Carretero M, Corchete E, Martín Navarro JA, Jaldo MT, Albalate M, de Sequera P, Alcázar Arroyo R. A case report of cyanotic nephropathy. Nefrologia 2018; 39:96-98. [PMID: 29961656 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Ortega-Díaz
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, España
| | | | - Elena Corchete
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, España
| | | | - M Teresa Jaldo
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, España
| | - Marta Albalate
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, España
| | - Patricia de Sequera
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, España
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Rajpal S, Alshawabkeh L, Opotowsky AR. Current Role of Blood and Urine Biomarkers in the Clinical Care of Adults with Congenital Heart Disease. Curr Cardiol Rep 2017; 19:50. [DOI: 10.1007/s11886-017-0860-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Introduction Hypoxaemic congenital heart disease (CHD) patients are at higher risk of complications. The aim of this study was to compare and follow-up blood and 24-hour urine analytical data in hypoxaemic and non-hypoxaemic CHD patients. METHODS The inclusion criteria for this study were as follows: patients older than 14 years of age with a structural CHD with or without associated hypoxaemia. RESULTS In total, 27 hypoxaemic and 48 non-hypoxaemic CHD patients were included in order to compare blood and 24-hour urine analytical data. Among hypoxaemic patients, 13 (48.1%) were male, two (7.4%) had diabetes mellitus, one of whom was a smoker, one (3.7%) had systemic arterial hypertension, and 11 (40.7%) showed pulmonary arterial hypertension. The mean follow-up time was 3.1±1.9 years. Hypoxaemic CHD patients showed higher proteinuria concentrations (g/24 hours) (0.09 (0.07; 0.46) versus 0.08 (0.07; 0.1), p=0.054) and 24-hour albumin excretion rate (µg/min) (16.5 (11.2; 143.5) versus 4.4 (0.0; 7.6), p<0.001) compared with non-hypoxaemic CHD patients; however, no significant differences were found in the proteinuria levels and in the 24-hour albumin excretion rate in CHD patients with associated hypoxaemia, both at baseline and at follow-up. When divided into groups, hypoxaemic patients with palliative shunts showed significantly higher proteinuria concentrations compared with hypoxaemic patients not operated on or with Fontan procedures (p=0.01). No significant differences were seen in 24-hour proteinuria and 24-hour albumin excretion rate during the follow-up of patients with palliative shunts. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxaemic CHD patients have significant higher 24-hour proteinuria concentration and 24-hour albumin excretion rate compared with non-hypoxaemic CHD patients. Among hypoxaemic CHD patients, those with palliative shunts showed the highest 24-hour proteinuria concentrations.
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Sharma S, Ruebner RL, Furth SL, Dodds KM, Rychik J, Goldberg DJ. Assessment of Kidney Function in Survivors Following Fontan Palliation. CONGENIT HEART DIS 2016; 11:630-636. [DOI: 10.1111/chd.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheena Sharma
- Division of Nephrology and; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Rebecca L Ruebner
- Division of Nephrology and; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Susan L Furth
- Division of Nephrology and; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Kathryn M Dodds
- Division of Cardiology; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pa USA
| | - Jack Rychik
- Division of Cardiology; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pa USA
| | - David J Goldberg
- Division of Cardiology; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pa USA
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Morgan C, Al-Aklabi M, Garcia Guerra G. Chronic kidney disease in congenital heart disease patients: a narrative review of evidence. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2015; 2:27. [PMID: 26266042 PMCID: PMC4531493 DOI: 10.1186/s40697-015-0063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose of review Patients with congenital heart disease have a number of risk factors for the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). It is well known that CKD has a large negative impact on health outcomes. It is important therefore to consider that patients with congenital heart disease represent a population in whom long-term primary and secondary prevention strategies to reduce CKD occurrence and progression could be instituted and significantly change outcomes. There are currently no clear guidelines for clinicians in terms of renal assessment in the long-term follow up of patients with congenital heart disease. Consolidation of knowledge is critical for generating such guidelines, and hence is the purpose of this view. This review will summarize current knowledge related to CKD in patients with congenital heart disease, to highlight important work that has been done to date and set the stage for further investigation, development of prevention strategies, and re-evaluation of appropriate renal follow-up in patients with congenital heart disease. Sources of information The literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar. Findings Current epidemiological evidence suggests that CKD occurs in patients with congenital heart disease at a higher frequency than the general population and is detectable early in follow-up (i.e. during childhood). Best evidence suggests that approximately 30 to 50 % of adult patients with congenital heart disease have significantly impaired renal function. The risk of CKD is higher with cyanotic congenital heart disease but it is also present with non-cyanotic congenital heart disease. Although significant knowledge gaps exist, the sum of the data suggests that patients with congenital heart disease should be followed from an early age for the development of CKD. Implications There is an opportunity to mitigate CKD progression and negative renal outcomes by instituting interventions such as stringent blood pressure control and reduction of proteinuria. There is a need to invest time, thought and money to fill existing knowledge gaps to improve health outcomes in this population. This review should serve as an impetus for generation of follow-up guidelines of kidney health evaluation in patients with congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Morgan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, 4-557 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 - 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Mohammed Al-Aklabi
