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Mesdaghi S, Price RM, Madine J, Rigden DJ. Deep Learning-based structure modelling illuminates structure and function in uncharted regions of β-solenoid fold space. J Struct Biol 2023; 215:108010. [PMID: 37544372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2023.108010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Repeat proteins are common in all domains of life and exhibit a wide range of functions. One class of repeat protein contains solenoid folds where the repeating unit consists of β-strands separated by tight turns. β-solenoids have distinguishing structural features such as handedness, twist, oligomerisation state, coil shape and size which give rise to their diversity. Characterised β-solenoid repeat proteins are known to form regions in bacterial and viral virulence factors, antifreeze proteins and functional amyloids. For many of these proteins, the experimental structure has not been solved, as they are difficult to crystallise or model. Here we use various deep learning-based structure-modelling methods to discover novel predicted β-solenoids, perform structural database searches to mine further structural neighbours and relate their predicted structure to possible functions. We find both eukaryotic and prokaryotic adhesins, confirming a known functional linkage between adhesin function and the β-solenoid fold. We further identify exceptionally long, flat β-solenoid folds as possible structures of mucin tandem repeat regions and unprecedentedly small β-solenoid structures. Additionally, we characterise a novel β-solenoid coil shape, the FapC Greek key β-solenoid as well as plausible complexes between it and other proteins involved in Pseudomonas functional amyloid fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Mesdaghi
- The University of Liverpool, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom; Computational Biology Facility, MerseyBio, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca M Price
- The University of Liverpool, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Jillian Madine
- The University of Liverpool, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom.
| | - Daniel J Rigden
- The University of Liverpool, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom.
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2
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Siriwardena D, Boroviak TE. Evolutionary divergence of embryo implantation in primates. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210256. [PMID: 36252209 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Implantation of the conceptus into the uterus is absolutely essential for successful embryo development. In humans, our understanding of this process has remained rudimentary owing to the inaccessibility of early implantation stages. Non-human primates recapitulate many aspects of human embryo development and provide crucial insights into trophoblast development, uterine receptivity and embryo invasion. Moreover, primate species exhibit a variety of implantation strategies and differ in embryo invasion depths. This review examines conservation and divergence of the key processes required for embryo implantation in different primates and in comparison with the canonical rodent model. We discuss trophectoderm compartmentalization, endometrial remodelling and embryo adhesion and invasion. Finally, we propose that studying the mechanism controlling invasion depth between different primate species may provide new insights and treatment strategies for placentation disorders in humans. This article is part of the theme issue 'Extraembryonic tissues: exploring concepts, definitions and functions across the animal kingdom'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Siriwardena
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.,Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.,Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Thorsten E Boroviak
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.,Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.,Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
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3
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Davis PJ, Mousa SA, Lin HY. Nongenomic Actions of Thyroid Hormone: The Integrin Component. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:319-352. [PMID: 32584192 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular domain of plasma membrane integrin αvβ3 contains a cell surface receptor for thyroid hormone analogues. The receptor is largely expressed and activated in tumor cells and rapidly dividing endothelial cells. The principal ligand for this receptor is l-thyroxine (T4), usually regarded only as a prohormone for 3,5,3'-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3), the hormone analogue that expresses thyroid hormone in the cell nucleus via nuclear receptors that are unrelated structurally to integrin αvβ3. At the integrin receptor for thyroid hormone, T4 regulates cancer and endothelial cell division, tumor cell defense pathways (such as anti-apoptosis), and angiogenesis and supports metastasis, radioresistance, and chemoresistance. The molecular mechanisms involve signal transduction via mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, differential expression of multiple genes related to the listed cell processes, and regulation of activities of other cell surface proteins, such as vascular growth factor receptors. Tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac) is derived from T4 and competes with binding of T4 to the integrin. In the absence of T4, tetrac and chemically modified tetrac also have anticancer effects that culminate in altered gene transcription. Tumor xenografts are arrested by unmodified and chemically modified tetrac. The receptor requires further characterization in terms of contributions to nonmalignant cells, such as platelets and phagocytes. The integrin αvβ3 receptor for thyroid hormone offers a large panel of cellular actions that are relevant to cancer biology and that may be regulated by tetrac derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Davis
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, New York; Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York; Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; and Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center of Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shaker A Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, New York; Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York; Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; and Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center of Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yun Lin
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, New York; Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York; Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; and Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center of Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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4
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Hu H, Xu L, Chen Y, Luo SJ, Wu YZ, Xu SH, Liu MT, Lin F, Mei Y, Yang Q, Qiang YY, Lin YW, Deng YJ, Lin T, Sha YQ, Huang BJ, Zhang SJ. The Upregulation of Trophinin-Associated Protein (TROAP) Predicts a Poor Prognosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Cancer 2019; 10:957-967. [PMID: 30854102 PMCID: PMC6400818 DOI: 10.7150/jca.26666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Trophinin-associated protein (TROAP) is a cytoplasmic protein that plays a significant role in the processes of embryo transplantation and microtubule regulation. However, the relevant survival analysis and cancer progression analysis have not yet been reported. Methods: Eighteen matched pairs of tumor and adjacent non-tumor samples were evaluated to detect the TROAP mRNA level. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to evaluate the TROAP expression in 108 hepatocellular carcinoma patients who underwent surgical resection. Meanwhile, data from the TCGA database was statistically evaluated. Results: In the present study, we detected a significant increase in the TROAP mRNA level in tumor tissues when compared with adjacent non-tumor tissues. Moreover, the upregulation of TROAP was associated with increased serum AFP and GGT; the greater the tumor number was, the larger the tumor size, differentiation grade, and cancer embolus in clinical analysis. In HCC patients, elevated TROAP expression in the primary tumor was positively related to clinical severity, such as poor overall survival and disease-free survival. In addition, both univariate and multivariate survival analysis validated that TROAP expression was a promising independent risk factor for overall survival and disease-free survival in HCC patients. Furthermore, the results derived from the analysis of data from the TCGA database were consistent with previous results. Altogether, our results show that TROAP is a novel crucial regulator of HCC progression and is a potential therapeutic biomarker for HCC patients. Conclusions: Elevated TROAP expression predicted a poor prognosis, and TROAP may serve as a potential biomarker for application in oncotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Liang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Chinese Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Shao-Ju Luo
