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Immune Biomarkers in the Peripheral Blood and Tumor Microenvironment of Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma Patients in Relation to Tumor Burden and Response to Treatment. Hemasphere 2022; 6:e794. [PMID: 36325271 PMCID: PMC9619233 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), the malignant cells represent only a small fraction of the tumor. Yet, they orchestrate a lymphocyte-dominated tumor microenvironment (TME) that supports their survival and growth. The systemic effects of this local immunomodulation are not fully elucidated. Here, we aimed at characterizing circulating lymphocytes and plasma proteins in relation to clinical parameters and treatment effect. Peripheral blood (PB) samples were obtained from 48 consecutive patients at diagnosis and at 2 time points after successful primary treatment. Single-cell suspensions were prepared from lymph node (LN) biopsies obtained for routine diagnostic purposes. Twenty healthy individuals were included as controls. Cells from PB and LN were analyzed by flow cytometry, and plasma proteins by Proximity Extension Assay. We found that the frequencies of T and B cells positively correlated between the LN and the PB compartments. Compared to controls, cHL patients had higher frequencies of proliferating T cells as well as higher expression of programmed death (PD)-1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4 in circulating T cells, and lower naive T-cell frequencies. Advanced-stage patients had fewer NK cells with a functionally impaired phenotype. Differences in the immune profile were observed in patients with a high tumor burden and with high inflammation, respectively. Most of these deviations disappeared after standard first-line treatment. Patients who received radiotherapy involving the mediastinum had low T-cell counts for a prolonged period. Our findings suggest that the immunomodulation of lymphocytes in the TME of cHL might affect immune biomarkers in the PB.
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Zanelli M, Sanguedolce F, Zizzo M, Palicelli A, Pellegrini D, Farinacci S, Soriano A, Froio E, Cormio L, Carrieri G, Cavazza A, Merli F, Pileri SA, Ascani S. Primary Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma of the Urinary Bladder: Update on a Rare Disease and Potential Diagnostic Pitfalls. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:956-968. [PMID: 35200580 PMCID: PMC8870454 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) represents the most frequent type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Globally, DLBCL is an aggressive disease, requiring an accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment. The diagnosis is often made on biopsy samples of a nodal mass, however, approximately 40% of DLBCL cases arise at extranodal sites. The most common extranodal site is the gastrointestinal tract, however any extranodal area may be primarily involved. Primary urinary bladder lymphoma represents only 0.2% of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas, whereas secondary involvement of the urinary bladder by a systemic lymphoma is a more common event. Despite being rare, DLBCL is considered to represent the predominant primary urinary bladder lymphoma. The majority of cases reported in the bladder belong to the DLBCL, NOS group, and there are only rare cases of EBV-positive DLBCL, NOS. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on DLBCL primarily occurring in the urinary bladder, with the aim of increasing clinician and pathologist awareness on this aggressive lymphoma rarely arising in the urinary bladder. Additionally, we focus on those entities which should be taken into consideration in the differential diagnosis, highlighting potential diagnostic pitfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Zanelli
- Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (A.P.); (E.F.); (A.C.)
| | | | - Maurizio Zizzo
- Surgical Oncology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Andrea Palicelli
- Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (A.P.); (E.F.); (A.C.)
| | - David Pellegrini
- Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria di Terni, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy; (D.P.); (S.F.); (S.A.)
| | - Sabrina Farinacci
- Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria di Terni, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy; (D.P.); (S.F.); (S.A.)
| | - Alessandra Soriano
- Gastroenterology Division, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Froio
- Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (A.P.); (E.F.); (A.C.)
| | - Luigi Cormio
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (L.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Carrieri
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (L.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Alberto Cavazza
- Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (A.P.); (E.F.); (A.C.)
| | - Francesco Merli
- Hematology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Stefano A. Pileri
- Haematopathology Division, European Institute of Oncology-IEO IRCCS Milan, 20141 Milan, Italy;
| | - Stefano Ascani
- Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria di Terni, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy; (D.P.); (S.F.); (S.A.)
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3
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Bosch-Schips J, Granai M, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Fend F. The Grey Zones of Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030742. [PMID: 35159009 PMCID: PMC8833496 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) is a well-defined lymphoid neoplasm with a minority of characteristic neoplastic cells of B cell origin, namely Hodgkin and Reed–Sternberg cells immersed in a rich reactive inflammatory infiltrate in the background. Although CHL has always been set apart from non-Hodgkin lymphomas, cases with morphological and phenotypic features intermediate between CHL and other lymphomas have been described. Whereas some of these lymphomas only represent morphological mimics, others exhibit mutational and gene expression profiles which overlap with CHL, indicating that these cases, frequently termed grey zone lymphomas, reside on the biological boundary between CHL and large B-cell lymphomas. In the present review, we aim to describe the current knowledge of these rare lymphomas, address diagnostic issues and summarize today’s concepts on the classification of grey zone lymphomas and related tumors. Abstract Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) is a well-defined neoplasm characterized by the presence of a minority of pathognomonic Hodgkin and Reed–Sternberg (HRS) cells in a reactive inflammatory background. Although genotypically of B cell origin, HRS cells exhibit a downregulated B cell program and therefore are set apart from other B cell lymphomas in the current WHO classification. However, cases with morphological and phenotypic features overlapping with CHL have been recognized, and the category of B cell lymphoma—unclassifiable—with features intermediate between diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and CHL, also termed grey zone lymphoma, was first introduced into the WHO classification in 2008 as provisional entity. These cases, as well as others raising a differential diagnosis of CHL can present diagnostic problems, as well as therapeutic challenges. Whereas some of these lymphomas only represent biologically unrelated morphological mimics, others, especially mediastinal grey zone lymphoma, exhibit genetic and gene expression profiles which overlap with CHL, indicating a true biological relationship. In this review, we address areas of diagnostic difficulties between CHL and other lymphoma subtypes, discuss the biological basis of true grey zone lymphoma based on recent molecular studies and delineate current concepts for the classification of these rare tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bosch-Schips
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Tübingen University Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen-Stuttgart, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (J.B.-S.); (M.G.); (L.Q.-M.)
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge—Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Massimo Granai
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Tübingen University Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen-Stuttgart, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (J.B.-S.); (M.G.); (L.Q.-M.)
| | - Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Tübingen University Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen-Stuttgart, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (J.B.-S.); (M.G.); (L.Q.-M.)
