1
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Liu AY. Prostate cancer research: tools, cell types, and molecular targets. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1321694. [PMID: 38595814 PMCID: PMC11002103 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1321694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple cancer cell types are found in prostate tumors. They are either luminal-like adenocarcinoma or less luminal-like and more stem-like non-adenocarcinoma and small cell carcinoma. These types are lineage related through differentiation. Loss of cancer differentiation from luminal-like to stem-like is mediated by the activation of stem cell transcription factors (scTF) such as LIN28A, NANOG, POU5F1 and SOX2. scTF expression leads to down-regulation of β2-microglobulin (B2M). Thus, cancer cells can change from the scT F ˜ B 2 M hi phenotype of differentiated to that of scT F ˙ B 2 M lo of dedifferentiated in the disease course. In development, epithelial cell differentiation is induced by stromal signaling and cell contact. One of the stromal factors specific to prostate encodes proenkephalin (PENK). PENK can down-regulate scTF and up-regulate B2M in stem-like small cell carcinoma LuCaP 145.1 cells indicative of exit from the stem state and differentiation. In fact, prostate cancer cells can be made to undergo dedifferentiation or reprogramming by scTF transfection and then to differentiate by PENK transfection. Therapies need to be designed for treating the different cancer cell types. Extracellular anterior gradient 2 (eAGR2) is an adenocarcinoma antigen associated with cancer differentiation that can be targeted by antibodies to lyse tumor cells with immune system components. eAGR2 is specific to cancer as normal cells express only the intracellular form (iAGR2). For AGR2-negative stem-like cancer cells, factors like PENK that can target scTF could be effective in differentiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Y. Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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2
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Quintanal-Villalonga A, Durani V, Sabet A, Redin E, Kawasaki K, Shafer M, Karthaus WR, Zaidi S, Zhan YA, Manoj P, Sridhar H, Shah NS, Chow A, Bhanot UK, Linkov I, Asher M, Yu HA, Qiu J, de Stanchina E, Patel RA, Morrissey C, Haffner MC, Koche RP, Sawyers CL, Rudin CM. Exportin 1 inhibition prevents neuroendocrine transformation through SOX2 down-regulation in lung and prostate cancers. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadf7006. [PMID: 37531417 PMCID: PMC10777207 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adf7006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
In lung and prostate adenocarcinomas, neuroendocrine (NE) transformation to an aggressive derivative resembling small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is associated with poor prognosis. We previously described dependency of SCLC on the nuclear transporter exportin 1. Here, we explored the role of exportin 1 in NE transformation. We observed up-regulated exportin 1 in lung and prostate pretransformation adenocarcinomas. Exportin 1 was up-regulated after genetic inactivation of TP53 and RB1 in lung and prostate adenocarcinoma cell lines, accompanied by increased sensitivity to the exportin 1 inhibitor selinexor in vitro. Exportin 1 inhibition prevented NE transformation in different TP53/RB1-inactivated prostate adenocarcinoma xenograft models that acquire NE features upon treatment with the aromatase inhibitor enzalutamide and extended response to the EGFR inhibitor osimertinib in a lung cancer transformation patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model exhibiting combined adenocarcinoma/SCLC histology. Ectopic SOX2 expression restored the enzalutamide-promoted NE phenotype on adenocarcinoma-to-NE transformation xenograft models despite selinexor treatment. Selinexor sensitized NE-transformed lung and prostate small cell carcinoma PDXs to standard cytotoxics. Together, these data nominate exportin 1 inhibition as a potential therapeutic target to constrain lineage plasticity and prevent or treat NE transformation in lung and prostate adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Quintanal-Villalonga
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Vidushi Durani
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Amin Sabet
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Esther Redin
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kenta Kawasaki
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Moniquetta Shafer
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wouter R. Karthaus
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Samir Zaidi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yingqian A. Zhan
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Parvathy Manoj
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Harsha Sridhar
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nisargbhai S. Shah
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andrew Chow
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Umesh K. Bhanot
- Precision Pathology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Irina Linkov
- Precision Pathology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marina Asher
- Precision Pathology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Helena A. Yu
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Juan Qiu
- Antitumor Assessment Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Radhika A. Patel
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 19024, USA
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael C. Haffner
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 19024, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Richard P. Koche
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Charles L. Sawyers
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Charles M. Rudin
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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3
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Advances in neuroendocrine prostate cancer research: From model construction to molecular network analyses. J Transl Med 2022; 102:332-340. [PMID: 34937865 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00716-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men and has a high incidence and associated mortality worldwide. It is an androgen-driven disease in which tumor growth is triggered via ligand-mediated signaling through the androgen receptor (AR). Recent evidence suggests that the widespread use of effective AR pathway inhibitors may increase the occurrence of neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC), an aggressive and treatment-resistant AR-negative variant; however, mechanisms controlling NEPC development remain to be elucidated. Various preclinical models have recently been developed to investigate the mechanisms driving the NEPC differentiation. In the present study, we summarized strategies for the development of NEPC models and proposed a novel method for model evaluation, which will help in the timely and accurate identification of NEPC by virtue of its ability to recapitulate the heterogeneity of prostate cancer. Moreover, we discuss the origin and the mechanism of NEPC. The understanding of the regulatory network mediating neuroendocrine differentiation presented in this review could provide valuable insights into the identification of novel drug targets for NEPC as well as into the causes of antiandrogenic drug resistance.
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4
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Shi M, Wang Y, Lin D, Wang Y. Patient-derived xenograft models of neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2022; 525:160-169. [PMID: 34767925 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) have attracted much attention as clinically relevant models for basic and translational cancer research. PDXs retain the principal histopathological and molecular heterogeneity of their donor tumors and remain stable across passages. These characteristics allow PDXs to offer a reliable platform for better understanding cancer biology, discovering biomarkers and therapeutic targets, and developing novel therapies. A growing interest in generating neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) PDX models has been demonstrated, and such models have proven useful in several areas. This review provides a comprehensive summary of currently available NEPC PDX collections, encompassing 1) primary or secondary sites where patient samples were collected, 2) donor patients' treatment histories, 3) morphological features (i.e., small cell and large cell), and 4) genomic alterations. We also highlight suitable models for various research purposes, including identifying therapeutic targets and evaluating drug responses in models with specific genomic backgrounds. Finally, we provide perspectives on the current knowledge gaps and shed light on future applications and improvements of NEPC PDXs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchen Shi
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yu Wang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dong Lin
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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5
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Telomere lengths differ significantly between small-cell neuroendocrine prostate carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Hum Pathol 2020; 101:70-79. [PMID: 32389660 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2020.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNC) of the prostate is an aggressive subtype with frequent TP53 mutation and RB1 inactivation; however, the molecular phenotype remains an area of investigation. Here, we compared telomere lengths in prostatic SCNC and usual-type prostatic adenocarcinoma (AdCa). We studied 32 cases of prostatic SCNC (including 11 cases with concurrent AdCa) and 347 cases of usual-type AdCa on tissue microarrays. Telomere lengths in tumor cells were qualitatively compared with those in normal cells using a telomere-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization assay. ERG, PTEN, and TP53 status were assessed in a proportion of cases using genetically validated immunohistochemistry protocols. Clinicopathological and molecular characteristics of cases were compared between the telomere groups using the chi-square test.A significantly higher proportion of prostatic SCNC cases (50%, 16/32) showed normal/long telomeres compared with AdCa cases (11%, 39/347; P < 0.0001). In 82% (9/11) of cases with concurrent SCNC and AdCa, the paired components were concordant for telomere length status. Among AdCa cases, the proportion of cases with normal/long telomeres significantly increased with increasing tumor grade group (P = 0.01) and pathologic stage (P = 0.02). Cases with normal/long telomeres were more likely to be ERG positive (P = 0.04) and to have TP53 missense mutation (P = 0.01) than cases with short telomeres.Normal or long telomere lengths are significantly more common in prostatic SCNC than in AdCa and are similar between concurrent SCNC and AdCa tumors, supporting a common origin. Among AdCa cases, longer telomere lengths are significantly associated with high-risk pathologic and molecular features.