- Department of Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Zi Wu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Hua Xu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Ting Liu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Fen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Yan Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Qin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - You-Wu Lin
- Department of Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Jiang Deng
- Department of Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Tong Lin
- Department of Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Qiang Sha
- Department of Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Bi-Jun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Jun Zhang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
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5
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Peng Q, Yue C, Chen ACH, Lee KC, Fong SW, Yeung WSB, Lee YL. Connexin 43 is involved in early differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Differentiation 2019; 105:33-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Dolanbay EG, Yardimoglu M, Yalcinkaya E, Yazir Y, Aksoy A, Karaoz E, Caliskan E. Expression of trophinin and dipeptidyl peptidase IV in endometrial co-culture in the presence of an embryo: A comparative immunocytochemical study. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:3961-8. [PMID: 27035766 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent implantation failure leads to a reduced pregnancy rate. The expression patterns of trophinin and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD26) indicate the involvement of embryo implantation and early placental development. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate endometrial co‑culture cells in the presence of embryo with trophinin and CD26 immunofluorescence staining. Patients with recurrent implantation failure were enrolled in the present study. The patients were aged between 26 and 36 years. Co‑cultures were prepared from endometrial biopsies for each patient. Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation was performed on each of the patients. Certain embryos were maintained in a conventional culture environment (n=80), and others in an endometrial co‑culture environment (n=25). Following embryo transfer, the co‑culture cells were examined under an inverted wide‑field fluorescence microscope. The ratio of a successful pregnancy was 0.38 in the present study (n=5/13 pregnancies). The average age of the successful group (28±3.54 years) was younger compared with the unsuccessful (32.67±2.81) group (P≤0.05). The number of trophinin (+) endometrial cells in the presence of an embryo was significantly lower (P=0.046) in the successful group on the first day. No significant difference between the groups was observed in terms of the number of CD26 (+) cells on the first to the fourth days (P≤0.05). Trophinin and CD26 immunostaining is important in the early period of pregnancy, and it will be beneficial in terms of providing the deficit of conventional culture medium in performed studies with the endometrial co‑culture medium. The co‑culture may be important, particularly in the early period, in patients with recurrent implantation failure in terms of enabling a connection between the cells belonging to the endometrium and the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Gelenli Dolanbay
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Campus of Umuttepe, Kocaeli 41380, Turkey
| | - Melda Yardimoglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Campus of Umuttepe, Kocaeli 41380, Turkey
| | - Ender Yalcinkaya
- Training and Research Hospital, IVF Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Campus of Umuttepe, Kocaeli 41380, Turkey
| | - Yusufhan Yazir
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Campus of Umuttepe, Kocaeli 41380, Turkey
| | - Ayca Aksoy
- Center of Stem Cell and Gene Therapies Research and Practice, Kocaeli University, Campus of Umuttepe, Kocaeli 41380, Turkey
| | - Erdal Karaoz
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research and Manufacturing (LivMedCell), Liv Hospital, İstanbul 34340, Turkey
| | - Eray Caliskan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Bahçeşehir University, İstanbul 34353, Turkey
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7
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So KH, Kodithuwakku SP, Kottawatta KS, Li RH, Chiu PC, Cheung AN, Ng EH, Yeung WS, Lee KF. Human chorionic gonadotropin stimulates spheroid attachment on fallopian tube epithelial cells through the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and down-regulation of olfactomedin-1. Fertil Steril 2015; 104:474-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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8
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Kamigaito T, Okaneya T, Kawakubo M, Shimojo H, Nishizawa O, Nakayama J. Overexpression of O-GlcNAc by prostate cancer cells is significantly associated with poor prognosis of patients. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2013; 17:18-22. [PMID: 24366413 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2013.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a glycan essential for fundamental cellular processes such as transcription/translation, nuclear transport, protein stability and protein-protein interactions. However, the role of O-GlcNAc in prostate cancer progression of patients remains poorly unknown. Here we investigated the clinicopathological significance of O-GlcNAc expression level in prostate cancer. METHODS O-GlcNAc expression level in prostate cancer cells was determined by immunohistochemistry of prostate biopsy specimens obtained from 56 patients later treated with hormone deprivation therapy comparing with adjacent normal prostate glands in the same sections. Overall survival was determined by the Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards methods with univariate and multivariate models. The effects of reduced O-GlcNAc expression level on proliferation and invasion of prostate cancer LNCaP cells were examined using small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), the enzyme responsible for O-GlcNAc biosynthesis. RESULTS Defining cancer cells showing stronger cytoplasmic staining than normal prostate glands as overexpression of O-GlcNAc, 39% of prostate cancer patients were categorized as overexpression. The Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards methods with univariate model analysis revealed that O-GlcNAc overexpression was associated with overall survival (P=0.0012 for the Kaplan-Meier and P=0.0021 for Cox univariate hazard model analysis). Furthermore, O-GlcNAc was the only item in which a significant difference was observed at overall survival by multivariate analysis (P=0.0475). Finally, siRNA-mediated OGT knockdown in LNCaP cells resulted in decreased expression of O-GlcNAc and promoted decreased proliferation and tumor cell invasion compared with control siRNA-transfected LNCaP cells. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that O-GlcNAc expression level in prostate cancer cells is associated with poor prognosis of prostate cancer patients and likely enhances tumor cell proliferation and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kamigaito
- 1] Department of Urology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan [2] Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan [3] Department of Urology, Nagano Municipal Hospital, Nagano, Japan
| | - T Okaneya
- Department of Urology, Nagano Municipal Hospital, Nagano, Japan
| | - M Kawakubo
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - H Shimojo
- Department of Pathology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - O Nishizawa
