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Tracy E, Zhu M, Streiff C, Sahn DJ, Ashraf M. Quantification of the area and shunt volume of multiple, circular, and noncircular ventricular septal defects: A 2D/3D echocardiography comparison and real time 3D color Doppler feasibility determination study. Echocardiography 2017; 35:90-99. [PMID: 29082558 DOI: 10.1111/echo.13742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantification of defect size and shunt flow is an important aspect of ventricular septal defect (VSD) evaluation. This study compared three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) with the current clinical standard two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) for quantifying defect area and tested the feasibility of real time 3D color Doppler echocardiography (RT3D-CDE) for quantifying shunt volume of irregular shaped and multiple VSDs. METHODS Latex balloons were sutured into the ventricles of 32 freshly harvested porcine hearts and were connected with tubing placed in septal perforations. Tubing was varied in area (0.13-5.22 cm²), number (1-3), and shape (circle, oval, crescent, triangle). A pulsatile pump was used to pump "blood" through the VSD (LV to RV) at stroke volumes of 30-70 mL with a stroke rate of 60 bpm. Two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE), 3DE, and RT3D-CDE images were acquired from the right side of the phantom. RESULTS For circular VSDs, both 2DE and 3DE area measurements were consistent with the actual areas (R² = 0.98 vs 0.99). For noncircular/multiple VSDs, 3DE correlated with the actual area more closely than 2DE (R² = 0.99 vs 0.44). Shunt volumes obtained using RT3D-CDE positively correlated with pumped stroke volumes (R² = 0.96). CONCLUSIONS Three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) is a feasible method for determining VSD area and is more accurate than 2DE for evaluating the area of multiple or noncircular VSDs. Real-time 3D color Doppler echocardiography (RT3D-CDE) is a feasible method for quantifying the shunt volume of multiple or noncircular VSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Tracy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Meihua Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Cole Streiff
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - David J Sahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Zhu M, Ashraf M, Tam L, Streiff C, Kimura S, Shimada E, Sahn DJ. Quantification of Shunt Volume Through Ventricular Septal Defect by Real-Time 3-D Color Doppler Echocardiography: An in Vitro Study. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2016; 42:1193-1200. [PMID: 26850842 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of shunt volume is important for ventricular septal defects (VSDs). The aim of the in vitro study described here was to test the feasibility of using real-time 3-D color Doppler echocardiography (RT3-D-CDE) to quantify shunt volume through a modeled VSD. Eight porcine heart phantoms with VSDs ranging in diameter from 3 to 25 mm were studied. Each phantom was passively driven at five different stroke volumes from 30 to 70 mL and two stroke rates, 60 and 120 strokes/min. RT3-D-CDE full volumes were obtained at color Doppler volume rates of 15, 20 and 27 volumes/s. Shunt flow derived from RT3-D-CDE was linearly correlated with pump-driven stroke volume (R = 0.982). RT3-D-CDE-derived shunt volumes from three color Doppler flow rate settings and two stroke rate acquisitions did not differ (p > 0.05). The use of RT3-D-CDE to determine shunt volume though VSDs is feasible. Different color volume rates/heart rates under clinically/physiologically relevant range have no effect on VSD 3-D shunt volume determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Zhu
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Lydia Tam
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Cole Streiff
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Sumito Kimura
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Eriko Shimada
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - David J Sahn
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
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Hanneman K, Sivagnanam M, Nguyen ET, Wald R, Greiser A, Crean AM, Ley S, Wintersperger BJ. Magnetic resonance assessment of pulmonary (QP) to systemic (QS) flows using 4D phase-contrast imaging: pilot study comparison with standard through-plane 2D phase-contrast imaging. Acad Radiol 2014; 21:1002-8. [PMID: 25018072 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES To investigate four-dimensional (4D) phase-contrast (PC) magnetic resonance (MR) in the evaluation of intracardiac shunts by simultaneous assessment of pulmonary (QP) and systemic (QS) flows in a pilot study and to compare results to through-plane two-dimensional (2D) PC MR. MATERIALS AND METHODS Institutional review board approval and written informed consent were obtained. Nineteen patients with suspected intracardiac shunts underwent cardiac MR at 1.5T. Assessments of QP and QS were performed using free-breathing retrospectively gated 2D PC gradient recalled echo (GRE; 1.6 × 1.6 × 5 mm(3)) imaging with one-dimensional through-plane velocity encoding gradient (venc = 150 cm/s) in consecutive measurements for the main pulmonary artery (MPA) and ascending aorta (AA), respectively. A prospectively triggered 