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6
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Faugeroux V, Pailler E, Oulhen M, Deas O, Brulle-Soumare L, Hervieu C, Marty V, Alexandrova K, Andree KC, Stoecklein NH, Tramalloni D, Cairo S, NgoCamus M, Nicotra C, Terstappen LWMM, Manaresi N, Lapierre V, Fizazi K, Scoazec JY, Loriot Y, Judde JG, Farace F. Genetic characterization of a unique neuroendocrine transdifferentiation prostate circulating tumor cell-derived eXplant model. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1884. [PMID: 32313004 PMCID: PMC7171138 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transformation of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) into an aggressive neuroendocrine disease (CRPC-NE) represents a major clinical challenge and experimental models are lacking. A CTC-derived eXplant (CDX) and a CDX-derived cell line are established using circulating tumor cells (CTCs) obtained by diagnostic leukapheresis from a CRPC patient resistant to enzalutamide. The CDX and the derived-cell line conserve 16% of primary tumor (PT) and 56% of CTC mutations, as well as 83% of PT copy-number aberrations including clonal TMPRSS2-ERG fusion and NKX3.1 loss. Both harbor an androgen receptor-null neuroendocrine phenotype, TP53, PTEN and RB1 loss. While PTEN and RB1 loss are acquired in CTCs, evolutionary analysis suggest that a PT subclone harboring TP53 loss is the driver of the metastatic event leading to the CDX. This CDX model provides insights on the sequential acquisition of key drivers of neuroendocrine transdifferentiation and offers a unique tool for effective drug screening in CRPC-NE management.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Benzamides
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/genetics
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Transdifferentiation/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/drug effects
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/metabolism
- Nitriles
- Phenylthiohydantoin/analogs & derivatives
- Phenylthiohydantoin/pharmacology
- Phylogeny
- Prostate/metabolism
- Prostate/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcriptome
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Faugeroux
- INSERM, U981 "Identification of Molecular Predictors and new Targets for Cancer Treatment", 94805, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, "Circulating Tumor Cells" Translational Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Emma Pailler
- INSERM, U981 "Identification of Molecular Predictors and new Targets for Cancer Treatment", 94805, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, "Circulating Tumor Cells" Translational Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Marianne Oulhen
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, "Circulating Tumor Cells" Translational Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | | | | | - Céline Hervieu
- INSERM, U981 "Identification of Molecular Predictors and new Targets for Cancer Treatment", 94805, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, "Circulating Tumor Cells" Translational Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Virginie Marty
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Kamelia Alexandrova
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Department of Cell Therapy, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Kiki C Andree
- Medical Cell Biophysics Group, Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7522 NB, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Nikolas H Stoecklein
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dominique Tramalloni
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Department of Cell Therapy, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Maud NgoCamus
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Department of Cancer Medicine, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Claudio Nicotra
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Department of Cancer Medicine, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Leon W M M Terstappen
- Medical Cell Biophysics Group, Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7522 NB, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | - Valérie Lapierre
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Department of Cell Therapy, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Karim Fizazi
- INSERM, U981 "Identification of Molecular Predictors and new Targets for Cancer Treatment", 94805, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Department of Cancer Medicine, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Yves Scoazec
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Yohann Loriot
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Department of Cancer Medicine, 94805, Villejuif, France.
| | | | - Françoise Farace
- INSERM, U981 "Identification of Molecular Predictors and new Targets for Cancer Treatment", 94805, Villejuif, France.
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, "Circulating Tumor Cells" Translational Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805, Villejuif, France.
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7
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Abstract
The genomics of prostate cancer (PCA) has been difficult to study compared with some other cancer types for a multitude of reasons, despite significant efforts since the early 1980s. Overcoming some of these obstacles has paved the way for greater insight into the genomics of PCA. The advent of high-throughput technologies coming from the initial use of microsatellite and oligonucleotide probes gave rise to techniques like comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). With the introduction of massively parallel genomic sequencing, referred to as next-generation sequencing (NGS), a deeper understanding of cancer genomics in general has occurred. Along with these technologic advances, there has been the development of computational biology and statistical approaches to address novel large data sets characterized by single base resolution. This review will provide a historic perspective of PCA genomics with an emphasis on the cardinal mutations and alterations observed to be consistently seen in PCA for both hormone-naïve localized PCA and castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). There will be a focus on alterations that have the greatest potential to play a role in disease progression and therapy management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Rubin
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York 10065
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center at Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Demichelis
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York 10065
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
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8
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Puca L, Vlachostergios PJ, Beltran H. Neuroendocrine Differentiation in Prostate Cancer: Emerging Biology, Models, and Therapies. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:a030593. [PMID: 29844220 PMCID: PMC6360865 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a030593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although a de novo clinical presentation of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate is rare, a subset of patients previously diagnosed with prostate adenocarcinoma may develop neuroendocrine features in later stages of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) progression as a result of treatment resistance. Despite sharing clinical, histologic, and some molecular features with other neuroendocrine carcinomas, including small cell lung cancer, castration-resistant neuroendocrine prostate cancer (CRPC-NE) is clonally derived from prostate adenocarcinoma. CRPC-NE therefore retains early prostate cancer genomic alterations and acquires new molecular changes making them resistant to traditional CRPC therapies. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of CRPC-NE biology, the transdifferentiation/plasticity process, and development and characterization of relevant CRPC-NE preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Puca
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York 10021
- Division of Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021
| | | | - Himisha Beltran
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York 10021
- Division of Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021
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9
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Namekawa T, Ikeda K, Horie-Inoue K, Inoue S. Application of Prostate Cancer Models for Preclinical Study: Advantages and Limitations of Cell Lines, Patient-Derived Xenografts, and Three-Dimensional Culture of Patient-Derived Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8010074. [PMID: 30669516 PMCID: PMC6357050 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Various preclinical models have been developed to clarify the pathophysiology of prostate cancer (PCa). Traditional PCa cell lines from clinical metastatic lesions, as exemplified by DU-145, PC-3, and LNCaP cells, are useful tools to define mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis and drug resistance. Cell line-based experiments, however, have limitations for preclinical studies because those cells are basically adapted to 2-dimensional monolayer culture conditions, in which the majority of primary PCa cells cannot survive. Recent tissue engineering enables generation of PCa patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) from both primary and metastatic lesions. Compared with fresh PCa tissue transplantation in athymic mice, co-injection of PCa tissues with extracellular matrix in highly immunodeficient mice has remarkably improved the success rate of PDX generation. PDX models have advantages to appropriately recapitulate the molecular diversity, cellular heterogeneity, and histology of original patient tumors. In contrast to PDX models, patient-derived organoid and spheroid PCa models in 3-dimensional culture are more feasible tools for in vitro studies for retaining the characteristics of patient tumors. In this article, we review PCa preclinical model cell lines and their sublines, PDXs, and patient-derived organoid and spheroid models. These PCa models will be applied to the development of new strategies for cancer precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Namekawa
- Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka, Saitama 350-1241, Japan.
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba 260-8677, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Ikeda
- Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka, Saitama 350-1241, Japan.
| | - Kuniko Horie-Inoue
- Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka, Saitama 350-1241, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka, Saitama 350-1241, Japan.
