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Della-Colleta HHM, Carvalho HF. Hyaluronan content and distribution in the rat ventral prostate after castration. Biochem Cell Biol 2018. [PMID: 29533730 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2017-0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) has been implicated in tissue remodeling, healing, and tumor growth. This study investigated the variation in hyaluronan content, distribution, and metabolism in the rat ventral prostate (VP) in response to androgen deprivation after castration. The mRNA abundance of hyaluronan synthases (Has1-3) and hyaluronidases (Hyal 1-3) were assessed by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The results demonstrated an increased concentration, but an overall reduction in HA content. HA was located in both epithelium and stroma of the prostate of both the noncastrated and castrated animals. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that Has1 and Has2 are major synthases, and that Hyal 1 was the predominant hydrolase expressed in the VP. qRT-PCR also showed that Has1 and Has2 mRNA increased transiently after castration, whereas Has3 mRNA declined markedly. While Hyal 1 mRNA increased slowly up to day 21 after castration, Hyal 2 and Hyal 3 mRNA dropped significantly. CD44 was found in the epithelial cells and in some stromal cells in both hormonal conditions. In conclusion, castration results in increased abundance of Has1 and Has2 mRNA, but is associated with a decrease in the total content of HA, with an increased concentration, and a predominance of short-chain HA molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloisa H M Della-Colleta
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hernandes F Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Frank SB, Miranti CK. Disruption of prostate epithelial differentiation pathways and prostate cancer development. Front Oncol 2013; 3:273. [PMID: 24199173 PMCID: PMC3813973 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the foremost problems in the prostate cancer (PCa) field is the inability to distinguish aggressive from indolent disease, which leads to difficult prognoses and thousands of unnecessary surgeries. This limitation stems from the fact that the mechanisms of tumorigenesis in the prostate are poorly understood. Some genetic alterations are commonly reported in prostate tumors, including upregulation of Myc, fusion of Ets genes to androgen-regulated promoters, and loss of Pten. However, the specific roles of these aberrations in tumor initiation and progression are poorly understood. Likewise, the cell of origin for PCa remains controversial and may be linked to the aggressive potential of the tumor. One important clue is that prostate tumors co-express basal and luminal protein markers that are restricted to their distinct cell types in normal tissue. Prostate epithelium contains layer-specific stem cells as well as rare bipotent cells, which can differentiate into basal or luminal cells. We hypothesize that the primary oncogenic cell of origin is a transient-differentiating bipotent cell. Such a cell must maintain tight temporal and spatial control of differentiation pathways, thus increasing its susceptibility for oncogenic disruption. In support of this hypothesis, many of the pathways known to be involved in prostate differentiation can be linked to genes commonly altered in PCa. In this article, we review what is known about important differentiation pathways (Myc, p38MAPK, Notch, PI3K/Pten) in the prostate and how their misregulation could lead to oncogenesis. Better understanding of normal differentiation will offer new insights into tumor initiation and may help explain the functional significance of common genetic alterations seen in PCa. Additionally, this understanding could lead to new methods for classifying prostate tumors based on their differentiation status and may aid in identifying more aggressive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander B Frank
- Laboratory of Integrin Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids, MI , USA ; Genetics Graduate Program, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI , USA
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3
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Gamage DG, Hendrickson TL. GPI Transamidase and GPI anchored proteins: Oncogenes and biomarkers for cancer. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 48:446-64. [DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2013.831024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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4
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Genetic heterogeneity in Finnish hereditary prostate cancer using ordered subset analysis. Eur J Hum Genet 2012; 21:437-43. [PMID: 22948022 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2012.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PrCa) is the most common male cancer in developed countries and the second most common cause of cancer death after lung cancer. We recently reported a genome-wide linkage scan in 69 Finnish hereditary PrCa (HPC) families, which replicated the HPC9 locus on 17q21-q22 and identified a locus on 2q37. The aim of this study was to identify and to detect other loci linked to HPC. Here we used ordered subset analysis (OSA), conditioned on nonparametric linkage to these loci to detect other loci linked to HPC in subsets of families, but not the overall sample. We analyzed the families based on their evidence for linkage to chromosome 2, chromosome 17 and a maximum score using the strongest evidence of linkage from either of the two loci. Significant linkage to a 5-cM linkage interval with a peak OSA nonparametric allele-sharing LOD score of 4.876 on Xq26.3-q27 (ΔLOD=3.193, empirical P=0.009) was observed in a subset of 41 families weakly linked to 2q37, overlapping the HPCX1 locus. Two peaks that were novel to the analysis combining linkage evidence from both primary loci were identified; 18q12.1-q12.2 (OSA LOD=2.541, ΔLOD=1.651, P=0.03) and 22q11.1-q11.21 (OSA LOD=2.395, ΔLOD=2.36, P=0.006), which is close to HPC6. Using OSA allows us to find additional loci linked to HPC in subsets of families, and underlines the complex genetic heterogeneity of HPC even in highly aggregated families.