- Department of Urology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - J Nakayama
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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Jowicz AP, Brown JK, McDonald SE, Shaw JLV, Critchley HOD, Horne AW. Characterization of the temporal and spatial expression of a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 in the human endometrium and fallopian tube. Reprod Sci 2013; 20:1321-6. [PMID: 23585341 DOI: 10.1177/1933719113485289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Metalloproteinases are thought to mediate shedding of mucins from the endometrium surface, exposing oligosaccharide ligands involved in implantation. We hypothesized that a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) is upregulated during the "window of implantation" in human endometrium but not in fallopian tube (FT) where implantation is pathological. Endometrial and FT expression of ADAM17 throughout the menstrual cycle was determined using quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. The ADAM17 transcription was significantly downregulated (P < .01) during the early-midsecretory phase in the endometrium but not in the FT. The ADAM17 was localized to the surface of epithelial cells and was also detected in the endometrial stroma during the late luteal and proliferative phase of the cycle. Physiological levels of estradiol significantly (P < .05) upregulated ADAM17 transcription in vitro. Our observations do not support the role of ADAM17 in shedding of mucins during the window of implantation. The precise role of ADAM17 in the female reproductive tract requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Jowicz
- 1MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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10
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Zhang S, Lin H, Kong S, Wang S, Wang H, Wang H, Armant DR. Physiological and molecular determinants of embryo implantation. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:939-80. [PMID: 23290997 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Embryo implantation involves the intimate interaction between an implantation-competent blastocyst and a receptive uterus, which occurs in a limited time period known as the window of implantation. Emerging evidence shows that defects originating during embryo implantation induce ripple effects with adverse consequences on later gestation events, highlighting the significance of this event for pregnancy success. Although a multitude of cellular events and molecular pathways involved in embryo-uterine crosstalk during implantation have been identified through gene expression studies and genetically engineered mouse models, a comprehensive understanding of the nature of embryo implantation is still missing. This review focuses on recent progress with particular attention to physiological and molecular determinants of blastocyst activation, uterine receptivity, blastocyst attachment and uterine decidualization. A better understanding of underlying mechanisms governing embryo implantation should generate new strategies to rectify implantation failure and improve pregnancy rates in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
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11
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Park SK, Yoon J, Wang L, Shibata TK, Motamedchaboki K, Shim KJ, Chang MS, Lee SH, Tamura N, Hatakeyama S, Nadano D, Sugihara K, Fukuda MN. Enhancement of mouse sperm motility by trophinin-binding peptide. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2012; 10. [PMID: 23194061 PMCID: PMC3551822 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-10-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trophinin is an intrinsic membrane protein that forms a complex in the cytoplasm with bystin and tastin, linking it microtubule-associated motor dynein (ATPase) in some cell types. Previously, we found that human sperm tails contain trophinin, bystin and tastin proteins, and that trophinin-binding GWRQ (glycine, tryptophan, arginine, glutamine) peptide enhanced motility of human sperm. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was employed to determine trophinin protein in mouse spermatozoa from wild type mouse, by using spermatozoa from trophinin null mutant mice as a negative control. Multivalent 8-branched GWRQ (glycine, tryptophan, arginine, glutamine) peptide or GWRQ-MAPS, was chemically synthesized, purified by HPLC and its structure was confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Effect of GWRQ-MAPS on mouse spermatozoa from wild type and trophinin null mutant was assessed by a computer-assisted semen analyzer (CASA). RESULTS Anti-trophinin antibody stained the principal (central) piece of the tail of wild type mouse sperm, whereas the antibody showed no staining on trophinin null sperm. Phage particles displaying GWRQ bound to the principal piece of sperm tail from wild type but not trophinin null mice. GWRQ-MAPS enhanced motility of spermatozoa from wild type but not trophinin null mice. CASA showed that GWRQ-MAPS enhanced both progressive motility and rapid motility in wild type mouse sperm. CONCLUSIONS Present study established the expression of trophinin in the mouse sperm tail and trophinin-dependent effect of GWRQ-MAPS on sperm motility. GWRQ causes a significant increase in sperm motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Kyu Park
- Tumor Microenvironment Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Prescriptionology, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Yoon
- Tumor Microenvironment Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Prescriptionology, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ling Wang
- Tumor Microenvironment Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Toshiaki K Shibata
- Tumor Microenvironment Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Khatereh Motamedchaboki
- Tumor Microenvironment Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kyung Jun Shim
- Tumor Microenvironment Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Prescriptionology, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun Seog Chang
- Department of Prescriptionology, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ho Lee
- Tumor Microenvironment Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Naoaki Tamura
- Tumor Microenvironment Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Shingo Hatakeyama
- Tumor Microenvironment Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Urology, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Daita Nadano
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sugihara
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Michiko N Fukuda
- Tumor Microenvironment Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Strakovsky RS, Pan YX. In utero oxidative stress epigenetically programs antioxidant defense capacity and adulthood diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:237-53. [PMID: 22035055 PMCID: PMC6918535 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Maternal health and diet during gestation are critical for predicting fetal outcomes, both immediately at birth and in adulthood. While epigenetic modifications have previously been tightly linked to carcinogenesis, recent advances in the field have suggested that numerous adulthood diseases, including those characteristic of metabolic syndrome, could be programmed in utero in response to maternal exposures, and these "programmable" diseases are associated with epigenetic modifications of vital genes. RECENT ADVANCES While little is currently known about the epigenetic regulation of the antioxidant (AOX) defense system, several studies in animals show that AOX defense capacity may be programmed in utero, making it likely that the critical genes involved in this pathway are epigenetically regulated, either by DNA methylation or by the modification of histone tails. CRITICAL ISSUES This article presents the most current knowledge of the in utero regulation of the AOX defense capacity, and will specifically focus on the potential epigenetic regulation of this system in response to various in utero exposures or stimuli. The ability to appropriately respond to oxidative stress is critical for the health and survival of any organism, and the potential programming of this capacity may provide a link between the in utero environment and the tendency of certain individuals to be more susceptible toward disease stimuli in their postnatal environments. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We sincerely hope that future studies which result in a deeper understanding of the in utero programming of the epigenome will lead to novel and effective therapies for the treatment of epigenetically linked diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita S Strakovsky