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Medicine, 4A7.C Mazankowski Heart Institute, 8440 - 112 Street, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7 Canada
| | - Gonzalo Garcia Guerra
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, 4-548 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 - 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION CHD patients, especially those with associated hypoxaemia, usually have some level of renal function impairment, even though they are relatively young. The aim of the study was to evaluate those clinical and analytical factors that may contribute to microalbuminuria and determine the association of 24-hour proteinuria with thrombotic events and mortality. METHODS A total of 251 CHD patients were studied and demographic characteristics, blood test, and 24-hour urinalysis were analysed. RESULTS Of the patients, 221 were non-hypoxaemic, and 30 were hypoxaemic (oxygen saturation of 84.3±5.9%). Of the non-hypoxaemic patients, 30 (13.6%), and of the hypoxaemic patients 9 (30%), showed proteinuria (>0.15 g/24 hours) (p=0.028). Hypoxaemic CHD patients also showed higher haematocrit (%) (50.7 (34.6; 72.1) versus 42.8 (34.6; 48.9), p<0.001), serum creatinine (mg/dl) (1.07±0.2 versus 0.96±1.9, p=0.004), microalbuminuria (mg/dl/24 hours) (1.2 (0.0; 261.5) versus 0.5 (0.0; 4.37), p<0.001), proteinuria (gr/24 hours) (1.0 (0.4; 3.1) versus 0.08 (0.04; 0.52), p=0.043), and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (pg/ml) (417.8 (35.7; 8534.0) versus 44.9 (0.0; 670.5), p<0.001) concentrations than non-hypoxaemic CHD patients. During a median follow-up of 26.0 (16.9; 57.7) months, five patients died - one patient had 24-hour proteinuria and four patients did not (p=0.581) - and three patients had some type of thrombosis - two patients had 24-hour proteinuria and one patient did not (p=0.014). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed no significant difference between CHD patients with and without 24-hour proteinuria (p=0.631). CONCLUSION CHD patients with proteinuria have significantly more thrombosis and more hypoxaemia than those patients without proteinuria.
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Bhatt AB, Foster E, Kuehl K, Alpert J, Brabeck S, Crumb S, Davidson WR, Earing MG, Ghoshhajra BB, Karamlou T, Mital S, Ting J, Tseng ZH. Congenital Heart Disease in the Older Adult. Circulation 2015; 131:1884-931. [DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Gupte PA, Vaideeswar P, Kandalkar BM. Cyanotic nephropathy--a morphometric analysis. CONGENIT HEART DIS 2013; 9:280-5. [PMID: 23834022 DOI: 10.1111/chd.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nephropathy is a known complication in cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD). This study was undertaken for an objective analysis of histopathological changes of cyanotic nephropathy at autopsy. DESIGN Retrospective case records studied. SETTING Tertiary care teaching hospital affiliated to medical college in Mumbai, India. PATIENTS AND METHODS The renal histopathological findings of 50 consecutive autopsies in patients with CCHD were compared with 25 age-matched controls. The Bowman's capsular, glomerular tuft, and hilar arteriolar diameters were measured morphometrically. Statistical analysis was performed using unpaired t-test. A P value equal to or less than .05 was considered significant. RESULTS Among the 50 autopsied cases of CCHD, there were 35 males and 15 females, with a mean age of 4.64 years. The renal changes observed were glomerulomegaly, glomerulosclerosis, periglomerular fibrosis, hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, and interstitial fibrosis. The objectively measured parameters were higher in cases as compared with controls in all age groups, and further these were also found to be higher in patients having decreased pulmonary arterial blood flow than those having normal to increased pulmonary arterial blood flow. The difference in Bowman's capsular and glomerular tuft diameters was statistically significant in the neonates and children in the age groups, 1-5 years and above 10 years. The difference in hilar arteriolar diameter was statistically significant for all age groups except neonates. CONCLUSION Patients with CCHD show significant changes in the kidneys as assessed morphometrically, leading to renal dysfunction, and the age of the patients plays a role in their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajakta A Gupte
- Department of Pathology (Cardiovascular & Thoracic Division), Seth GS Medical College, Mumbai, India
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Pineda C, Martínez-Lavín M. Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy: what a rheumatologist should know about this uncommon condition. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2013; 39:383-400. [PMID: 23597970 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This article presents an updated overview of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy and digital clubbing for the practicing rheumatologist. Discussion includes a brief historical perspective, its definition, incidence and prevalence, classification, pathology and pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, demographics, findings on physical examination, imaging techniques for its detection, differential diagnosis, and treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Pineda
- Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 289, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Mexico City 14389, Mexico.