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5
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Koh CM, Bieberich CJ, Dang CV, Nelson WG, Yegnasubramanian S, De Marzo AM. MYC and Prostate Cancer. Genes Cancer 2011; 1:617-28. [PMID: 21779461 DOI: 10.1177/1947601910379132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer, the majority of which is adenocarcinoma, is the most common epithelial cancer affecting a majority of elderly men in Western nations. Its manifestation, however, varies from clinically asymptomatic insidious neoplasms that progress slowly and do not threaten life to one that is highly aggressive with a propensity for metastatic spread and lethality if not treated in time. A number of somatic genetic and epigenetic alterations occur in prostate cancer cells. Some of these changes, such as loss of the tumor suppressors PTEN and p53, are linked to disease progression. Others, such as ETS gene fusions, appear to be linked more with early phases of the disease, such as invasion. Alterations in chromosome 8q24 in the region of MYC have also been linked to disease aggressiveness for many years. However, a number of recent studies in human tissues have indicated that MYC appears to be activated at the earliest phases of prostate cancer (e.g., in tumor-initiating cells) in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, a key precursor lesion to invasive prostatic adenocarcinoma. The initiation and early progression of prostate cancer can be recapitulated in genetically engineered mouse models, permitting a richer understanding of the cause and effects of loss of tumor suppressors and activation of MYC. The combination of studies using human tissues and mouse models paints an emerging molecular picture of prostate cancer development and early progression. This picture reveals that MYC contributes to disease initiation and progression by stimulating an embryonic stem cell-like signature characterized by an enrichment of genes involved in ribosome biogenesis and by repressing differentiation. These insights pave the way to potential novel therapeutic concepts based on MYC biology.
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6
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Iijima J, Konno K, Itano N. Inflammatory alterations of the extracellular matrix in the tumor microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:3189-205. [PMID: 24212952 PMCID: PMC3759193 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3033189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex interactions between cancer cells and host stromal cells result in the formation of the "tumor microenvironment", where inflammatory alterations involve the infiltration of tumor-associated fibroblasts and inflammatory leukocytes that contribute to the acquisition of malignant characteristics, such as increased cancer cell proliferation, invasiveness, metastasis, angiogenesis, and avoidance of adaptive immunity. The microenvironment of a solid tumor is comprised not only of cellular compartments, but also of bioactive substances, including cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular matrix (ECM). ECM can act as a scaffold for cell migration, a reservoir for cytokines and growth factors, and a signal through receptor binding. During inflammation, ECM components and their degraded fragments act directly and indirectly as inflammatory stimuli in certain cases and regulate the functions of inflammatory and immune cells. One such ECM component, hyaluronan, has recently been implicated to modulate innate immune cell function through pattern recognition toll-like receptors and accelerate the recruitment and activation of tumor-associated macrophages in inflamed cancers. Here, we will summarize the molecular mechanism linking inflammation with ECM remodeling in the tumor microenvironment, with a particular emphasis on the role of hyaluronan in controlling the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Iijima
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-Ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Kenjiro Konno
- Department of Animal Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-Ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Naoki Itano
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-Ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan; E-Mail:
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7
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Nardella C, Carracedo A, Salmena L, Pandolfi PP. Faithfull modeling of PTEN loss driven diseases in the mouse. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2010; 347:135-68. [PMID: 20549475 DOI: 10.1007/82_2010_62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A decade of work has indisputably defined PTEN as a pivotal player in human health and disease. Above all, PTEN has been identified as one of the most commonly lost or mutated tumor suppressor genes in human cancers. For this reason, the generation of a multitude of mouse models has been an invaluable strategy to dissect the function and consequences-of-loss of this essential, evolutionary conserved lipid phosphatase in tumor initiation and progression.In this chapter, we will summarize the mouse models that have allowed us to faithfully recapitulate features of human cancers and to highlight the network of connections between the PTEN signaling cascade and other oncogenic or tumor suppressive pathways.Notably, PTEN represents one of the most extensively modeled genes involved in human cancer and exemplifies the strength of genetic mouse modeling as an approach to gain information aimed to improve our understanding of and ability to alleviate human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Nardella
- Department of Medicine and Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Leversha MA, Han J, Asgari Z, Danila DC, Lin O, Gonzalez-Espinoza R, Anand A, Lilja H, Heller G, Fleisher M, Scher HI. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of circulating tumor cells in metastatic prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:2091-7. [PMID: 19276271 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-2036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the feasibility of characterizing gene copy number alteration by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of circulating tumor cells (CTC) isolated using the CellSearch system in patients with progressive castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used probe combinations that included the androgen receptor (AR) and MYC genes for FISH analysis of CTC samples collected from 77 men with castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer. RESULTS High-level chromosomal amplification of AR was detected in 38% and relative gain of MYC in 56% of samples analyzed. No such abnormalities were detected in samples with CTC counts of <10, reflecting ascertainment difficulty in these lower count samples. CONCLUSION The CTC isolated from our patient cohort present a very similar molecular cytogenetic profile to that reported for late-stage tumors and show that FISH analysis of CTC can be a valuable, noninvasive surrogate for routine tumor profiling. That as many as 50% of these patients have substantial amplification of the AR locus indicates that androgen signaling continues to play an important role in late-stage prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Leversha
- Molecular Cytogenetics Core Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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9