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Shao R, Wang X, Weijdegård B, Norström A, Fernandez-Rodriguez J, Brännström M, Billig H. Coordinate regulation of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein dynamics by steroid hormones in the human fallopian tube and endometrium in vivo and in vitro. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E1269-82. [PMID: 22436695 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00673.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs), which are chromatin-associated RNA-binding proteins, participate in mRNA stability, transport, intracellular localization, and translation by acting as transacting factors. Several studies have shown that steroid hormones can regulate hnRNP expression. However, to date, the regulation of hnRNPs and their interactions with steroid hormone signaling in fallopian tubes and endometrium are not fully elucidated. In the present study, we determined whether hnRNP expression is regulated during the menstrual cycle and correlates with estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) levels in human fallopian tubes in vivo. Because of the limited availability of human tubal tissues for the research, we also explored the mechanisms of hnRNP regulation in human endometrium in vitro. Fallopian tissue was obtained from patients in the early, late, and postovulatory phases and the midsecretory phase and endometrial tissue from premenopausal and postmenopausal women undergoing hysterectomy. We measured expression of hnRNPs and assessed their intracellular localization and interactions with ERs and PRs. We also determined the effects of human chorionic gonadotropin, 17β-estradiol (E(2)), and progesterone (P(4)) on hnRNP expression. In fallopian tubes, mRNA and protein levels of hnRNP A1, AB, D, G, H, and U changed dynamically during ovulation and in the midsecretory phase. In coimmunolocation and coimmunoprecipitation experiments, hnRNPs interacted with each other and with ERs and PRs in fallopian tubes. After treatment with E(2) and/or P(4) to activate ERs and PRs, hnRNP A1, AB, D, G, and U proteins displayed overlapping but distinct patterns of regulation in the endometrium in vitro. Our findings expand the physiological repertoire of hnRNPs in human fallopian tubes and endometrium and suggest that steroid hormones regulate different hnRNPs directly by interacting with ERs and/or PRs or indirectly by binding other hnRNPs. Both actions may contribute to regulation of gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijin Shao
- Dept. of Physiology/Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Univ. of Gothenburg, Box 434, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Lemons AR, Naz RK. Contraceptive vaccines targeting factors involved in establishment of pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 66:13-25. [PMID: 21481058 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.01001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Current methods of contraception lack specificity and are accompanied with serious side effects. A more specific method of contraception is needed. Contraceptive vaccines can provide most, if not all, the desired characteristics of an ideal contraceptive. This article reviews several factors involved in the establishment of pregnancy, focusing on those that are essential for successful implantation. Factors that are both essential and pregnancy-specific can provide potential targets for contraception. Using database search, 76 factors (cytokines/chemokines/growth factors/others) were identified that are involved in various steps of the establishment of pregnancy. Among these factors, three, namely chorionic gonadotropin (CG), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and pre-implantation factor (PIF), are found to be unique and exciting molecules. Human CG is a well-known pregnancy-specific protein that has undergone phase I and phase II clinical trials, in women, as a contraceptive vaccine with encouraging results. LIF and PIF are pregnancy-specific and essential for successful implantation. These molecules are intriguing and may provide viable targets for immunocontraception. A multiepitope vaccine combining factors/antigens involved in various steps of the fertilization cascade and pregnancy establishment may provide a highly immunogenic and efficacious modality for contraception in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Lemons
- Reproductive Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506-9186, USA
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Tamura N, Sugihara K, Akama TO, Fukuda MN. Trophinin-mediated cell adhesion induces apoptosis of human endometrial epithelial cells through PKC-δ. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:135-43. [PMID: 21191175 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.1.14448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophinin is an intrinsic membrane protein expressed in trophectoderm cells of embryos and in uterine epithelial cells. Trophinin potentially mediates apical cell adhesion at human embryo implantation sites through trophinin-trophinin binding in these two cell types. Trophinin-mediated cell adhesion activates trophectoderm cells for invasion, whereas the effect of adhesion on maternal side is not known. We show that addition of GWRQ peptide, a previously established peptide that mimics trophinin-mediated cell adhesion, to human endometrial epithelial cells expressing trophinin induces their apoptosis. FAS involvement was excluded, as GWRQ did not bind to FAS, and FAS knockdown did not alter GWRQ-induced apoptosis. Immunoblotting analyses of protein kinases revealed an elevation of PKC-d protein in GWRQ-bound endometrial epithelial cells. In the absence of GWRQ, PKC-d associated with trophinin and remained cytoplasmic, but after GWRQ binding to the trophinin extracellular domain, PKC-d became tyrosine phosphorylated, dissociated from trophinin, and entered the nucleus. In PKC-d knockdown endometrial cells, GWRQ did not induce apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoaki Tamura
- Tumor Microenvironment Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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16
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Duncan WC, McDonald SE, Dickinson RE, Shaw JLV, Lourenco PC, Wheelhouse N, Lee KF, Critchley HOD, Horne AW. Expression of the repulsive SLIT/ROBO pathway in the human endometrium and Fallopian tube. Mol Hum Reprod 2010; 16:950-9. [PMID: 20651036 PMCID: PMC2992050 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaq055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether the repulsive SLIT/ROBO pathway is expressed in the endometrium and is negatively regulated during implantation. We also examined whether deficient expression in the Fallopian tube (FT) may predispose to ectopic pregnancy (EP). Endometrium (n = 21) and FT (n = 17) were collected across the menstrual cycle from fertile women with regular cycles. Decidualized endometrium (n = 6) was obtained from women undergoing termination, and FT (n = 6) was obtained from women with EP. SLIT/ROBO expression was quantified by reverse transcription-PCR and protein localized by immunohistochemistry. The regulation of SLIT/ROBO expression in vitro, by sex steroids and hCG, was assessed in endometrial (hTERT-EEpC) epithelial cells, and the effects of Chlamydia trachomatis infection and smoking were studied in oviductal (OE-E6/E7) epithelial cells. Endometrial SLIT3 was highest in the mid-secretory phase (P = 0.0003) and SLIT1,2 and ROBO1 showed a similar trend. ROBO2 was highest in proliferative phase (P = 0.027) and ROBO3,4 showed a similar trend. SLIT2,3 and ROBO1, 4 were lower in decidua compared with mid-secretory endometrium (P < 0.05). SLITs and ROBOs, excepting ROBO2, were expressed in FT but there were no differences across the cycle or in EP. SLIT/ROBO proteins were localized to endometrial and FT epithelium. Treatment of hTERT-EEpC with a combination of estradiol and medroxyprogesterone acetate inhibited ROBO1 expression (P < 0.01) but hCG had no effect. Acute treatment of OE-E6/E7 with smoking metabolite, cotinine, and C. trachomatis had no effect. These findings imply a regulated role for the endometrial SLIT/ROBO interaction during normal development and pregnancy but that it may not be important in the aetiology of EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Duncan
- Centre for Reproductive Biology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.