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Buelow MW, Dall A, Bartz PJ, Tweddell JS, Sowinski J, Rudd N, Katzmark L, Earing MG. Renal dysfunction is common among adults after palliation for previous tetralogy of Fallot. Pediatr Cardiol 2013; 34:165-9. [PMID: 22673967 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-012-0408-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Long-term survival after tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) repair is excellent. However, little is published regarding late noncardiac complications. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors for renal dysfunction among adults after TOF repair. For this study, 56 adult patients with complete repair of TOF were identified, and their charts were retrospectively reviewed. An estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) for each patient was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula (MDRD). Using each patient's eGFR, he or she was classified into stages based on the National Kidney Foundation chronic kidney disease (CKD) staging. Clinical parameters were compared among patients with and those without renal dysfunction to identify risk factors for renal impairment. The median estimated eGFR rate for the cohort was 78 ml/min/1.73 m(2). Based on the National Kidney Foundation CKD staging system, 54 % of the patients had at least stage 2 chronic renal disease. The risk factors identified were hypertension (p < 0.01), type 2 diabetes mellitus (p < 0.05), longer follow-up evaluation (p < 0.005), older age at complete repair (p < 0.05), and use of daily diuretics (p < 0.05). After repair of TOF, renal dysfunction is common at late follow-up evaluation. The study findings show the importance of routine assessment of renal function and the need to limit or avoid future episodes of acute kidney injury in this at-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Buelow
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9000 W Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Abstract
Many patients with congenital heart disease and systemic-to-pulmonary shunts develop pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), particularly if the cardiac defect is left unrepaired. A persistent increase in pulmonary blood flow may lead to obstructive arteriopathy and increased pulmonary vascular resistance, a condition that can lead to reversal of shunt and cyanosis (Eisenmenger syndrome). Cardiac catheterization is crucial to confirm diagnosis and facilitate treatment. Bosentan is the only medication to date to be compared with placebo in a randomized controlled trial specifically targeting congenital heart disease-associated PAH. Lung transplantation with repair of the cardiac defect or combined heart-lung transplantation is reserved for recalcitrant cases.
