1
|
Gale J, Aizenman E. The physiological and pathophysiological roles of copper in the nervous system. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 60:3505-3543. [PMID: 38747014 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Copper is a critical trace element in biological systems due the vast number of essential enzymes that require the metal as a cofactor, including cytochrome c oxidase, superoxide dismutase and dopamine-β-hydroxylase. Due its key role in oxidative metabolism, antioxidant defence and neurotransmitter synthesis, copper is particularly important for neuronal development and proper neuronal function. Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that copper also serves important functions in synaptic and network activity, the regulation of circadian rhythms, and arousal. However, it is important to note that because of copper's ability to redox cycle and generate reactive species, cellular levels of the metal must be tightly regulated to meet cellular needs while avoiding copper-induced oxidative stress. Therefore, it is essential that the intricate system of copper transporters, exporters, copper chaperones and copper trafficking proteins function properly and in coordinate fashion. Indeed, disorders of copper metabolism such as Menkes disease and Wilson disease, as well as diseases linked to dysfunction of copper-requiring enzymes, such as SOD1-linked amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, demonstrate the dramatic neurological consequences of altered copper homeostasis. In this review, we explore the physiological importance of copper in the nervous system as well as pathologies related to improper copper handling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Gale
- Department of Neurobiology and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elias Aizenman
- Department of Neurobiology and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dzik KP, Flis DJ, Kaczor-Keller KB, Bytowska ZK, Karnia MJ, Ziółkowski W, Kaczor JJ. Spinal cord abnormal autophagy and mitochondria energy metabolism are modified by swim training in SOD1-G93A mice. J Mol Med (Berl) 2024; 102:379-390. [PMID: 38197966 PMCID: PMC10879285 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02410-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) may result from the dysfunctions of various mechanisms such as protein accumulation, mitophagy, and biogenesis of mitochondria. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the molecular mechanisms in ALS development and the impact of swim training on these processes. In the present study, an animal model of ALS, SOD1-G93A mice, was used with the wild-type mice as controls. Mice swam five times per week for 30 min. Mice were analyzed before ALS onset (70 days old), at ALS 1 disease onset (116 days old), and at the terminal stage of the disease ALS (130 days old), and compared with the corresponding ALS untrained groups and normalized to the wild-type group. Enzyme activity and protein content were analyzed in the spinal cord homogenates. The results show autophagy disruptions causing accumulation of p62 accompanied by low PGC-1α and IGF-1 content in the spinal cord of SOD1-G93A mice. Swim training triggered a neuroprotective effect, attenuation of NF-l degradation, less accumulated p62, and lower autophagy initiation. The IGF-1 pathway induces pathophysiological adaptation to maintain energy demands through anaerobic metabolism and mitochondrial protection. KEY MESSAGES: The increased protein content of p62 in the spinal cord of SOD1-G93A mice suggests that autophagic clearance and transportation are disrupted. Swim training attenuates neurofilament light destruction in the spinal cord of SOD1-G93A mice. Swim training reducing OGDH provokes suppression of ATP-consuming anabolic pathways. Swim training induces energy metabolic changes and mitochondria protection through the IGF-1 signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Patrycja Dzik
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Bazynskiego 8, 80-309, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Damian Józef Flis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Barbara Kaczor-Keller
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Science, Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Zofia Kinga Bytowska
- Division of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Faculty of Health Sciences With Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Mateusz Jakub Karnia
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Bazynskiego 8, 80-309, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wiesław Ziółkowski
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences With Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jan Jacek Kaczor
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Bazynskiego 8, 80-309, Gdansk, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zulkifli M, Spelbring A, Zhang Y, Soma S, Chen S, Li L, Le T, Shanbhag V, Petris M, Chen TY, Ralle M, Barondeau D, Gohil V. FDX1-dependent and independent mechanisms of elesclomol-mediated intracellular copper delivery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2216722120. [PMID: 36848556 PMCID: PMC10013847 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2216722120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have uncovered the therapeutic potential of elesclomol (ES), a copper-ionophore, for copper deficiency disorders. However, we currently do not understand the mechanism by which copper brought into cells as ES-Cu(II) is released and delivered to cuproenzymes present in different subcellular compartments. Here, we have utilized a combination of genetic, biochemical, and cell-biological approaches to demonstrate that intracellular release of copper from ES occurs inside and outside of mitochondria. The mitochondrial matrix reductase, FDX1, catalyzes the reduction of ES-Cu(II) to Cu(I), releasing it into mitochondria where it is bioavailable for the metalation of mitochondrial cuproenzyme- cytochrome c oxidase. Consistently, ES fails to rescue cytochrome c oxidase abundance and activity in copper-deficient cells lacking FDX1. In the absence of FDX1, the ES-dependent increase in cellular copper is attenuated but not abolished. Thus, ES-mediated copper delivery to nonmitochondrial cuproproteins continues even in the absence of FDX1, suggesting alternate mechanism(s) of copper release. Importantly, we demonstrate that this mechanism of copper transport by ES is distinct from other clinically used copper-transporting drugs. Our study uncovers a unique mode of intracellular copper delivery by ES and may further aid in repurposing this anticancer drug for copper deficiency disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zulkifli
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX77843
| | - Amy N. Spelbring
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX77842
| | - Yuteng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX77204
| | - Shivatheja Soma
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX77843
| | - Si Chen
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL60439
| | - Luxi Li
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL60439
| | - Trung Le
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX77842
| | - Vinit Shanbhag
- Department of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65211
- Department of Ophthalmology, Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65211
| | - Michael J. Petris
- Department of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65211
- Department of Ophthalmology, Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65211
| | - Tai-Yen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX77204
| | - Martina Ralle
- Molecular and Medical Genetics Department, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR97239
| | | | - Vishal M. Gohil
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX77843
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lesner NP, Wang X, Chen Z, Frank A, Menezes CJ, House S, Shelton SD, Lemoff A, McFadden DG, Wansapura J, DeBerardinis RJ, Mishra P. Differential requirements for mitochondrial electron transport chain components in the adult murine liver. eLife 2022; 11:e80919. [PMID: 36154948 PMCID: PMC9648974 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) dysfunction due to mutations in the nuclear or mitochondrial genome is a common cause of metabolic disease in humans and displays striking tissue specificity depending on the affected gene. The mechanisms underlying tissue-specific phenotypes are not understood. Complex I (cI) is classically considered the entry point for electrons into the ETC, and in vitro experiments indicate that cI is required for basal respiration and maintenance of the NAD+/NADH ratio, an indicator of cellular redox status. This finding has largely not been tested in vivo. Here, we report that mitochondrial complex I is dispensable for homeostasis of the adult mouse liver; animals with hepatocyte-specific loss of cI function display no overt phenotypes or signs of liver damage, and maintain liver function, redox and oxygen status. Further analysis of cI-deficient livers did not reveal significant proteomic or metabolic changes, indicating little to no compensation is required in the setting of complex I loss. In contrast, complex IV (cIV) dysfunction in adult hepatocytes results in decreased liver function, impaired oxygen handling, steatosis, and liver damage, accompanied by significant metabolomic and proteomic perturbations. Our results support a model whereby complex I loss is tolerated in the mouse liver because hepatocytes use alternative electron donors to fuel the mitochondrial ETC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Lesner
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Xun Wang
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Zhenkang Chen
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Anderson Frank
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Cameron J Menezes
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Sara House
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Spencer D Shelton
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Andrew Lemoff
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - David G McFadden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Janaka Wansapura
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Prashant Mishra
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kwon T, Kim K, Caetano-Anolles K, Sung S, Cho S, Jeong C, Hanotte O, Kim H. Mitonuclear incompatibility as a hidden driver behind the genome ancestry of African admixed cattle. BMC Biol 2022; 20:20. [PMID: 35039029 PMCID: PMC8764764 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Africa is an important watershed in the genetic history of domestic cattle, as two lineages of modern cattle, Bos taurus and B. indicus, form distinct admixed cattle populations. Despite the predominant B. indicus nuclear ancestry of African admixed cattle, B. indicus mitochondria have not been found on the continent. This discrepancy between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes has been previously hypothesized to be driven by male-biased introgression of Asian B. indicus into ancestral African B. taurus. Given that this hypothesis mandates extreme demographic assumptions relying on random genetic drift, we propose a novel hypothesis of selection induced by mitonuclear incompatibility and assess these hypotheses with regard to the current genomic status of African admixed cattle. Results By analyzing 494 mitochondrial and 235 nuclear genome sequences, we first confirmed the genotype discrepancy between mitochondrial and nuclear genome in African admixed cattle: the absence of B. indicus mitochondria and the predominant B. indicus autosomal ancestry. We applied approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) to assess the posterior probabilities of two selection hypotheses given this observation. The results of ABC indicated that the model assuming both male-biased B. indicus introgression and selection induced by mitonuclear incompatibility explains the current genomic discrepancy most accurately. Subsequently, we identified selection signatures at autosomal loci interacting with mitochondria that are responsible for integrity of the cellular respiration system. By contrast with B. indicus-enriched genome ancestry of African admixed cattle, local ancestries at these selection signatures were enriched with B. taurus alleles, concurring with the key expectation of selection induced by mitonuclear incompatibility. Conclusions Our findings support the current genome status of African admixed cattle as a potential outcome of male-biased B. indicus introgression, where mitonuclear incompatibility exerted selection pressure against B. indicus mitochondria. This study provides a novel perspective on African cattle demography and supports the role of mitonuclear incompatibility in the hybridization of mammalian species. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-01206-x.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taehyung Kwon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwondo Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,eGnome, Inc, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | | - Choongwon Jeong
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Olivier Hanotte