4D PC GRE technique (2.4 × 1.8 × 3 mm(3)) with three orthogonal venc directions was also used with volume coverage of both MPA and AA. RESULTS QP and QS assessed by 4D PC correlated with 2D PC acquisitions (r = 0.92 and r = 0.67 respectively; P < .0001 for both) but demonstrated significant underestimation of individual flow volumes (-21.9 ± 12.2 mL; P < .0001 and -10.7 ± 13.1 mL; P = .0023, respectively). Calculated QP:QS ratios demonstrated high correlation (r = 0.78; P < .0001) and no significant differences between 4D PC and 2D PC acquisitions (-0.09 ± 0.24, P = .14). Image acquisition times for 2D PC assessment of QP and QS were 2.98 ± 0.52 and 2.84 ± 0.50 minutes, respectively (P = .038), whereas time to acquire 4D PC images was significantly longer, 18.75 ± 4.58 minutes (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Four-dimensional PC MR imaging allows for accurate assessment of QP:QS ratios in the evaluation of intracardiac shunts while absolute flow volumes demonstrate offsets. Further refinement of the technique with improvement in acquisition times may be required before widespread clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Hanneman
- Department of Medical Imaging, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 585 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2N2, Canada
| | - Milani Sivagnanam
- Department of Medical Imaging, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 585 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2N2, Canada
| | - Elsie T Nguyen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 585 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2N2, Canada
| | - Rachel Wald
- Department of Medical Imaging, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 585 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2N2, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Andrew M Crean
- Department of Medical Imaging, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 585 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2N2, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sebastian Ley
- Department of Medical Imaging, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 585 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2N2, Canada
| | - Bernd J Wintersperger
- Department of Medical Imaging, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 585 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2N2, Canada.
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Goldberg A, Jha S. Phase-contrast MRI and applications in congenital heart disease. Clin Radiol 2012; 67:399-410. [PMID: 22316596 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2011.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A review of phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging techniques, with specific application to congenital heart disease, is presented. Theory, pitfalls, advantages, and specific examples of multiple, well-described congenital heart disease presentations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Goldberg
- Department of Radiology, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA 17822, USA.
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Thomson LEJ, Crowley AL, Heitner JF, Cawley PJ, Weinsaft JW, Kim HW, Parker M, Judd RM, Harrison JK, Kim RJ. Direct en face imaging of secundum atrial septal defects by velocity-encoded cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients evaluated for possible transcatheter closure. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2009; 1:31-40. [PMID: 19808512 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.108.769786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial septal defect (ASD) flow can be measured indirectly by velocity-encoded cardiovascular magnetic resonance (veCMR) of the pulmonary artery and aorta. Imaging the secundum ASD en face could potentially enable direct flow measurement and provide valuable information about ASD size, shape, location, and proximity to other structures. METHODS AND RESULTS Forty-four patients referred for possible transcatheter ASD closure underwent a comprehensive standard evaluation, including transesophageal and/or intracardiac echocardiography and invasive oximetry. CMR was performed in parallel and included direct en face veCMR after an optimal double-oblique imaging plane was determined that accounted for ASD flow direction and cardiac-cycle interatrial septal motion. ASD flow measured by direct en face veCMR correlated better with invasive oximetry than indirect (pulmonary artery and aorta) veCMR (r=0.80 versus r=0.66). Additionally, 95% limits of agreement were narrower (+/-3.9 versus +/-5.1 L/min). En face veCMR determined that defects usually were eccentrically shaped (major/minor axis length >1.5) rather than circular, with 16% having extreme eccentricity (major/minor >2.0). Overall, ASD size by both veCMR and intracardiac echocardiography correlated with final device size; however, in small to medium defects (<3 cm(2)) and extremely eccentric defects, veCMR correlated better with final device size than did intracardiac echocardiography. Importantly, CMR identified additional information in 9 patients (20%) that altered clinical management. Specifically, en face veCMR detected additional defects (n=3), large ASD with insufficient rim tissue (n=2), and sinus venosus defect with anomalous pulmonary vein (n=1). Cine and/or morphological imaging detected interrupted inferior vena cava (n=2) and sinus of Valsalva aneurysm (n=1). CONCLUSIONS En face veCMR with an optimized imaging plane can determine ASD flow, size, and morphology. CMR provided information incremental to comprehensive standard evaluation that altered clinical management in 20% of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise E J Thomson