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Jalava SE, Porkka KP, Rauhala HE, Isotalo J, Tammela TL, Visakorpi T. TCEB1 promotes invasion of prostate cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:95-102. [PMID: 18844214 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Amplification of the long arm of chromosome 8 is one of the most recurrent findings in prostate cancer and it is associated with poor prognosis. Several minimal regions of amplification suggest multiple target genes which are yet to be identified. We have previously shown that TCEB1, EIF3S3, KIAA0196 and RAD21 are amplified and overexpressed in prostate cancer and they are located in the 8q area. In this study, we examined the functional effects of these genes to prostate cancer cell phenotype. We overexpressed and inhibited the genes by lentivirus mediated overexpression and RNA interference, respectively. shRNA mediated TCEB1 silencing decreased significantly cellular invasion of PC-3 and DU145 cells through Matrigel. TCEB1 silencing reduced the anchorage-independent growth of PC-3 cells. Similar effects were not seen with any other genes. When overexpressed in NIH 3T3 cells, TCEB1 and EIF3S3 increased the growth rate of the cells. Transcriptional profiling of TCEB1 silenced PC-3 cells revealed decrease of genes involved in invasion and metastasis. Finally, we also confirmed here the overexpression of TCEB1 in hormone-refractory prostate tumors. This study indicates that TCEB1 promotes invasion of prostate cancer cells, is involved in development of hormone-refractory prostate cancer and is thereby a strong candidate to be one of the target genes for the 8q gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanni E Jalava
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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10
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Gurel B, Iwata T, Koh C, Jenkins RB, Lan F, Van Dang C, Hicks JL, Morgan J, Cornish TC, Sutcliffe S, Isaacs WB, Luo J, De Marzo AM. Nuclear MYC protein overexpression is an early alteration in human prostate carcinogenesis. Mod Pathol 2008; 21:1156-67. [PMID: 18567993 PMCID: PMC3170853 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2008.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The MYC onco-protein is a transcription factor that regulates cell proliferation, metabolism, protein synthesis, mitochondrial function and stem cell renewal. A region on chromosome 8q24 encompassing the MYC locus is amplified in prostate cancer, but this occurs mostly in advanced disease suggesting that MYC alterations occur late in prostate cancer. In contrast, MYC mRNA is elevated in most prostate cancers, even those of relatively low stage and grade (eg Gleason score 6) suggesting that MYC plays a role in initiation. However, since MYC protein levels are tightly regulated, elevated MYC mRNA does not necessarily imply elevated MYC protein. Thus, it is critical to determine whether MYC protein is elevated in human prostate cancer, and if so, at what stage of the disease this elevation occurs. Prior studies of MYC protein localization have been hampered by lack of suitable antibodies and controls. We utilized a new anti-MYC antibody coupled with genetically defined control experiments to localize MYC protein within human tissue microarrays consisting of normal, atrophy, PIN, primary adenocarcinoma, and metastatic adenocarcinoma. Nuclear overexpression of MYC protein occurred frequently in luminal cells of PIN, as well as in most primary carcinomas and metastatic disease. MYC protein did not correlate with gain of 8q24, suggesting alternative mechanisms for MYC overexpression. These results provide evidence that upregulation of nuclear MYC protein expression is a highly prevalent and early change in prostate cancer and suggest that increased nuclear MYC may be a critical oncogenic event driving human prostate cancer initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Gurel
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tsuyoshi Iwata
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cheryl Koh
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Fusheng Lan
- Department of Pathology, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Chi Van Dang
- Division of Hematology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jessica L. Hicks
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James Morgan
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Toby C. Cornish
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Siobhan Sutcliffe
- Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO
| | - William B. Isaacs
- Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, The Brady Urological Research Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, The Brady Urological Research Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Angelo M. De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, The Brady Urological Research Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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11
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Inge LJ, Rajasekaran SA, Wolle D, Barwe SP, Ryazantsev S, Ewing CM, Isaacs WB, Rajasekaran AK. alpha-Catenin overrides Src-dependent activation of beta-catenin oncogenic signaling. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:1386-97. [PMID: 18566211 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-2029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Loss of alpha-catenin is one of the characteristics of prostate cancer. The catenins (alpha and beta) associated with E-cadherin play a critical role in the regulation of cell-cell adhesion. Tyrosine phosphorylation of beta-catenin dissociates it from E-cadherin and facilitates its entry into the nucleus, where beta-catenin acts as a transcriptional activator inducing genes involved in cell proliferation. Thus, beta-catenin regulates cell-cell adhesion and cell proliferation. Mechanisms controlling the balance between these functions of beta-catenin invariably are altered in cancer. Although a wealth of information is available about beta-catenin deregulation during oncogenesis, much less is known about how or whether alpha-catenin regulates beta-catenin functions. In this study, we show that alpha-catenin acts as a switch regulating the cell-cell adhesion and proliferation functions of beta-catenin. In alpha-catenin-null prostate cancer cells, reexpression of alpha-catenin increased cell-cell adhesion and decreased beta-catenin transcriptional activity, cyclin D1 levels, and cell proliferation. Further, Src-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of beta-catenin is a major mechanism for decreased beta-catenin interaction with E-cadherin in alpha-catenin-null cells. alpha-Catenin attenuated the effect of Src phosphorylation by increasing beta-catenin association with E-cadherin. We also show that alpha-catenin increases the sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to a Src inhibitor in suppressing cell proliferation. This study reveals for the first time that alpha-catenin is a key regulator of beta-catenin transcriptional activity and that the status of alpha-catenin expression in tumor tissues might have prognostic value for Src targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon J Inge
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children, 1701 Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