- Department of Functional Biogerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
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10
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Navone NM, van Weerden WM, Vessella RL, Williams ED, Wang Y, Isaacs JT, Nguyen HM, Culig Z, van der Pluijm G, Rentsch CA, Marques RB, de Ridder CMA, Bubendorf L, Thalmann GN, Brennen WN, Santer FR, Moser PL, Shepherd P, Efstathiou E, Xue H, Lin D, Buijs J, Bosse T, Collins A, Maitland N, Buzza M, Kouspou M, Achtman A, Taylor RA, Risbridger G, Corey E. Movember GAP1 PDX project: An international collection of serially transplantable prostate cancer patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. Prostate 2018; 78:1262-1282. [PMID: 30073676 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While it has been challenging to establish prostate cancer patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), with a take rate of 10-40% and long latency time, multiple groups throughout the world have developed methods for the successful establishment of serially transplantable human prostate cancer PDXs using a variety of immune deficient mice. In 2014, the Movember Foundation launched a Global Action Plan 1 (GAP1) project to support an international collaborative prostate cancer PDX program involving eleven groups. Between these Movember consortium members, a total of 98 authenticated human prostate cancer PDXs were available for characterization. Eighty three of these were derived directly from patient material, and 15 were derived as variants of patient-derived material via serial passage in androgen deprived hosts. A major goal of the Movember GAP1 PDX project was to provide the prostate cancer research community with a summary of both the basic characteristics of the 98 available authenticated serially transplantable human prostate cancer PDX models and the appropriate contact information for collaborations. Herein, we report a summary of these PDX models. METHODS PDX models were established in immunocompromised mice via subcutaneous or subrenal-capsule implantation. Dual-label species (ie, human vs mouse) specific centromere and telomere Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) and immuno-histochemical (IHC) staining of tissue microarrays (TMAs) containing replicates of the PDX models were used for characterization of expression of a number of phenotypic markers important for prostate cancer including AR (assessed by IHC and FISH), Ki67, vimentin, RB1, P-Akt, chromogranin A (CgA), p53, ERG, PTEN, PSMA, and epithelial cytokeratins. RESULTS Within this series of PDX models, the full spectrum of clinical disease stages is represented, including androgen-sensitive and castration-resistant primary and metastatic prostate adenocarcinomas as well as prostate carcinomas with neuroendocrine differentiation. The annotated clinical characteristics of these PDXs were correlated with their marker expression profile. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate the clinical relevance of this series of PDXs as a platform for both basic science studies and therapeutic discovery/drug development. The present report provides the prostate cancer community with a summary of the basic characteristics and a contact information for collaborations using these models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elizabeth D Williams
- Queensland University of Technology and Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Brisbane City, Australia
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Vancouver Prostate Cancer Centre, Department of Urological Sciences, UBC, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | - Zoran Culig
- Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hui Xue
- Vancouver Prostate Cancer Centre, Department of Urological Sciences, UBC, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Dong Lin
- Vancouver Prostate Cancer Centre, Department of Urological Sciences, UBC, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jeroen Buijs
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tjalling Bosse
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Mark Buzza
- Movember Foundation, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Eva Corey
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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11
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Risbridger GP, Toivanen R, Taylor RA. Preclinical Models of Prostate Cancer: Patient-Derived Xenografts, Organoids, and Other Explant Models. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:a030536. [PMID: 29311126 PMCID: PMC6071547 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a030536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains a lethal disease. Preclinical cancer models that accurately represent the tumors of the patients they are intended to help are necessary to test potential therapeutic approaches and to better translate research discoveries. However, research in the prostate cancer field is hampered by the limited number of human cell lines and xenograft models, most of which do not recapitulate the human disease seen in the clinic today. This work reviews the recent advances in human patient-derived xenograft, organoid, and other explant models to address this need. In contrast to other tumor streams, the prostate cancer field is challenged by this approach, yet despite the limitations, patient-derived models remain an integral component of the preclinical testing pathway leading to better treatments for men with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail P Risbridger
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Cancer Discovery Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute; Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology; and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Prostate Cancer Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Roxanne Toivanen
- Prostate Cancer Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Departments of Medicine, Genetics & Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Renea A Taylor
- Cancer Discovery Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute; Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology; and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Prostate Cancer Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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12
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Puca L, Bareja R, Prandi D, Shaw R, Benelli M, Karthaus WR, Hess J, Sigouros M, Donoghue A, Kossai M, Gao D, Cyrta J, Sailer V, Vosoughi A, Pauli C, Churakova Y, Cheung C, Deonarine LD, McNary TJ, Rosati R, Tagawa ST, Nanus DM, Mosquera JM, Sawyers CL, Chen Y, Inghirami G, Rao RA, Grandori C, Elemento O, Sboner A, Demichelis F, Rubin MA, Beltran H. Patient derived organoids to model rare prostate cancer phenotypes. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2404. [PMID: 29921838 PMCID: PMC6008438 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04495-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A major hurdle in the study of rare tumors is a lack of existing preclinical models. Neuroendocrine prostate cancer is an uncommon and aggressive histologic variant of prostate cancer that may arise de novo or as a mechanism of treatment resistance in patients with pre-existing castration-resistant prostate cancer. There are few available models to study neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Here, we report the generation and characterization of tumor organoids derived from needle biopsies of metastatic lesions from four patients. We demonstrate genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic concordance between organoids and their corresponding patient tumors. We utilize these organoids to understand the biologic role of the epigenetic modifier EZH2 in driving molecular programs associated with neuroendocrine prostate cancer progression. High-throughput organoid drug screening nominated single agents and drug combinations suggesting repurposing opportunities. This proof of principle study represents a strategy for the study of rare cancer phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Puca
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine,, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Rohan Bareja
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine,, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Davide Prandi
- Center for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Reid Shaw
- Cure First and SEngine Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Matteo Benelli
- Center for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Wouter R Karthaus
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Judy Hess
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Michael Sigouros
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Adam Donoghue
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Myriam Kossai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Dong Gao
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Joanna Cyrta
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine,, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Verena Sailer
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine,, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Aram Vosoughi
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine,, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Chantal Pauli
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine,, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Yelena Churakova
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine,, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Cynthia Cheung
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine,, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | | | - Terra J McNary
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine,, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Rachele Rosati
- Cure First and SEngine Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Scott T Tagawa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - David M Nanus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Juan Miguel Mosquera
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine,, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Charles L Sawyers
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Giorgio Inghirami
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Rema A Rao
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine,, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Carla Grandori
- Cure First and SEngine Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine,, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Andrea Sboner
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine,, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Francesca Demichelis
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine,, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Center for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Mark A Rubin
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine,, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Himisha Beltran
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine,, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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13
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Rubin MA, Demichelis F. The Genomics of Prostate Cancer: emerging understanding with technologic advances. Mod Pathol 2018; 31:S1-11. [PMID: 29297493 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2017.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies and large whole-exome and genome studies in prostate and other cancers, our understanding of the landscape of genomic alterations has dramatically been refined. In additional to well-known alterations in genomic regions involving 8p, 8q, 10q23, common ETS translocations and androgen receptor amplifications, newer technology have uncovered recurrent mutations in SPOP, FOXA1, MED12, IDH and complex large scale genomic alterations (eg, chromoplexy). This review surveys the enhanced landscape of genomic alterations in clinically localized and advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Rubin
- Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center at Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Demichelis
- Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA.,Centre of Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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14
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Lam HM, Nguyen HM, Corey E. Generation of Prostate Cancer Patient-Derived Xenografts to Investigate Mechanisms of Novel Treatments and Treatment Resistance. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1786:1-27. [PMID: 29786784 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7845-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Treatment advances lead to survival benefits of patients with advanced prostate cancer. These treatments are highly efficacious in a subset of patients; however, similarly to other cancers, after initial responses the tumors develop resistance (acquired resistance) and the patients succumb to the disease. Furthermore, there is a subset of patients who do not respond to the treatment at all (de novo resistance). Preclinical testing using patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) has led to successful drug development, and PDXs will continue to provide valuable resources to generate clinically relevant data with translational potential. PDXs demonstrate tumor heterogeneity observed in patients, preserve tumor-microenvironment architecture, and provide clinically relevant treatment responses. In view of the evolving biology of the advanced prostate cancer associated with new treatments, PDXs representing these new tumor phenotypes are urgently needed for the study of treatment responses and resistance. In this chapter, we describe methodologies used to establish prostate cancer PDXs and use of these PDXs to study de novo and acquired resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Ming Lam
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Holly M Nguyen
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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15
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McLean DT, Strand DW, Ricke WA. Prostate cancer xenografts and hormone induced prostate carcinogenesis. Differentiation 2017; 97:23-32. [PMID: 28923776 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the advancement of transgenic and gene knockout animal models in the prostate cancer research, there is still a need for utilizing xenograft models. Xenografts can be grown in multiple sites/organs within immunocompromised animals such as mice and rats. Although prostate xenografts have been derived from many species, human cells and tissues are the most commonly used due to their potential clinical significance. Xenograft models that progress from one state or stage to another are commonly used to address important scientific questions including malignant transformation, metastatic spread, and castration resistance. Utilization of xenografts are commonly being used to assess the biology and genetics of prostate cancer, as well as, for therapeutic benefit. In addition to models for the study of prostate cancer, xenografts are also utilized as a tool in precision medicine where patient derived xenografts (PDX) can be grown in multiple animals and assessed for therapeutic efficacy. The popularity of such xenograft models and PDXs have led to availability of these resources through public and commercial institutions. In this review, we describe both traditional and emerging models of prostate cancer and their potential uses. Further development of current models and introduction of new models will likely provide new insights and better understanding of prostatic carcinogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton T McLean
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Douglas W Strand
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - William A Ricke
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; George M. O'Brien Center of Research Excellence, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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16
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Biology and evolution of poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumors. Nat Med 2017; 23:1-10. [PMID: 28586335 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine (NE) cancers are a diverse group of neoplasms typically diagnosed and treated on the basis of their site of origin. This Perspective focuses on advances in our understanding of the tumorigenesis and treatment of poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumors. Recent evidence from sequencing indicates that, although neuroendocrine tumors can arise de novo, they can also develop as a result of lineage plasticity in response to pressure from targeted therapies. We discuss the shared genomic alterations of these tumors independently of their site of origin, and we explore potential therapeutic strategies on the basis of recent biological findings.