| | - Falko Fend
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Tübingen University Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen-Stuttgart, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (J.B.-S.); (M.G.); (L.Q.-M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-7071-2982266
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4
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Nagel S, Meyer C. Establishment of the TBX-code reveals aberrantly activated T-box gene TBX3 in Hodgkin lymphoma. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259674. [PMID: 34807923 PMCID: PMC8608327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
T-box genes encode transcription factors which control basic processes in development of several tissues including cell differentiation in the hematopoietic system. Here, we analyzed the physiological activities of all 17 human T-box genes in early hematopoiesis and in lymphopoiesis including developing and mature B-cells, T-cells, natural killer (NK)-cells and innate lymphoid cells. The resultant expression pattern comprised six genes, namely EOMES, MGA, TBX1, TBX10, TBX19 and TBX21. We termed this gene signature TBX-code which enables discrimination of normal and aberrant activities of T-box genes in lymphoid malignancies. Accordingly, expression analysis of T-box genes in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) patients using a public profiling dataset revealed overexpression of EOMES, TBX1, TBX2, TBX3, TBX10, TBX19, TBX21 and TBXT while MGA showed aberrant downregulation. Analysis of T-cell acute lymphoid leukemia patients indicated aberrant overexpression of six T-box genes while no deregulated T-box genes were detected in anaplastic large cell lymphoma patients. As a paradigm we focused on TBX3 which was ectopically activated in about 6% of HL patients analyzed. Normally, TBX3 is expressed in tissues like lung, adrenal gland and retina but not in hematopoiesis. HL cell line KM-H2 expressed enhanced TBX3 levels and was used as an in vitro model to identify upstream regulators and downstream targets in this malignancy. Genomic studies of this cell line showed focal amplification of the TBX3 locus at 12q24 which may underlie its aberrant expression. In addition, promoter analysis and comparative expression profiling of HL cell lines followed by knockdown experiments revealed overexpressed transcription factors E2F4 and FOXC1 and chromatin modulator KDM2B as functional activators. Furthermore, we identified repressed target genes of TBX3 in HL including CDKN2A, NFKBIB and CD19, indicating its respective oncogenic function in proliferation, NFkB-signaling and B-cell differentiation. Taken together, we have revealed a lymphoid TBX-code and used it to identify an aberrant network around deregulated T-box gene TBX3 in HL which promotes hallmark aberrations of this disease. These findings provide a framework for future studies to evaluate deregulated T-box genes in lymphoid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Nagel
- Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, Leibniz-Institute DSMZ–German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Corinna Meyer
- Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, Leibniz-Institute DSMZ–German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
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5
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Kang J, Yao P, Tang Q, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Huang J. Systematic Analysis of Competing Endogenous RNA Networks in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma and Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Front Genet 2020; 11:586688. [PMID: 33193722 PMCID: PMC7554339 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.586688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphoma is a systemic malignancy, originating from the lymphatic system, which accounts for 3 to 4% of all tumors. There are two major subtypes of lymphoma, namely, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL). Elucidation of the pathogenesis of these two lymphoma types is crucial for the identification of potential therapeutic targets. Compared with the corresponding knowledge of other diseases, the understanding of the regulatory networks involved in DLBCL and HL is relatively deficient. To address this, we comprehensively analyzed the mRNAs, lncRNAs, and miRNAs that were differentially expressed between normal and tumor samples of DLBCL and HL. In addition, functional enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed mRNAs was performed. We constructed two specific ceRNA networks of DLBCL and HL. The pathways enriched by dysregulated mRNAs in DLBCL and HL were mainly involved in immune responses, transcription process, and metabolism process. The ceRNA network analysis revealed that 45 ceRNAs were shared between the two ceRNA networks, including five pivotal lncRNAs (MALAT1, CTBP1-AS, THUMPD3-AS, PSMA3-AS1, and NUTM2A-AS1). In addition, we proposed a DLBCL survival risk model based on a DLBCL-specific network constructed by Lasso regression analysis. The model, which is based on eight mRNAs, exhibited excellent performance in regard to predicting outcomes in DLBCL patients, with a p value of 0.0017 and AUC of 0.9783. In summary, although the molecular mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis in DLBCL and HL were quite different, the same pivotal lncRNAs acted as key regulators. Our findings identify novel potential prognostic and therapeutic targets for DLBCL and HL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Kang
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Affiliated Foshan Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Pengcheng Yao
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Tang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuwei Zhou
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Mashhadi MA, Arbabi N, Sargazi S, Kazemi-Lomedasht F, Jahantigh D, Miri-Moghaddam E. Association of VEGFA gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: Evidences from population-based and in silico studies. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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GATA3 Immunohistochemical Staining in Hodgkin Lymphoma: Diagnostic Utility in Differentiating Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma From Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma and Other Mimicking Entities. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2020; 27:180-184. [PMID: 28877074 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) and nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) are clinically distinct entities, with different prognostic and treatment implications. In addition, several large B-cell lymphomas and some T-cell lymphomas can mimic CHL. Differentiating these entities from CHL is crucial for ensuring appropriate therapy. GATA3 is a T-cell transcription factor involved in T-cell maturation and has been previously shown to be overexpressed in CHL cells via gene expression profiling. We investigated the utility of GATA3 immunostain in differentiating CHL from NLPHL and other mimicking entities. MATERIALS AND METHODS We accrued 17 NLPHLs, 49 CHLs [23 nodular sclerosis (NS), 3 syncytial variants, 3 lymphocyte rich and 13 mixed cellularity types], 4 primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphomas (PMBLs), 2 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) positive diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) (EBV+LBCLs), 2 T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphomas (TCHRBCLs), 1 gray zone lymphoma, and 2 tissue microarrays consisting of 72 DLBCLs. One slide from each was stained with GATA3 and percent positive tumor cells and intensity of nuclear expression was semiquantitatively graded independently by 2 board certified hematopathologists. RESULTS GATA3 was positive in 80% of CHLs. Both percent positivity and intensity of staining varied greatly. Syncytial variant of NS subtype showed the highest positivity rate (3/3; 100%), followed by NS (20/23; 87%), mixed cellularity (9/13; 70%), and lymphocyte rich (2/3; 67%). GATA3 was negative in all NLPHLs, EBV+LBCLs, TCRBCLs, and DLBCLs stained. The single gray zone lymphoma and 3/4 PMBLs were positive. CONCLUSIONS Nuclear expression of GATA3 can be used to delineate CHL from NLPHL. GATA3 positivity effectively excludes NLPHL with 100% negative predictive value. However, as 20% of CHL can be negative for GATA3, CHL cannot be ruled out with negative GATA3. Additional findings include GATA3 positivity among PMBLs, whereas all 72 DLBCLs were negative for GATA3. This finding further highlights similarities between CHL and PMBL.
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8
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Kumar R, Kumar R, Tanwar P, Deo SVS, Mathur S, Agarwal U, Hussain S. Structural and conformational changes induced by missense variants in the zinc finger domains of GATA3 involved in breast cancer. RSC Adv 2020; 10:39640-39653. [PMID: 35515377 PMCID: PMC9057444 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07786k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the main cancer in women having multiple receptor based tumour subtypes. Large scale genome sequencing studies of BC have identified several genes among which GATA3 is reported as a highly mutated gene followed by TP53 and PIK3CA. GATA3 is a crucial transcription factor, and was initially identified as a DNA-binding protein involved in the regulation of immune cell functions. Different missense mutations in the region of the DNA-binding domain of GATA3 are associated with BC and other neoplastic disorders. In this study, computational based approaches have been exploited to reveal associations of various mutations on structure, stability, conformation and function of GATA3. Our findings have suggested that, all analysed missense mutations were deleterious and highly pathogenic in nature. A molecular dynamics simulation study showed that all mutations led to structural destabilisation by reducing protein globularity and flexibility, by altering secondary structural configuration and decreasing protein ligand stability. Essential dynamics analysis indicated that mutations in GATA3 decreased protein mobility and increased its conformational instability. Furthermore, residue network analysis showed that the mutations affected the signal transduction of important residues that potentially influenced GATA3-DNA binding. The present study highlights the importance of different variants of GATA3 which have potential impact on neoplastic progression in breast cancer and may facilitate development of precise and personalized therapeutics. Mutations in the N- and C-finger domains of GATA3 lead to breast cancer.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Dr B. R. A.-Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi
- India-110029
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Dr B. R. A.-Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi
- India-110029
| | - Pranay Tanwar
- Dr B. R. A.-Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi
- India-110029
| | - S. V. S. Deo
- Dr B. R. A.-Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi
- India-110029
| | - Sandeep Mathur
- Department of Pathology
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi
- India-110029
| | - Usha Agarwal
- National Institute of Pathology
- New Delhi
- India-110029
| | - Showket Hussain
- Division of Molecular Oncology
- National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research
- Noida
- India-201301
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Kei S, Adeyi OA. Practical Application of Lineage-Specific Immunohistochemistry Markers: Transcription Factors (Sometimes) Behaving Badly. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2019; 144:626-643. [PMID: 31385722 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2019-0226-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Transcription factors (TFs) are proteins that regulate gene expression and control RNA transcription from DNA. Lineage-specific TFs have increasingly been used by pathologists to determine tumor lineage, especially in the setting of metastatic tumors of unknown primary, among other uses. With experience gathered from its daily application and increasing pitfalls reported from immunohistochemical studies, these often-touted highly specific TFs are not as reliable as once thought. OBJECTIVES.— To summarize the established roles of many of the commonly used TFs in clinical practice and to discuss known and potential sources for error (eg, false-positivity from cross-reactivity, aberrant, and overlap "lineage-specific" expression) in their application and interpretation. DATA SOURCES.— Literature review and the authors' personal practice experience were used. Several examples selected from the University Health Network (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) are illustrated. CONCLUSIONS.— The application of TF diagnostic immunohistochemistry has enabled pathologists to better assess the lineage/origin of primary and metastatic tumors. However, the awareness of potential pitfalls is essential to avoid misdiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Kei
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Dr Lou); and the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Dr Adeyi)
| | - Oyedele A Adeyi
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Dr Lou); and the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Dr Adeyi)
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10
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The c-Jun and JunB transcription factors facilitate the transit of classical Hodgkin lymphoma tumour cells through G 1. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16019. [PMID: 30375407 PMCID: PMC6207696 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34199-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (cHL) is primarily a B cell lymphoid neoplasm and a member of the CD30–positive lymphomas. cHL and the other CD30–positive lymphomas are characterized by the elevated expression and/or constitutive activation of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) family transcription factors, c-Jun and JunB; however, the specific roles they play in the pathobiology of cHL are unclear. In this report we show that reducing either c-Jun or JunB expression with short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) reduced the growth of cHL cell lines in vitro and in vivo, primarily through impairing cell cycle transition through G1. We further investigated the effect of c-Jun and JunB knock-down on proliferation in another CD30–positive lymphoma, anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive, anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK+ ALCL). We found that JunB knock-down in most ALK+ ALCL cell lines examined also resulted in reduced proliferation that was associated with a G0/G1 cell cycle defect. In contrast, c-Jun knock-down in multiple ALK+ ALCL cell lines had no effect on proliferation. In summary, this study directly establishes that both c-Jun and JunB play roles in promoting HRS cell proliferation. Furthermore, we demonstrate there are similarities and differences in c-Jun and JunB function between cHL and ALK+ ALCL.