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A case of marked dilatation of cerebral arteries and capillary beds associated with cyanotic congenital heart disease—A case report. Int J Angiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00547-005-2003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Yamada S, Yotsueda H, Taniguchi M, Tsuruya K, Hirakata H, Iida M. Successful initiation and maintenance of hemodialysis in an adult patient with complete transposition of the great arteries. Clin Exp Nephrol 2010; 14:511-5. [PMID: 20607578 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-010-0315-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD) is a life-threatening cardiac defect that requires palliative or corrective surgery in early life. Major advances in medical and surgical management have resulted in the survival of CCHD patients to adulthood with or without corrective surgery, though some are at risk of development of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) due to cyanotic nephropathy (CN). There is little or no information on the initiation and maintenance of hemodialysis (HD) in such patients. We present here a case of a 44-year-old man with complete transposition of the great arteries and CN-related ESRD. He had only received a bi-directional Glenn's operation and still suffered persistent severe hypoxemia and impaired cardiac function. ESRD was successfully treated with HD over more than 4 years. The case emphasizes the need for special attention in the selection and initiation of renal replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Yamada
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Martínez-Quintana E, Rodríguez-González F, Fábregas-Brouard M, Nieto-Lago V. Serum and 24-hour Urine Analysis in Adult Cyanotic and Noncyanotic Congenital Heart Disease Patients. CONGENIT HEART DIS 2009; 4:147-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0803.2009.00273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Renal function of patients with a failing Fontan circuit undergoing total cavopulmonary revision surgery. Pediatr Cardiol 2009; 30:282-8. [PMID: 19052801 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-008-9344-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Revised: 10/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This report characterizes renal dysfunction after total cavopulmonary (TCPC) revision surgery for atriopulmonary Fontan (APF) circulations, a known risk factor for a poor outcome. The perioperative data for 23 consecutively identified patients were reviewed. The preoperative mean glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 101 +/- 30 ml/min/1.73 m(2), decreasing to 65 +/- 41 ml/min/1.73 m(2) early in the postoperative period. The preoperative GFR was highly correlated with age at APF (r = -0.5; p = 0.024), age at TCPC (r = -0.5; p = 0.01), and mixed venous saturation (r = 0.6; p = 0.01). Three of four patients requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) died at a median age of 3 months (range, 18 days to 9 months). Determinants of early GFR and RRT were preoperative GFR (p = 0.016) and creatinine (p = 0.035). Younger age at primary Fontan (p = 0.008), higher preoperative mixed venous saturation (p = 0.019), and higher preoperative blood pressure (p = 0.006) independently predicted better GFRs at the latest follow-up evaluation. Renal function declines acutely after TCPC revision, often necessitating RRT. A requirement for RRT marks greater mortality. Higher preoperative creatinine levels identify those at greatest risk.
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Omonuwa KO, Talwar A, Dedopoulos S, Mailloux LU. Repeated phlebotomies improve and stabilise renal function in cyanotic nephropathy. BMJ Case Rep 2009; 2009:bcr10.2008.1084. [PMID: 21686465 DOI: 10.1136/bcr.10.2008.1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients over 10 years of age with cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD) risk developing significant glomerular proteinuria, a condition called cyanotic nephropathy. Even though the pathogenesis of glomerulopathy associated with CCHD is still unclear, a potential mechanism is hyperviscosity-induced decrease in peritubular capillary blood flow leading to an increase in glomerular capillary pressure, in turn resulting in proteinuria. Although angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have been traditionally used in the treatment of these patients with cyanotic nephropathy, they may, however, not be well tolerated. Here we present a case of an adult patient with CCHD who could not tolerate an ACE inhibitor but showed improvement and stabilisation of her renal function following treatment with repeated phlebotomies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy O Omonuwa
- North Shore University Hospital, Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Suite 107, 410 Lakeville Road, New Hyde Park, NY 11042, USA
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Di Filippo S, Cochat P, Bozio A. The challenge of renal function in heart transplant children. Pediatr Nephrol 2007; 22:333-42. [PMID: 16932899 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-006-0229-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2005] [Revised: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Renal dysfunction may occur after pediatric heart transplantation and impacts on long-term prognosis. This study aims to review the incidence and mechanisms of chronic nephropathy following heart transplantation, and suggest therapeutic directions. The proportion of pediatric heart-transplant recipients with impaired renal function varies from 22 to 57%, and end-stage renal failure from 3 to 10%, depending on the method used for estimating the glomerular filtration rate. The pathophysiology of renal dysfunction is in part due to calcineurin inhibitor-induced renal vasoconstriction, through activation of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system, TGF-beta1 upregulation and TGF-beta1 gene polymorphisms. Overproduction of angiotensin II, associated with angiotensin-converting-enzyme genotype, might be associated with poor prognosis and pharmacological factor gene polymorphisms, and may contribute to variation of calcineurine inhibitor exposure in the kidney. Strategies to prevent renal dysfunction include reducing calcineurine inhibitor exposure or delaying calcineurine inhibitor administration from the early post-transplant period. Calcium channel blockers and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, blockade of angiotensin II, or anti-TGF-beta1 antibodies might limit nephrotoxicity. No accurate marker can predict the potential of renal lesions to develop. Lowering calcineurine inhibitors levels with immunosuppressive agents that are either less nephrotoxic or non-nephrotoxic should be formally studied. Of high interest is the impact of genetic polymorphism on the development of renal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Di Filippo
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hopital Cardiologique de Lyon, 28 Avenue Doyen Lepine, 69677, Bron Cedex, France.