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17
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Nguyen HM, Vessella RL, Morrissey C, Brown LG, Coleman IM, Higano CS, Mostaghel EA, Zhang X, True LD, Lam H, Roudier M, Lange PH, Nelson PS, Corey E. LuCaP Prostate Cancer Patient-Derived Xenografts Reflect the Molecular Heterogeneity of Advanced Disease an--d Serve as Models for Evaluating Cancer Therapeutics. Prostate 2017; 77:654-671. [PMID: 28156002 PMCID: PMC5354949 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic prostate cancer is a common and lethal disease for which there are no therapies that produce cures or long-term durable remissions. Clinically relevant preclinical models are needed to increase our understanding of biology of this malignancy and to evaluate new agents that might provide effective treatment. Our objective was to establish and characterize patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) from advanced prostate cancer (PC) for investigation of biology and evaluation of new treatment modalities. METHODS Samples of advanced PC obtained from primary prostate cancer obtained at surgery or from metastases collected at time of death were implanted into immunocompromised mice to establish PDXs. Established PDXs were propagated in vivo. Genomic, transcriptomic, and STR profiles were generated. Responses to androgen deprivation and docetaxel in vivo were characterized. RESULTS We established multiple PDXs (LuCaP series), which represent the major genomic and phenotypic features of the disease in humans, including amplification of androgen receptor, PTEN deletion, TP53 deletion and mutation, RB1 loss, TMPRSS2-ERG rearrangements, SPOP mutation, hypermutation due to MSH2/MSH6 genomic aberrations, and BRCA2 loss. The PDX models also exhibit variation in intra-tumoral androgen levels. Our in vivo results show heterogeneity of response to androgen deprivation and docetaxel, standard therapies for advanced PC, similar to the responses of patients to these treatments. CONCLUSIONS The LuCaP PDX series reflects the diverse molecular composition of human castration-resistant PC and allows for hypothesis-driven cause-and-effect studies of mechanisms underlying treatment response and resistance. Prostate 77: 654-671, 2017. © 2017 The Authors. The Prostate Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly M. Nguyen
- Department of UrologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Robert L. Vessella
- Department of UrologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
- Puget Sound Veteran AdministrationSeattleWashington
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of UrologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Lisha G. Brown
- Department of UrologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Ilsa M. Coleman
- Division of Human BiologyFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashington
| | - Celestia S. Higano
- Division of Clinical ResearchFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashington
- Division of OncologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Elahe A. Mostaghel
- Division of Clinical ResearchFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashington
| | - Xiaotun Zhang
- Department of UrologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Lawrence D. True
- Department of PathologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Hung‐Ming Lam
- Department of UrologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Martine Roudier
- Department of UrologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Paul H. Lange
- Department of UrologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Peter S. Nelson
- Department of UrologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
- Division of Human BiologyFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashington
- Department of PathologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of UrologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
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18
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Inoue T, Terada N, Kobayashi T, Ogawa O. Patient-derived xenografts as in vivo models for research in urological malignancies. Nat Rev Urol 2017; 14:267-283. [PMID: 28248952 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2017.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lack of appropriate models that recapitulate the complexity and heterogeneity of urological tumours precludes most of the preclinical reagents that target urological tumours from receiving regulatory approval. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models are characterized by direct engraftment of patient-derived tumour fragments into immunocompromised mice. PDXs can maintain the original histology, as well as the molecular and genetic characteristics of the source tumour. Thus, PDX models have various advantages over conventional cell-line-derived xenograft (CDX) and other models, which has resulted in an increase in the use of urological tumour PDXs in the analysis of tumour biology and, importantly, for drug development and treatment decisions in personalized medicine. PDX models of urological malignancies have great potential to be used for both basic and clinical research, but limitations exist and need to be overcome. In particular, several agents targeting the immune system have shown promising results in kidney and bladder cancer; however, establishing PDX models in mice with an intact immune system so that an immune response against the tumour is triggered is important to investigate these new therapeutics. Moreover, international collaboration to share PDX models is essential for research concerning fatal urological tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Inoue
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho Shogoin Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068507, Japan
| | - Naoki Terada
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho Shogoin Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068507, Japan
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho Shogoin Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068507, Japan
| | - Osamu Ogawa
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho Shogoin Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068507, Japan
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19
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Guedes LB, Morais CL, Almutairi F, Haffner MC, Zheng Q, Isaacs JT, Antonarakis ES, Lu C, Tsai H, Luo J, De Marzo AM, Lotan TL. Analytic Validation of RNA In Situ Hybridization (RISH) for AR and AR-V7 Expression in Human Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4651-63. [PMID: 27166397 PMCID: PMC5026571 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE RNA expression of androgen receptor splice variants may be a biomarker of resistance to novel androgen deprivation therapies in castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). We analytically validated an RNA in situ hybridization (RISH) assay for total AR and AR-V7 for use in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) prostate tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used prostate cell lines and xenografts to validate chromogenic RISH to detect RNA containing AR exon 1 (AR-E1, surrogate for total AR RNA species) and cryptic exon 3 (AR-CE3, surrogate for AR-V7 expression). RISH signals were quantified in FFPE primary tumors and CRPC specimens, comparing to known AR and AR-V7 status by IHC and RT-PCR. RESULTS The quantified RISH results correlated significantly with total AR and AR-V7 levels by RT-PCR in cell lines, xenografts, and autopsy metastases. Both AR-E1 and AR-CE3 RISH signals were localized in nuclear punctae in addition to the expected cytoplasmic speckles. Compared with admixed benign glands, AR-E1 expression was significantly higher in primary tumor cells with a median fold increase of 3.0 and 1.4 in two independent cohorts (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.04, respectively). While AR-CE3 expression was detectable in primary prostatic tumors, levels were substantially higher in a subset of CRPC metastases and cell lines, and were correlated with AR-E1 expression. CONCLUSIONS RISH for AR-E1 and AR-CE3 is an analytically valid method to examine total AR and AR-V7 RNA levels in FFPE tissues. Future clinical validation studies are required to determine whether AR RISH is a prognostic or predictive biomarker in specific clinical contexts. Clin Cancer Res; 22(18); 4651-63. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana B Guedes
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carlos L Morais
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Fawaz Almutairi
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael C Haffner
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Qizhi Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John T Isaacs
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Changxue Lu
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Harrison Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tamara L Lotan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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20
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Risbridger GP, Taylor RA. Patient-Derived Prostate Cancer: from Basic Science to the Clinic. Discov Oncol 2016; 7:236-40. [PMID: 27177552 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-016-0266-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Systems that model cancer form the backbone of research discovery, and their accuracy and validity are a key determinant to ensure successful translation. In many tumour types, patient-derived specimens are an important model of choice for pre-clinical drug development. In this review, we consider why this has been such a challenge for prostate cancer, resulting in relatively few patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) of prostatic tumours compared to breast cancers, for example. Nevertheless, with only a few patient specimens and PDXs, we exemplify in three vignettes how important new clinical insights were obtained resulting in benefit for future men with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail P Risbridger