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. .,LiveGene, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. .,The Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Heebal Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea. .,eGnome, Inc, Seoul, South Korea. .,Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Geldon S, Fernández-Vizarra E, Tokatlidis K. Redox-Mediated Regulation of Mitochondrial Biogenesis, Dynamics, and Respiratory Chain Assembly in Yeast and Human Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:720656. [PMID: 34557489 PMCID: PMC8452992 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.720656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles that contain their own genome, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and reminiscent of its endosymbiotic origin. Mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration via the function of the electron oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS), located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and composed of the four electron transport chain (ETC) enzymes (complexes I-IV), and the ATP synthase (complex V). Even though the mtDNA encodes essential OXPHOS components, the large majority of the structural subunits and additional biogenetical factors (more than seventy proteins) are encoded in the nucleus and translated in the cytoplasm. To incorporate these proteins and the rest of the mitochondrial proteome, mitochondria have evolved varied, and sophisticated import machineries that specifically target proteins to the different compartments defined by the two membranes. The intermembrane space (IMS) contains a high number of cysteine-rich proteins, which are mostly imported via the MIA40 oxidative folding system, dependent on the reduction, and oxidation of key Cys residues. Several of these proteins are structural components or assembly factors necessary for the correct maturation and function of the ETC complexes. Interestingly, many of these proteins are involved in the metalation of the active redox centers of complex IV, the terminal oxidase of the mitochondrial ETC. Due to their function in oxygen reduction, mitochondria are the main generators of reactive oxygen species (ROS), on both sides of the inner membrane, i.e., in the matrix and the IMS. ROS generation is important due to their role as signaling molecules, but an excessive production is detrimental due to unwanted oxidation reactions that impact on the function of different types of biomolecules contained in mitochondria. Therefore, the maintenance of the redox balance in the IMS is essential for mitochondrial function. In this review, we will discuss the role that redox regulation plays in the maintenance of IMS homeostasis as well as how mitochondrial ROS generation may be a key regulatory factor for ETC biogenesis, especially for complex IV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erika Fernández-Vizarra
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kostas Tokatlidis
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zanfardino P, Doccini S, Santorelli FM, Petruzzella V. Tackling Dysfunction of Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in the Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8325. [PMID: 34361091 PMCID: PMC8348117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) is the basic function of mitochondria, although the landscape of mitochondrial functions is continuously growing to include more aspects of cellular homeostasis. Thanks to the application of -omics technologies to the study of the OxPhos system, novel features emerge from the cataloging of novel proteins as mitochondrial thus adding details to the mitochondrial proteome and defining novel metabolic cellular interrelations, especially in the human brain. We focussed on the diversity of bioenergetics demand and different aspects of mitochondrial structure, functions, and dysfunction in the brain. Definition such as 'mitoexome', 'mitoproteome' and 'mitointeractome' have entered the field of 'mitochondrial medicine'. In this context, we reviewed several genetic defects that hamper the last step of aerobic metabolism, mostly involving the nervous tissue as one of the most prominent energy-dependent tissues and, as consequence, as a primary target of mitochondrial dysfunction. The dual genetic origin of the OxPhos complexes is one of the reasons for the complexity of the genotype-phenotype correlation when facing human diseases associated with mitochondrial defects. Such complexity clinically manifests with extremely heterogeneous symptoms, ranging from organ-specific to multisystemic dysfunction with different clinical courses. Finally, we briefly discuss the future directions of the multi-omics study of human brain disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Zanfardino
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Stefano Doccini
- IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Calambrone, 56128 Pisa, Italy;
| | | | - Vittoria Petruzzella
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Garza NM, Griffin AT, Zulkifli M, Qiu C, Kaplan CD, Gohil VM. A genome-wide copper-sensitized screen identifies novel regulators of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase activity. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100485. [PMID: 33662401 PMCID: PMC8027276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is essential for the activity and stability of cytochrome c oxidase (CcO), the terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Loss-of-function mutations in genes required for copper transport to CcO result in fatal human disorders. Despite the fundamental importance of copper in mitochondrial and organismal physiology, systematic identification of genes that regulate mitochondrial copper homeostasis is lacking. To discover these genes, we performed a genome-wide screen using a library of DNA-barcoded yeast deletion mutants grown in copper-supplemented media. Our screen recovered a number of genes known to be involved in cellular copper homeostasis as well as genes previously not linked to mitochondrial copper biology. These newly identified genes include the subunits of the adaptor protein 3 complex (AP-3) and components of the cellular pH-sensing pathway Rim20 and Rim21, both of which are known to affect vacuolar function. We find that AP-3 and Rim mutants exhibit decreased vacuolar acidity, which in turn perturbs mitochondrial copper homeostasis and CcO function. CcO activity of these mutants could be rescued by either restoring vacuolar pH or supplementing growth media with additional copper. Consistent with these genetic data, pharmacological inhibition of the vacuolar proton pump leads to decreased mitochondrial copper content and a concomitant decrease in CcO abundance and activity. Taken together, our study uncovered novel genetic regulators of mitochondrial copper homeostasis and provided a mechanism by which vacuolar pH impacts mitochondrial respiration through copper homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Garza
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Aaron T Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Mohammad Zulkifli
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Chenxi Qiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Craig D Kaplan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Vishal M Gohil
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Blackout in the powerhouse: clinical phenotypes associated with defects in the assembly of OXPHOS complexes and the mitoribosome. Biochem J 2021; 477:4085-4132. [PMID: 33151299 PMCID: PMC7657662 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria produce the bulk of the energy used by almost all eukaryotic cells through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) which occurs on the four complexes of the respiratory chain and the F1–F0 ATPase. Mitochondrial diseases are a heterogenous group of conditions affecting OXPHOS, either directly through mutation of genes encoding subunits of OXPHOS complexes, or indirectly through mutations in genes encoding proteins supporting this process. These include proteins that promote assembly of the OXPHOS complexes, the post-translational modification of subunits, insertion of cofactors or indeed subunit synthesis. The latter is important for all 13 of the proteins encoded by human mitochondrial DNA, which are synthesised on mitochondrial ribosomes. Together the five OXPHOS complexes and the mitochondrial ribosome are comprised of more than 160 subunits and many more proteins support their biogenesis. Mutations in both nuclear and mitochondrial genes encoding these proteins have been reported to cause mitochondrial disease, many leading to defective complex assembly with the severity of the assembly defect reflecting the severity of the disease. This review aims to act as an interface between the clinical and basic research underpinning our knowledge of OXPHOS complex and ribosome assembly, and the dysfunction of this process in mitochondrial disease.
Collapse
|
10
|
Gladyck S, Aras S, Hüttemann M, Grossman LI. Regulation of COX Assembly and Function by Twin CX 9C Proteins-Implications for Human Disease. Cells 2021; 10:197. [PMID: 33498264 PMCID: PMC7909247 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative phosphorylation is a tightly regulated process in mammals that takes place in and across the inner mitochondrial membrane and consists of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase. Complex IV, or cytochrome c oxidase (COX), is the terminal enzyme of the electron transport chain, responsible for accepting electrons from cytochrome c, pumping protons to contribute to the gradient utilized by ATP synthase to produce ATP, and reducing oxygen to water. As such, COX is tightly regulated through numerous mechanisms including protein-protein interactions. The twin CX9C family of proteins has recently been shown to be involved in COX regulation by assisting with complex assembly, biogenesis, and activity. The twin CX9C motif allows for the import of these proteins into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria using the redox import machinery of Mia40/CHCHD4. Studies have shown that knockdown of the proteins discussed in this review results in decreased or completely deficient aerobic respiration in experimental models ranging from yeast to human cells, as the proteins are conserved across species. This article highlights and discusses the importance of COX regulation by twin CX9C proteins in the mitochondria via COX assembly and control of its activity through protein-protein interactions, which is further modulated by cell signaling pathways. Interestingly, select members of the CX9C protein family, including MNRR1 and CHCHD10, show a novel feature in that they not only localize to the mitochondria but also to the nucleus, where they mediate oxygen- and stress-induced transcriptional regulation, opening a new view of mitochondrial-nuclear crosstalk and its involvement in human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Gladyck
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (S.G.); (S.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Siddhesh Aras
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (S.G.); (S.A.); (M.H.)
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Maik Hüttemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (S.G.); (S.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Lawrence I. Grossman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (S.G.); (S.A.); (M.H.)
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland and Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
In vivo biodistribution study of TAT-L-Sco2 fusion protein, developed as protein therapeutic for mitochondrial disorders attributed to SCO2 mutations. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2020; 25:100683. [PMID: 33318931 PMCID: PMC7726716 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2020.100683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid progress achieved in the development of many biopharmaceuticals had a tremendous impact on the therapy of many metabolic/genetic disorders. This type of fruitful approach, called protein replacement therapy (PRT), aimed to either replace the deficient or malfunctional protein in human tissues that act either in plasma membrane or via a specific cell surface receptor. However, there are also many metabolic/genetic disorders attributed to either deficient or malfunctional proteins acting intracellularly. The recent developments of Protein Transduction Domain (PTD) technology offer new opportunities by allowing the intracellular delivery of recombinant proteins of a given therapeutic interest into different subcellular sites and organelles, such as mitochondria and other entities. Towards this pathway, we applied successfully PTD Technology as a protein therapeutic approach, in vitro, in SCO2 deficient primary fibroblasts, derived from patient with mutations in human SCO2 gene, responsible for fatal, infantile cardioencephalomyopathy and cytochrome c oxidase deficiency. In this work, we radiolabeled the recombinant TAT-L-Sco2 fusion protein with technetium-99 m to assess its in vivo biodistribution and fate, by increasing the sensitivity of detection of even low levels of the transduced recombinant protein. The biodistribution pattern of [99mTc]Tc-TAT-L-Sco2 in mice demonstrated fast blood clearance, significant hepatobiliary and renal clearance. In addition, western blot analysis detected the recombinant TAT-L-Sco2 protein in the isolated mitochondria of several mouse tissues, including heart, muscle and brain. These results pave the way to further consider this PTD-mediated Protein Therapy Approach as a potentially alternative treatment of genetic/metabolic disorders. Radiolabeling of human recombinant mitochondrial TAT-L-Sco2 fusion protein with 99mTc for the first time. [99mTc]Tc-TAT-L-Sco2 can be successfully transduced into the mitochondria of peripheral tissues upon injection into animals. Protein Replacement Therapy, through PTD technology, can be a potential therapeutic approach for mitochondrial disorders.