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12
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Lin D, Watahiki A, Bayani J, Zhang F, Liu L, Ling V, Sadar MD, English J, Fazli L, So A, Gout PW, Gleave M, Squire JA, Wang YZ. ASAP1, a gene at 8q24, is associated with prostate cancer metastasis. Cancer Res 2008; 68:4352-9. [PMID: 18519696 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic prostate cancer is a terminal disease, and the development of reliable prognostic tools and more effective therapy is critically important for improved disease survival and management. This study was aimed at identifying genes that are differentially expressed in metastatic and nonmetastatic prostate cancer cells and, as such, could be critical in the development of metastasis. Long-SAGE analysis was used to compare a transplantable human metastatic prostate cancer subline, PCa1-met, with a nonmetastatic counterpart, PCa2. Both sublines were developed from a patient's prostate cancer specimen via subrenal capsule grafting and subsequent orthotopic implantation into SCID mice. Among various differentially expressed genes identified, ASAP1, an 8q24 gene encoding an ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein not previously associated with prostate cancer, was up-regulated in the metastatic subline as confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. Immunohistochemistry of xenograft sections showed that cytoplasmic ASAP1 protein staining was absent or weak in benign tissue, significantly stronger in nonmetastatic PCa2 tissue, and strongest in PCa1-met tissue. In clinical specimens, ASAP1 protein staining was elevated in 80% of primary prostate cancers and substantially higher in metastatic lesions compared with benign prostate tissue. Moreover, additional ASAP1 gene copies were detected in 58% of the primary prostate cancer specimens. Small interfering RNA-induced reduction of ASAP1 protein expression markedly suppressed in vitro PC-3 cell migration (approximately 50%) and Matrigel invasion (approximately 67%). This study suggests that the ASAP1 gene plays a role in prostate cancer metastasis and may represent a therapeutic target and/or biomarker for metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Lin
- Department of Cancer Endocrinology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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13
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Gallucci M, Merola R, Leonardo C, De Carli P, Farsetti A, Sentinelli S, Sperduti I, Mottolese M, Carlini P, Vico E, Simone G, Cianciulli A. Genetic profile identification in clinically localized prostate carcinoma. Urol Oncol 2008; 27:502-8. [PMID: 18534873 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2008.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To confirm our previously obtained results, we genetically characterized prostate cancer from patients undergo radical prostatectomy in a retrospective study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Histological sections were evaluated for 106 patients treated with surgery from 1991 to 2004. With fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method, the status of LPL (8p22), c-MYC (8q24) genes and 7, 8, X chromosomes was evaluated. RESULTS Chromosomes 7, 8, X aneusomy was demonstrated in 91.5%, 78.3%, and 51.9% of the samples, respectively, whereas LPL deletion and MYC amplification were found in 76.0% and 1.6%. A genetic profile was considered as unfavorable when at least two aneusomic chromosomes and one altered gene were present. Tumors with an adverse genetic profile were more frequently present in patients with higher stages (P = 0.02), biochemical/clinical progression (P = 0.03), and Gleason grade 4 + 3 (P = 0.02). Multiple correspondence analysis identified one tumor group characterized by chromosome 8 aneusomy, X polysomy, LPL gene deletion, Gleason > 7 and 4 + 3 associated with progression. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we recognized the predictive power of previously identified cytogenetic profiles. Assessment of genetic set may characterize each patient and have influence on postoperative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Gallucci
- Department of Urology, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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14
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Nakagawa T, Kollmeyer TM, Morlan BW, Anderson SK, Bergstralh EJ, Davis BJ, Asmann YW, Klee GG, Ballman KV, Jenkins RB. A tissue biomarker panel predicting systemic progression after PSA recurrence post-definitive prostate cancer therapy. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2318. [PMID: 18846227 PMCID: PMC2565588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many men develop a rising PSA after initial therapy for prostate cancer. While some of these men will develop a local or metastatic recurrence that warrants further therapy, others will have no evidence of disease progression. We hypothesized that an expression biomarker panel can predict which men with a rising PSA would benefit from further therapy. Methodology/Principal Findings A case-control design was used to test the association of gene expression with outcome. Systemic (SYS) progression cases were men post-prostatectomy who developed systemic progression within 5 years after PSA recurrence. PSA progression controls were matched men post-prostatectomy with PSA recurrence but no evidence of clinical progression within 5 years. Using expression arrays optimized for paraffin-embedded tissue RNA, 1021 cancer-related genes were evaluated–including 570 genes implicated in prostate cancer progression. Genes from 8 previously reported marker panels were included. A systemic progression model containing 17 genes was developed. This model generated an AUC of 0.88 (95% CI: 0.84–0.92). Similar AUCs were generated using 3 previously reported panels. In secondary analyses, the model predicted the endpoints of prostate cancer death (in SYS cases) and systemic progression beyond 5 years (in PSA controls) with hazard ratios 2.5 and 4.7, respectively (log-rank p-values of 0.0007 and 0.0005). Genes mapped to 8q24 were significantly enriched in the model. Conclusions/Significance Specific gene expression patterns are significantly associated with systemic progression after PSA recurrence. The measurement of gene expression pattern may be useful for determining which men may benefit from additional therapy after PSA recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Nakagawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Thomas M. Kollmeyer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Bruce W. Morlan
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - S. Keith Anderson
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Eric J. Bergstralh
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Davis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Yan W. Asmann
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - George G. Klee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Karla V. Ballman
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Robert B. Jenkins