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17
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Colombel M, Ricci E, Picard A, Bourrelly E. Hyperméthylation et cancer de la prostate. Prog Urol 2010; 20:408-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2009.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 08/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Asimakopoulos AD, Miano R, Mauriello A, Costantini S, Pasqualetti P, Liberati E, Finazzi Agrò E, Germani S, Virgili G, Vespasiani G. Significance of focal proliferative atrophy lesions in prostate biopsy cores that test negative for prostate carcinoma. Urol Oncol 2010; 29:690-7. [PMID: 20451420 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the prevalence and short-term follow-up of focal proliferative atrophy lesions, either with or without the presence of inflammation (PIA/PA), and its correlation with the PSA levels, focusing on the prostate biopsy cores that test negative for prostate adenocarcinoma (PCa). METHODS Five hundred fifty consecutive patients who had undergone a transrectal ultrasound-guided transperineal prostate biopsy were evaluated retrospectively for the presence and follow-up of focal proliferative atrophy lesions. PIA/PA were defined according to De Marzo. The prevalence of atrophy in PCa and negative biopsy cores was compared by means of χ(2). After logarithmic transformations of the PSA values, t-test and ANOVA were applied for the comparison of the means. Incidence of newly diagnosed PCa during follow-up (mean 33.7 months) in patients with or without focal proliferative atrophy was compared by means of χ(2). RESULTS A focal atrophic lesion resulted in 161/339 negative biopsies. PIA was observed in 93/161 patients (57.8%), while PA was observed in the remaining 68/161 (42.2%). Among the negative biopsy cases, the difference in PSA values were not statistically significant according to the presence or absence of atrophy (P = 0.120). The group of negative biopsies with PIA was similar in terms of PSA characteristics with the benign (PA P = 0.738; non-atrophy P = 0.342), and cancer subgroups (P = 0.094); 245/339 (72.3%) patients were successfully followed-up. Biopsy was repeated in 24/71 (33.8%) patients with PIA, in 14/50 (28%) with PA and in 27/124 (21.7%) with no atrophy lesions at initial biopsy. The incidence of newly diagnosed PCa in the 3 groups was not statistically different (χ(2), P = 0.81). CONCLUSIONS Focal proliferative atrophy lesions are a common finding in biopsy specimens negative for PCa. Patients with negative biopsy associated with PIA presented similar PSA characteristics as patients with biopsy-proven PCa. However, the incidence of PCa at short-term follow-up did not differ significantly between patients with PIA, PA, or no atrophic lesions at initial biopsy. Based on our findings, early repeat biopsy does not seem to be necessary after an initial diagnosis of PIA/PA, although a longer follow-up is mandatory for definitive conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios D Asimakopoulos
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Policlinico Tor Vergata, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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Can 'ectopic pregnancy' become 'normal pregnancy'? Med Hypotheses 2009; 74:390. [PMID: 19837519 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Eutopic or Ectopic Pregnancy: A Competition between Signals Derived from the Endometrium and the Fallopian Tube for Blastocyst Implantation. Placenta 2009; 30:835-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2009.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Ji YF, Chen LY, Xu KH, Yao JF, Shi YF. Locally elevated leukemia inhibitory factor in the inflamed fallopian tube resembles that found in tubal pregnancy. Fertil Steril 2009; 91:2308-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.01.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Revised: 01/26/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Horne AW, Duncan WC, King AE, Burgess S, Lourenco PC, Cornes P, Ghazal P, Williams AR, Udby L, Critchley HOD. Endometrial cysteine-rich secretory protein 3 is inhibited by human chorionic gonadotrophin, and is increased in the decidua of tubal ectopic pregnancy. Mol Hum Reprod 2009; 15:287-94. [PMID: 19282327 PMCID: PMC2666224 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gap019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic pregnancy (EP) remains a considerable cause of morbidity and occasional mortality. Currently, there is no reliable test to differentiate ectopic from intrauterine gestation. We have previously used array technology to demonstrate that differences in gene expression in decidualized endometrium from women with ectopic and intrauterine gestations could be used to identify candidate diagnostic biomarkers for EP. The aim of this study was to further investigate the decidual gene with the highest fold increase in EP, cysteine-rich secretory protein-3 (CRISP-3). Decidualized endometrium from gestation-matched women undergoing surgical termination of pregnancy (n = 8), evacuation of uterus for miscarriage (n = 6) and surgery for EP (n = 11) was subjected to quantitative RT-PCR, morphological assessment, immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Sera were analysed for progesterone and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) levels. Immortalized endometrial epithelial cells were cultured with physiological concentrations of hCG. CRISP-3 mRNA and protein expression were greater in endometrium from ectopic when compared with intrauterine pregnancies (P < 0.05). CRISP-3 protein was localized to epithelium and granulocytes of endometrium. CRISP-3 serum concentrations were not different in women with ectopic compared with intrauterine pregnancies. CRISP-3 expression in endometrium was not related to the degree of decidualization or to serum progesterone levels. Endometrial CRISP-3 expression was inversely proportional to serum hCG concentrations (P < 0.001). Stimulation of endometrial epithelial cells with hCG in vitro caused a reduction in CRISP-3 expression (P < 0.01). The measurement of CRISP-3 in endometrium could provide an additional tool in the diagnosis of failing early pregnancy of unknown location. The absence of a local reduction in expression of CRISP-3 in decidualized endometrium of women with EP may be due to reduced exposure to hCG due to the ectopic location of the trophoblast.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Horne
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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23
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Fukuda MN, Sugihara K. An integrated view of L-selectin and trophinin function in human embryo implantation. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2008; 34:129-36. [PMID: 18412772 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2008.00776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Determining molecular mechanisms of human embryo implantation is an extremely challenging task due to the limitation of materials and significant differences underlying this process among mammalian species. Recently, L-selectin and its ligand carbohydrate have been proposed as a system that mediates initial adhesion of human blastocysts to the uterine epithelia. We have also identified trophinin as a unique apical cell adhesion molecule potentially involved in the initial adhesion of trophectoderm of the human blastocyst to endometrial surface epithelia. In the mouse, the binding between ErbB4 on the blastocyst and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor on the endometrial surface enables the initial step of the blastocyst implantation. The evidence suggests that L-selectin and trophinin are included in human embryo implantation. This review summarizes findings relevant to the functions of L-selectin and trophinin in human embryo implantation, and proposes a model that reconciles these cell adhesion mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko N Fukuda