Collapse
Key Words
- 99mTc, Technetium-99 m.
- BSA, Bovine Serum Albumin;
- COX, Cytochrome c oxidase;
- FBS, Fetal bovine serum;
- IBs, Inclusion bodies;
- ID, Injected dose;
- PBS, Phosphate buffered saline;
- PRT, Protein Replacement Therapy;
- PTD, Protein Transduction Domain;
- RA, Radioactivity;
- RT, Room Temperature;
- SD, Standard Deviation;
- SEC, Size Exclusion Chromatography;
- TAT-L-Sco2, 10xHis-XaSITE-TAT-L-Sco2-HA;
- i.p., Intraperitoneal;
- i.v., Intravenous;
- l-Arg, l-Arginine;
- p.i., Post-injection;
Collapse
|
12
|
Shanbhag VC, Gudekar N, Jasmer K, Papageorgiou C, Singh K, Petris MJ. Copper metabolism as a unique vulnerability in cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1868:118893. [PMID: 33091507 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The last 25 years have witnessed tremendous progress in identifying and characterizing proteins that regulate the uptake, intracellular trafficking and export of copper. Although dietary copper is required in trace amounts, sufficient quantities of this metal are needed to sustain growth and development in humans and other mammals. However, copper is also a rate-limiting nutrient for the growth and proliferation of cancer cells. Oral copper chelators taken with food have been shown to confer anti-neoplastic and anti-metastatic benefits in animals and humans. Recent studies have begun to identify specific roles for copper in pathways of oncogenic signaling and resistance to anti-neoplastic drugs. Here, we review the general mechanisms of cellular copper homeostasis and discuss roles of copper in cancer progression, highlighting metabolic vulnerabilities that may be targetable in the development of anticancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinit C Shanbhag
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States of America; The Christopher S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States of America
| | - Nikita Gudekar
- Genetics Area Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States of America; The Christopher S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Jasmer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States of America; The Christopher S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States of America
| | - Christos Papageorgiou
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States of America
| | - Kamal Singh
- The Christopher S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States of America; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States of America
| | - Michael J Petris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States of America; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States of America; Genetics Area Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States of America; The Christopher S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Functions of Cytochrome c oxidase Assembly Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197254. [PMID: 33008142 PMCID: PMC7582755 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase is the terminal complex of eukaryotic oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. This process couples the reduction of electron carriers during metabolism to the reduction of molecular oxygen to water and translocation of protons from the internal mitochondrial matrix to the inter-membrane space. The electrochemical gradient formed is used to generate chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate to power vital cellular processes. Cytochrome c oxidase and most oxidative phosphorylation complexes are the product of the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. This poses a series of topological and temporal steps that must be completed to ensure efficient assembly of the functional enzyme. Many assembly factors have evolved to perform these steps for insertion of protein into the inner mitochondrial membrane, maturation of the polypeptide, incorporation of co-factors and prosthetic groups and to regulate this process. Much of the information about each of these assembly factors has been gleaned from use of the single cell eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae and also mutations responsible for human disease. This review will focus on the assembly factors of cytochrome c oxidase to highlight some of the outstanding questions in the assembly of this vital enzyme complex.
Collapse
|
14
|
Guthrie LM, Soma S, Yuan S, Silva A, Zulkifli M, Snavely TC, Greene HF, Nunez E, Lynch B, De Ville C, Shanbhag V, Lopez FR, Acharya A, Petris MJ, Kim BE, Gohil VM, Sacchettini JC. Elesclomol alleviates Menkes pathology and mortality by escorting Cu to cuproenzymes in mice. Science 2020; 368:620-625. [PMID: 32381719 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz8899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the copper (Cu) transporter ATP7A cause Menkes disease. Menkes is an infantile, fatal, hereditary copper-deficiency disorder that is characterized by progressive neurological injury culminating in death, typically by 3 years of age. Severe copper deficiency leads to multiple pathologies, including impaired energy generation caused by cytochrome c oxidase dysfunction in the mitochondria. Here we report that the small molecule elesclomol escorted copper to the mitochondria and increased cytochrome c oxidase levels in the brain. Through this mechanism, elesclomol prevented detrimental neurodegenerative changes and improved the survival of the mottled-brindled mouse-a murine model of severe Menkes disease. Thus, elesclomol holds promise for the treatment of Menkes and associated disorders of hereditary copper deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liam M Guthrie
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Shivatheja Soma
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Sai Yuan
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Andres Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Mohammad Zulkifli
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Thomas C Snavely
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Hannah Faith Greene
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Elyssa Nunez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Brogan Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Courtney De Ville
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Vinit Shanbhag
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Franklin R Lopez
- Texas Veterinary Medicine Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Arjun Acharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Michael J Petris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Byung-Eun Kim
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Vishal M Gohil
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - James C Sacchettini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jestin M, Kapnick SM, Tarasenko TN, Burke CT, Zerfas PM, Diaz F, Vernon H, Singh LN, Sokol RJ, McGuire PJ. Mitochondrial disease disrupts hepatic allostasis and lowers the threshold for immune-mediated liver toxicity. Mol Metab 2020; 37:100981. [PMID: 32283081 PMCID: PMC7167504 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.100981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In individuals with mitochondrial disease, respiratory viral infection can result in metabolic decompensation with mitochondrial hepatopathy. Here, we used a mouse model of liver-specific Complex IV deficiency to study hepatic allostasis during respiratory viral infection. Methods Mice with hepatic cytochrome c oxidase deficiency (LivCox10−/−) were infected with aerosolized influenza, A/PR/8 (PR8), and euthanized on day five after infection following three days of symptoms. This time course is marked by a peak in inflammatory cytokines and mimics the timing of a common clinical scenario in which caregivers may first attempt to manage the illness at home before seeking medical attention. Metabolic decompensation and mitochondrial hepatopathy in mice were characterized by serum hepatic testing, histology, electron microscopy, biochemistry, metabolomics, and bioenergetic profiling. Results Following influenza infection, LivCox10−/− mice displayed marked liver disease including hepatitis, enlarged mitochondria with cristae loss, and hepatic steatosis. This pathophysiology was associated with viremia. Primary hepatocytes from LivCox10−/− mice cocultured with WT Kupffer cells in the presence of PR8 showed enhanced lipid accumulation. Treatment of hepatocytes with recombinant TNFα implicated Kupffer cell-derived TNFα as a precipitant of steatosis in LivCox10−/− mice. Eliminating Kupffer cells or blocking TNFα in vivo during influenza infection mitigated the steatosis and mitochondrial morphologic changes. Conclusions Taken together, our data shift the narrative of metabolic decompensation in mitochondrial hepatopathy beyond the bioenergetic costs of infection to include an underlying susceptibility to immune-mediated damage. Moreover, our work suggests that immune modulation during metabolic decompensation in mitochondrial disease represents a future viable treatment strategy needing further exploration. Influenza infection leads to worsening mitochondrial function and steatohepatitis in a model of mitochondrial hepatopathy. Kupffer cells may mediate this damage by the uptake of influenza virus and the secretion of TNFa. Hepatocytes affected by mitochondrial disease have a lower threshold for immune mediated toxicity by TNFa. Modulating the immune response leads to an improvement in the phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Jestin
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Senta M Kapnick
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tatyana N Tarasenko
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Cassidy T Burke
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Patricia M Zerfas
- Office of Research Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Francisca Diaz
- University of Miami, Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Hilary Vernon
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Larry N Singh
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ronald J Sokol
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Peter J McGuire
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Damena D, Denis A, Golassa L, Chimusa ER. Genome-wide association studies of severe P. falciparum malaria susceptibility: progress, pitfalls and prospects. BMC Med Genomics 2019; 12:120. [PMID: 31409341 PMCID: PMC6693204 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-019-0564-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND P. falciparum malaria has been recognized as one of the prominent evolutionary selective forces of human genome that led to the emergence of multiple host protective alleles. A comprehensive understanding of the genetic bases of severe malaria susceptibility and resistance can potentially pave ways to the development of new therapeutics and vaccines. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have recently been implemented in malaria endemic areas and identified a number of novel association genetic variants. However, there are several open questions around heritability, epistatic interactions, genetic correlations and associated molecular pathways among others. Here, we assess the progress and pitfalls of severe malaria susceptibility GWASs and discuss the biology of the novel variants. RESULTS We obtained all severe malaria susceptibility GWASs published thus far and accessed GWAS dataset of Gambian populations from European Phenome Genome Archive (EGA) through the MalariaGen consortium standard data access protocols. We noticed that, while some of the well-known variants including HbS and ABO blood group were replicated across endemic populations, only few novel variants were convincingly identified and their biological functions remain to be understood. We estimated SNP-heritability of severe malaria at 20.1% in Gambian populations and showed how advanced statistical genetic analytic methods can potentially be implemented in malaria susceptibility studies to provide useful functional insights. CONCLUSIONS The ultimate goal of malaria susceptibility study is to discover a novel causal biological pathway that provide protections against severe malaria; a fundamental step towards translational medicine such as development of vaccine and new therapeutics. Beyond singe locus analysis, the future direction of malaria susceptibility requires a paradigm shift from single -omics to multi-stage and multi-dimensional integrative functional studies that combines multiple data types from the human host, the parasite, the mosquitoes and the environment. The current biotechnological and statistical advances may eventually lead to the feasibility of systems biology studies and revolutionize malaria research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delesa Damena
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7700 South Africa
| | - Awany Denis
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7700 South Africa
| | - Lemu Golassa
- Aklilu Lema Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, PO box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Emile R. Chimusa
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7700 South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Biochemistry of Copper Site Assembly in Heme-Copper Oxidases: A Theme with Variations. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153830. [PMID: 31387303 PMCID: PMC6696091 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper is an essential cofactor for aerobic respiration, since it is required as a redox cofactor in Cytochrome c Oxidase (COX). This ancient and highly conserved enzymatic complex from the family of heme-copper oxidase possesses two copper sites: CuA and CuB. Biosynthesis of the oxidase is a complex, stepwise process that requires a high number of assembly factors. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art in the assembly of COX, with special emphasis in the assembly of copper sites. Assembly of the CuA site is better understood, being at the same time highly variable among organisms. We also discuss the current challenges that prevent the full comprehension of the mechanisms of assembly and the pending issues in the field.