- Duke Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Prakash A, Garg R, Marcus EN, Reynolds G, Geva T, Powell AJ. Faster flow quantification using sensitivity encoding for velocity-encoded cine magnetic resonance imaging: in vitro and in vivo validation. J Magn Reson Imaging 2007; 24:676-82. [PMID: 16878307 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.20654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To test the agreement between conventional and sensitivity-encoded (SENSE) velocity encoded cine (VEC) MRI in a flow phantom and in subjects with congenital and acquired heart disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Flow measurements were performed in a 1.5 T scanner using a segmented k-space VEC MRI sequence and then repeated with a SENSE factor of 2. The flow phantom used a piston pump to generate physiologic arterial waveforms (0.5-4.9 L/min). In the subjects, flow measurements were performed in the ascending aorta (N = 33) and/or the main pulmonary artery (N = 24). RESULTS Utilization of SENSE reduced the scan time by 50%. In the phantom, measurements without and with SENSE agreed closely with a mean difference of 0.01 +/- 0.08 L/min or 0.12% +/- 3.8% (P = 0.68). In the subjects, measurements without and with SENSE also agreed closely with a mean difference of 0.08 +/- 0.36 L/min or 1.3% +/- 7.2% (P = 0.08). Compared with standard imaging, the use of SENSE reduced the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by 28% in the phantom (N = 10) and 27% in vivo (N = 22). CONCLUSION VEC MRI flow measurements with a SENSE factor of 2 were twice as fast and agreed closely with the conventional technique in vitro and in vivo. VEC MRI with SENSE can be used for rapid and reliable quantification of blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Prakash
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Yoo SJ, Kellenberger CJ, Roman KS, Al-Habshan F, Branson H, Sun AM, Macgowan CK. Magnetic resonance evaluation of pulmonary circulation in children. PROGRESS IN PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2006.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Intracardiac shunts including atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, endocardial cushion defects, and surgical baffles may be identified, localized, and quantified using cardiac MRI methods. Both dark-blood and bright-blood techniques are helpful to identify anatomy. Contrast enhancement is especially useful for identifying associated vascular anomalies. Dynamic first-pass contrast agent signal-time studies may demonstrate rapid recirculation and shunting. Volumetric and phase contrast cine methods are useful to quantify flow. Pulmonary to systemic (Qp/Qs) flow ratios may be calculated noninvasively by comparing the pulmonary artery flow to the aortic flow measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Colletti
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, LAC+USC Imaging Science Center, 1744 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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9
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Petersen SE, Voigtländer T, Kreitner KF, Kalden P, Wittlinger T, Scharhag J, Horstick G, Becker D, Hommel G, Thelen M, Meyer J. Quantification of shunt volumes in congenital heart diseases using a breath-hold MR phase contrast technique--comparison with oximetry. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2002; 18:53-60. [PMID: 12135123 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014394626363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Comparison of breath-hold MR phase contrast technique in the estimation of cardiac shunt volumes with the invasive oximetric technique. METHODS AND RESULTS Seventeen patients with various cardiac shunts (10 ASD, 3 VSD, 1 PDA, 3 PFO) and five healthy volunteers were investigated using a 1.5 Tesla system. The mean flow velocity, the mean volume flow and the transverse area in the ascending aorta and the left and right pulmonary artery were measured using the MR phase contrast breath-hold technique (through plane, FLASH 2D-sequence, TR/TE 11/5 ms, phase length 106 ms, VENC 250 cm/s). The ratio of mean flow in the pulmonary (Qp: sum of mean flows in the left and right pulmonary arteries) and the systemic circulation (Qs: mean flow in the ascending aorta) was calculated and compared with invasively measured Qp:Qs ratios. Oximetry was performed within 24 h of the MR investigation. The non-invasive shunt measurement in the 17 patients showed a mean Qp:Qs ratio of 2.00 +/- 0.86. Comparing the MR data with the invasively measured Qp:Qs showed a correlation coefficient of r = 0.91 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Cardiac shunt volumes can be measured reliably using a shorter acquisition time with breath-hold MR phase contrast technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen E Petersen
- 2nd Medical Clinic, Johannes Gutenberg University Hospital Mainz, Germany.