- Glycobiology Unit, Tumor Microenvironment Program, NCI Cancer Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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24
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Enhancement of Human Sperm Motility by Trophinin Binding Peptide. J Urol 2008; 180:767-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2008.03.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Aoyama J, Akazawa Y, Kasahara K, Higashiyama Y, Kikuchi I, Fukumoto Y, Saburi S, Nakayama Y, Fukuda MN, Yamaguchi N. Nuclear localization of magphinins, alternative splicing products of the human trophinin gene. J Cell Biochem 2008; 103:765-77. [PMID: 17559068 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human magphinin proteins are translation products of differentially spliced transcripts from the 5' region of the human trophinin gene (TRO), whose 3' region encodes trophinin, a unique cell adhesion molecule involved in human embryo implantation. Magphinins belong to the MAGE (melanoma-associated antigen) family, and a previous study of mouse magphinins showed their expression in male and female germ cells, suggesting a role in germ cell development. Here, we characterized the structure and subcellular localization of human magphinins. Confocal microscopy analysis of ectopically expressed magphinins revealed that magphinin-alpha and -beta localize in the cytoplasm, whereas magphinin-gamma lacking the peptide encoded by exon-3 is nuclear. Following Triton X-100 extraction, DNA digestion, and high salt extraction magphinin-gamma remained nuclear, suggesting strong association with the nuclear matrix. A series of magphinin-gamma deletion mutants were generated and assayed for localization, which showed that the N-terminal region of the MAGE homology domain is necessary for nuclear localization. When magphinin-gamma was expressed in NIH3T3 cells, cells underwent G1 arrest. These results suggest that human magphinin-gamma inhibits cell cycle progression through nuclear activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Aoyama
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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Abstract
Human bystin was identified as a cytoplasmic protein directly binding to trophinin, a cell adhesion molecule potentially involved in human embryo implantation. Although the trophinin gene is unique to mammals, the bystin gene (BYSL) is conserved across eukaryotes. Recent studies show that bystin plays a key role during the transition from silent trophectoderm to an active trophoblast upon trophinin-mediated cell adhesion. Bystin gene knockout and knockdown experiments demonstrate that bystin is essential for embryonic stem cell survival and trophectoderm development in the mouse. Furthermore, biochemical analysis of bystin in human cancer cells and mouse embryos indicates a function in ribosomal biogenesis, specifically in processing of 18S RNA in the 40S subunit. Strong evidence that BYSL is a target of c-MYC is consistent with a role for bystin in rapid protein synthesis, which is required for actively growing cells.
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Androgen manipulation alters oxidative DNA adduct levels in androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cells grown in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Lett 2008; 261:74-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 11/03/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sugihara K, Kabir-Salmani M, Byrne J, Wolf DP, Lessey B, Iwashita M, Aoki D, Nakayama J, Fukuda MN. Induction of trophinin in human endometrial surface epithelia by CGβ and IL-1β. FEBS Lett 2007; 582:197-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Revised: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Harada O, Suga T, Suzuki T, Nakamoto K, Kobayashi M, Nomiyama T, Nadano D, Ohyama C, Fukuda MN, Nakayama J. The role of trophinin, an adhesion molecule unique to human trophoblasts, in progression of colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:1072-8. [PMID: 17487845 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Trophinin is a unique adhesion molecule expressed by human trophoblastic cells. Its activity and in vivo expression pattern implicate trophinin in the initial attachment of trophectoderm cells to maternal epithelia. Subsequent to apical adhesion, trophoblasts aggressively invade maternal tissue to form the placenta, a process resembling tumor invasion. Here, we report that trophinin is expressed in tumors from 64% of colon cancer patients (n = 50) and high trophinin expression is closely associated with poor prognosis. To determine the link between trophinin expression and malignancy, colon adenocarcinoma SW480 cells were stably transfected with trophinin. An invasion assay showed that trophinin-expressing SW480 cells were more invasive than mock-transfected cells. Microarray analysis comparing SW480 cells transfected with trophinin with mock-transfected cells identified high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) as the most significantly elevated transcript. Immunohistochemical analysis of tumors from the colorectal cancer patients confirmed positive correlation of HMGB1 protein expression in the nucleus to trophinin expression in tumor. HMGB1 and its ligand RAGE (the receptor for advanced glycation end product) proteins were coexpressed in 65.6% of trophinin-positive patients (n = 32). These results suggest that trophinin promotes invasion through a mechanism involving HMGB1/RAGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oi Harada
- Department of Pathology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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30
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Baba T, Mori S, Matsumura N, Kariya M, Murphy SK, Kondoh E, Kusakari T, Kuroda H, Mandai M, Higuchi T, Takakura K, Fukuda MN, Fujii S. Trophinin is a potent prognostic marker of ovarian cancer involved in platinum sensitivity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 360:363-9. [PMID: 17597582 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2007] [Accepted: 06/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death in women with gynecological malignancies, with prognosis of advanced stage tumors determined by chemotherapeutic response and the success of tumor resection. Since aberrant RAS pathway activation is frequent in ovarian cancer, study of in vitro RAS-induced transformation and accompanying genomic expression changes in ovarian surface epithelial cells is imperative for development of new therapeutic modalities and for understanding tumorigenesis. cDNA microarray analysis revealed TROPHONIN (TRO), a homophilic adhesion molecule involved in blastocyst implantation, was among the genes most downregulated by RAS induction. TRO expression is higher in cisplatin-sensitive cancer cell lines and positively correlates with prognoses in ovarian cancers. TRO knockdown by RNA interference conferred cisplatin resistance and led to increased invasiveness of cultured ovarian cancer cells. These findings underscore the importance of TRO in tumorigenesis, and suggest that TRO may be a useful biomarker for cisplatin sensitivity and invasive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Baba