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Simpson MA, Lokeshwar VB. Hyaluronan and hyaluronidase in genitourinary tumors. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2008; 13:5664-80. [PMID: 18508614 DOI: 10.2741/3108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genitourinary cancers are the most frequently diagnosed cancers in men and the fifth most common in women. Management of disease through accurate and cost effective early diagnostic markers, as well as identification of valid prognostic indicators, has contributed significantly to improved treatment outcomes. In this review, we will discuss the function, regulation and clinical utility of hyaluronan (HA), genes encoding its metabolic enzymes and receptors that mediate its cellular effects. Specific HA synthase (HAS) and hyaluronidase (HAase) genes encode the enzymes that produce HA polymers and oligosaccharides, respectively. Differential effects of these enzymes in progression of genitourinary tumors are determined by the relative balance between HAS and HAase levels, as well as the distribution of receptors. The genes are regulated in a complex fashion at the transcriptional and post-translational levels, but also by epigenetic events, alternative mRNA splicing, and subcellular localization. Importantly, the major tumor-derived HAase enzyme, HYAL-1, either alone or together with HA, is an accurate diagnostic and prognostic marker for genitourinary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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Tammi RH, Kultti A, Kosma VM, Pirinen R, Auvinen P, Tammi MI. Hyaluronan in human tumors: pathobiological and prognostic messages from cell-associated and stromal hyaluronan. Semin Cancer Biol 2008; 18:288-95. [PMID: 18468453 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are supported by a distinct type of connective tissue stroma, crucial for tumor survival and advancement. Hyaluronan is a major matrix molecule in the stroma of many common tumors, and involved in their growth and spreading. Here we focus in recent data on stromal hyaluronan in human tumors, and that on the surface of the malignant cells. Hyaluronan accumulation is most conspicuous in malignancies that develop in cells and tissues normally devoid of hyaluronan, such as single layered epithelia and their hyaluronan-poor connective tissue stroma. The magnitude of the hyaluronan accumulation in the malignant epithelium itself (e.g. colon and gastric cancers) or tumor stroma (breast, ovarian, prostate cancers) strongly correlates with an unfavorable prognosis of the patient, i.e. advancement of the malignancy. A completely different pattern arises from stratified epithelia that normally produce hyaluronan and are surrounded by a hyaluronan-rich stroma. The cell surface of the latter group of tumors (e.g. squamous cell carcinomas of skin, mouth, larynx and esophagus, and skin melanoma) show abundant hyaluronan which tends to get reduced and patchy in the most advanced stages of the tumors, suggesting enhanced turnover. While the assays of human tumors represent snapshots of currently unknown processes and kinetics of hyaluronan metabolism, it is obvious that hyaluronan accumulation at some stage is an inherent feature in most of the common epithelial malignant tumors. The possible contributions of inflammatory cells, stem cells, mutated stromal cells, or otherwise deranged growth factor exchange between stromal and cancer cells are discussed as possible explanations to hyaluronan abundance in the tumors. The importance of hyaluronan in human tumor progression will be further clarified when drugs become available to modify hyaluronan metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raija H Tammi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anatomy, University of Kuopio, P.O.B. 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Camp NJ, Farnham JM, Allen-Brady K, Cannon-Albright LA. Statistical recombinant mapping in extended high-risk Utah pedigrees narrows the 8q24 prostate cancer locus to 2.0 Mb. Prostate 2007; 67:1456-64. [PMID: 17654497 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromosome 8q24 is a region of compelling interest for prostate cancer (PRCA). Linkage, association, and admixture analysis initially indicated the region. Subsequently, several variants at 8q24 have been found to independently associate with PRCA. One compelling hypothesis is allelic heterogeneity, whereby multiple variants affect the regulation of the same gene. In addition to potential allelic heterogeneity, 8q24 exhibits strong linkage disequilibrium over vast distances and is prone to chromosomal aberrations. METHODS Allelic heterogeneity and complex chromosomal structure are factors that hinder progress towards gene identification using association. Linkage techniques, however, are robust to allelic heterogeneity and therefore can contribute important localization information. We have used a linkage-based localization technique to perform recombinant mapping in eight high-risk Utah pedigrees. RESULTS Using pedigree-based recombinant mapping we identify a 5.7 Mb region at 8q24.21-22, between markers D8S1774 and D8S557. Considering our region with the localization previously presented, we can delimit the 8q24 PRCA locus to a 2.0 Mb consensus interval from 127.5 to 129.5 Mb. CONCLUSION We have used a linkage-based, recombinant mapping technique in extended high-risk Utah pedigrees to successfully narrow the 8q24 PRCA locus. The region we present halves the 95% credible interval previously described using admixture analysis and contains only three annotated genes: FAM84B, MYC, and TMEM75. It should be noted that LD stretches far beyond the interval we describe, and hence this region adds important information about where to focus future efforts to isolate the causal variants and underlying gene, whether by linkage or association techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Camp
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA.
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Simpson MA. Concurrent expression of hyaluronan biosynthetic and processing enzymes promotes growth and vascularization of prostate tumors in mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 169:247-57. [PMID: 16816377 PMCID: PMC1698770 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.060032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aggressive cells in prostate cancer secrete extracellular hyaluronan (HA) as a result of up-regulated HA synthase enzymes HAS2 and HAS3. Combined detection of HA and the HA processing hyaluronidase enzyme Hyal1 in prostate tumors correlates with poor outcome. HA oligomers produced by hyaluronidases are potent angiogenic stimuli. We investigated the respective roles of HAS2 and Hyal1 using 22Rv1 human prostate tumor cells that lack both enzyme activities. Stable transfectants were selected for overexpression of Hyal1 or HAS2 and for coexpression of Hyal1 and HAS2. HAS2 overexpression elevated HA production and excess pericellular HA retention. However, HAS2-transfected tumor cell growth in culture was dramatically slowed. Coexpression of Hyal1 with HAS2 diminished HA retention but restored growth kinetics, supporting a possible combined role for excess HA synthesis and processing in maximizing unrestricted growth of prostate cancer cells. In mice, overexpression of HAS2 increased subcutaneous tumor size. Excess activity of either Hyal1 or HAS2 enhanced angiogenesis, but the most significant tumorigenic potential was realized by coexpression of both Hyal1 and HAS2 enzymes. Thus, HA production by tumor cells in prostate cancer may enhance the aggressive potential of the cells by increasing Hyal1-dependent autocrine proliferation and potentiating vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, N241 Beadle Center, Lincoln, NE 68588-0664, USA.