Collapse
|
18
|
Rebelo AP, Saade D, Pereira CV, Farooq A, Huff TC, Abreu L, Moraes CT, Mnatsakanova D, Mathews K, Yang H, Schon EA, Zuchner S, Shy ME. SCO2 mutations cause early-onset axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease associated with cellular copper deficiency. Brain 2019; 141:662-672. [PMID: 29351582 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recessive mutations in the mitochondrial copper-binding protein SCO2, cytochrome c oxidase (COX) assembly protein, have been reported in several cases with fatal infantile cardioencephalomyopathy with COX deficiency. Significantly expanding the known phenotypic spectrum, we identified compound heterozygous variants in SCO2 in two unrelated patients with axonal polyneuropathy, also known as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4. Different from previously described cases, our patients developed predominantly motor neuropathy, they survived infancy, and they have not yet developed the cardiomyopathy that causes death in early infancy in reported patients. Both of our patients harbour missense mutations near the conserved copper-binding motif (CXXXC), including the common pathogenic variant E140K and a novel change D135G. In addition, each patient carries a second mutation located at the same loop region, resulting in compound heterozygote changes E140K/P169T and D135G/R171Q. Patient fibroblasts showed reduced levels of SCO2, decreased copper levels and COX deficiency. Given that another Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease gene, ATP7A, is a known copper transporter, our findings further underline the relevance of copper metabolism in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana P Rebelo
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Dimah Saade
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | | | - Amjad Farooq
- Biochemistry Department, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Tyler C Huff
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, USA
| | - Lisa Abreu
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | | | - Diana Mnatsakanova
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - Kathy Mathews
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Eric A Schon
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA.,Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Stephan Zuchner
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Michael E Shy
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Observation of novel COX20 mutations related to autosomal recessive axonal neuropathy and static encephalopathy. Hum Genet 2019; 138:749-756. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
20
|
Brix N, Jensen JM, Pedersen IS, Ernst A, Frost S, Bogaard P, Petersen MB, Bender L. Mitochondrial Disease Caused by a Novel Homozygous Mutation (Gly106del) in the SCO1 Gene. Neonatology 2019; 116:290-294. [PMID: 31352446 DOI: 10.1159/000499488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome C oxidase assembly protein SCO1 gene encodes a mitochondrial protein essential for the mammalian energy metabolism. Only three pedigrees of SCO1mutations have thus far been reported. They all presented with lactate acidosis and encephalopathy. Two had hepatopathy and hypotonia, and the other presented with intrauterine growth retardation and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy leading to cardiac failure. Mitochondrial disease may manifest in neonates, but early diagnosis has so far been difficult. Here, we present a novel mutation in the SCO1 gene: in-frame deletion (Gly106del)with a different phenotype without encephalopathy, hepatopathy, hypotonia, or cardiac involvement. Within the first 2 h the girl developed hypoglycemia and severe chronic lactate acidosis. Because of the improved technique in whole exome sequencing, an early diagnosis was made when the girl was only 9 days old, which enabled the prediction of prognosis as well as level of treatment. She died at 1 month of age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ninna Brix
- Department of Pediatrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark,
| | | | - Inge Søkilde Pedersen
- Section of Molecular Diagnostic, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Anja Ernst
- Section of Molecular Diagnostic, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Simon Frost
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Section of Molecular Diagnostic, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Pauline Bogaard
- Pathological Institute, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Michael B Petersen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lars Bender
- Department of Pediatrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ekim Kocabey A, Kost L, Gehlhar M, Rödel G, Gey U. Mitochondrial Sco proteins are involved in oxidative stress defense. Redox Biol 2018; 21:101079. [PMID: 30593977 PMCID: PMC6307045 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.101079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the evolutionary conserved Sco protein family have been intensively studied regarding their role in the assembly of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase. However, experimental and structural data, specifically the presence of a thioredoxin-like fold, suggest that Sco proteins may also play a role in redox homeostasis. In our study, we addressed this putative function of Sco proteins using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model system. Like many eukaryotes, this yeast possesses two SCO homologs (SCO1 and SCO2). Mutants bearing a deletion of either of the two genes are not affected in their growth under oxidative stress. However, the concomitant deletion of the SOD1 gene encoding the superoxide dismutase 1 resulted in a distinct phenotype: double deletion strains lacking SCO1 or SCO2 and SOD1 are highly sensitive to oxidative stress and show dramatically increased ROS levels. The respiratory competent double deletion strain Δsco2Δsod1 paved the way to investigate the putative antioxidant function of SCO homologs apart from their role in respiration by complementation analysis. Sco homologs from Drosophila, Arabidopsis, human and two other yeast species were integrated into the genome of the double deletion mutant and the transformants were analyzed for their growth under oxidative stress. Interestingly, all homologs except for Kluyveromyces lactis K07152 and Arabidopsis thaliana HCC1 were able to complement the phenotype, indicating their role in oxidative stress defense. We further applied this complementation-based system to investigate whether pathogenic point mutations affect the putative antioxidant role of hSco2. Surprisingly, all of the mutant alleles failed to restore the ROS-sensitivity of the Δsco2Δsod1 strain. In conclusion, our data not only provide clear evidence for the function of Sco proteins in oxidative stress defense but also offer a valuable tool to investigate this role for other homologous proteins. Concomitant deletion of SCO and SOD1 leads to a high ROS sensitivity. SCO homologs from higher organisms can rescue the oxidative stress sensitive phenotype of the double deletion mutant. Pathogenic human Sco2 mutations affect the antioxidant function of the protein. The role of the Sco proteins in oxidative stress defense is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luise Kost
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Maria Gehlhar
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rödel
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Uta Gey
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mutant p53-dependent mitochondrial metabolic alterations in a mesenchymal stem cell-based model of progressive malignancy. Cell Death Differ 2018; 26:1566-1581. [PMID: 30413783 PMCID: PMC6748146 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0227-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well accepted that malignant transformation is associated with unique metabolism. Malignant transformation involves a variety of cellular pathways that are associated with initiation and progression of the malignant process that remain to be deciphered still. Here we used a mouse model of mutant p53 that presents a stepwise progressive transformation of adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs). While the established parental p53Mut-MSCs induce tumors, the parental p53WT-MSCs that were established in parallel, did not. Furthermore, tumor lines derived from the parental p53Mut-MSCs (p53Mut-MSC-TLs), exhibited yet a more aggressive transformed phenotype, suggesting exacerbation in tumorigenesis. Metabolic tracing of these various cell types, indicated that while malignant transformation is echoed by a direct augmentation in glycolysis, the more aggressive p53Mut-MSC-TLs demonstrate increased mitochondrial oxidation that correlates with morphological changes in mitochondria mass and function. Finally, we show that these changes are p53Mut-dependent. Computational transcriptional analysis identified a mitochondrial gene signature specifically downregulated upon knock/out of p53Mut in MSC-TLs. Our results suggest that stem cells exhibiting different state of malignancy are also associated with a different quantitative and qualitative metabolic profile in a p53Mut-dependent manner. This may provide important insights for cancer prognosis and the use of specific metabolic inhibitors in a personalized designed cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Inherited pathogenic mutations in genes required for copper delivery to cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) perturb mitochondrial energy metabolism and result in fatal mitochondrial disease. A prior attempt to treat human patients with these mutations by direct copper supplementation was not successful, possibly because of inefficient copper delivery to the mitochondria. We performed a targeted search to identify compounds that can efficiently transport copper across biological membranes and identified elesclomol (ES), an investigational anticancer drug, as the most efficient copper delivery agent. ES rescues CcO function in yeast, zebrafish, and mammalian models of copper deficiency by increasing cellular and mitochondrial copper content. Thus, our study offers a possibility of repurposing this anticancer drug for the treatment of disorders of copper metabolism. Copper is an essential cofactor of cytochrome c oxidase (CcO), the terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Inherited loss-of-function mutations in several genes encoding proteins required for copper delivery to CcO result in diminished CcO activity and severe pathologic conditions in affected infants. Copper supplementation restores CcO function in patient cells with mutations in two of these genes, COA6 and SCO2, suggesting a potential therapeutic approach. However, direct copper supplementation has not been therapeutically effective in human patients, underscoring the need to identify highly efficient copper transporting pharmacological agents. By using a candidate-based approach, we identified an investigational anticancer drug, elesclomol (ES), that rescues respiratory defects of COA6-deficient yeast cells by increasing mitochondrial copper content and restoring CcO activity. ES also rescues respiratory defects in other yeast mutants of copper metabolism, suggesting a broader applicability. Low nanomolar concentrations of ES reinstate copper-containing subunits of CcO in a zebrafish model of copper deficiency and in a series of copper-deficient mammalian cells, including those derived from a patient with SCO2 mutations. These findings reveal that ES can restore intracellular copper homeostasis by mimicking the function of missing transporters and chaperones of copper, and may have potential in treating human disorders of copper metabolism.
Collapse
|
24
|
Human diseases associated with defects in assembly of OXPHOS complexes. Essays Biochem 2018; 62:271-286. [PMID: 30030362 PMCID: PMC6056716 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20170099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The structural biogenesis and functional proficiency of the multiheteromeric complexes forming the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS) require the concerted action of a number of chaperones and other assembly factors, most of which are specific for each complex. Mutations in a large number of these assembly factors are responsible for mitochondrial disorders, in most cases of infantile onset, typically characterized by biochemical defects of single specific complexes. In fact, pathogenic mutations in complex-specific assembly factors outnumber, in many cases, the repertoire of mutations found in structural subunits of specific complexes. The identification of patients with specific defects in assembly factors has provided an important contribution to the nosological characterization of mitochondrial disorders, and has also been a crucial means to identify a huge number of these proteins in humans, which play an essential role in mitochondrial bioenergetics. The wide use of next generation sequencing (NGS) has led to and will allow the identifcation of additional components of the assembly machinery of individual complexes, mutations of which are responsible for human disorders. The functional studies on patients' specimens, together with the creation and characterization of in vivo models, are fundamental to better understand the mechanisms of each of them. A new chapter in this field will be, in the near future, the discovery of mechanisms and actions underlying the formation of supercomplexes, molecular structures formed by the physical, and possibly functional, interaction of some of the individual respiratory complexes, particularly complex I (CI), III (CIII), and IV (CIV).