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
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Kasama S, Kawakubo M, Suzuki T, Nishizawa T, Ishida A, Nakayama J. RNA interference-mediated knock-down of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 prevents forepaw inflammatory hyperalgesia in rat. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25:2956-63. [PMID: 17509082 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05584.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV)1 is a ligand-gated cation channel expressed by primary sensory neurons, including those in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). TRPV1 plays an essential role in development of inflammatory thermal hyperalgesia after tissue injury and its expression in rat lumbar DRG is increased after hindpaw inflammation. However, the identity of factors mediating forepaw inflammatory hyperalgesia has remained elusive. Here, we examined behavioral responses to noxious thermal stimuli after forepaw inflammation in rats and found that inflammation induced by intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant significantly reduced hot-plate latency (HPL) at 50 degrees C. TRPV1 expression levels in the ipsilateral cervical DRG were also elevated after forepaw inflammation. By contrast, HPL at 56 degrees C was not shortened after forepaw inflammation and expression of TRPV2, a TRPV1 homolog, in the DRG was not increased. Paratracheal injection of short interfering RNA targeting TRPV1 blocked TRPV1 up-regulation in cervical DRG and abolished inflammation-mediated HPL reductions seen at 50 degrees C. However, thermal hyperalgesia previously established by inflammation was not reversed by short interfering RNA injection. These results indicate that: (i) enhanced TRPV1 expression in cervical DRG is closely associated with development of inflammatory thermal hyperalgesia in the forepaw after tissue injury and (ii) RNA interference targeting TRPV1 prevents inflammatory thermal hyperalgesia after forepaw injuries but does not ameliorate it when already established in a rat model of nociceptive pain representing upper limb injury in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Kasama
- Department of Pathology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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Sugihara K, Sugiyama D, Byrne J, Wolf DP, Lowitz KP, Kobayashi Y, Kabir-Salmani M, Nadano D, Aoki D, Nozawa S, Nakayama J, Mustelin T, Ruoslahti E, Yamaguchi N, Fukuda MN. Trophoblast cell activation by trophinin ligation is implicated in human embryo implantation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:3799-804. [PMID: 17360433 PMCID: PMC1805454 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611516104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During human embryo implantation, trophectoderm mediates adhesion of the blastocyst to the uterine epithelium. The rapid growth of the embryo and invasion of the maternal tissue suggest adhesion-induced activation of the embryonal cells. We show here that ligation of trophinin, a homophilic cell adhesion molecule expressed on trophoblastic cells, induces tyrosine phosphorylation in trophinin-expressing trophoblastic HT-H cells. The phosphorylation could be induced in HT-H cells with the binding of trophinin-expressing cells or anti trophinin antibodies. Trophinin-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation was associated with actin reorganization. We also isolated trophinin-binding peptides from phage libraries. These peptides exhibited the consensus sequence GWRQ and seemed to reproduce the effects of trophinin-mediated cell adhesion. Upon binding of a GWRQ peptide, HT-H cells became highly proliferative and motile. HT-H cells expressed ErbB family receptors and bound EGF and heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), but ErbB family receptor phosphorylation in these cells required GWRQ. In the absence of GWRQ, trophinin interacted with the cytoplasmic protein bystin, which binds to ErbB4 and blocks its autophosphorylation. In HT-H cells, GWRQ peptide dissociated trophinin from bystin, and ErbB4 was activated. Culturing monkey blastocysts in the presence of the peptide increased total number and motility of the trophectoderm cells. These results suggest that trophinin-mediated cell adhesion functions as a molecular switch for trophectoderm activation in human embryo implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Sugihara
- *Cancer Research Center and
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Daijiro Sugiyama
- *Cancer Research Center and
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - James Byrne
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Don P. Wolf
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | | | | | - Maryam Kabir-Salmani
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Daita Nadano
- *Cancer Research Center and
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shiro Nozawa
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Jun Nakayama
- **Department of Pathology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan; and
| | - Tomas Mustelin
- Inflammation and Infectious Disease Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Erkki Ruoslahti
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 1105 Life Sciences Technology Building, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Naoto Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Michiko N. Fukuda
- *Cancer Research Center and
- To whom correspondence should be sent. E-mail:
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Abstract
Low rates of implantation are an impediment to more efficient assisted reproduction techniques. Improved endometrial receptivity and embryo preparation should lead to higher pregnancy rates, lower rates of early pregnancy failure and fewer multiple pregnancies. As the first site of contact between embryo and endometrium, the luminal epithelium (LE) is responsible for the non-receptive status of proliferative and early secretory tissue, and transformation to receptivity in the mid-secretory phase presumably requires alterations in expression, organization or activation of adhesion systems. Luminal cells are less abundant than their glandular counterparts, and are under-represented in global tissue datasets. Furthermore, alterations in cell surface composition can be readily accomplished by mechanisms that do not rely on altered transcription or translation. Current data from in-vitro models are consistent with initial attachment to mucin in the apical glycocalyx, perhaps via a carbohydrate-mediated interaction, after which the epithelial phenotype is modified by a medium- or short-range embryonic signal. A cascade of interactions follows, mediating embryo migration across the epithelium. Strikingly, numerous potential mediators of adhesion at implantation are located in the lateral rather than the apical surface of LE cells. Attached embryos appear to gain rapid access to this highly adhesive lateral membrane domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Aplin
- Division of Human Development, Medical School, University of Manchester, UK.