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Mian C, Lodde M, Comploj E, Palermo S, Lusuardi L, Marziani F, Chiocchetti A, Spada A, Mian M, Pycha A. Molecular biological analysis of the heterogeneous prostate cancer group Gleason score 7. Prostate 2006; 66:966-70. [PMID: 16541423 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND On the basis of a multicolor-FISH test we aimed at verifying whether there is any molecular biological background for the different behavior of Gleason Score 7 prostate cancer (PCa). PATIENTS AND METHODS Biopsies of 44 patients with histological verified PCa, 20 with Gleason score 3 + 4 (group A) and 24 with 4 + 3 (group B), were analyzed using FISH. RESULTS In group A, FISH detected a unique gain of 8q24 in 2 patients (10.0%) and a unique loss of 8p22 in 9 patients (45.0%). No concurrent loss and gain of both sites were found in this group. Of group B (4 + 3) a unique loss of 8p22 was observed in 14 patients (58.3%) and a concurrent loss of 8p22 and gain of 8q24 in 6 patients (25.0%). CONCLUSION Different molecular genetic patterns could explain the different biological behavior of the 2 groups. The analysis of chromosomal aberrations could therefore influence the clinical decision process in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Mian
- Department of Pathology, Central Hospital of Bolzano, Italy.
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Williams K, Fernandez S, Stien X, Ishii K, Love HD, Lau YFC, Roberts RL, Hayward SW. Unopposed c-MYC expression in benign prostatic epithelium causes a cancer phenotype. Prostate 2005; 63:369-84. [PMID: 15937962 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have sought to develop a new in vivo model of prostate carcinogenesis using human prostatic epithelial cell cultures. Human prostate cancers frequently display DNA amplification in the 8q24 amplicon, which leads to an increase in the copy number of the c-MYC gene, a finding that suggests a role for c-MYC in human prostate carcinogenesis. In addition overexpression of c-MYC in transgenic mouse models results in prostatic carcinogenesis. METHODS We took advantage of the ability of retroviruses to integrate foreign DNA into human prostatic epithelium (huPrE) to generate cell lines that overexpress the c-MYC protooncogene. These cells were recombined with inductive rat urogenital sinus mesenchyme and grafted beneath the renal capsule of immunocompromised rodent hosts. RESULTS The resultant tissue displayed a phenotype consistent with a poorly differentiated human prostatic adenocarcinoma. The tumors were rapidly growing with a high proliferative index. The neoplastic cells in the tumor expressed both androgen receptors (AR) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA), both characteristic markers of human prostate cancers. Microarray analysis of human prostatic epithelial cells overexpression c-MYC identified a large number of differentially expressed genes some of which have been suggested to characterize a subset of human cancers that have myc overexpression. Specific examples were confirmed by Western blot analysis and include upregulation of c-Myb and decreased expression of PTEN. Control grafts using either uninfected huPrE or using huPrE cells infected using an empty vector expressing a green fluorescent protein tag gave rise to well differentiated benign prostatic glandular ducts. CONCLUSIONS By using a retroviral infection strategy followed by tissue recombination we have created a model of human prostate cancer that demonstrates that the c-MYC gene is sufficient to induce carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Williams
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37212-2765, USA.
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Quinn DI, Henshall SM, Sutherland RL. Molecular markers of prostate cancer outcome. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:858-87. [PMID: 15808955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2004.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2004] [Accepted: 12/02/2004] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Molecular markers have the potential to serve not only as prognostic factors but may be targets for new therapeutic strategies and predictors of response in a range of cancers. Prostate cancer development and progression is predicated on a series of genetic and epigenetic events within the prostate cell and its milieu. Within this review, we identify candidate molecules involved in diverse processes such as cell proliferation, death and apoptosis, signal transduction, androgen receptor (AR) signalling, cellular adhesion and angiogenesis that are linked to outcome in prostate cancer. Current markers with potential prognostic value include p53, Bcl-2, p16INK4A, p27Kip1, c-Myc, AR, E-cadherin and vascular endothelial growth factor. Evolving technology permits the identification of an increasing number of molecular markers with prognosis and predictive potential. We also review the use of gene microarray analysis in gene discovery as a means of identifying and cosegregating novel markers of prostate cancer outcome. By integrating selected markers into prospective clinical trials, there is potential for us to provide specific targeted therapy tailored for an increasing number of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Quinn
- Division of Oncology, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastalke Avenue, Suite 3453, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Pettus JA, Cowley BC, Maxwell T, Milash B, Stephenson RA, Rohr LR, Hoff C, Brothman AR. Multiple abnormalities detected by dye reversal genomic microarrays in prostate cancer: a much greater sensitivity than conventional cytogenetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 154:110-8. [PMID: 15474145 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2004.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2004] [Revised: 05/27/2004] [Accepted: 05/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains the most common male malignancy in Western countries, yet limited information exists regarding genetic changes and clinical correlations. The advent of comparative genomic hybridization microarray (GM) technology has recently allowed for precise screening of DNAs for genetic copy number changes; this offers an advantage over previous techniques, including conventional cytogenetics. A problem with cytogenetic prostate cancer analysis has been the study of the appropriate cell types because this is a highly heterogeneous tumor. We have performed GM using the Spectral Genomics Inc. dye reversal platform on 20 primary prostate tumors. These tumor samples were from frozen tissue collected over the last 10 years and multiple clinical parameters, including follow-up were collected on these patients; cytogenetic analysis was previously attempted on all patients. Eighty percent (16/20) of specimens showed copy number changes, 65% of which were losses and 35% were gains of genetic material. The most common changes observed were loss of an interstitial region of 2q (8 cases, 40%), followed by loss of interstitial 6q (6 cases, 30%), loss at 8p and 13q (5 cases each, 25%), gain at 3p and loss at 5q, 16q, and Xq (4 cases each, 20%), and gain at 8p (3 cases, 15%). There was evidence of correlation of loss at 5q with a positive node status. Cytogenetic studies on these same patients only detected clonal changes in 40% (8/20) specimens and did not detect the majority of abnormalities seen by the GM technique. We propose this technology for the evaluation of prostate and other heterogeneous cancers as a rapid and efficient way to detect genetic copy number changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Pettus