Collapse
|
25
|
Pacheu-Grau D, Rucktäschel R, Deckers M. Mitochondrial dysfunction and its role in tissue-specific cellular stress. Cell Stress 2018; 2:184-199. [PMID: 31225486 PMCID: PMC6551628 DOI: 10.15698/cst2018.07.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial bioenergetics require the coordination of two different and independent genomes. Mutations in either genome will affect mitochondrial functionality and produce different sources of cellular stress. Depending on the kind of defect and stress, different tissues and organs will be affected, leading to diverse pathological conditions. There is no curative therapy for mitochondrial diseases, nevertheless, there are strategies described that fight the various stress forms caused by the malfunctioning organelles. Here, we will revise the main kinds of stress generated by mutations in mitochondrial genes and outline several ways of fighting this stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Pacheu-Grau
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert Rucktäschel
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Deckers
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Baker ZN, Jett K, Boulet A, Hossain A, Cobine PA, Kim BE, El Zawily AM, Lee L, Tibbits GF, Petris MJ, Leary SC. The mitochondrial metallochaperone SCO1 maintains CTR1 at the plasma membrane to preserve copper homeostasis in the murine heart. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:4617-4628. [PMID: 28973536 PMCID: PMC5886179 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
SCO1 is a ubiquitously expressed, mitochondrial protein with essential roles in cytochrome c oxidase (COX) assembly and the regulation of copper homeostasis. SCO1 patients present with severe forms of early onset disease, and ultimately succumb from liver, heart or brain failure. However, the inherent susceptibility of these tissues to SCO1 mutations and the clinical heterogeneity observed across SCO1 pedigrees remain poorly understood phenomena. To further address this issue, we generated Sco1hrt/hrt and Sco1stm/stm mice in which Sco1 was specifically deleted in heart and striated muscle, respectively. Lethality was observed in both models due to a combined COX and copper deficiency that resulted in a dilated cardiomyopathy. Left ventricular dilation and loss of heart function was preceded by a temporal decrease in COX activity and copper levels in the longer-lived Sco1stm/stm mice. Interestingly, the reduction in copper content of Sco1stm/stm cardiomyocytes was due to the mislocalisation of CTR1, the high affinity transporter that imports copper into the cell. CTR1 was similarly mislocalized to the cytosol in the heart of knockin mice carrying a homozygous G115S substitution in Sco1, which in humans causes a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Our current findings in the heart are in marked contrast to our prior observations in the liver, where Sco1 deletion results in a near complete absence of CTR1 protein. These data collectively argue that mutations perturbing SCO1 function have tissue-specific consequences for the machinery that ultimately governs copper homeostasis, and further establish the importance of aberrant mitochondrial signaling to the etiology of copper handling disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zakery N Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Kimberly Jett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Aren Boulet
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Amzad Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Paul A Cobine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Byung-Eun Kim
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Amr M El Zawily
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Ling Lee
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Glen F Tibbits
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Michael J Petris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Scot C Leary
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lorenzi I, Oeljeklaus S, Aich A, Ronsör C, Callegari S, Dudek J, Warscheid B, Dennerlein S, Rehling P. The mitochondrial TMEM177 associates with COX20 during COX2 biogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:323-333. [PMID: 29154948 PMCID: PMC5764226 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The three mitochondrial-encoded proteins, COX1, COX2, and COX3, form the core of the cytochrome c oxidase. Upon synthesis, COX2 engages with COX20 in the inner mitochondrial membrane, a scaffold protein that recruits metallochaperones for copper delivery to the CuA-Site of COX2. Here we identified the human protein, TMEM177 as a constituent of the COX20 interaction network. Loss or increase in the amount of TMEM177 affects COX20 abundance leading to reduced or increased COX20 levels respectively. TMEM177 associates with newly synthesized COX2 and SCO2 in a COX20-dependent manner. Our data shows that by unbalancing the amount of TMEM177, newly synthesized COX2 accumulates in a COX20-associated state. We conclude that TMEM177 promotes assembly of COX2 at the level of CuA-site formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isotta Lorenzi
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Göttingen, GZMB, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silke Oeljeklaus
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, University Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Abhishek Aich
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Göttingen, GZMB, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christin Ronsör
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Göttingen, GZMB, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sylvie Callegari
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Göttingen, GZMB, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Dudek
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Göttingen, GZMB, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bettina Warscheid
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, University Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sven Dennerlein
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Göttingen, GZMB, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Peter Rehling
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Göttingen, GZMB, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Aich A, Wang C, Chowdhury A, Ronsör C, Pacheu-Grau D, Richter-Dennerlein R, Dennerlein S, Rehling P. COX16 promotes COX2 metallation and assembly during respiratory complex IV biogenesis. eLife 2018; 7:32572. [PMID: 29381136 PMCID: PMC5809144 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system reduces molecular oxygen with redox equivalent-derived electrons. The conserved mitochondrial-encoded COX1- and COX2-subunits are the heme- and copper-center containing core subunits that catalyze water formation. COX1 and COX2 initially follow independent biogenesis pathways creating assembly modules with subunit-specific, chaperone-like assembly factors that assist in redox centers formation. Here, we find that COX16, a protein required for cytochrome c oxidase assembly, interacts specifically with newly synthesized COX2 and its copper center-forming metallochaperones SCO1, SCO2, and COA6. The recruitment of SCO1 to the COX2-module is COX16- dependent and patient-mimicking mutations in SCO1 affect interaction with COX16. These findings implicate COX16 in CuA-site formation. Surprisingly, COX16 is also found in COX1-containing assembly intermediates and COX2 recruitment to COX1. We conclude that COX16 participates in merging the COX1 and COX2 assembly lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Aich
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arpita Chowdhury
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christin Ronsör
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - David Pacheu-Grau
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Sven Dennerlein
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Rehling
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Boulet A, Vest KE, Maynard MK, Gammon MG, Russell AC, Mathews AT, Cole SE, Zhu X, Phillips CB, Kwong JQ, Dodani SC, Leary SC, Cobine PA. The mammalian phosphate carrier SLC25A3 is a mitochondrial copper transporter required for cytochrome c oxidase biogenesis. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:1887-1896. [PMID: 29237729 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper is required for the activity of cytochrome c oxidase (COX), the terminal electron-accepting complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The likely source of copper used for COX biogenesis is a labile pool found in the mitochondrial matrix. In mammals, the proteins that transport copper across the inner mitochondrial membrane remain unknown. We previously reported that the mitochondrial carrier family protein Pic2 in budding yeast is a copper importer. The closest Pic2 ortholog in mammalian cells is the mitochondrial phosphate carrier SLC25A3. Here, to investigate whether SLC25A3 also transports copper, we manipulated its expression in several murine and human cell lines. SLC25A3 knockdown or deletion consistently resulted in an isolated COX deficiency in these cells, and copper addition to the culture medium suppressed these biochemical defects. Consistent with a conserved role for SLC25A3 in copper transport, its heterologous expression in yeast complemented copper-specific defects observed upon deletion of PIC2 Additionally, assays in Lactococcus lactis and in reconstituted liposomes directly demonstrated that SLC25A3 functions as a copper transporter. Taken together, these data indicate that SLC25A3 can transport copper both in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aren Boulet
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan 7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Katherine E Vest
- the Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Margaret K Maynard
- the Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Micah G Gammon
- the Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | | | - Alexander T Mathews
- the Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Shelbie E Cole
- the Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Xinyu Zhu
- the Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Casey B Phillips
- the Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Jennifer Q Kwong
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, and
| | - Sheel C Dodani
- the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75080
| | - Scot C Leary
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan 7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Paul A Cobine
- the Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849,
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
All known eukaryotes require copper for their development and survival. The essentiality of copper reflects its widespread use as a co-factor in conserved enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions critical to energy production, free radical detoxification, collagen deposition, neurotransmitter biosynthesis and iron homeostasis. However, the prioritized use of copper poses an organism with a considerable challenge because, in its unbound form, copper can potentiate free radical production and displace iron-sulphur clusters to disrupt protein function. Protective mechanisms therefore evolved to mitigate this challenge and tightly regulate the acquisition, trafficking and storage of copper such that the metal ion is rarely found in its free form in the cell. Findings by a number of groups over the last ten years emphasize that this regulatory framework forms the foundation of a system that is capable of monitoring copper status and reprioritizing copper usage at both the cellular and systemic levels of organization. While the identification of relevant molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways has proven to be difficult and remains a barrier to our full understanding of the regulation of copper homeostasis, mounting evidence points to the mitochondrion as a pivotal hub in this regard in both healthy and diseased states. Here, we review our current understanding of copper handling pathways contained within the organelle and consider plausible mechanisms that may serve to functionally couple their activity to that of other cellular copper handling machinery to maintain copper homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zakery N. Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada S7N 5E5
| | - Paul A. Cobine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Scot C. Leary
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada S7N 5E5
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Li R, Xiong G, Yuan S, Wu Z, Miao Y, Weng P. Investigating the underlying mechanism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in response to ethanol stress employing RNA-seq analysis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:206. [PMID: 29101531 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2376-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been widely used for wine fermentation and bio-fuels production. A S. cerevisiae strain Sc131 isolated from tropical fruit shows good fermentation properties and ethanol tolerance, exhibiting significant potential in Chinese bayberry wine fermentation. In this study, RNA-sequence and RT-qPCR was used to investigate the transcriptome profile of Sc131 in response to ethanol stress. Scanning Electron Microscopy were carried out to observe surface morphology of yeast cells. Totally, 937 genes were identified differential expressed, including 587 up-regulated and 350 down-regulated genes, after 4-h ethanol stress (10% v/v). Transcriptomic analysis revealed that, most genes involved in regulating filamentous growth or pseudohyphal growth were significantly up-regulated in response to ethanol stress. The complex protein quality control machineries, Hsp90/Hsp70 and Hsp104/Hsp70/Hsp40 based chaperone system combining with ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway were both activated to recognize and degrade misfolding proteins. Genes related to biosynthesis and metabolism of two well-known stress-responsive substances trehalose and ergosterol were generally up-regulated, while genes associated with amino acids biosynthesis and metabolism processes were differentially expressed. Moreover, thiamine was also important in response to ethanol stress. This research may promote the potential applications of Sc131 in the fermentation of Chinese bayberry wine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyun Li