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium and Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Renea A Taylor
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium and Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
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21
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Tsai H, Morais CL, Alshalalfa M, Tan HL, Haddad Z, Hicks J, Gupta N, Epstein JI, Netto GJ, Isaacs WB, Luo J, Mehra R, Vessella RL, Karnes RJ, Schaeffer EM, Davicioni E, De Marzo AM, Lotan TL. Cyclin D1 Loss Distinguishes Prostatic Small-Cell Carcinoma from Most Prostatic Adenocarcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:5619-29. [PMID: 26246306 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Small-cell neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic carcinoma is an increasingly common resistance mechanism to potent androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), but can be difficult to identify morphologically. We investigated whether cyclin D1 and p16 expression can inform on Rb functional status and distinguish small-cell carcinoma from adenocarcinoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used gene expression data and immunohistochemistry to examine cyclin D1 and p16 levels in patient-derived xenografts (PDX), and prostatic small-cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma specimens. RESULTS Using PDX, we show proof-of-concept that a high ratio of p16 to cyclin D1 gene expression reflects underlying Rb functional loss and distinguishes morphologically identified small-cell carcinoma from prostatic adenocarcinoma in patient specimens (n = 13 and 9, respectively). At the protein level, cyclin D1, but not p16, was useful to distinguish small-cell carcinoma from adenocarcinoma. Overall, 88% (36/41) of small-cell carcinomas showed cyclin D1 loss by immunostaining compared with 2% (2/94) of Gleason score 7-10 primary adenocarcinomas at radical prostatectomy, 9% (4/44) of Gleason score 9-10 primary adenocarcinomas at needle biopsy, and 7% (8/115) of individual metastases from 39 patients at autopsy. Though rare adenocarcinomas showed cyclin D1 loss, many of these were associated with clinical features of small-cell carcinoma, and in a cohort of men treated with adjuvant ADT who developed metastasis, lower cyclin D1 gene expression was associated with more rapid onset of metastasis and death. CONCLUSIONS Cyclin D1 loss identifies prostate tumors with small-cell differentiation and may identify a small subset of adenocarcinomas with poor prognosis. Clin Cancer Res; 21(24); 5619-29. ©2015 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Tsai
- Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carlos L Morais
- Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Hsueh-Li Tan
- Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Zaid Haddad
- GenomeDx Biosciences, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jessica Hicks
- Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nilesh Gupta
- Pathology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jonathan I Epstein
- Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - George J Netto
- Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William B Isaacs
- Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jun Luo
- Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rohit Mehra
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Robert L Vessella
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Edward M Schaeffer
- Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elai Davicioni
- GenomeDx Biosciences, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tamara L Lotan
- Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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22
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Zhang X, Coleman IM, Brown LG, True LD, Kollath L, Lucas JM, Lam HM, Dumpit R, Corey E, Chéry L, Lakely B, Higano CS, Montgomery B, Roudier M, Lange PH, Nelson PS, Vessella RL, Morrissey C. SRRM4 Expression and the Loss of REST Activity May Promote the Emergence of the Neuroendocrine Phenotype in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:4698-708. [PMID: 26071481 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The neuroendocrine phenotype is associated with the development of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Our objective was to characterize the molecular features of the neuroendocrine phenotype in CRPC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Expression of chromogranin A (CHGA), synaptophysin (SYP), androgen receptor (AR), and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was analyzed by IHC in 155 CRPC metastases from 50 patients and in 24 LuCaP prostate cancer patient-derived xenografts (PDX). Seventy-one of 155 metastases and the 24 LuCaP xenograft lines were analyzed by whole-genome microarrays. REST splicing was verified by PCR. RESULTS Coexpression of CHGA and SYP in >30% of cells was observed in 22 of 155 metastases (9 patients); 11 of the 22 metastases were AR(+)/PSA(+) (6 patients), 11/22 were AR-/PSA- (4 patients), and 4/24 LuCaP PDXs were AR(-)/PSA(-). By IHC, of the 71 metastases analyzed by whole-genome microarrays, 5 metastases were CHGA(+)/SYP(+)/AR(-), and 5 were CHGA(+)/SYP(+)/AR(+). Only CHGA(+)/SYP(+) metastases had a neuroendocrine transcript signature. The neuronal transcriptional regulator SRRM4 transcript was associated with the neuroendocrine signature in CHGA(+)/SYP(+) metastases and all CHGA(+)/SYP(+) LuCaP xenografts. In addition, expression of SRRM4 in LuCaP neuroendocrine xenografts correlated with a splice variant of REST that lacks the transcriptional repressor domain. CONCLUSIONS (i) Metastatic neuroendocrine status can be heterogeneous in the same patient, (ii) the CRPC neuroendocrine molecular phenotype can be defined by CHGA(+)/SYP(+) dual positivity, (iii) the neuroendocrine phenotype is not necessarily associated with the loss of AR activity, and (iv) the splicing of REST by SRRM4 could promote the neuroendocrine phenotype in CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotun Zhang
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ilsa M Coleman
- Divison of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lisha G Brown
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lawrence D True
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lori Kollath
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jared M Lucas
- Divison of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Hung-Ming Lam
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ruth Dumpit
- Divison of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lisly Chéry
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Bryce Lakely
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Celestia S Higano
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Bruce Montgomery
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Martine Roudier
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Paul H Lange
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Divison of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Robert L Vessella
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
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23
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DiPippo VA, Olson WC, Nguyen HM, Brown LG, Vessella RL, Corey E. Efficacy studies of an antibody-drug conjugate PSMA-ADC in patient-derived prostate cancer xenografts. Prostate 2015; 75:303-13. [PMID: 25327986 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is timely and important to develop new treatment modalities for advanced prostate cancer, because even the newly FDA approved treatments, despite providing significant survival benefits, do not constitute cure of this disease. Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a promising approach to cancer therapy. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is expressed in advanced prostate cancer and targeting this protein is used for imaging of advanced prostate cancer as well as development of targeting strategies. The objective of our studies was to evaluate the efficacy of PSMA ADC against a series of patient-derived prostate cancer xenografts (LuCaP 58, LuCaP 77, LuCaP 96CR, and LuCaP 105) with different characteristics, including varying levels of PSMA expression and responses to androgen suppression. METHODS Mice bearing subcutaneous LuCaP prostate cancer-derived xenografts received PSMA antibody monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) drug conjugate (PSMA ADC) in which the antibody and MMAE are linked via a protease-cleavable linker. PSMA ADC dose ranged from 1 to 6 mg/kg. Unmodified PSMA mAb + free MMAE at the amount equivalent to those contained in 6 mg/kg PSMA ADC was used as control. All treatments were administered once a week via tail-vein injections and repeated four times once a week and tumor responses were monitored for 10 weeks. IHC analyses were performed to determine PSMA and AR expression and effects on proliferation. RESULTS Treatment responses varied widely across the tumor models, from complete tumor regressions in LuCaP 96CR to largely unimpeded tumor progression of LuCaP 58, which had the lowest baseline level of PSMA expression. Intermediate antitumor effects were seen for LuCaP 77 and LuCaP 105 tumors, despite their having similar basal expression of PSMA as LuCaP 96CR. Interestingly, we detected substantial differences in responses even within the same model, indicating that PSMA expression is not the only factor involved in treatment outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Our results show high efficacy of PSMA ADC in advanced prostate cancer but also considerable variability in effects despite PSMA expression. Further studies to identify tumor characteristics that are predictive of treatment response are ongoing.