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, 1C210 SOM, 30 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132-2117, USA
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Cassinelli G, Supino R, Zuco V, Lanzi C, Scovassi AI, Semple SC, Zunino F. Role of c-myc protein in hormone refractory prostate carcinoma: cellular response to paclitaxel. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 68:923-31. [PMID: 15294455 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2004] [Accepted: 06/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Amplification of the c-MYC proto-oncogene is a frequent alteration in hormone refractory prostate carcinomas (HRPC). In an attempt to investigate the role of c-myc in the cellular response to paclitaxel (PTX), we used two HRPC cell lines, DU145 and PC3, characterised by different levels of the protein and by different behaviour in response to taxane. In both cell lines, PTX-induced cell death was a caspase-mediated apoptosis. In DU145 cells, PTX induced an early apoptotic response associated with upregulation of c-myc restricted to the G2/M cell population. This event appeared delayed in the presence of c-myc antisense (AS-c-myc), suggesting an upstream regulation of the protein expression. In addition, the antisense approach provided evidence of an involvement of c-myc in the apoptotic response to the taxane. In contrast, in PC3 cells, the overexpressed c-myc was not modulated by drug-treatment and the addition of AS-c-myc did not affect the cell growth inhibition of PTX. In both cell lines, PTX-induced c-myc phosphorylation was concomitant with the mitotic arrest and not related to the modulation of the activation state of AKT and MAPK kinases. Our data indicate that the cellular response to PTX of HRPC cells can involve c-myc and suggest that its pro-apoptotic role is affected by the genetic background, thus supporting a complex and differentiated HRPC cell response to taxanes.
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Tuhkanen H, Anttila M, Kosma VM, Ylä-Herttuala S, Heinonen S, Kuronen A, Juhola M, Tammi R, Tammi M, Mannermaa A. Genetic alterations in the peritumoral stromal cells of malignant and borderline epithelial ovarian tumors as indicated by allelic imbalance on chromosome 3p. Int J Cancer 2003; 109:247-52. [PMID: 14750176 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Stromal accumulation of hyaluronan in epithelial ovarian cancers is an independent predictor of tumor spreading and unfavorable outcome of the disease. We started to screen for chromosomal causes of this accumulation by studying deletions in 3p21.3, a region harboring 3 hyaluronidase genes (HYAL1-3) among other potentially important tumor suppressors. Using 6 microsatellite markers from this region, allelic imbalance was found in 60-87% of the informative tumor cells microdissected from histologic sections of 58 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. However, adjacent stromal cells originally intended as controls showed allelic imbalance at a frequency almost as high as the tumor cells (52-80%). A further laser capture microdissection on 10 borderline tumors also showed a high rate of allelic imbalance, both in the epithelial and stromal cells, but with a pattern slightly different from cancers. Allelic imbalance in the tumor epithelium or stroma was not correlated with the accumulation of hyaluronan or clinicopathologic parameters, including tumor stage and grade. The results suggest that factors other than inactivation of the HYAL1-3 genes are responsible for hyaluronan accumulation in epithelial ovarian tumors. Moreover, the results indicate that the stromal cells of the epithelial ovarian cancers not only respond to the signals from malignant epithelium but also have themselves undergone genetic alterations in markers partly identical to those in the cancer epithelial cells and may actively contribute to the development of the tumor from its early stages to the late determinants of patient mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Tuhkanen
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Kuopio and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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Li L, Ren CH, Tahir SA, Ren C, Thompson TC. Caveolin-1 maintains activated Akt in prostate cancer cells through scaffolding domain binding site interactions with and inhibition of serine/threonine protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:9389-404. [PMID: 14645548 PMCID: PMC309640 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.24.9389-9404.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2003] [Revised: 06/04/2003] [Accepted: 09/09/2003] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously it has been reported that caveolin-1 (cav-1) has antiapoptotic activities in prostate cancer cells and functions downstream of androgenic stimulation. In this study, we demonstrate that cav-1 overexpression significantly reduced thapsigargin (Tg)-stimulated apoptosis. Examination of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)/Akt signaling cascade revealed higher activities of PDK1 and Akt but not PI3-K in cav-1-stimulated cells compared to control cells. We subsequently found that cav-1 interacts with and inhibits serine/threonine protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A through scaffolding domain binding site interactions. Deletion of the cav-1 scaffolding domain significantly reduces phosphorylated Akt and cell viability compared with wild-type cav-1. Analysis of potential substrates for PP1 and PP2A revealed that cav-1-mediated inhibition of PP1 and PP2A leads to increased PDK1, Akt, and ERK1/2 activities. We demonstrate that increased Akt activities are largely responsible for cav-1-mediated cell survival using dominant-negative Akt mutants and specific inhibitors to MEK1/MEK and show that cav-1 increases the half-life of phosphorylated PDK1 and Akt after inhibition of PI3-K by LY294002. We further demonstrate that cav-1-stimulated Akt activities lead to increased phosphorylation of multiple Akt substrates, including GSK3, FKHR, and MDM2. In addition, overexpression of cav-1 significantly increases translocation of phosphorylated androgen receptor to nucleus. Our studies therefore reveal a novel mechanism of Akt activation in prostate cancer and potentially other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likun Li