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Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension of variable degree is commonly associated with adult congenital heart disease. Depending on size and location of the underlying cardiac defect as well as on repair status, pulmonary arterial hypertension may present with or without reversed shunting and associated cyanosis (ie, Eisenmenger syndrome). We review available data on etiology, clinical presentation, prognosis, and management strategies of pulmonary arterial hypertension in adult patients with congenital heart disease. In addition, we discuss the numerous complications associated with Eisenmenger syndrome, representing a multisystem disorder. Finally, we present general management strategies and emerging disease-targeting therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard-Paul Diller
- Adult Congenital Heart Center, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney St, London, SW3 6NP, UK
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Inatomi J, Matsuoka K, Fujimaru R, Nakagawa A, Iijima K. Mechanisms of development and progression of cyanotic nephropathy. Pediatr Nephrol 2006; 21:1440-5. [PMID: 16902784 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-006-0220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Revised: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyanotic nephropathy (CN) is often accompanied by congenital cyanotic heart diseases (CCHD). The purpose of this study was to clarify the risk factors and the mechanisms of involved in the development and progression of CN. Thirty patients with CCHD were examined. We analyzed the risk factors for the development of CN on the basis of the clinical and laboratory findings. We also examined ten renal biopsy specimens obtained from patients with CN. Patients with CN showed significantly higher hematocrit levels than those without CN (P=0.025), although there was no difference between the two groups in terms of oxygen saturation. The renal plasma flow (RPF) in patients both with and without CN was low. However, the filtration fraction (FF) was significantly lower in patients with CN than in those without CN (P=0.001). The glomeruli of biopsy specimens with significant proteinuria (n=7) were larger than those of biopsy specimens without significant proteinuria, and there were more capillaries per glomerulus in the former than in the latter (n=3) and the control specimens (n=6) (glomerular size: P<0.01; number of glomerular capillaries: P<0.01). In conclusion, hyperviscosity by polycythemia may be responsible for the development of CN. This pathological condition may induce an angiogenic increase in the glomerular capillary beds, in turn leading to glomerulomegaly. In addition, the failure of a compensatory mechanism to respond to reduced RPF by hyperfiltration may be accompanied by the development and progression of CN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Inatomi
- Department of Nephrology, National Children's Medical Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, 10-1, Okura 2-chome, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
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Lill MC, Perloff JK, Child JS. Pathogenesis of thrombocytopenia in cyanotic congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol 2006; 98:254-8. [PMID: 16828603 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2005] [Revised: 01/24/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Although a significant minority of patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD) are thrombocytopenic, the pathogenesis and prevalence have not been established. This study was designed to address these 2 issues. We included 105 patients with CCHD (60 men and 45 women; aged 21 to 54 years). Systemic arterial oxygen saturations were 69% to 78%. Hematocrits were 62% to 74% with normal iron indexes. In 26 of 105 patients (25%), platelet counts were <100x10(9)/L. The diagnosis was Eisenmenger syndrome in all 26 patients with thrombocytopenia. Platelet production was determined by flow cytometric reticulated platelet counts. Megakaryocyte mass was determined indirectly by thrombopoietin levels. Disseminated intravascular coagulation was based on prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and D-dimers. Platelet activation was determined by levels of platelet factor 4 and beta thromboglobulin. Reference ranges were derived from 20 normal acyanotic controls. A reduction in absolute reticulated platelet counts implied decreased platelet production (p<0.001). Normal thrombopoietin levels implied normal megakaryocyte mass. Normal prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and D-dimers excluded disseminated intravascular coagulation. Normal platelet factor 4 and beta thromboglobulin indicated absent or minimal platelet activation. Twenty-five percent of the patients with CCHD were thrombocytopenic because platelet production was decreased despite normal megakaryocyte mass. We hypothesized that right-to-left shunts deliver whole megakaryocytes into the system arterial circulation, bypassing the lungs where megakaryocytic cytoplasm is fragmented into platelets, thus reducing platelet production. In conclusion, platelet counts in CCHD appear to represent a continuum beginning with low normal counts and ending with thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Lill
- The Ahmanson/UCLA Adult Congenital Heart Disease Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Gatzoulis MA. A tribute to Joseph Kayle Perloff, MD. Int J Cardiol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2004.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Response to the letter from Dr. Millar and Dr. South. Int J Cardiol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5273(01)00417-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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