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11
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Liu S, Chan HL, Bai F, Ma J, Scott A, Robbins DJ, Capobianco AJ, Zhu P, Pei XH. Gata3 restrains B cell proliferation and cooperates with p18INK4c to repress B cell lymphomagenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:64007-64020. [PMID: 27588406 PMCID: PMC5325421 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GATA3, a lineage specifier, controls lymphoid cell differentiation and its function in T cell commitment and development has been extensively studied. GATA3 promotes T cell specification by repressing B cell potential in pro T cells and decreased GATA3 expression is essential for early B cell commitment. Inherited genetic variation in GATA3 has been associated with lymphoma susceptibility. However, it remains elusive how the loss of function of GATA3 promotes B cell development and induces B cell lymphomas. In this study, we found that haploid loss of Gata3 by heterozygous germline deletion increased B cell populations in the bone marrow (BM) and spleen, and decreased CD4 T cell populations in the thymus, confirming that Gata3 promotes T and suppresses B cell development. We discovered that haploid loss of Gata3 reduced thymocyte proliferation with induction of p18Ink4c (p18), an inhibitor of CDK4 and CDK6, but enhanced B cell proliferation in the BM and spleen independent of p18. Loss of p18 partially restored Gata3 deficient thymocyte proliferation, but further stimulated Gata3 deficient B cell proliferation in the BM and spleen. Furthermore, we discovered that haploid loss of Gata3 in p18 deficient mice led to the development of B cell lymphomas that were capable of rapidly regenerating tumors when transplanted into immunocompromised mice. These results indicate that Gata3 deficiency promotes B cell differentiation and proliferation, and cooperates with p18 loss to induce B cell lymphomas. This study, for the first time, reveals that Gata3 is a tumor suppressor specifically in B cell lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqin Liu
- Department of Hematology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China.,Molecular Oncology Program, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL 33136, Miami
| | - Ho Lam Chan
- Molecular Oncology Program, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL 33136, Miami
| | - Feng Bai
- Molecular Oncology Program, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL 33136, Miami
| | - Jinshan Ma
- Molecular Oncology Program, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL 33136, Miami.,Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Xinjiang, 830001, China
| | - Alexandria Scott
- Molecular Oncology Program, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL 33136, Miami.,The Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL 33136, Miami
| | - David J Robbins
- Molecular Oncology Program, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL 33136, Miami.,Sylvester Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL 33136, Miami
| | - Anthony J Capobianco
- Molecular Oncology Program, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL 33136, Miami.,Sylvester Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL 33136, Miami
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Xin-Hai Pei
- Molecular Oncology Program, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL 33136, Miami.,The Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL 33136, Miami.,Sylvester Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL 33136, Miami
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12
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Expression of GATA-3 in Testicular and Gynecologic Mesothelial Neoplastic and Non-neoplastic Tissues. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2018; 37:284-289. [DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0000000000000403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Nagel S, Pommerenke C, Meyer C, Kaufmann M, MacLeod RA, Drexler HG. Aberrant expression of NKL homeobox gene HLX in Hodgkin lymphoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:14338-14353. [PMID: 29581848 PMCID: PMC5865674 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
NKL homeobox genes are basic regulators of cell and tissue differentiation, many acting as oncogenes in T-cell leukemia. Recently, we described an hematopoietic NKL-code comprising six particular NKL homeobox genes expressed in hematopoietic stem cells and lymphoid progenitors, unmasking their physiological roles in the development of these cell types. Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a B-cell malignancy showing aberrant activity of several developmental genes resulting in disturbed B-cell differentiation. To examine potential concordances in abnormal lymphoid differentiation of T- and B-cell malignancies we analyzed the expression of the hematopoietic NKL-code associated genes in HL, comprising HHEX, HLX, MSX1, NKX2-3, NKX3-1 and NKX6-3. Our approach revealed aberrant HLX activity in 8 % of classical HL patients and additionally in HL cell line L-540. Accordingly, to identify upstream regulators and downstream target genes of HLX we used L-540 cells as a model and performed chromosome and genome analyses, comparative expression profiling and functional assays via knockdown and overexpression experiments therein. These investigations excluded chromosomal rearrangements of the HLX locus at 1q41 and demonstrated that STAT3 operated directly as transcriptional activator of the HLX gene. Moreover, subcellular analyses showed highly enriched STAT3 protein in the nucleus of L-540 cells which underwent cytoplasmic translocation by repressing deacetylation. Finally, HLX inhibited transcription of B-cell differentiation factors MSX1, BCL11A and SPIB and of pro-apoptotic factor BCL2L11/BIM, thereby suppressing Etoposide-induced cell death. Collectively, we propose that aberrantly expressed NKL homeobox gene HLX is part of a pathological gene network in HL, driving deregulated B-cell differentiation and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Nagel
- Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Claudia Pommerenke
- Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Corinna Meyer
- Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maren Kaufmann
- Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Roderick A.F. MacLeod
- Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hans G. Drexler
- Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
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Wiles AB, Karrs JX, Pitt S, Almenara J, Powers CN, Smith SC. GATA3 is a reliable marker for neuroblastoma in limited samples, including FNA Cell Blocks, core biopsies, and touch imprints. Cancer Cytopathol 2017; 125:940-946. [DOI: 10.1002/cncy.21927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Austin Blackburn Wiles
- Department of Pathology; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine; Richmond Virginia
| | - Jeremiah Xavier Karrs
- Department of Pathology; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine; Richmond Virginia
| | - Susan Pitt
- Department of Pathology; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine; Richmond Virginia
| | - Jorge Almenara
- Department of Pathology; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine; Richmond Virginia
| | - Celeste N. Powers
- Department of Pathology; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine; Richmond Virginia
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine; Richmond Virginia
| | - Steven Christopher Smith
- Department of Pathology; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine; Richmond Virginia
- Department of Surgery; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine; Richmond Virginia
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Nagel S, Meyer C, Kaufmann M, Drexler HG, MacLeod RAF. Aberrant expression of homeobox gene SIX1 in Hodgkin lymphoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:40112-26. [PMID: 26473286 PMCID: PMC4741883 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) we recently identified deregulated expression of homeobox genes MSX1 and OTX2 which are physiologically involved in development of the embryonal neural plate border region. Here, we examined in HL homeobox gene SIX1 an additional regulator of this embryonal region mediating differentiation of placodal precursors. SIX1 was aberrantly activated in 12 % of HL patient samples in silico, indicating a pathological role in a subset of this B-cell malignancy. In addition, SIX1 expression was detected in HL cell lines which were used as models to reveal upstream factors and target genes of this basic developmental regulator. We detected increased copy numbers of the SIX1 locus at chromosome 14q23 correlating with enhanced expression while chromosomal translocations were absent. Moreover, comparative expression profiling data and pertinent gene modulation experiments indicated that the WNT-signalling pathway and transcription factor MEF2C regulate SIX1 expression. Genes encoding the transcription factors GATA2, GATA3, MSX1 and SPIB – all basic lymphoid regulators - were identified as targets of SIX1 in HL. In addition, cofactors EYA1 and TLE4, respectively, contrastingly mediated activation and suppression of SIX1 target gene expression. Thus, the protein domain interfaces may represent therapeutic targets in SIX1-positive HL subsets. Collectively, our data reveal a gene regulatory network with SIX1 centrally deregulating lymphoid differentiation and support concordance of lymphopoiesis/lymphomagenesis and developmental processes in the neural plate border region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Nagel
- Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, Leibniz-Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Corinna Meyer
- Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, Leibniz-Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maren Kaufmann
- Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, Leibniz-Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hans G Drexler
- Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, Leibniz-Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Roderick A F MacLeod
- Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, Leibniz-Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
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16
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Ock SA, Lee J, Oh KB, Hwang S, Yun IJ, Ahn C, Chee HK, Kim H, Park JB, Kim SJ, Kim Y, Im GS, Park E. Molecular immunology profiles of monkeys following xenografting with the islets and heart of α-1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout pigs. Xenotransplantation 2016; 23:357-69. [PMID: 27511303 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Effective immunosuppression strategies and genetically modified animals have been used to prevent hyperacute and acute xenograft rejection; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we evaluated the expression of a comprehensive set of immune system-related genes (89 genes, including five housekeeping genes) in the blood of cynomolgus monkeys (~5 yr old) used as graft recipients, before and after the xenografting of the islets and heart from single and double α-1,3-galactosyltransferase (GalT) knockout (KO) pigs (<6 weeks old). The immunosuppressive regimen included administration of cobra venom factor, anti-thymocyte globulin, rituximab, and anti-CD154 monoclonal antibodies to recipients before and after grafting. Islets were xenografted into the portal vein in type 1 diabetic monkeys, and the heart was xenografted by heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation. Genes from recipient blood were analyzed using RT(2) profiler PCR arrays and the web-based RT(2) profiler PCR array software v.3.5. Recipients treated with immunosuppressive agents without grafting showed significant downregulation of CCL5, CCR4, CCR6, CD4, CD40LG, CXCR3, FASLG, CXCR3, FOXP3, GATA3, IGNG, L10, IL23A, TRAF6, MAPK8, MIF, STAT4, TBX21, TLR3, TLR7, and TYK2 and upregulation of IFNGR1; thus, genes involved in protection against viral and bacterial infection were downregulated, confirming the risk of infection. Notably, C3-level control resulted in xenograft failure within 2 days because of a 7- to 11-fold increase in all xenotransplanted models. Islet grafting using single GalT-KO pigs resulted in upregulation of CXCL10 and MX1, early inflammation, and acute rejection-associated signals at 2 days after xenografting. We observed at least 5-fold upregulation in recipients transplanted with islets grafts from single (MX1) or double (C3, CCR8, IL6, IL13, IRF6, CXCL10, and MX1) GalT-KO pigs after 77 days; single GalT-KO incurred early losses owing to immune attacks. Our results suggest that this novel, simple, non-invasive, and time-efficient procedure (requiring only 1.5 ml blood) for evaluating graft success, minimizing immune rejection, and blocking infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun A Ock
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea. ,
| | - Jungkyu Lee
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Keon Bong Oh
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Seongsoo Hwang
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Ik Jin Yun
- Department of Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Curie Ahn
- Transplantation Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Designed Animal & Transplantation Research Institute, Institute of Green BioScience & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - Hyun Keun Chee
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwajung Kim
- Transplantation Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Berm Park
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Joo Kim
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngim Kim
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Gi-Sun Im
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - EungWoo Park
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
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Ohmura S, Mizuno S, Oishi H, Ku CJ, Hermann M, Hosoya T, Takahashi S, Engel JD. Lineage-affiliated transcription factors bind the Gata3 Tce1 enhancer to mediate lineage-specific programs. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:865-78. [PMID: 26808502 DOI: 10.1172/jci83894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor GATA3 is essential for the genesis and maturation of the T cell lineage, and GATA3 dysregulation has pathological consequences. Previous studies have shown that GATA3 function in T cell development is regulated by multiple signaling pathways and that the Notch nuclear effector, RBP-J, binds specifically to the Gata3 promoter. We previously identified a T cell-specific Gata3 enhancer (Tce1) lying 280 kb downstream from the structural gene and demonstrated in transgenic mice that Tce1 promoted T lymphocyte-specific transcription of reporter genes throughout T cell development; however, it was not clear if Tce1 is required for Gata3 transcription in vivo. Here, we determined that the canonical Gata3 promoter is insufficient for Gata3 transcriptional activation in T cells in vivo, precluding the possibility that promoter binding by a host of previously implicated transcription factors alone is responsible for Gata3 expression in T cells. Instead, we demonstrated that multiple lineage-affiliated transcription factors bind to Tce1 and that this enhancer confers T lymphocyte-specific Gata3 activation in vivo, as targeted deletion of Tce1 in a mouse model abrogated critical functions of this T cell-regulatory element. Together, our data show that Tce1 is both necessary and sufficient for critical aspects of Gata3 T cell-specific transcriptional activity.
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18
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Aberrantly Expressed OTX Homeobox Genes Deregulate B-Cell Differentiation in Hodgkin Lymphoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138416. [PMID: 26406991 PMCID: PMC4583255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) we recently reported that deregulated homeobox gene MSX1 mediates repression of the B-cell specific transcription factor ZHX2. In this study we investigated regulation of MSX1 in this B-cell malignancy. Accordingly, we analyzed expression and function of OTX homeobox genes which activate MSX1 transcription during embryonal development in the neural plate border region. Our data demonstrate that OTX1 and OTX2 are aberrantly expressed in both HL patients and cell lines. Moreover, both OTX loci are targeted by genomic gains in overexpressing cell lines. Comparative expression profiling and subsequent pathway modulations in HL cell lines indicated that aberrantly enhanced FGF2-signalling activates the expression of OTX2. Downstream analyses of OTX2 demonstrated transcriptional activation of genes encoding transcription factors MSX1, FOXC1 and ZHX1. Interestingly, examination of the physiological expression profile of ZHX1 in normal hematopoietic cells revealed elevated levels in T-cells and reduced expression in B-cells, indicating a discriminatory role in lymphopoiesis. Furthermore, two OTX-negative HL cell lines overexpressed ZHX1 in correlation with genomic amplification of its locus at chromosomal band 8q24, supporting the oncogenic potential of this gene in HL. Taken together, our data demonstrate that deregulated homeobox genes MSX1 and OTX2 respectively impact transcriptional inhibition of (B-cell specific) ZHX2 and activation of (T-cell specific) ZHX1. Thus, we show how reactivation of a specific embryonal gene regulatory network promotes disturbed B-cell differentiation in HL.
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19
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Roullet MR, Bagg A. Recent insights into the biology of Hodgkin lymphoma: unraveling the mysteries of the Reed–Sternberg cell. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 7:805-20. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.7.6.805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Cellular localization and processing of primary transcripts of exonic microRNAs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76647. [PMID: 24073292 PMCID: PMC3779153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Processing of miRNAs occurs simultaneous with the transcription and splicing of their primary transcripts. For the small subset of exonic miRNAs it is unclear if the unspliced and/or spliced transcripts are used for miRNA biogenesis. We assessed endogenous levels and cellular location of primary transcripts of three exonic miRNAs. The ratio between unspliced and spliced transcripts varied markedly, i.e. >1 for BIC, <1 for pri-miR-146a and variable for pri-miR-22. Endogenous unspliced transcripts were located almost exclusively in the nucleus and thus available for miRNA processing for all three miRNAs. Endogenous spliced pri-miRNA transcripts were present both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm and thus only partly available for miRNA processing. Overexpression of constructs containing the 5’ upstream exonic or intronic sequence flanking pre-miR-155 resulted in strongly enhanced miR-155 levels, indicating that the flanking sequence does not affect processing efficiency. Exogenously overexpressed full-length spliced BIC transcripts were present both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm, were bound by the Microprocessor complex and resulted in enhanced miR-155 levels. We conclude that both unspliced and spliced transcripts of exonic miRNAs can be used for pre-miRNA cleavage. Splicing and cytoplasmic transport of spliced transcripts may present a mechanism to regulate levels of exonic microRNAs.