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, 6560 Fannin, Suite 2100, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Kumar-Sinha C, Chinnaiyan AM. Molecular markers to identify patients at risk for recurrence after primary treatment for prostate cancer. Urology 2003; 62 Suppl 1:19-35. [PMID: 14747039 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2003.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Accurate prognostication is a prerequisite for accurate therapeutics and management of prostate cancer because indolent tumors may require no intervention, whereas aggressive tumors lead to patient mortality. There is a critical need to define these subgroups of patients with prostate cancer differing in clinical outcome. Prognostic nomograms based on clinical data provide useful predictions of clinical states and outcomes, but they need further refinements to improve accuracy and universality. Genomic and proteomic analyses have provided many novel markers that may help define prognostic parameters based on the underlying biology of prostate cancer progression at the molecular level. These molecular markers are likely to augment traditional prognostic modalities by providing a set of molecularly defined and quantifiable variables. Encompassing the genome, transcriptome, and proteome of prostate cancer will likely provide "molecular signatures" that will bridge prognostication, prediction, and treatment in a single continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Kumar-Sinha
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0602, USA
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van Dekken H, Alers JC, Damen IAAJ, Vissers KJ, Krijtenburg PJ, Hoedemaeker RF, Wildhagen MF, Hop WCJ, van der Kwast TH, Tanke HJ, Schröder FH. Genetic evaluation of localized prostate cancer in a cohort of forty patients: gain of distal 8q discriminates between progressors and nonprogressors. J Transl Med 2003; 83:789-96. [PMID: 12808114 DOI: 10.1097/01.lab.0000074889.76221.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Over-representation of sequences on chromosome 7 and 8 have been reported to be associated with aggressive behavior of prostate cancer. In this study we have performed a molecular cytogenetic survey by comparative genomic hybridization of a cohort of 40 prostate cancer patients, consisting of 20 progressors and 20 nonprogressors, after radical surgery for localized adenocarcinoma. Progression was defined as a biochemical relapse, ie, an elevation in prostate-specific antigen level in the serum. The mean follow-up after prostatectomy for the progressor group was 10.6 years, for the nonprogressor group, 9.1 years. Using comparative genomic hybridization, we found that progressors harbored on average more aberrations than nonprogressors. Gains were especially more prominent among progressors (p < 0.05), whereas a statistical trend was detected for losses (p = 0.10). As a consequence we examined all chromosome arms separately. The frequencies of loss for areas known to be frequently deleted in prostate cancer, such as 6q, 8p, or 13q, were not different between the two groups. A tendency was observed for more frequent gain on 3q in the progressor group (p = 0.09). However, gain of 8q (minimal overlapping region at 8q24-qter) was significantly more frequent in the progressor group (p = 0.04). This biomarker retained its significance when adjusted for the factors age, tumor grade, tumor stage, resection margin status, and preoperative prostate-specific antigen level. In conclusion we have created a map of genetic changes in progressive and nonprogressive prostatic carcinomas. Importantly, the presence of gain of distal 8q markedly reduced the progression-free survival, suggesting a clinical role for 8q gain in assessing the malignant potential of localized prostatic adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman van Dekken
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Porkka KP, Tammela TLJ, Vessella RL, Visakorpi T. RAD21 andKIAA0196 at 8q24 are amplified and overexpressed in prostate cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2003; 39:1-10. [PMID: 14603436 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.10289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
To detect genes that are overexpressed in prostate cancer, a subtracted cDNA library was first constructed from the PC-3 cell line and subsequently screened by using cDNA microarray hybridization. Sixty-eight genes were found to be overexpressed (ratio>3) in PC-3. Half of these genes were in chromosomal regions, which, using comparative genomic hybridization, we previously showed to be gained in PC-3. Subsequently, the expression and copy number of selected genes were studied by quantitative RT-PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization in prostate cancer cell lines, xenografts, and clinical tumor specimens of benign prostate hyperplasia and untreated as well as hormone-refractory prostate carcinomas. Two genes from chromosomal region 8q24-RAD21 and KIAA0196-showed increased expression in clinical prostate carcinomas and were also amplified in 30-40% of xenografts and hormone-refractory tumors. In addition, the expression of KIAA0196 was significantly (P=0.0051) higher in tumors with the gene amplification than in those without it. The data suggest that KIAA0196 and possibly RAD21 are putative target genes for the common amplification of 8q23-24 in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati P Porkka
- Cancer Genetics, Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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McDonald JA, Camenisch TD. Hyaluronan: genetic insights into the complex biology of a simple polysaccharide. Glycoconj J 2002; 19:331-9. [PMID: 12975613 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025369004783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is appropriate that this review should appear in a volume dedicated to Mert Bernfield. Much of my interest in the cell biology of the extracellular matrix, particularly during development, echoes Mert's pioneering studies. His kind but provocative questioning during meetings is especially missed. The glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan is ubiquitous, and is especially abundant during embryogenesis. Hydrated matrices rich in hyaluronan expand the extracellular space, facilitating cell migration. The viscoelastic properties of hyaluronan are also essential for proper function of cartilage and joints. Recent understanding of hyaluronan biology has benefited from the identification of genes encoding hyaluronan synthases and hyaluronidases, genetic analysis of the roles of hyaluronan during development, elucidation of the biochemical mechanisms of hyaluronan synthesis, and by studies of human genetics and tumors. This review focuses on recent studies utilizing hyaluronan-deficient, gene targeted mice with null alleles for the principal source of hyaluronan during mid-gestation, hyaluronan synthase-2 (has-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- John A McDonald
- Department of Internal Medicine, Salt Lake City Veterans Administration Health Care System and University of Utah, 500 Foothill Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA.
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