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Guotong Xiong
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Shukun Yuan
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Zufang Wu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yingjie Miao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Peifang Weng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Jett KA, Leary SC. Building the Cu A site of cytochrome c oxidase: A complicated, redox-dependent process driven by a surprisingly large complement of accessory proteins. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:4644-4652. [PMID: 28972150 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r117.816132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) was initially purified more than 70 years ago. A tremendous amount of insight into its structure and function has since been gleaned from biochemical, biophysical, genetic, and molecular studies. As a result, we now appreciate that COX relies on its redox-active metal centers (heme a and a3, CuA and CuB) to reduce oxygen and pump protons in a reaction essential for most eukaryotic life. Questions persist, however, about how individual structural subunits are assembled into a functional holoenzyme. Here, we focus on what is known and what remains to be learned about the accessory proteins that facilitate CuA site maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Jett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Scot C Leary
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Timón-Gómez A, Nývltová E, Abriata LA, Vila AJ, Hosler J, Barrientos A. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase biogenesis: Recent developments. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 76:163-178. [PMID: 28870773 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COX) is the primary site of cellular oxygen consumption and is essential for aerobic energy generation in the form of ATP. Human COX is a copper-heme A hetero-multimeric complex formed by 3 catalytic core subunits encoded in the mitochondrial DNA and 11 subunits encoded in the nuclear genome. Investigations over the last 50 years have progressively shed light into the sophistication surrounding COX biogenesis and the regulation of this process, disclosing multiple assembly factors, several redox-regulated processes leading to metal co-factor insertion, regulatory mechanisms to couple synthesis of COX subunits to COX assembly, and the incorporation of COX into respiratory supercomplexes. Here, we will critically summarize recent progress and controversies in several key aspects of COX biogenesis: linear versus modular assembly, the coupling of mitochondrial translation to COX assembly and COX assembly into respiratory supercomplexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Timón-Gómez
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Eva Nývltová
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Luciano A Abriata
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Modeling & Protein Purification and Structure Facility, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Switzerland
| | - Alejandro J Vila
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR, CONICET-UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
| | - Jonathan Hosler
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Antoni Barrientos
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bourens M, Barrientos A. Human mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor COX18 acts transiently as a membrane insertase within the subunit 2 maturation module. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:7774-7783. [PMID: 28330871 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.778514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase or respiratory chain complex IV (CIV) assembly are a frequent cause of human mitochondrial disorders. Specifically, mutations in four conserved assembly factors impinging the biogenesis of the mitochondrion-encoded catalytic core subunit 2 (COX2) result in myopathies. These factors afford stability of newly synthesized COX2 (the dystonia-ataxia syndrome protein COX20), a protein with two transmembrane domains, and maturation of its copper center, CuA (cardiomyopathy proteins SCO1, SCO2, and COA6). COX18 is an additional COX2 assembly factor that belongs to the Oxa1 family of membrane protein insertases. Here, we used a gene-editing approach to generate a human COX18 knock-out HEK293T cell line that displays isolated complete CIV deficiency. We demonstrate that COX20 stabilizes COX2 during insertion of its N-proximal transmembrane domain, and subsequently, COX18 transiently interacts with COX2 to promote translocation across the inner membrane of the COX2 C-tail that contains the apo-CuA site. The release of COX18 from this complex coincides with the binding of the SCO1-SCO2-COA6 copper metallation module to COX2-COX20 to finalize COX2 biogenesis. Therefore, COX18 is a new candidate when screening for mitochondrial disorders associated with isolated CIV deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antoni Barrientos
- From the Departments of Neurology and .,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Alston CL, Rocha MC, Lax NZ, Turnbull DM, Taylor RW. The genetics and pathology of mitochondrial disease. J Pathol 2016; 241:236-250. [PMID: 27659608 PMCID: PMC5215404 DOI: 10.1002/path.4809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are double-membrane-bound organelles that are present in all nucleated eukaryotic cells and are responsible for the production of cellular energy in the form of ATP. Mitochondrial function is under dual genetic control - the 16.6-kb mitochondrial genome, with only 37 genes, and the nuclear genome, which encodes the remaining ∼1300 proteins of the mitoproteome. Mitochondrial dysfunction can arise because of defects in either mitochondrial DNA or nuclear mitochondrial genes, and can present in childhood or adulthood in association with vast clinical heterogeneity, with symptoms affecting a single organ or tissue, or multisystem involvement. There is no cure for mitochondrial disease for the vast majority of mitochondrial disease patients, and a genetic diagnosis is therefore crucial for genetic counselling and recurrence risk calculation, and can impact on the clinical management of affected patients. Next-generation sequencing strategies are proving pivotal in the discovery of new disease genes and the diagnosis of clinically affected patients; mutations in >250 genes have now been shown to cause mitochondrial disease, and the biochemical, histochemical, immunocytochemical and neuropathological characterization of these patients has led to improved diagnostic testing strategies and novel diagnostic techniques. This review focuses on the current genetic landscape associated with mitochondrial disease, before focusing on advances in studying associated mitochondrial pathology in two, clinically relevant organs - skeletal muscle and brain. © 2016 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte L Alston
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mariana C Rocha
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nichola Z Lax
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Doug M Turnbull
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Robert W Taylor
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rak M, Bénit P, Chrétien D, Bouchereau J, Schiff M, El-Khoury R, Tzagoloff A, Rustin P. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase deficiency. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:393-407. [PMID: 26846578 PMCID: PMC4948581 DOI: 10.1042/cs20150707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
As with other mitochondrial respiratory chain components, marked clinical and genetic heterogeneity is observed in patients with a cytochrome c oxidase deficiency. This constitutes a considerable diagnostic challenge and raises a number of puzzling questions. So far, pathological mutations have been reported in more than 30 genes, in both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, affecting either structural subunits of the enzyme or proteins involved in its biogenesis. In this review, we discuss the possible causes of the discrepancy between the spectacular advances made in the identification of the molecular bases of cytochrome oxidase deficiency and the lack of any efficient treatment in diseases resulting from such deficiencies. This brings back many unsolved questions related to the frequent delay of clinical manifestation, variable course and severity, and tissue-involvement often associated with these diseases. In this context, we stress the importance of studying different models of these diseases, but also discuss the limitations encountered in most available disease models. In the future, with the possible exception of replacement therapy using genes, cells or organs, a better understanding of underlying mechanism(s) of these mitochondrial diseases is presumably required to develop efficient therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Rak
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1141, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France Faculté de Médecine Denis Diderot, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Site Robert Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Paule Bénit
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1141, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France Faculté de Médecine Denis Diderot, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Site Robert Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Chrétien
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1141, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France Faculté de Médecine Denis Diderot, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Site Robert Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Juliette Bouchereau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1141, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France Faculté de Médecine Denis Diderot, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Site Robert Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Manuel Schiff
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1141, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France Faculté de Médecine Denis Diderot, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Site Robert Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Riyad El-Khoury
- American University of Beirut Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cairo Street, Hamra, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Alexander Tzagoloff
- Biological Sciences Department, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, U.S.A
| | - Pierre Rustin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1141, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France Faculté de Médecine Denis Diderot, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Site Robert Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lasserre JP, Dautant A, Aiyar RS, Kucharczyk R, Glatigny A, Tribouillard-Tanvier D, Rytka J, Blondel M, Skoczen N, Reynier P, Pitayu L, Rötig A, Delahodde A, Steinmetz LM, Dujardin G, Procaccio V, di Rago JP. Yeast as a system for modeling mitochondrial disease mechanisms and discovering therapies. Dis Model Mech 2016; 8:509-26. [PMID: 26035862 PMCID: PMC4457039 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.020438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are severe and largely untreatable. Owing to the many essential processes carried out by mitochondria and the complex cellular systems that support these processes, these diseases are diverse, pleiotropic, and challenging to study. Much of our current understanding of mitochondrial function and dysfunction comes from studies in the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Because of its good fermenting capacity, S. cerevisiae can survive mutations that inactivate oxidative phosphorylation, has the ability to tolerate the complete loss of mitochondrial DNA (a property referred to as ‘petite-positivity’), and is amenable to mitochondrial and nuclear genome manipulation. These attributes make it an excellent model system for studying and resolving the molecular basis of numerous mitochondrial diseases. Here, we review the invaluable insights this model organism has yielded about diseases caused by mitochondrial dysfunction, which ranges from primary defects in oxidative phosphorylation to metabolic disorders, as well as dysfunctions in maintaining the genome or in the dynamics of mitochondria. Owing to the high level of functional conservation between yeast and human mitochondrial genes, several yeast species have been instrumental in revealing the molecular mechanisms of pathogenic human mitochondrial gene mutations. Importantly, such insights have pointed to potential therapeutic targets, as have genetic and chemical screens using yeast. Summary: In this Review, we discuss the use of budding yeast to understand mitochondrial diseases and help in the search for their treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Lasserre