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Dimitrova L, Seitz V, Hecht J, Lenze D, Hansen P, Szczepanowski M, Ma L, Oker E, Sommerfeld A, Jundt F, Klapper W, Hummel M. PAX5 overexpression is not enough to reestablish the mature B-cell phenotype in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Leukemia 2013; 28:213-6. [PMID: 23842424 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Dimitrova
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - V Seitz
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Hecht
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - D Lenze
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - P Hansen
- 1] Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany [2] Institute for Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Szczepanowski
- Institute of Pathology, Kiel University (CAU), Kiel, Germany
| | - L Ma
- 1] Institute of Pathology, Kiel University (CAU), Kiel, Germany [2] Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - E Oker
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Sommerfeld
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - F Jundt
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - W Klapper
- Institute of Pathology, Kiel University (CAU), Kiel, Germany
| | - M Hummel
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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Lohneis P, Wienert S, Klauschen F, Ullrich A, Anagnostopoulos I, Jöhrens K. Marginal zone lymphomas with monocytoid morphology express T-bet and are associated with a low number of T cells in extranodal locations. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 55:143-8. [PMID: 23607257 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.797082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The presence of tumor cells with monocytoid morphology in marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) has been described previously. Reactive monocytoid B cells bear a distinct immunophenotype and typically express T-bet, which clearly distinguishes them from nodal marginal zone B cells. The latter are positive for CD27 and negative for T-bet. We analyzed 74 MZLs for the expression of T-bet and correlated these results with the presence of monocytoid morphology. Expression of T-bet correlated with the presence of monocytoid morphology in MZLs. In analogy to reactive monocytoid B lymphocytes, we also found a significantly lower relative amount of intratumoral T lymphocytes in extranodal MZL with monocytoid morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Lohneis
- Institute of Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
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23
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Gaynor KU, Grigorieva IV, Allen MD, Esapa CT, Head RA, Gopinath P, Christie PT, Nesbit MA, Jones JL, Thakker RV. GATA3 mutations found in breast cancers may be associated with aberrant nuclear localization, reduced transactivation and cell invasiveness. Discov Oncol 2013; 4:123-39. [PMID: 23435732 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-013-0138-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic and germline mutations in the dual zinc-finger transcription factor GATA3 are associated with breast cancers expressing the estrogen receptor (ER) and the autosomal dominant hypoparathyroidism-deafness-renal dysplasia syndrome, respectively. To elucidate the role of GATA3 in breast tumorigenesis, we investigated 40 breast cancers that expressed ER, for GATA3 mutations. Six different heterozygous GATA3 somatic mutations were identified in eight tumors, and these consisted of: a frameshifting deletion/insertion (944_945delGGinsAGC), an in-frame deletion of a key arginine residue (991_993delAGG), a seven-nucleotide frameshifting insertion (991_992insTGGAGGA), a frameshifting deletion (1196_1197delGA), and two frameshifting single nucleotide insertions (1224_1225insG found in three tumors and 1224_1225insA). Five of the eight mutations occurred in tumors that retained GATA3 immunostaining, indicating that absence of GATA3 immunostaining is an unreliable predictor of the presence of GATA3 mutations. Luciferase reporter assays, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, immunofluorescence, invasion and proliferation assays demonstrated that the GATA3 mutations resulted in loss (or reduction) of DNA binding, decrease in transactivational activity, and alterations in invasiveness but not proliferation. The 991_992insTGGAGGA (Arg330 frameshift) mutation led to a loss of nuclear localization, yet the 991_993delAGG (Arg330deletion) retained nuclear localization. Investigation of the putative nuclear localization signal (NLS) sites showed that the NLS of GATA3 does not conform to either a classical mono- or bi-partite signal, but contains multiple cooperative NLS elements residing around the N-terminal zinc-finger which comprises residues 264-288. Thus, approximately 20 % ER-positive breast cancers have somatic GATA3 mutations that lead to a loss of GATA3 transactivation activity and altered cell invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine U Gaynor
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
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24
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Frampton M, da Silva Filho MI, Broderick P, Thomsen H, Försti A, Vijayakrishnan J, Cooke R, Enciso-Mora V, Hoffmann P, Nöthen MM, Lloyd A, Holroyd A, Eisele L, Jöckel KH, Ponader S, von Strandmann EP, Lightfoot T, Roman E, Lake A, Montgomery D, Jarrett RF, Swerdlow AJ, Engert A, Hemminki K, Houlston RS. Variation at 3p24.1 and 6q23.3 influences the risk of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2549. [PMID: 24149102 PMCID: PMC5053363 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to HLA, recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) have identified susceptibility loci for HL at 2p16.1, 8q24.21 and 10p14. In this study, we perform a GWAS meta-analysis with published GWAS (totalling 1,465 cases and 6,417 controls of European background), and follow-up the most significant association signals in 2,024 cases and 1,853 controls. A combined analysis identifies new HL susceptibility loci mapping to 3p24.1 (rs3806624; P=1.14 × 10(-12), odds ratio (OR)=1.26) and 6q23.3 (rs7745098; P=3.42 × 10(-9), OR=1.21). rs3806624 localizes 5' to the EOMES (eomesodermin) gene within a p53 response element affecting p53 binding. rs7745098 maps intergenic to HBS1L and MYB, a region previously associated with haematopoiesis. These findings provide further insight into the genetic and biological basis of inherited susceptibility to HL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Frampton
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | | | - Peter Broderick
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Hauke Thomsen
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Asta Försti
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jayaram Vijayakrishnan
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Rosie Cooke
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Victor Enciso-Mora
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Genomics Research Group, Medical Genetics, University Hospital Basel
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Amy Lloyd
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Amy Holroyd
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Lewin Eisele
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg–Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg–Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sabine Ponader
- University Hospital of Cologne, Department of Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Tracy Lightfoot
- Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Eve Roman
- Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Annette Lake
- MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Ruth F Jarrett
- MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anthony J Swerdlow
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Andreas Engert
- University Hospital of Cologne, Department of Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kari Hemminki
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Richard S Houlston
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
- Corresponding author: , Tel: +44 (0) 208-722-4175, Fax: +44 (0) 208-722-4365
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25
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Abstract
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is an unusual malignancy in that the tumour cells, the Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells, are a minor component of the tumour mass, the bulk of which is a mixed cellular infiltrate. There is compelling evidence that HRS cells are clonal B cells that have lost their B cell phenotype. Mature B cells lacking B cell receptors would normally die by apoptosis, and therefore HRS cells must have developed mechanisms to facilitate survival. The escape from apoptosis and transcriptional reprogramming of HRS cells are interlinked and appear central to disease pathogenesis. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is present in the HRS cells of a proportion of cases and expresses genes with a plausible oncogenic function. It is likely that EBV plays a role in reprogramming and survival through dysregulation of several signalling networks and transcription factors, including nuclear factor (NF)-κB. Activation of NF-κB is a feature of all HRS cells and gene mutations affecting this pathway appear common in EBV-negative HL. The HRS cell furthers its own survival by attracting a supportive microenvironment of immune and stromal cells, and suppressing local immune responsiveness. Although many questions remain unanswered, the last two decades have witnessed a considerable increase in our knowledge of this complex disease.