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Greil G, Geva T, Maier SE, Powell AJ. Effect of acquisition parameters on the accuracy of velocity encoded cine magnetic resonance imaging blood flow measurements. J Magn Reson Imaging 2002; 15:47-54. [PMID: 11793456 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.10029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of acquisition parameters on the accuracy of 2D velocity encoded cine magnetic resonance imaging (VEC MRI) flow measurements. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using a pulsatile flow phantom, through-plane flow measurements were performed on a flexible vessel made of polyvinyl alcohol cryogel (PVA), a material that mimics the MR signal and biomechanical properties of aortic tissue. RESULTS Repeated VEC MRI flow measurements (N = 20) under baseline conditions yielded an error of 0.8 +/- 1.5%. Slice thickness, angle between flow and velocity encoding directions, spatial resolution, velocity encoding range, and radio frequency (RF) flip angles were varied over a clinically relevant range. Spatial resolution had the greatest impact on accuracy, with a 9% overestimation of flow at 16 pixels per vessel cross-section. CONCLUSION VEC MRI proved to be an accurate and reproducible technique for pulsatile flow measurements over the range of acquisition parameters examined as long as sufficient spatial resolution was prescribed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Greil
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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11
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Beerbaum P, Körperich H, Barth P, Esdorn H, Gieseke J, Meyer H. Noninvasive Quantification of Left-to-Right Shunt in Pediatric Patients. Circulation 2001; 103:2476-82. [PMID: 11369688 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.103.20.2476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background
—Blood flow can be quantified noninvasively by phase-contrast cine MRI (PC-MRI) in adults. Little is known about the feasibility of the method in children with congenital heart disease.
Methods and Results
—In 50 children (mean age 6.2 years, range 1.1 to 17.7 years) with an atrial- or ventricular-level shunt, blood flow rate in the great vessels was determined by PC-MRI, and the ratio of pulmonary to aortic flow (Q̇p/Q̇s) was compared with Q̇p/Q̇s by oximetry. We found a difference of 2% and a range of −20% to +26% (limits of agreement, mean±2 SD). In another 7 children with congenital heart disease but no cardiac shunting (mean age 7.9 years, range 1.3 to 13.5 years), Q̇p/Q̇s by PC-MRI was 1.02 (SD ±0.06). No difference between systemic venous and aortic flow volumes was found (range −17% to +20%, n=37). Blood flow through a secundum atrial septal defect as assessed by PC-MRI (n=24) overestimated the shunt compared with the difference between pulmonary and aortic flows. The mean difference between 3 repeated PC-MRI measurements in each location was 5.3% (SD ±4.0%, n=522), demonstrating good precision. The interobserver variability was low. The accuracy of PC-MRI was confirmed by in vitro experiments.
Conclusions
—Determination of Q̇p/Q̇s by PC-MRI in children is quick, safe, and reliable compared with oximetry. Systemic venous flow can be quantified by PC-MRI, whereas through-plane shunt measurement within an atrial septal defect is inaccurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Beerbaum
- Clinic for Congenital Heart Disease, Heart and Diabetes Center, North Rhine-Westfalia, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany.
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Roest AA, Helbing WA, van der Wall EE, de Roos A. Postoperative evaluation of congenital heart disease by magnetic resonance imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 1999; 10:656-66. [PMID: 10548773 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2586(199911)10:5<656::aid-jmri8>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last four decades the survival of patients with corrected or palliated congenital heart disease has increased dramatically. However, post-operative abnormalities frequently occur and therefore a noninvasive imaging tool is mandatory for the timely detection of morphological as well as functional abnormalities. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is ideally suited for the noninvasive diagnosis and post-operative follow-up of congenital heart disease. Spin-echo MRI is able to visualize structures that may be difficult to assess with other noninvasive image modalities and is sensitive in the detection of post-interventional stenoses or aneurysms. Because the function of the ventricles may deteriorate over time after correction or palliation of a congenital cardiac malformation, the use of gradient-echo MRI is essential in the follow-up after correction or palliation, as no other conventional technique allows such detailed evaluation of ventricular function, without geometrical assumptions. Phase-contrast MRI is well suited to assess valvular function, allowing accurate measurement of regurgitation or stenosis. Shunt quantification is another application of phase-contrast MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 1999;10:656-666.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Roest