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Hopkins TG, Burns PA, Routledge MN. DNA Methylation of GSTP1 as Biomarker in Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer. Urology 2007; 69:11-6. [PMID: 17270599 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2006.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom G Hopkins
- Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute for Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Aoki R, Suzuki N, Paria BC, Sugihara K, Akama TO, Raab G, Miyoshi M, Nadano D, Fukuda MN. The Bysl gene product, bystin, is essential for survival of mouse embryos. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:6062-8. [PMID: 17055491 PMCID: PMC1764500 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human bystin is a cytoplasmic protein directly binding to trophinin, a cell adhesion molecule potentially involved in human embryo implantation. The present study shows that bystin is expressed in luminal and glandular epithelia in the mouse uterus at peri-implantation stages. In fertilized embryos, bystin was not seen until blastocyst stage. Bystin expression started during hatching and increased in expanded blastocyst. However, bystin apparently disappeared from the blastocyst during implantation. After implantation bystin re-appeared in the epiblast. Targeted disruption of the mouse bystin gene, Bysl, resulted in embryonic lethality shortly after implantation, indicating that bystin is essential for survival of mouse embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Aoki
- Cancer Research Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
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36
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van der Poel HG. Molecular markers in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2006; 61:104-39. [PMID: 16945550 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Revised: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic alterations leading to prostate cancer are gradually being discovered. A wide variety of genes have been associated with prostate cancer development as well as tumor progression. Knowledge of gene polymorphisms associated with disease aid in the understanding of important pathways involved in this process and may result in the near future in clinical applications. Urinary molecular markers will soon be available to aid in the decision of repeat prostate biopsies. Recent findings suggest the importance of androgen signaling in disease development and progression. The further understanding of interaction of inflammation, diet, and genetic predisposition will improve risk stratification in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G van der Poel
- Department of Urology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Pathak SK, Sharma RA, Steward WP, Mellon JK, Griffiths TRL, Gescher AJ. Oxidative stress and cyclooxygenase activity in prostate carcinogenesis: targets for chemopreventive strategies. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:61-70. [PMID: 15617991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2004.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2003] [Revised: 09/08/2004] [Accepted: 09/30/2004] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, epidemiological, experimental and clinical studies have implicated oxidative stress in the development and progression of prostate cancer. Oxidative stress may be linked to the effects of androgens, anti-oxidant systems and the pre-malignant condition, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Cyclooxygenase-2 activity has been linked with prostate carcinogenesis. Evidence suggests that oxidative stress and cyclo-oxygenase-2 activity may be mechanistically linked. Agents such as anti-oxidants and cyclo-oxgenase-2 inhibitors may be of value in the chemoprevention of prostate cancer. The feasibility of intervention with such agents will depend on the development and validation of biomarkers for clinical trials, particularly markers of oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). A greater understanding of the molecular events associated with oxidative stress will enhance the development of such biomarkers and should result in better strategies for the chemoprevention of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Pathak
- Division of Urology, Clinical Sciences Unit, Leicester General Hospital, University of Leicester, Gwendolen Road, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK
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Lam PM, Briton-Jones C, Cheung CK, Leung SW, Cheung LP, Haines C. Increased messenger RNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in the implantation site of the human oviduct with ectopic gestation. Fertil Steril 2004; 82:686-90. [PMID: 15374715 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2003] [Revised: 12/11/2003] [Accepted: 12/11/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors (KDR and flt-1) in the implantation and nonimplantation sites of the human oviduct with ectopic gestation. DESIGN Prospective observational study. SETTING University-based Obstetrics and Gynecology Department. PATIENT(S) Ten women undergoing laparoscopic salpingectomy for tubal pregnancy. INTERVENTION(S) The mucosal layer was isolated from the implantation and nonimplantation sites of the oviduct tissue with ectopic gestation. Semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The differences in the mRNA expression of VEGF and its receptors between the implantation and nonimplantation sites of the oviduct tissue. RESULT(S) The mRNA expression of VEGF and its receptors, both KDR and flt-1, was significantly higher in the implantation site of the human oviduct with ectopic gestation compared with the nonimplantation site. CONCLUSION(S) The results suggest that VEGF may be the angiogenic factor responsible for the implantation and placentation of an ectopic pregnancy in the oviduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po Mui Lam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Prince of Wales Hospital Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Hatakeyama S, Ohyama C, Minagawa S, Inoue T, Kakinuma H, Kyan A, Arai Y, Suga T, Nakayama J, Kato T, Habuchi T, Fukuda MN. Functional Correlation of Trophinin Expression with the Malignancy of Testicular Germ Cell Tumor. Cancer Res 2004; 64:4257-62. [PMID: 15205339 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Trophinin is a membrane protein that is potentially involved in human embryo implantation by mediating homophillic cell adhesion between trophoblastic cells and endometrial cells. Trophinin expression by maternal cells may be induced by the embryo that secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Because the process of tumor metastasis resembles that of trophoblast invasion and proliferation during embryo implantation, we hypothesized that testicular cancers that synthesize hCG express trophinin thus becoming aggressive trophoblast-like cells. We screened paraffin-embedded orchiectomy specimens of 158 patients with testicular germ cell tumor by immunohistochemistry using antitrophinin antibody. This screening identified trophinin-positive specimens with the frequencies 39 of 91 (43%) in stage I, 14 of 24 (58%) in stage II, and 41 of 43 (95%) in stage III (P < 0.001). Thus, trophinin expression positively correlates with clinical stage. Remarkably, trophinin was found in all of the cases (33 of 33) with lung metastasis. The levels of serum hCG-beta were significantly higher in the patients with trophinin-positive tumors than those with trophinin-negative tumors (P = 0.004). To determine whether trophinin promotes aggressiveness of the cell, trophinin-negative human seminona cell line JKT-1 was stably transfected with a mammalian expression vector containing trophinin cDNA. In vitro assays revealed that trophinin-expressing JKT-1-Tro cells are more invasive than JKT-1-mock cells, whereas there are no differences between JKT-1-Tro and JKT-1-mock in their proliferation activity. Upon orthotopic inoculation to athymic nude mice, JKT-1-Tro cells exhibited i.p. metastases in all of the mice (n = 5), whereas JKT-1-mock produced no metastases (n = 5). These results suggest strongly that trophinin enhances invasiveness of the cells and promotes metastasis of testicular germ cell tumor.
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