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Steidl C, Connors JM, Gascoyne RD. Molecular Pathogenesis of Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Increasing Evidence of the Importance of the Microenvironment. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:1812-26. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.32.8401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) represents the most common subtype of malignant lymphoma in young people in the Western world. Most patients can be cured with modern treatment strategies, although approximately 20% will die after relapse or progressive disease. The histologic hallmark of the disease is the presence of the characteristic Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells in classical HL and so-called lymphocyte-predominant (LP) cells in nodular lymphocyte-predominant HL. HL is unique among all cancers because malignant cells are greatly outnumbered by reactive cells in the tumor microenvironment and make up only approximately 1% of the tumor. Expression of a variety of cytokines and chemokines by the HRS and LP cells is believed to be the driving force for an abnormal immune response, perpetuated by additional factors secreted by reactive cells in the microenvironment that help maintain the inflammatory milieu. The malignant HRS and LP cells manipulate the microenvironment, permitting them to develop their malignant phenotype fully and evade host immune attack. Gene expression signatures derived from non-neoplastic cells correlate well with response to initial and subsequent therapies, reflecting their functional relevance. Recent biomarker studies have added texture to clinical outcome predictors, and their incorporation into prognostic models may improve our understanding of the biologic correlates of treatment failure. Moreover, recent preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that the tumor microenvironment represents a promising therapeutic target, raising hope that novel treatment strategies focused on the interface between malignant and reactive cells will soon emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Steidl
- From the British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joseph M. Connors
- From the British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Randy D. Gascoyne
- From the British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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27
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Enciso-Mora V, Broderick P, Ma Y, Jarrett RF, Hjalgrim H, Hemminki K, van den Berg A, Olver B, Lloyd A, Dobbins SE, Lightfoot T, van Leeuwen FE, Försti A, Diepstra A, Broeks A, Vijayakrishnan J, Shield L, Lake A, Montgomery D, Roman E, Engert A, von Strandmann EP, Reiners KS, Nolte IM, Smedby KE, Adami HO, Russell NS, Glimelius B, Hamilton-Dutoit S, de Bruin M, Ryder LP, Molin D, Sorensen KM, Chang ET, Taylor M, Cooke R, Hofstra R, Westers H, van Wezel T, van Eijk R, Ashworth A, Rostgaard K, Melbye M, Swerdlow AJ, Houlston RS. A genome-wide association study of Hodgkin's lymphoma identifies new susceptibility loci at 2p16.1 (REL), 8q24.21 and 10p14 (GATA3). Nat Genet 2010; 42:1126-1130. [PMID: 21037568 PMCID: PMC4268499 DOI: 10.1038/ng.696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To identify susceptibility loci for classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (cHL), we conducted a genome-wide association study of 589 individuals with cHL (cases) and 5,199 controls with validation in four independent samples totaling 2,057 cases and 3,416 controls. We identified three new susceptibility loci at 2p16.1 (rs1432295, REL, odds ratio (OR) = 1.22, combined P = 1.91 × 10(-8)), 8q24.21 (rs2019960, PVT1, OR = 1.33, combined P = 1.26 × 10(-13)) and 10p14 (rs501764, GATA3, OR = 1.25, combined P = 7.05 × 10(-8)). Furthermore, we confirmed the role of the major histocompatibility complex in disease etiology by revealing a strong human leukocyte antigen (HLA) association (rs6903608, OR = 1.70, combined P = 2.84 × 10(-50)). These data provide new insight into the pathogenesis of cHL.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Chromosomes, Human/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8/genetics
- Female
- GATA3 Transcription Factor/genetics
- Genetic Loci/genetics
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genome, Human/genetics
- Genome-Wide Association Study
- Hodgkin Disease/genetics
- Humans
- Male
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-rel/genetics
- Recombination, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Enciso-Mora
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Peter Broderick
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Yussanne Ma
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Ruth F Jarrett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Henrik Hjalgrim
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kari Hemminki
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany and Center for Primary Health Care Research, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anke van den Berg
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bianca Olver
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Amy Lloyd
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Sara E Dobbins
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Tracy Lightfoot
- Epidemiology & Genetics Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Flora E van Leeuwen
- Department of Epidemiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Asta Försti
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany and Center for Primary Health Care Research, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Arjan Diepstra
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Annegien Broeks
- Department of Experimental Therapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Lesley Shield
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Annette Lake
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Dorothy Montgomery
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Eve Roman
- Epidemiology & Genetics Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Andreas Engert
- University Hospital of Cologne, Department of Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Katrin S. Reiners
- University Hospital of Cologne, Department of Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Karin E Smedby
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Olov Adami
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nicola S Russell
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bengt Glimelius
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Marieke de Bruin
- Department of Epidemiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lars P Ryder
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Molin
- Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Ellen T Chang
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, CA 94538
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Malcolm Taylor
- Cancer Immunogenetics Group, School of Cancer & Enabling Sciences, University of Manchester, Research Floor, St Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Rosie Cooke
- Section of Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Robert Hofstra
- Department of Genetics University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Helga Westers
- Department of Genetics University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tom van Wezel
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Eijk
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alan Ashworth
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Klaus Rostgaard
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Richard S Houlston
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
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28
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Mechanisms of aberrant GATA3 expression in classical Hodgkin lymphoma and its consequences for the cytokine profile of Hodgkin and Reed/Sternberg cells. Blood 2010; 116:4202-11. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-01-265827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The transcription factor network in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) represents a unique composition of proteins found in no other hematopoietic cell. Among these factors, an aberrant expression of the T-cell transcription factor GATA3 is observed in B cell–derived Hodgkin and Reed/Sternberg (HRS) tumor cells. Herein, we elucidate the regulation and function of this factor in HL. We demonstrate binding of NFκB and Notch-1, 2 factors with deregulated activity in HL to GATA3 promoter elements. Interference with NFκB and Notch-1 activity led to decreased GATA3 expression, indicating a dependency of deregulated GATA3 expression on these transcription factors. Down-regulation of GATA3 in HL cell lines demonstrated its role in the regulation of IL-5, IL-13, STAT4, and other genes. A correlation between GATA3 and IL-13 expression was confirmed for HRS cells in HL tissues. Thus, GATA3 shapes the cytokine expression and signaling that is typical of HL. Conclusively, aberrant GATA3 expression in HRS cells is stimulated by the deregulated constitutive activity of NFκB and Notch-1, indicating a complex network of deregulated transcription factors in these cells. GATA3 activity significantly contributes to the typical cytokine secretion of and signaling in HRS cells, which presumably plays an essential role in HL pathogenesis.
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29
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Smuk G, Illés A, Keresztes K, Kereskai L, Márton B, Nagy Z, Lacza A, Pajor L. Pheno- and genotypic features of Epstein-Barr virus associated B-cell lymphoproliferations in peripheral T-cell lymphomas. Pathol Oncol Res 2009; 16:377-83. [PMID: 20016960 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-009-9233-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Among the 300 peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL) searched for EBV positive non-resting B-cells by EBER in situ hybridization 12 have been identified with various forms of EBV-driven B-cell proliferation. This could be categorized into three major forms. i. In the first form scattered immature, mononuclear B-cells of immuno-, centroblastic type with CD20+. CD30+ CD45+, LMP1+ phenotype, reactive appearance and polyclonal immunoglobulin heavy chains gene rearrangement (IgH-R) were admixed to the PTCL cells. ii. The second form mimicked diffuse large B-cell lymphoma as homogenous sheets, largely demarcated from the PTCL, of mononuclear, immature B-cell of CD20+, CD30+, CD45+, LMP1+, EBNA-2+ phenotype but with lack of monoclonal IgH-R were present. iii. In the third form scattered Hodgkin-Reed-Sternberg (HRS) type of cells were noticed which exhibited the CD15+/-, CD20-/+, CD30+, CD45-, LMP1+, EBNA-2- phenotype and in 50% showed clonal IgH gene rearrangement in whole tissue DNA extract. The IgH associated transcription factors' (OCT2, BOB.1/OBF.1, PU.1) expression patterns in these cells corresponded to those of HRS cells in cHL. Based on analysis of 65 PTCLs, we have identified in the positive cases a highly significant increase of EBV+ small, reactive, resting B-cell compartment (75.9 / 100 HPF in PTCL vs. 1.5 / 100 HPF in control lymph nodes) likely to be due to the decreased immune surveillance. This progressive accumulation of EBV+ by-stander B-cell population in PTCLs might be the source of various B-cell proliferations, which in any form represent major diagnostic pitfalls and require a careful differential diagnostic procedure.
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MESH Headings
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- B-Lymphocytes/virology
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/complications
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/immunology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/pathology
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Genotype
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/immunology
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/immunology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/pathology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/virology
- Phenotype
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Smuk
- Department of Pathology, University of Pécs Medical Center, 12 Szigeti St., Pécs, Hungary
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30
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Yuan J, Cao AL, Yu M, Lin QW, Yu X, Zhang JH, Wang M, Guo HP, Liao YH. Th17 Cells Facilitate the Humoral Immune Response in Patients with Acute Viral Myocarditis. J Clin Immunol 2009; 30:226-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-009-9355-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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31
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Mani H, Jaffe ES. Hodgkin lymphoma: an update on its biology with new insights into classification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 9:206-16. [PMID: 19525189 DOI: 10.3816/clm.2009.n.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, there has been a greater understanding of the spectrum and biology of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). In standard texts, HL is classified as 2 distinct entities, namely nodular lymphocyte-predominant HL and classical HL (CHL). However, recent evidence suggests that CHL is not a single disease. Although the mixed cellularity and lymphocyte-depleted subtypes might be part of a biologic continuum, the nodular sclerosis subtype has a distinct epidemiology, clinical presentation, and histology. Nodular sclerosis HL might also be related to primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma and mediastinal gray-zone lymphomas. We present an update on the pathobiology of HL and discuss these biologic and clinical differences in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haresh Mani
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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32
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Differential Genetic and Functional Markers of Second Neoplasias in Hodgkin's Disease Patients. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:4823-8. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-3224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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Birgersdotter A, Baumforth KRN, Porwit A, Sundblad A, Falk KI, Wei W, Sjöberg J, Murray PG, Björkholm M, Ernberg I. Three-dimensional culturing of the Hodgkin lymphoma cell-line L1236 induces a HL tissue-like gene expression pattern. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 48:2042-53. [DOI: 10.1080/10428190701573190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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34
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Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines are characterized by a specific miRNA expression profile. Neoplasia 2009; 11:167-76. [PMID: 19177201 DOI: 10.1593/neo.08980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is derived from preapoptotic germinal center B cells, although a general loss of B cell phenotype is noted. Using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and miRNA microarray, we determined the microRNA (miRNA) profile of HL and compared this with the profile of a panel of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. The two methods showed a strong correlation for the detection of miRNA expression levels. The HL-specific miRNA included miR-17-92 cluster members, miR-16, miR-21, miR-24, and miR-155. Using a large panel of cell lines, we found differential expression between HL and other B-cell lymphoma-derived cell lines for 27 miRNA. A significant down-regulation in HL compared to non-Hodgkin lymphoma was observed only for miR-150. Next, we performed target gene validation of predicted target genes for miR-155, which is highly expressed in HL and is differentially expressed between HL and Burkitt lymphoma. Using luciferase reporter assays, we validated 11 predicted miR-155 target genes in three different HL cell lines. We demonstrated that AGTR1, FGF7, ZNF537, ZIC3, and IKBKE are true miR-155 target genes in HL.