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of The Netherlands, 3501 DG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Arheden H, Holmqvist C, Thilen U, Hanséus K, Björkhem G, Pahlm O, Laurin S, Ståhlberg F. Left-to-right cardiac shunts: comparison of measurements obtained with MR velocity mapping and with radionuclide angiography. Radiology 1999; 211:453-8. [PMID: 10228528 DOI: 10.1148/radiology.211.2.r99ma43453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the agreement between two noninvasive methods, magnetic resonance (MR) velocity mapping and first-pass radionuclide angiography, to quantify the pulmonary-to-systemic blood flow ratio (QP/QS) in adults, adolescents, and children with left-to-right cardiac shunts. MATERIALS AND METHODS The accuracy and precision of MR velocity mapping were studied in 12 control subjects (six men, six women) and in a phantom. MR velocity mapping and radionuclide angiography were performed on the same day in 24 patients (16 adults, two adolescents, six children; five male patients, 19 female patients). RESULTS The mean error in QP/QS at MR velocity mapping in phantom experiments was -1% +/- 1 (mean +/- SD). In control subjects, QP/QS at MR velocity mapping was 1.03 +/- 0.03, and the cardiac index was 3.1 L/min/m2 +/- 0.2 and 3.2 L/min/m2 +/- 0.3 for women and men, respectively. In patients, QP/QS at radionuclide angiography was 14% +/- 13, higher than at MR velocity mapping. Interobserver variability was four times higher for radionuclide angiography compared with MR velocity mapping, 0% + 16 versus 0% +/- 4 (n = 12). The difference between repeated MR flow measurements in the same vessel was -1% +/- 5 (n = 36). CONCLUSION The data suggest that MR velocity mapping is accurate and precise for measurements of shunt size over the whole range of possible QP/QS values.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Arheden
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Lund University Hospital, Sweden
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14
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Hubbard AM, Fellows KE, Weinberg PM, Fogel MA. Preoperative and postoperative MRI of congenital heart disease. Semin Roentgenol 1998; 33:218-27. [PMID: 9682299 DOI: 10.1016/s0037-198x(98)80004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Hubbard
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Abstract
Clearly, both echocardiography and MRI play vital roles in the diagnosis and management of children with congenital heart defects. 2-D Doppler echocardiography is very easy to use in a vast array of clinical situations. The accuracy of the anatomic and hemodynamic findings are well accepted. In comparative studies, 2-D Doppler echocardiography appears preferable for intracardiac anatomy, whereas MRI appears preferable for extracardiac anatomy. In certain patients, Doppler echocardiography may not be able to optimally obtain the anatomic or hemodynamic information, and MRI should be used in these particular cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Marx
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Yang GZ. Exploring in vivo blood flow dynamics. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY MAGAZINE : THE QUARTERLY MAGAZINE OF THE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY SOCIETY 1998; 17:64-72, 104. [PMID: 9604703 DOI: 10.1109/51.677171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Z Yang
- Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London.
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17
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Abstract
Several magnetic resonance imaging methods for measuring blood flow have greatly enhanced the capability of magnetic resonance imaging as a physiologic tool in cardiology. This article concentrates on phase-related techniques. Magnetic resonance velocity mapping is a flexible, robust, and accurate method of obtaining functional information in the cardiovascular system. It has the potential to contribute significantly to clinical decision making, and it should be a routine part of cardiovascular imaging whenever information on flow is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Mohiaddin
- Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom
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Mohaiddin RH. Assessment of intracardiac shunt by magnetic resonance imaging. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIAC IMAGING 1996; 12:215-7. [PMID: 8915724 DOI: 10.1007/bf01806226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Rebergen SA, van der Wall EE, Helbing WA, de Roos A, van Voorthuisen AE. Quantification of pulmonary and systemic blood flow by magnetic resonance velocity mapping in the assessment of atrial-level shunts. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIAC IMAGING 1996; 12:143-52. [PMID: 8915715 DOI: 10.1007/bf01806217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to asses the feasibility and accuracy of magnetic resonance (MR) velocity mapping to calculate pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio (Qp:Qs) in patients with a suspected or diagnosed atrial-level shunt. During a one-year period, all patients referred to our department for further evaluation of an atrial-level shunt underwent the same imaging protocol. Multiphase-multisection gradient-echo MR image sets of the heart were acquired to measure left and right ventricular stroke volumes for validation. Ascending aorta and main pulmonary artery volume flow were measured with MR velocity mapping. Qp:Qs ratios were calculated from both stroke volume data and flow data. Twelve patients, including 6 children, were studied. Six patients had an established diagnosis of atrial septal defect, and the other 6 patients were suspected to have an atrial-level shunt. Measurements of left and right ventricular stroke corresponded closely with those of aortic (r = 0.98) and pulmonary flow (r = 0.99) respectively, and Qp:Qs flow ratios agreed with stroke volume ratios (r = 0.92). In 5 patients with a suspected shunt, the diagnosis could be rejected. Shunts were demonstrated in the other 7 patients. M(r) velocity mapping offers an accurate method to measure aortic and pulmonary artery volume flow that can be useful in the evaluation of atrial-level shunts, in order to establish a definite diagnosis and/or to quantify the Qp:Qs ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Rebergen
- Department Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Leiden University Hospital, The Netherlands
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