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Abstract
Prostate cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer death in men in the USA and most western countries. Prostatic acinar adenocarcinoma is the most commonly diagnosed form of prostate cancer. Small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma is less frequently identified at the time of initial diagnosis, but this highly aggressive form of prostate cancer is increasingly observed in patients who have failed first- and second-line hormone therapy. Thus, developing and exploring models of neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NePC) are of increasing importance. This review examines the relevant xenograft tumor and genetically engineered mouse models of NePC, with the aim of addressing salient features and clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa D Berman-Booty
- Department of Cancer BiologyKimmel Cancer CenterDepartments of UrologyRadiation OncologyThomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 1008, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Department of Cancer BiologyKimmel Cancer CenterDepartments of UrologyRadiation OncologyThomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 1008, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | - Karen E Knudsen
- Department of Cancer BiologyKimmel Cancer CenterDepartments of UrologyRadiation OncologyThomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 1008, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Department of Cancer BiologyKimmel Cancer CenterDepartments of UrologyRadiation OncologyThomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 1008, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Department of Cancer BiologyKimmel Cancer CenterDepartments of UrologyRadiation OncologyThomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 1008, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Department of Cancer BiologyKimmel Cancer CenterDepartments of UrologyRadiation OncologyThomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 1008, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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25
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Lin D, Xue H, Wang Y, Wu R, Watahiki A, Dong X, Cheng H, Wyatt AW, Collins CC, Gout PW, Wang Y. Next generation patient-derived prostate cancer xenograft models. Asian J Androl 2014; 16:407-12. [PMID: 24589467 PMCID: PMC4023366 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.125394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a critical need for more effective therapeutic approaches for prostate cancer. Research in this area, however, has been seriously hampered by a lack of clinically relevant, experimental in vivo models of the disease. This review particularly focuses on the development of prostate cancer xenograft models based on subrenal capsule grafting of patients’ tumor tissue into nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice. This technique allows successful development of transplantable, patient-derived cancer tissue xenograft lines not only from aggressive metastatic, but also from localized prostate cancer tissues. The xenografts have been found to retain key biological properties of the original malignancies, including histopathological and molecular characteristics, tumor heterogeneity, response to androgen ablation and metastatic ability. As such, they are highly clinically relevant and provide valuable tools for studies of prostate cancer progression at cellular and molecular levels, drug screening for personalized cancer therapy and preclinical drug efficacy testing; especially when a panel of models is used to cover a broader spectrum of the disease. These xenograft models could therefore be viewed as next-generation models of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuzhuo Wang
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Agency and Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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26
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Young SR, Saar M, Santos J, Nguyen HM, Vessella RL, Peehl DM. Establishment and serial passage of cell cultures derived from LuCaP xenografts. Prostate 2013; 73:1251-62. [PMID: 23740600 PMCID: PMC3720815 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND LuCaP serially transplantable xenografts derived from primary and metastatic human prostate cancer encompass the molecular and cellular heterogeneity of the disease and are an invaluable resource for in vivo preclinical studies. A limitation of this model, however, has been the inability to establish and passage cell cultures derived from the xenografts. Here, we describe a novel spheroid culture system that supports long-term growth of LuCaP cells in vitro. METHODS Xenografts were minced and digested with collagenase. Tissue dissociation was terminated while the majority of cells remained as clusters rather than single cells. The cell clusters were suspended in StemPro medium supplemented with R1881 and Y-27632, a Rho kinase inhibitor, and placed in ultralow attachment dishes for spheroid culture. Serial passage was achieved by partial digestion to small clusters with trypsin/EDTA in the presence of Y-27632. Cell viability, growth and phenotype were monitored with LIVE/DEAD®, MTS, qRT-PCR, and immunocytochemical assays. RESULTS Cells from six LuCaP xenografts formed proliferating spheroids that were serially passaged a minimum of three times and cryopreserved. Two of the cell lines, LuCaP 136 and LuCaP 147, were further passaged and characterized. Both expressed biomarkers characteristic of the xenografts of origin, were determined to be of independent origin by STR fingerprinting, and were free of mycoplasma. LuCaP 147 formed tumors similar to the original xenograft when injected into mice. CONCLUSIONS The ability to culture LuCaP cells affords new opportunities for fast, cheap, and efficient preclinical studies and extends the value of the LuCaP xenograft models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R. Young
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Matthias Saar
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jennifer Santos
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Holly M. Nguyen
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Robert L. Vessella
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Puget Sound VA Health Care System
| | - Donna M. Peehl
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Correspondence to: Dr. Donna Peehl, PhD, Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5118.
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27
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Abstract
The combination of expression patterns of AGR2 (anterior gradient 2) and CD10 by prostate cancer provided four phenotypes that correlated with clinical outcome. Based on immunophenotyping, CD10(low)AGR2(high), CD10(high)AGR2(high), CD10(low)AGR2(low), and CD10(high)AGR2(low) were distinguished. AGR2(+) tumors were associated with longer recurrence-free survival and CD10(+) tumors with shorter recurrence-free survival. In high-stage cases, the CD10(low)AGR2(high) phenotype was associated with a ninefold higher recurrence-free survival than the CD10(high)AGR2(low) phenotype. The CD10(high)AGR2(high) and CD10(low)AGR2(low) phenotypes were intermediate. The CD10(high)AGR2(low) phenotype was most frequent in high-grade primary tumors. Conversely, bone and other soft tissue metastases, and derivative xenografts, expressed more AGR2 and less CD10. AGR2 protein was readily detected in tumor metastases. The CD10(high)AGR2(low) phenotype in primary tumors is predictive of poor outcome; however, the CD10(low)AGR2(high) phenotype is more common in metastases. It appears that AGR2 has a protective function in primary tumors but may have a role in the distal spread of tumor cells.
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28
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Aparicio A, Tzelepi V, Araujo JC, Guo CC, Liang S, Troncoso P, Logothetis CJ, Navone NM, Maity SN. Neuroendocrine prostate cancer xenografts with large-cell and small-cell features derived from a single patient's tumor: morphological, immunohistochemical, and gene expression profiles. Prostate 2011; 71:846-56. [PMID: 21456067 PMCID: PMC3883511 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small-cell carcinoma (SCC) of the prostate is an AR-negative variant of prostate cancer found at progression in 10-20% of castrate-resistant disease. Its finding predicts a distinct clinical course and a poor prognosis. Large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is a much rarer variant that behaves similarly to SCC. The biological mechanisms that drive these disease variants are poorly understood. METHODS Eight tumor fragments from the salvage pelvic exenteration specimen of a patient with castrate-resistant prostate carcinoma were subcutaneously implanted into 6- to 8-week-old male CB17 SCID mice. Serial tissue sections and tissue microarrays of the resulting MDA PCa 144 xenograft lines were used for histopathologic and immunohistochemical characterization of the xenografts and their tissue of origin. RNA from two representative xenograft sublines was used for gene-expression profiling. RESULTS All eight fragments formed tumors: four of the MDA PCa 144 xenograft sublines had morphologic characteristics of SCC and four, of LCNEC. All retained high fidelity to their parent tumor tissue, which remained stable through serial passages. Morphological transitions in the specimen of origin suggested LCNEC represents an intermediate step between adenocarcinoma and SCC. Over 2,500 genes were differentially expressed between the SCC (MDA PCa 144-13) and the LCNEC (MDA PCa 144-4) sublines and enriched in "Nervous System Development" Gene Ontology subtree. CONCLUSION The eight xenograft models described represent the spectrum of neuroendocrine carcinomas in prostate cancer and will be valuable preclinical tools to study the pathogenesis of and therapy targets for this increasingly recognized subset of lethal prostate cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/radiotherapy
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/pathology
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/radiotherapy
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/radiotherapy
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Prostate-Specific Antigen
- Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/radiotherapy
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Aparicio
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Correspondence to: Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Unit 1374, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009. Tel: 713-563-6969; Fax: 713-745-1625;
| | - Vasiliki Tzelepi
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - John C. Araujo
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Charles C. Guo
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Shoudan Liang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Patricia Troncoso
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Christopher J. Logothetis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nora M. Navone
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sankar N. Maity
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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29