- University Bordeaux-CNRS, IBGC, UMR 5095, 1 rue Camille Saint-Saëns, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| | - Alain Dautant
- University Bordeaux-CNRS, IBGC, UMR 5095, 1 rue Camille Saint-Saëns, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| | - Raeka S Aiyar
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Roza Kucharczyk
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-106, Poland
| | - Annie Glatigny
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 1 avenue de la terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Déborah Tribouillard-Tanvier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1078, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Brest F-29200, France
| | - Joanna Rytka
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-106, Poland
| | - Marc Blondel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1078, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Brest F-29200, France
| | - Natalia Skoczen
- University Bordeaux-CNRS, IBGC, UMR 5095, 1 rue Camille Saint-Saëns, Bordeaux F-33000, France Department of Genetics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-106, Poland
| | - Pascal Reynier
- UMR CNRS 6214-INSERM U1083, Angers 49933, Cedex 9, France Département de Biochimie et Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers 49933, Cedex 9, France
| | - Laras Pitayu
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, rue Gregor Mendel, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Agnès Rötig
- Inserm U1163, Hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, Institut Imagine, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 149 rue de Sèvres, Paris 75015, France
| | - Agnès Delahodde
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, rue Gregor Mendel, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Lars M Steinmetz
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany Stanford Genome Technology Center, Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5301, USA
| | - Geneviève Dujardin
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 1 avenue de la terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Vincent Procaccio
- UMR CNRS 6214-INSERM U1083, Angers 49933, Cedex 9, France Département de Biochimie et Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers 49933, Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean-Paul di Rago
- University Bordeaux-CNRS, IBGC, UMR 5095, 1 rue Camille Saint-Saëns, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Khan NA, Govindaraj P, Meena AK, Thangaraj K. Mitochondrial disorders: challenges in diagnosis & treatment. Indian J Med Res 2016; 141:13-26. [PMID: 25857492 PMCID: PMC4405934 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.154489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunctions are known to be responsible for a number of heterogenous clinical presentations with multi-systemic involvement. Impaired oxidative phosphorylation leading to a decrease in cellular energy (ATP) production is the most important cause underlying these disorders. Despite significant progress made in the field of mitochondrial medicine during the last two decades, the molecular mechanisms underlying these disorders are not fully understood. Since the identification of first mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation in 1988, there has been an exponential rise in the identification of mtDNA and nuclear DNA mutations that are responsible for mitochondrial dysfunction and disease. Genetic complexity together with ever widening clinical spectrum associated with mitochondrial dysfunction poses a major challenge in diagnosis and treatment. Effective therapy has remained elusive till date and is mostly efficient in relieving symptoms. In this review, we discuss the important clinical and genetic features of mitochondrials disorders with special emphasis on diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kumarasamy Thangaraj
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ghosh A, Pratt AT, Soma S, Theriault SG, Griffin AT, Trivedi PP, Gohil VM. Mitochondrial disease genes COA6, COX6B and SCO2 have overlapping roles in COX2 biogenesis. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 25:660-71. [PMID: 26669719 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Biogenesis of cytochrome c oxidase (CcO), the terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, is a complex process facilitated by several assembly factors. Pathogenic mutations were recently reported in one such assembly factor, COA6, and our previous work linked Coa6 function to mitochondrial copper metabolism and expression of Cox2, a copper-containing subunit of CcO. However, the precise role of Coa6 in Cox2 biogenesis remained unknown. Here we show that yeast Coa6 is an orthologue of human COA6, and like Cox2, is regulated by copper availability, further implicating it in copper delivery to Cox2. In order to place Coa6 in the Cox2 copper delivery pathway, we performed a comprehensive genetic epistasis analysis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and found that simultaneous deletion of Coa6 and Sco2, a mitochondrial copper metallochaperone, or Coa6 and Cox12/COX6B, a structural subunit of CcO, completely abrogates Cox2 biogenesis. Unlike Coa6 deficient cells, copper supplementation fails to rescue Cox2 levels of these double mutants. Overexpression of Cox12 or Sco proteins partially rescues the coa6Δ phenotype, suggesting their overlapping but non-redundant roles in copper delivery to Cox2. These genetic data are strongly corroborated by biochemical studies demonstrating physical interactions between Coa6, Cox2, Cox12 and Sco proteins. Furthermore, we show that patient mutations in Coa6 disrupt Coa6-Cox2 interaction, providing the biochemical basis for disease pathogenesis. Taken together, these results place COA6 in the copper delivery pathway to CcO and, surprisingly, link it to a previously unidentified function of CcO subunit Cox12 in Cox2 biogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alok Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Anthony T Pratt
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Shivatheja Soma
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Sarah G Theriault
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Aaron T Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Prachi P Trivedi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Vishal M Gohil
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Loop recognition and copper-mediated disulfide reduction underpin metal site assembly of CuA in human cytochrome oxidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:11771-6. [PMID: 26351686 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1505056112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Maturation of cytochrome oxidases is a complex process requiring assembly of several subunits and adequate uptake of the metal cofactors. Two orthologous Sco proteins (Sco1 and Sco2) are essential for the correct assembly of the dicopper CuA site in the human oxidase, but their function is not fully understood. Here, we report an in vitro biochemical study that shows that Sco1 is a metallochaperone that selectively transfers Cu(I) ions based on loop recognition, whereas Sco2 is a copper-dependent thiol reductase of the cysteine ligands in the oxidase. Copper binding to Sco2 is essential to elicit its redox function and as a guardian of the reduced state of its own cysteine residues in the oxidizing environment of the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS). These results provide a detailed molecular mechanism for CuA assembly, suggesting that copper and redox homeostasis are intimately linked in the mitochondrion.
Collapse
|
41
|
Stroud DA, Maher MJ, Lindau C, Vögtle FN, Frazier AE, Surgenor E, Mountford H, Singh AP, Bonas M, Oeljeklaus S, Warscheid B, Meisinger C, Thorburn DR, Ryan MT. COA6 is a mitochondrial complex IV assembly factor critical for biogenesis of mtDNA-encoded COX2. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:5404-15. [PMID: 26160915 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Biogenesis of complex IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain requires assembly factors for subunit maturation, co-factor attachment and stabilization of intermediate assemblies. A pathogenic mutation in COA6, leading to substitution of a conserved tryptophan for a cysteine residue, results in a loss of complex IV activity and cardiomyopathy. Here, we demonstrate that the complex IV defect correlates with a severe loss in complex IV assembly in patient heart but not fibroblasts. Complete loss of COA6 activity using gene editing in HEK293T cells resulted in a profound growth defect due to complex IV deficiency, caused by impaired biogenesis of the copper-bound mitochondrial DNA-encoded subunit COX2 and subsequent accumulation of complex IV assembly intermediates. We show that the pathogenic mutation in COA6 does not affect its import into mitochondria but impairs its maturation and stability. Furthermore, we show that COA6 has the capacity to bind copper and can associate with newly translated COX2 and the mitochondrial copper chaperone SCO1. Our data reveal that COA6 is intricately involved in the copper-dependent biogenesis of COX2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Stroud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Megan J Maher
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, 3086 Melbourne, Australia
| | - Caroline Lindau
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, 3086 Melbourne, Australia
| | - F-Nora Vögtle
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ann E Frazier
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne and Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, 3052 Melbourne, Australia and
| | - Elliot Surgenor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hayley Mountford
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne and Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, 3052 Melbourne, Australia and
| | - Abeer P Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, 3086 Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matteo Bonas
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, 3086 Melbourne, Australia
| | - Silke Oeljeklaus
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Warscheid
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Chris Meisinger
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - David R Thorburn
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael T Ryan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Melbourne, Australia,
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Saleem A, Iqbal S, Zhang Y, Hood DA. Effect of p53 on mitochondrial morphology, import, and assembly in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 308:C319-29. [PMID: 25472962 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00253.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether p53 regulates mitochondrial function via changes in mitochondrial protein import, complex IV (COX) assembly, or the expression of key proteins involved in mitochondrial dynamics and degradation. Mitochondria from p53 KO mice displayed ultra-structural alterations and were more punctate in appearance. This was accompanied by protein-specific alterations in fission, fusion, and mitophagy-related proteins. However, matrix-destined protein import into subsarcolemmal or intermyofibrillar mitochondria was unaffected in the absence of p53, despite mitochondrial subfraction-specific reductions in Tom20, Tim23, mtHsp70, and mtHsp60 in the knockout (KO) mitochondria. Complex IV activity in isolated mitochondria was also unchanged in KO mice, but two-dimensional blue native-PAGE revealed a reduction in the assembly of complex IV within the IMF fractions from KO mice in tandem with lower levels of the assembly protein Surf1. This observed defect in complex IV assembly may facilitate the previously documented impairment in mitochondrial function in p53 KO mice. We suspect that these morphological and functional impairments in mitochondria drive a decreased reliance on mitochondrial respiration as a means of energy production in skeletal muscle in the absence of p53.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Saleem
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sobia Iqbal
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David A Hood
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Schlecht U, Suresh S, Xu W, Aparicio AM, Chu A, Proctor MJ, Davis RW, Scharfe C, St Onge RP. A functional screen for copper homeostasis genes identifies a pharmacologically tractable cellular system. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:263. [PMID: 24708151 PMCID: PMC4023593 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copper is essential for the survival of aerobic organisms. If copper is not properly regulated in the body however, it can be extremely cytotoxic and genetic mutations that compromise copper homeostasis result in severe clinical phenotypes. Understanding how cells maintain optimal copper levels is therefore highly relevant to human health. RESULTS We found that addition of copper (Cu) to culture medium leads to increased respiratory growth of yeast, a phenotype which we then systematically and quantitatively measured in 5050 homozygous diploid deletion strains. Cu's positive effect on respiratory growth was quantitatively reduced in deletion strains representing 73 different genes, the function of which identify increased iron uptake as a cause of the increase in growth rate. Conversely, these effects were enhanced in strains representing 93 genes. Many of these strains exhibited respiratory defects that were specifically rescued by supplementing the growth medium with Cu. Among the genes identified are known and direct regulators of copper homeostasis, genes required to maintain low vacuolar pH, and genes where evidence supporting a functional link with Cu has been heretofore lacking. Roughly half of the genes are conserved in man, and several of these are associated with Mendelian disorders, including the Cu-imbalance syndromes Menkes and Wilson's disease. We additionally demonstrate that pharmacological agents, including the approved drug disulfiram, can rescue Cu-deficiencies of both environmental and genetic origin. CONCLUSIONS A functional screen in yeast has expanded the list of genes required for Cu-dependent fitness, revealing a complex cellular system with implications for human health. Respiratory fitness defects arising from perturbations in this system can be corrected with pharmacological agents that increase intracellular copper concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert P St Onge