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35
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Schreck S, Friebel D, Buettner M, Distel L, Grabenbauer G, Young LS, Niedobitek G. Prognostic impact of tumour-infiltrating Th2 and regulatory T cells in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Hematol Oncol 2009; 27:31-9. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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36
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Ma Y, Visser L, Blokzijl T, Harms G, Atayar C, Poppema S, van den Berg A. The CD4+CD26- T-cell population in classical Hodgkin's lymphoma displays a distinctive regulatory T-cell profile. J Transl Med 2008; 88:482-90. [PMID: 18362907 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2008.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the gene expression profile and significance of the rosetting CD4+CD26- T cells in classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (cHL). To characterize these T cells, CD4+CD26- and CD4+CD26+ T-cell populations were sorted from lymph node (LN) cell suspensions from nodular sclerosis HL (NSHL) and reactive LNs. mRNA profiles of stimulated and resting cell subsets were evaluated with quantitative RT-PCR for 46 genes. We observed a higher percentage of CD4+CD26- T cells in NSHL than in reactive LNs. The resting CD4+CD26- T cells in NSHL showed higher mRNA levels of CD25, CTLA4, OX40 and CCR4 compared with in LNs, supporting a regulatory T-cell (Treg) type, and this was validated by immunohistochemistry. Moreover, these cells showed low or no expression of the Th1- or Th2-related cytokines IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-13, IL-12B, IL-4, and IL-5, and the chemoattractant receptor CRTH2. Besides Tregs, Th17 cells may exist in NSHL based on the significantly higher IL-17 mRNA level for both T-cell populations in NSHL. Upon stimulation in vitro, lack of upregulation of mRNA levels of most cytokine genes indicated an anergic character for the CD4+CD26- T-cell subset. Anergy fits with the Treg profile of these cells, probably explaining the immunosuppressive mechanism involved in NSHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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37
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Aberrant expression of Notch1 interferes with the B-lymphoid phenotype of neoplastic B cells in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Leukemia 2008; 22:1587-94. [PMID: 18449208 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2008.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Plasticity of committed mouse B cells has been demonstrated by inactivation of the B-cell commitment transcription factor PAX5, resulting in loss of the B-cell phenotype and differentiation into various hematopoietic lineages. Furthermore, mature mouse B cells could be reprogrammed into macrophages by overexpression of myeloid-specific transcription factors. Here, we report that aberrant activity of the transmembrane receptor, Notch1, interferes with the B-lymphoid phenotype of mature human germinal center-derived B cells in Hodgkin lymphoma, so called Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells. They have lost the B-cell phenotype despite their mature B-cell origin. Notch1 remodels the B-cell transcription factor network by antagonizing the key transcription factors E2A and early B-cell factor (EBF). Through this mechanism, B lineage-specific genes were suppressed and B lineage-inappropriate genes were induced. We provide evidence that absence of the Notch inhibitor Deltex1 contributes to deregulated Notch activity in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells. These data suggest that Notch activation interferes with dedifferentiation of neoplastic B cells in Hodgkin lymphoma.
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38
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IL-21 is expressed in Hodgkin lymphoma and activates STAT5: evidence that activated STAT5 is required for Hodgkin lymphomagenesis. Blood 2008; 111:4706-15. [PMID: 18296629 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-08-105643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a malignant disorder characterized by the presence of neoplastic mononucleated Hodgkin and multinucleated Reed-Sternberg cells. Here, we show that both the interleukin (IL)-21 receptor as well as IL-21 are expressed by HL cells. IL-21 activates signal transducer of activation and transcription 3 (STAT3) and STAT5 in HL cell lines and activated human B cells. Ectopic expression of constitutively active STAT5 in primary human B cells resulted in immortalized B cells that have lost the B-cell phenotype and strongly resembled HL cells, which could partially be rescued by ectopic expression of the B cell-determining transcription factor E47. Data from experiments using reporter assays and overexpression of constitutively active IKK2 support the hypothesis that the STAT5 and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathways collaborate in HL genesis.
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39
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Mathas S. The Pathogenesis of Classical Hodgkin's Lymphoma: A Model for B-Cell Plasticity. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2007; 21:787-804. [PMID: 17908620 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2007.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that differentiated lymphoid cells can display a broad developmental potential and might even differentiate into other cell types. Recent data implicate such processes in the pathogenesis of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). In the malignant, B cell-derived Hodgkin's and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells of HL the expression of B cell-specific genes is lost, and B lineage-inappropriate genes are up-regulated. Experimental evidence has been presented in recent years that functional disruption of the B lineage-specific transcription factor program contributes to this process. HRS cells might be reprogrammed into cells resembling undifferentiated progenitor cells, which might offer an explanation for the unique HL phenotype and demonstrate a high degree of plasticity of human lymphoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Mathas
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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40
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Jöhrens K, Stein H, Anagnostopoulos I. T-bet Transcription Factor Detection Facilitates the Diagnosis of Minimal Hairy Cell Leukemia Infiltrates in Bone Marrow Trephines. Am J Surg Pathol 2007; 31:1181-5. [PMID: 17667540 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e318031045b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of minimal infiltration by hairy cell leukemia (HCL) cells in bone marrow trephines is challenging as its differentiation from interstitially distributed infiltrates of reactive B cells and small B-cell lymphomas other than HCL is difficult or impossible. The diagnostic utility of DBA.44, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and of the recently propagated Annexin A1 is limited in this diagnostic setting since DBA.44 does not always label all HCL cells, TRAP is frequently weakly expressed whereas the numerous Annexin A1-positive hematopoietic cells interfere with the immunohistochemical recognition of sparse HCL cells. Therefore, we searched for antibodies suitable for the identification of minimal HCL infiltrates in formalin-fixed bone marrow trephines. Among the antibodies tested those directed against the T-cell associated transcription factor T-bet showed the required specificity: (1) T-bet is highly expressed in all 85 cases of HCL including 31 cases showing only minimal infiltrates, and (2) T-bet is exclusively expressed only on a subset of reactive T cells which are rare in bone marrow. Although T-bet is also weakly expressed in a proportion of the tumor cells of some small B-cell lymphomas (n=32/69) other than HCL, a reliable distinction is nevertheless easily possible because (1) T-bet is strongly expressed by all hairy cells of all HCL cases and (2) T-bet is not coexpressed in HCL with markers typical for other small B-cell lymphomas/leukemias (ie, CD23, CD5, CD10, and/or BCL6). Therefore, the immunohistochemical detection of T-bet in infiltrated bone marrow trephines represents an important adjunct for the diagnosis of HCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korinna Jöhrens
- Consultation and Reference Center for Hematopathology at the Institute of Pathology, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
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41
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Abstract
The transcription factors (TFs) that controls the intricate machinery of multistep differentiation and activation programs of the lymphoid system, represent a complex array of proteins, whose identification and function has only in part been completed. TFs are usually expressed during specific differentiation or activation cellular programs, making them interesting tools in diagnostic immunohistochemistry. In fact, the specificity of some of these TFs for lineage or activation/differentiation passages or their abnormal expression in specific disease entity, represents a feature that has been exploited in diagnostic/prognostic immunohistochemistry. Bcl-6 was the prototype of this class of markers. Currently, the expanding knowledge of the TFs involved in the differentiation programs and in the activation processes of T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte in normal and neoplastic conditions and the availability of antibodies able to efficiently recognize these TFs in histologic material, represent a powerful tool in diagnostic hematopathology. In this review we will consider the basic biologic aspects and the applications in hematopathology of some of the lymphocyte-related TFs, including Pax5/BSAB, MUM1/IRF4, BOB1, Oct-2, T-bet, and FOXP3. This field is rapidly evolving, as witnessed by the ongoing growing number of novel TFs with possible diagnostic applications appearing in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurilio Ponzoni