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Pascal LE, Vêncio RZ, Vessella RL, Ware CB, Vêncio EF, Denyer G, Liu AY. Lineage relationship of prostate cancer cell types based on gene expression. BMC Med Genomics 2011; 4:46. [PMID: 21605402 PMCID: PMC3113924 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-4-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate tumor heterogeneity is a major factor in disease management. Heterogeneity could be due to multiple cancer cell types with distinct gene expression. Of clinical importance is the so-called cancer stem cell type. Cell type-specific transcriptomes are used to examine lineage relationship among cancer cell types and their expression similarity to normal cell types including stem/progenitor cells. Methods Transcriptomes were determined by Affymetrix DNA array analysis for the following cell types. Putative prostate progenitor cell populations were characterized and isolated by expression of the membrane transporter ABCG2. Stem cells were represented by embryonic stem and embryonal carcinoma cells. The cancer cell types were Gleason pattern 3 (glandular histomorphology) and pattern 4 (aglandular) sorted from primary tumors, cultured prostate cancer cell lines originally established from metastatic lesions, xenografts LuCaP 35 (adenocarcinoma phenotype) and LuCaP 49 (neuroendocrine/small cell carcinoma) grown in mice. No detectable gene expression differences were detected among serial passages of the LuCaP xenografts. Results Based on transcriptomes, the different cancer cell types could be clustered into a luminal-like grouping and a non-luminal-like (also not basal-like) grouping. The non-luminal-like types showed expression more similar to that of stem/progenitor cells than the luminal-like types. However, none showed expression of stem cell genes known to maintain stemness. Conclusions Non-luminal-like types are all representatives of aggressive disease, and this could be attributed to the similarity in overall gene expression to stem and progenitor cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Pascal
- Department of Urology University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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30
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Lopez-Barcons LA. Small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate: are heterotransplants a better experimental model? Asian J Androl 2009; 12:308-14. [PMID: 20023690 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2009.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate (SCNCP) is an uncommon type of prostate cancer. However, it is of clinical importance because it is one of the most aggressive tumors of the prostate with a very poor prognosis. There exist few artificially cultured tumor cell lines to study SCNCP. Then, another approach to that study consists in the use of fresh tumor tissue obtained from patients and its heterotransplantation into host mice. The purpose of this review is to integrate data from more than 20 years of heterotransplantation research in the study of small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate (SCNCP). Heterotransplantation has provided data regarding the histopathology, karyotype, DNA content, cell cycle frequency, tumor markers, androgen receptor expression, metastasis and take rate of this prostate disease. When possible, comparisons between original in situ specimens removed from patients and heterotransplanted tissue from host mice have been made. There are advantages, as well as limitations, that have been identified for SCNCP heterotransplants versus xenotransplantation of cultured cells. Overall, heterotransplanted tumors are better than conventional tumor xenografts at retaining tumor morphology, pathology, secretory activity and expression of tumor markers of the patient's original specimen. Furthermore, heterotransplanted tissue preserves the three-dimensional tumor architecture of the prostate to maintain critical stromal-epithelial cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluis-A Lopez-Barcons
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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32
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Coleman IM, Kiefer JA, Brown LG, Pitts TE, Nelson PS, Brubaker KD, Vessella RL, Corey E. Inhibition of androgen-independent prostate cancer by estrogenic compounds is associated with increased expression of immune-related genes. Neoplasia 2006; 8:862-78. [PMID: 17032503 PMCID: PMC1715921 DOI: 10.1593/neo.06328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical utility of estrogens for treating prostate cancer (CaP) was established in the 1940s by Huggins. The classic model of the anti-CaP activity of estrogens postulates an indirect mechanism involving the suppression of androgen production. However, clinical and preclinical studies have shown that estrogens exert growth-inhibitory effects on CaP under low-androgen conditions, suggesting additional modes whereby estrogens affect CaP cells and/or the microenvironment. Here we have investigated the activity of 17beta estradiol (E2) against androgen-independent CaP and identified molecular alterations in tumors exposed to E2. E2 treatment inhibited the growth of all four androgen-independent CaP xenografts studied (LuCaP 35V, LuCaP 23.1AI, LuCaP 49, and LuCaP 58) in castrated male mice. The molecular basis of growth suppression was studied by cDNA microarray analysis, which indicated that multiple pathways are altered by E2 treatment. Of particular interest are changes in transcripts encoding proteins that mediate immune responses and regulate androgen receptor signaling. In conclusion, our data show that estrogens have powerful inhibitory effects on CaP in vivo in androgen-depleted environments and suggest novel mechanisms of estrogen-mediated antitumor activity. These results indicate that incorporating estrogens into CaP treatment protocols could enhance therapeutic efficacy even in cases of advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilsa M Coleman
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Kiefer
- Department of Urology, Medical School, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lisha G Brown
- Department of Urology, Medical School, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tiffany E Pitts
- Department of Urology, Medical School, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kristen D Brubaker
- Department of Urology, Medical School, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert L Vessella
- Department of Urology, Medical School, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, Medical School, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Yao JL, Madeb R, Bourne P, Lei J, Yang X, Tickoo S, Liu Z, Tan D, Cheng L, Hatem F, Huang J, Anthony di Sant'Agnese P. Small cell carcinoma of the prostate: an immunohistochemical study. Am J Surg Pathol 2006; 30:705-12. [PMID: 16723847 DOI: 10.1097/00000478-200606000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Small cell carcinoma of the prostate (SCPC) is morphologically similar to small cell carcinoma of the lung (SCLC) and maybe misinterpreted as Gleason pattern 5b prostate adenocarcinoma (HGPC). Recognition of SCPC is important because of its different clinical behavior. This study aims to characterize the immunophenotype of histologically classic SCPC using a comprehensive panel of markers, to better understand its histogenesis, aid in its classification, and evaluate potential therapeutic targets. Using the World Health Organization morphologic criteria for SCLC, 18 SCPC cases were identified; and studied for the following tumor marker groups: prostate specific/related, neuroendocrine, sex steroid hormone receptors, and prognostic/treatment target-related. Ten cases of UPC were used as controls. PSA was positive in 17% of SCPC and neuroendocrine markers were expressed in HGPC. PSA, TTF-1 and CD56 were the most helpful markers in differentiating between SCPC and HGPC (P<0.01), whereas bombesin/GRP, c-kit, bcl-2, and EGFR expression was more frequent in SCPC. SCPC is best diagnosed by following the World Health Organization diagnostic criteria for SCLC. Immunohistochemical markers can help separate SCPC from HGPC and may be useful in histologically borderline cases. Potential therapeutic targets are identified immunohistochemically in SCPC (Bombesin/GRP, c-kit, bcl-2, and EGFR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Yao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, and Department of Pathology, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Marques RB, van Weerden WM, Erkens-Schulze S, de Ridder CM, Bangma CH, Trapman J, Jenster G. The Human PC346 Xenograft and Cell Line Panel: A Model System for Prostate Cancer Progression. Eur Urol 2006; 49:245-57. [PMID: 16413664 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2005.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prostate cancer (PC) model systems that reflect the different disease stages are essential for studying the development and progression of PC and for testing new treatment modalities. This review summarizes the establishment and characterization of the PC346 progression model and compares it to other available human PC cell lines and xenografts. METHODS The PC346 model was derived from the transurethral resection of a primary prostate tumor. Tumor samples were subcutaneously implanted into athymic mice, which resulted in the development of a series of xenografts from which in vitro cell cultures were established. RESULTS The PC346 panel includes sublines with hormone-response characteristics that range from androgen-sensitive to androgen-independent (AI) growth. In vivo and in vitro selection of androgen-sensitive lines under androgen-depleted conditions replicated the clinically relevant relapse phenomenon, and resulted in a series of modifications in the androgen-receptor (AR) pathway: AR mutation, overexpression, and downregulation. CONCLUSIONS The PC346 panel reproduces many biological characteristics of the different phases of clinical PC and the most common AR modifications observed in hormone-refractory tumors, being a valuable addition to the limited collection of available model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute B Marques
- Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
PURPOSE This is part 2 of a 2-part review. Research into the molecular mechanisms underlying the various aspects of prostate cancer (PCa) requires the use of in vivo and in vitro model systems. In the last few years many new cell lines have been established by investigators from primary tissue sources and clonal derivatives of previously established lines. Therefore, the purpose of this 2-part review is to catalogue the current human cell lines developed for PCa research, as reported in the literature. Part 2 describes tissue culture cell lines derived by the insertion of transgenes, including human telomerase reverse transcriptase, SV40 T antigen and human papillomavirus genes. Part 2 also includes xenograft lines that require propagation and passage in vivo in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prostate cell lines included in this review were identified by extensive searching of the literature using several strategies, including PubMed searches and book chapter reviews. RESULTS In total we describe the derivation, phenotype, genotype and characterization of molecular markers expressed by approximately 200 lines and sublines used in PCa research, including ones derived from primary tumors, metastases and normal prostate tissue. We paid particular attention to the expression of prostate specific antigen, androgen receptor, cytokeratins and other molecular markers used to indicate the status of PCa and the prostatic lineage of a given line. In an attempt to provide PCa researchers with a resource of information regarding new and established cell lines we have also created an online database of these PCa cell lines freely accessible via the World Wide Web at http://www.CaPCellLines.com. The web based interface allows researchers to peruse and print information regarding cell lines, add new cell lines and update or add new information regarding established cell lines. CONCLUSIONS This compendium of cell lines currently used in PCa research combined with access to our on-line database provides researchers with a continually updated and valuable resource for investigating the molecular mechanisms of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Sobel
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Abstract
Metastasis to bone is common in lung, kidney, breast and prostate cancers. However, prostate cancer is unique in that bone is often the only clinically detectable site of metastasis, and the resulting tumours tend to be osteoblastic (bone forming) rather than osteolytic (bone lysing). The interaction between host cells and metastatic cancer cells is an important component of organ-specific cancer progression. How can this knowledge lead to the development of more effective therapies?