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, 855 S California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Tan SH, Normi YM, Leow ATC, Salleh AB, Karjiban RA, Murad AMA, Mahadi NM, Rahman MBA. A Sco protein among the hypothetical proteins of Bacillus lehensis G1: Its 3D macromolecular structure and association with Cytochrome C Oxidase. BMC STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2014; 14:11. [PMID: 24641837 PMCID: PMC3994876 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6807-14-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At least a quarter of any complete genome encodes for hypothetical proteins (HPs) which are largely non-similar to other known, well-characterized proteins. Predicting and solving their structures and functions is imperative to aid understanding of any given organism as a complete biological system. The present study highlights the primary effort to classify and cluster 1202 HPs of Bacillus lehensis G1 alkaliphile to serve as a platform to mine and select specific HP(s) to be studied further in greater detail. RESULTS All HPs of B. lehensis G1 were grouped according to their predicted functions based on the presence of functional domains in their sequences. From the metal-binding group of HPs of the cluster, an HP termed Bleg1_2507 was discovered to contain a thioredoxin (Trx) domain and highly-conserved metal-binding ligands represented by Cys69, Cys73 and His159, similar to all prokaryotic and eukaryotic Sco proteins. The built 3D structure of Bleg1_2507 showed that it shared the βαβαββ core structure of Trx-like proteins as well as three flanking β-sheets, a 310 -helix at the N-terminus and a hairpin structure unique to Sco proteins. Docking simulations provided an interesting view of Bleg1_2507 in association with its putative cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COXII) redox partner, Bleg1_2337, where the latter can be seen to hold its partner in an embrace, facilitated by hydrophobic and ionic interactions between the proteins. Although Bleg1_2507 shares relatively low sequence identity (47%) to BsSco, interestingly, the predicted metal-binding residues of Bleg1_2507 i.e. Cys-69, Cys-73 and His-159 were located at flexible active loops similar to other Sco proteins across biological taxa. This highlights structural conservation of Sco despite their various functions in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. CONCLUSIONS We propose that HP Bleg1_2507 is a Sco protein which is able to interact with COXII, its redox partner and therefore, may possess metallochaperone and redox functions similar to other documented bacterial Sco proteins. It is hoped that this scientific effort will help to spur the search for other physiologically relevant proteins among the so-called "orphan" proteins of any given organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soo Huei Tan
- Center for Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology (EMTECH), Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Yahaya M Normi
- Center for Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology (EMTECH), Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Adam Thean Chor Leow
- Center for Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology (EMTECH), Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Abu Bakar Salleh
- Center for Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology (EMTECH), Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Roghayeh Abedi Karjiban
- Center for Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology (EMTECH), Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Munir Abdul Murad
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Muhammad Mahadi
- Malaysia Genome Institute, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Jalan Bangi, Kajang, Selangor 43000, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Basyaruddin Abdul Rahman
- Center for Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology (EMTECH), Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Malaysia Genome Institute, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Jalan Bangi, Kajang, Selangor 43000, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ghosh A, Trivedi PP, Timbalia SA, Griffin AT, Rahn JJ, Chan SSL, Gohil VM. Copper supplementation restores cytochrome c oxidase assembly defect in a mitochondrial disease model of COA6 deficiency. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:3596-606. [PMID: 24549041 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial respiratory chain biogenesis is orchestrated by hundreds of assembly factors, many of which are yet to be discovered. Using an integrative approach based on clues from evolutionary history, protein localization and human genetics, we have identified a conserved mitochondrial protein, C1orf31/COA6, and shown its requirement for respiratory complex IV biogenesis in yeast, zebrafish and human cells. A recent next-generation sequencing study reported potential pathogenic mutations within the evolutionarily conserved Cx₉CxnCx₁₀C motif of COA6, implicating it in mitochondrial disease biology. Using yeast coa6Δ cells, we show that conserved residues in the motif, including the residue mutated in a patient with mitochondrial disease, are essential for COA6 function, thus confirming the pathogenicity of the patient mutation. Furthermore, we show that zebrafish embryos with zfcoa6 knockdown display reduced heart rate and cardiac developmental defects, recapitulating the observed pathology in the human mitochondrial disease patient who died of neonatal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The specific requirement of Coa6 for respiratory complex IV biogenesis, its intramitochondrial localization and the presence of the Cx₉CxnCx₁₀C motif suggested a role in mitochondrial copper metabolism. In support of this, we show that exogenous copper supplementation completely rescues respiratory and complex IV assembly defects in yeast coa6Δ cells. Taken together, our results establish an evolutionarily conserved role of Coa6 in complex IV assembly and support a causal role of the COA6 mutation in the human mitochondrial disease patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alok Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA and
| | - Prachi P Trivedi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA and
| | - Shrishiv A Timbalia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA and
| | - Aaron T Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA and
| | - Jennifer J Rahn
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Sherine S L Chan
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Vishal M Gohil
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA and
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bourens M, Boulet A, Leary SC, Barrientos A. Human COX20 cooperates with SCO1 and SCO2 to mature COX2 and promote the assembly of cytochrome c oxidase. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:2901-13. [PMID: 24403053 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase (CIV) deficiency is one of the most common respiratory chain defects in patients presenting with mitochondrial encephalocardiomyopathies. CIV biogenesis is complicated by the dual genetic origin of its structural subunits, and assembly of a functional holoenzyme complex requires a large number of nucleus-encoded assembly factors. In general, the functions of these assembly factors remain poorly understood, and mechanistic investigations of human CIV biogenesis have been limited by the availability of model cell lines. Here, we have used small interference RNA and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) technology to create knockdown and knockout human cell lines, respectively, to study the function of the CIV assembly factor COX20 (FAM36A). These cell lines exhibit a severe, isolated CIV deficiency due to instability of COX2, a mitochondrion-encoded CIV subunit. Mitochondria lacking COX20 accumulate CIV subassemblies containing COX1 and COX4, similar to those detected in fibroblasts from patients carrying mutations in the COX2 copper chaperones SCO1 and SCO2. These results imply that in the absence of COX20, COX2 is inefficiently incorporated into early CIV subassemblies. Immunoprecipitation assays using a stable COX20 knockout cell line expressing functional COX20-FLAG allowed us to identify an interaction between COX20 and newly synthesized COX2. Additionally, we show that SCO1 and SCO2 act on COX20-bound COX2. We propose that COX20 acts as a chaperone in the early steps of COX2 maturation, stabilizing the newly synthesized protein and presenting COX2 to its metallochaperone module, which in turn facilitates the incorporation of mature COX2 into the CIV assembly line.
Collapse
|
47
|
Mourier A, Ruzzenente B, Brandt T, Kühlbrandt W, Larsson NG. Loss of LRPPRC causes ATP synthase deficiency. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:2580-92. [PMID: 24399447 PMCID: PMC3990160 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects of the oxidative phosphorylation system, in particular of cytochrome-c oxidase (COX, respiratory chain complex IV), are common causes of Leigh syndrome (LS), which is a rare neurodegenerative disorder with severe progressive neurological symptoms that usually present during infancy or early childhood. The COX-deficient form of LS is commonly caused by mutations in genes encoding COX assembly factors, e.g. SURF1, SCO1, SCO2 or COX10. However, other mutations affecting genes that encode proteins not directly involved in COX assembly can also cause LS. The leucine-rich pentatricopeptide repeat containing protein (LRPPRC) regulates mRNA stability, polyadenylation and coordinates mitochondrial translation. In humans, mutations in Lrpprc cause the French Canadian type of LS. Despite the finding that LRPPRC deficiency affects the stability of most mitochondrial mRNAs, its pathophysiological effect has mainly been attributed to COX deficiency. Surprisingly, we show here that the impaired mitochondrial respiration and reduced ATP production observed in Lrpprc conditional knockout mouse hearts is caused by an ATP synthase deficiency. Furthermore, the appearance of inactive subassembled ATP synthase complexes causes hyperpolarization and increases mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. Our findings shed important new light on the bioenergetic consequences of the loss of LRPPRC in cardiac mitochondria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Mourier
- Department of Mitochondrial Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9b, Cologne 50931, Germany and
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lee WS, Sokol RJ. Mitochondrial hepatopathies: advances in genetics, therapeutic approaches, and outcomes. J Pediatr 2013; 163:942-8. [PMID: 23810725 PMCID: PMC3934633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Way Seah Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Malaya Medical Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
- Pediatrics and Child Health Research Group, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Ronald J. Sokol
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the Digestive Health Institute, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
|
50
|
Rahman S. Gastrointestinal and hepatic manifestations of mitochondrial disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis 2013; 36:659-73. [PMID: 23674168 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-013-9614-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inherited defects of oxidative phosphorylation lead to heterogeneous, often multisystem, mitochondrial diseases. This review highlights those mitochondrial syndromes with prominent gastrointestinal and hepatic symptoms, categorised according to underlying disease mechanism. Mitochondrial encephalopathies with major gastrointestinal involvement include mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy and ethylmalonic encephalopathy, which are each associated with highly specific clinical and metabolic profiles. Mitochondrial hepatopathies are most frequently caused by defects of mitochondrial DNA maintenance and expression. Although mitochondrial disorders are notorious for extreme clinical, biochemical and genetic heterogeneity, there are some pathognomonic clinical and metabolic clues that suggest a specific diagnosis, and these are highlighted. An approach to diagnosis of these complex disorders is presented, together with a genetic classification, including mitochondrial DNA disorders and nuclear-encoded defects of mitochondrial DNA maintenance and translation, OXPHOS complex assembly and mitochondrial membrane lipids. Finally, supportive and experimental therapeutic options for these currently incurable diseases are reviewed, including liver transplantation, allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation and gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shamima Rahman
- Mitochondrial Research Group, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|