- Pathology Unit, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
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Atayar C, van den Berg A, Blokzijl T, Boot M, Gascoyne RD, Visser L, Poppema S. Hodgkin's lymphoma associated T-cells exhibit a transcription factor profile consistent with distinct lymphoid compartments. J Clin Pathol 2006; 60:1092-7. [PMID: 17158640 PMCID: PMC2014845 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2006.044222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) is characterised by an ineffective immune response that is predominantly mediated by CD4+ T-cells. AIMS To analyse the expression of the key regulatory T-cell transcription factors (TFs) in the T-cells of HL involved tissues in order to assess the nature of the T(H) immune response in HL. METHODS AND RESULTS By immunohistochemistry, GATA3 was strongly and T-bet exclusively expressed in a subset of interfollicular lymphocytes in the reactive lymphoid tissues. In classical HL (CHL), which is generally located in the interfollicular zones, a predominance of T-bet+ T-cells and lesser amounts of GATA3+ and c-Maf+ T-cells was found, concordant with the pattern of the normal interfollicular compartment. In reactive lymphoid tissues, c-Maf was observed mostly in T-lymphocytes within the germinal centres (GCs). Nodular lymphocyte predominance type of Hodgkin's lymphoma (NLPHL) and progressively transformed germinal centres cases, showed a majority of c-Maf+ T-cells, consistent with the pattern in normal GCs. NLPHL cases uniformly showed c-Maf+/CD57+ T-cell rosettes around the neoplastic cells; these rosettes were absent in "paragranuloma-type" T-cell/histiocyte rich B-cell lymphoma. CONCLUSIONS T-cell TF expression profiles of the reactive T-cells in both subtypes of HL are in accordance with the expression profile observed in the distinct lymphoid compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Atayar
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, The Netherlands
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Tzankov A, Dirnhofer S. Pathobiology of Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma. Pathobiology 2006; 73:107-25. [PMID: 17085956 DOI: 10.1159/000095558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization has acknowledged the malignant nature of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), which encompasses four histological subtypes. The diagnosis of cHL is based on the detection of malignant Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells (HRSC) confirmed by immunophenotyping and the detection of growth patterns specific to each histological subtype. The pathologic HRSC arise from germinal center or immediate postgerminal cells that lack detectable immunoglobulin/B-cell antigen receptor expression, with a consequent loss of B-cell identity; very few cHL cases are of T-cell origin. To escape apoptosis, which normally occurs in B cells with nonfunctioning antigen receptor machinery, HRSC develop concurrent antiapoptotic mechanisms by activation of nuclear factor-kappaB or are rescued by Epstein-Barr virus infection. HRSC are characterized by a variable and inconstant immunophenotype, with a remarkable loss of lineage-specific cell antigens and expression of antigens of other cell lineages. The master plan of B-cell identity in HRSC is disturbed not only at the immunoglobulin expression level, but also at the transcriptional factor level. HRSC are further characterized by profound cell cycle deregulation with futile replication, multinucleation and poly- and aneuploidy. Here, we review pathobiological aspects of cHL with respect to lymphomagenesis and routine diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandar Tzankov
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Atayar C, Poppema S, Visser L, van den Berg A. Cytokine gene expression profile distinguishes CD4+/CD57+ T cells of the nodular lymphocyte predominance type of Hodgkin's lymphoma from their tonsillar counterparts. J Pathol 2006; 208:423-30. [PMID: 16353293 DOI: 10.1002/path.1894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the cytokine profile of nodular lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin's lymphoma (NLPHL) and the significance of the characteristic rosetting CD4(+)/CD57(+) T cells. We analysed the T lymphocyte populations isolated from lymph node suspensions from five patients with NLPHL, two with follicular hyperplasia and progressive transformation of germinal centres (PTGC), three with classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (CHL) and five with hyperplasia of the tonsil. We sorted the T cells based on expression of CD3, CD4 and CD57 by flow cytometry and evaluated the cytokine mRNA profiles of the T cells with quantitative RT-PCR. NLPHL cases were as rich in T cells as the CHL cases, but all NLPHL cases had a much higher frequency of CD4(+)/CD57(+) T cells. In contrast to the CD4(+)/CD57(+) T cells from tonsils, IL2 and IL4 mRNAs were consistently absent from the CD4(+)/CD57(+) T cells of NLPHL. Even after stimulation, no IL4 transcripts could be detected in the CD4(+)/CD57(+) T cells of NLPHL. On the other hand, IFNgamma transcripts were elevated in NLPHL and PTGC T cell subsets as compared to tonsillar T cell subsets. IL13 mRNA was exclusively produced by the T cells of CHL cases, indicating that IL13 may be a key cytokine in CHL. In conclusion, elevated levels of CD4(+)/CD57(+) T cells are characteristic of NLPHL and these T cells display a distinct cytokine mRNA profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Atayar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
AbstractReclassification of Hodgkin disease as Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) represents a milestone in the lymphoma field, awarding recent insights in the molecular biology of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (H-RS) cells and their environment. This review summarizes antiapoptotic and proproliferative pathways involved in the pathogenesis of this disease with the ultimate goal of translating laboratory knowledge into clinical decision making. The focus is on potential targets and novel drugs, which are discussed in the context of the complex biology of HL. Considering that HL patients are more likely to die from acute and late treatment-related toxicities than from HL itself, the introduction of targeted, biologically based therapies for HL patients with palliative and eventually curative intention might be justified. (Blood. 2005;105:4553-4560)
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Poppema S. Immunobiology and pathophysiology of Hodgkin lymphomas. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2005:231-8. [PMID: 16304386 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2005.1.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells, which are transformed post-germinal center B cells destined for apoptosis since they have not undergone successful immunoglobulin gene rearrangement. Several mechanisms, including latent infection by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), allow these cells to survive. It is remarkable that many of the signaling pathways that promote survival are shared between the EBV-induced proteins, such as EBNA1, LMP1, and LMP2, and other molecules that are upregulated in RS cells. A key role is played by the presence of constitutive nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, which is induced by LMP1, as well as by CD30, CD40, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and Notch1 interactions, and results in the upregulation of at least 45 genes including chemokines, cytokines, receptors, apoptotic regulators, intracellular signaling molecules, and transcription factors. The other characteristic of classical HL is the presence of an extensive inflammatory infiltrate. Key features of this infiltrate are that it comprises Th2 and T regulatory cells and generally lacks Th1 cells, CD8 cytotoxic T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. The RS cells appear to induce this infiltrate by the secretion of Th2 type chemokines such as TARC and MDC. The RS cells also produce cytokines that inhibit Th1 responses, as interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta express CD95 ligand, which induces apoptosis of activated Th1 and CD8 T cells. Other important mechanisms that allow the RS cells to escape an effective anti-EBV immune response include the downregulation of HLA class I in EBV-negative cases or the presence of a polymorphism in HLA class I in EBV-positive cases that allow escape from CD8-mediated cytotoxicity. On the other hand, expression of HLA-G allows the escape from NK cells that would normally recognize the HLA class I-negative RS cells. Overall, the cellular infiltrate in HL appears to play a decisive role in allowing the RS cells to survive by providing an environment that suppresses cytotoxic immune responses and providing cellular interactions and cytokines that support the growth and survival of RS cells. Future therapeutic strategies could focus directly on the NF-kappaB activation, on various receptors to ligand interactions, on the chemokine and cytokine network, or on the induction of effective anti-EBV latent protein immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibrand Poppema
- University of Groningen Medical Center, De Brug Rm. 9.14, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands.
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