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Logothetis
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Koochekpour S, Zhuang YJ, Beroukhim R, Hsieh CL, Hofer MD, Zhau HE, Hiraiwa M, Pattan DY, Ware JL, Luftig RB, Sandhoff K, Sawyers CL, Pienta KJ, Rubin MA, Vessella RL, Sellers WR, Sartor O. Amplification and overexpression of prosaposin in prostate cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2005; 44:351-64. [PMID: 16080200 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified prosaposin (PSAP) as a secreted protein expressed in androgen-independent (AI) prostate cancer cells by cloning/sequencing, after probing a PC-3 cDNA library expressed in the lambdaTriplEx phagemid expression vector with a polyclonal rabbit antibody generated against pooled human seminal plasma. PSAP is a neurotrophic molecule; its deficiency or inactivation has proved to be lethal in man and mice, and in mice, it leads to abnormal development and atrophy of the prostate gland, despite normal testosterone levels. We used Southern hybridization, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and/or single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array analysis, and we now report the genomic amplification of PSAP in the metastatic AI prostate cancer cell lines, PC-3, DU-145, MDA-PCa 2b, M-12, and NCI-H660. In addition, by using SNP arrays and a set of 25 punch biopsy samples of human prostate cancer xenografts (LAPC3, LuCaP 23.1, 35, 49, 58, 73, 77, 81, 86.2, 92.1, 93, 96, 105, and 115), lymph nodes, and visceral-organ metastases, we detected amplification of the PSAP locus (10q22.1) in LuCaP 58 and 96 xenografts and two lymph node metastases. In addition, AI metastatic prostate cancer cell lines C4-2B and IA8-ARCaP over-expressed PSAP mRNA without evidence of genomic amplification. Taken together with prior data that demonstrated the growth-, migration-, and invasion-promoting activities, the activation of multiple signal transduction pathways, and the antiapoptotic effect of PSAP (or one of its active domains, saposin C) in prostate cancer cells, our current observation of PSAP amplification or overexpression in prostate cancer suggests, for the first time, a role for this molecule in the process of carcinogenesis or cancer progression in the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Koochekpour
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Linja MJ, Porkka KP, Kang Z, Savinainen KJ, Jänne OA, Tammela TLJ, Vessella RL, Palvimo JJ, Visakorpi T. Expression of androgen receptor coregulators in prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:1032-40. [PMID: 14871982 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-0990-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The androgen receptor (AR)-mediated signaling pathway seems to be essentially involved in the development and progression of prostate cancer. In vitro studies have shown that altered expression of AR coregulators may significantly modify transcriptional activity of AR, suggesting that these coregulators could also contribute to the progression of prostate cancer. Here, our goal was to assess alterations in the expression of the AR coregulators in prostate cancer in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The expression of 16 AR coactivators and corepressors (SRC1, beta-catenin, TIF2, PIAS1, PIASx, ARIP4, BRCA1, AIB1, AIB3, CBP, STAT1, NCoR1, AES, cyclin D1, p300, and ARA24) was measured in prostate cancer cell lines, xenografts, and clinical prostate tumor specimens by using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. In addition, gene copy number of SRC1 was analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization. RESULTS Both AR-positive and AR-negative cell lines and xenografts expressed the coregulators. Most of the coregulators studied were expressed at equal levels in benign prostatic hyperplasia and untreated and hormone-refractory carcinomas. However, the expression of PIAS1 and SRC1 was significantly (P = 0.048 and 0.017, respectively) lower in hormone-refractory prostate tumors than in untreated prostate tumors. No overexpression of the coregulators was found in the clinical material. Paradoxically, the SRC1 gene was found to be amplified and highly expressed in a LuCaP 70 prostate cancer xenograft. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the decreased expression of PIAS1 and SRC1 could be involved in the progression of prostate cancer. In addition, gene amplification of SRC1 in one of the xenografts implies that, in some tumors, genetic alteration of SRC1 may provide a growth advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika J Linja
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, FIN-33014 Tampere, Finland
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Porkka KP, Nupponen NN, Tammela TLJ, Vessella RL, Visakorpi T. Human pHyde is not a classical tumor suppressor gene in prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2003; 106:729-35. [PMID: 12866033 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A novel putative tumor suppressor gene, pHyde, was recently cloned from rat prostate. The rat gene has been shown to inhibit prostate cancer cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. However, the role of human pHyde in prostate cancer has not been studied before. Here, we analyzed human prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, DU145, PC-3, 22Rv1), xenografts (LuCaP 23.1, 35, 41, 49, 58, 69, 70 and 73) and clinical prostate carcinomas for genetic alterations and expression of pHyde. The expression of pHyde in normal human tissues as well as in prostate cancer was studied by Northern analysis and real-time quantitative RT-PCR. It was ubiquitously expressed in all normal tissues analyzed. Although, the expression was significantly (p=0.007) lower in poorly differentiated than in well and moderately differentiated carcinomas, there were no differences in the expression levels between benign prostate hyperplasia, untreated primary and recurrent hormone-refractory prostate carcinomas (p=0.607). Altogether, missense mutations were detected in 2 out of 68 samples studied ( approximately 3%) by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) and sequencing. One of the samples with the mutation also exhibited a loss of a gene copy by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). This was the only sample that exhibited a genetic alteration in both alleles, suggesting that the human pHyde is not a classical prostate tumor suppressor gene. The reduced expression of the gene found in some tumors warrant further studies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Cell Cycle Proteins
- DNA/genetics
- DNA/metabolism
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- DNA Primers/chemistry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Male
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/genetics
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/pathology
- Oncogene Proteins/physiology
- Oxidoreductases
- Prostate/metabolism
- Prostate/pathology
- Prostatic Hyperplasia/genetics
- Prostatic Hyperplasia/metabolism
- Prostatic Hyperplasia/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati P Porkka
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Chaib H, MacDonald JW, Vessella RL, Washburn JG, Quinn JE, Odman A, Rubin MA, Macoska JA. Haploinsufficiency and reduced expression of genes localized to the 8p chromosomal region in human prostate tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2003; 37:306-13. [PMID: 12759929 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.10226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytogenetic and molecular studies have suggested that deletion or rearrangement of sequences that map to the short arm of chromosome 8 may be permissive for tumorigenesis in several organ systems, and in human prostate tumors in particular. In this study, we hypothesized that genes deleted for one copy and localized to the 8p chromosomal region may be transcriptionally down-regulated or ablated in affected human prostate tumor tissues. To test this hypothesis, we used cDNA microarray analysis to determine the transcriptional profiles for 259 transcribed sequences mapping to the 8p chromosomal region for seven human prostate tumor xenografts, completely characterized for numerical and structural alterations on chromosome 8, and five normal human prostate tissues. These experiments identified 33 genes differentially expressed between normal and malignant prostate tissues, the majority of which (28/33, 85%) were transcriptionally down-regulated in malignant compared to normal human prostate tissues. These findings, that haploinsufficiency and transcriptional down-regulation for genes mapping to 8p are largely coincident in human prostate tumors, should provide a powerful tool for the identification of tumor-suppressor genes associated with human prostate cancer initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Chaib
- Department of Urology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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Clegg N, Ferguson C, True LD, Arnold H, Moorman A, Quinn JE, Vessella RL, Nelson PS. Molecular characterization of prostatic small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Prostate 2003; 55:55-64. [PMID: 12640661 DOI: 10.1002/pros.10217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A subset of prostate carcinomas is composed predominantly, even exclusively, of neuroendocrine (NE) cells. In this report, we sought to characterize the gene expression profile of a prostate small cell NE carcinoma by assessing the diversity and abundance of transcripts in the LuCaP 49 prostate small cell carcinoma xenograft. METHODS We constructed a cDNA library (PRCA3) from the LuCap 49 prostate small cell xenograft. Single pass DNA sequencing of randomly selected cDNA clones followed by sequence assembly and annotation produced a library of Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) representing the LuCaP 49 transcriptome. Comparative sequence analysis with ESTs derived from prostate adenocarcinoma libraries was performed using statistical algorithms designed to identify differentially expressed sequences. Putative NE cell-specific genes were further examined by Northern analysis. RESULTS Sequence assembly and analysis identified 1,447 distinct genes expressed in the LuCaP 49 cDNA library. These include cDNAs encoding the NE markers secretogranin (SCG2), CD24, and ENO2. Northern analysis revealed that three additional genes, ASCL1, INA, and SV2B are expressed in LuCaP 49 but not in various prostate cancer cell lines or xenografts. Fifteen genes were identified with a statistical probability (P > 0.9) of being up-regulated in LuCaP 49 small cell carcinoma relative to prostate adenocarcinoma (two primary prostate adenocarcinomas and the LNCaP prostate adenocarcinoma cell line). CONCLUSIONS Prostate small cell carcinoma expresses a diverse repertoire of genes that reflect characteristics of their NE cell of origin. ASCL1, INA, and SV2B are potential molecular markers for small cell NE tumors and NE cells of the prostate. This small cell NE carcinoma gene expression profile may yield insights into the development, progression, and treatment of subtypes of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Clegg
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington-Seattle, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
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