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Recent Advances in the Genetic of MALT Lymphomas. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010176. [PMID: 35008340 PMCID: PMC8750177 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is the most common subtype of marginal zone lymphomas. These B-cell neoplasms may arise from many organs and usually have an indolent behavior. Recurrent chromosomal translocations and cytogenetic alterations are well characterized, some of them being associated to specific sites. Through next-generation sequencing technologies, the mutational landscape of MALT lymphomas has been explored and available data to date show that there are considerable variations in the incidence and spectrum of mutations among MALT lymphoma of different sites. Interestingly, most of these mutations affect several common pathways and some of them are potentially targetable. Gene expression profile and epigenetic studies have also added new information, potentially useful for diagnosis and treatment. This article provides a comprehensive review of the genetic landscape in MALT lymphomas. Abstract Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas are a diverse group of lymphoid neoplasms with B-cell origin, occurring in adult patients and usually having an indolent clinical behavior. These lymphomas may arise in different anatomic locations, sharing many clinicopathological characteristics, but also having substantial variances in the aetiology and genetic alterations. Chromosomal translocations are recurrent in MALT lymphomas with different prevalence among different sites, being the 4 most common: t(11;18)(q21;q21), t(1;14)(p22;q32), t(14;18)(q32;q21), and t(3;14)(p14.1;q32). Several chromosomal numerical abnormalities have also been described, but probably represent secondary genetic events. The mutational landscape of MALT lymphomas is wide, and the most frequent mutations are: TNFAIP3, CREBBP, KMT2C, TET2, SPEN, KMT2D, LRP1B, PRDM1, EP300, TNFRSF14, NOTCH1/NOTCH2, and B2M, but many other genes may be involved. Similar to chromosomal translocations, certain mutations are enriched in specific lymphoma types. In the same line, variation in immunoglobulin gene usage is recognized among MALT lymphoma of different anatomic locations. In the last decade, several studies have analyzed the role of microRNA, transcriptomics and epigenetic alterations, further improving our knowledge about the pathogenic mechanisms in MALT lymphoma development. All these advances open the possibility of targeted directed treatment and push forward the concept of precision medicine in MALT lymphomas.
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Kelemen K, Rimsza LM, Craig FE. Primary Pulmonary B-cell Lymphoma. Semin Diagn Pathol 2020; 37:259-267. [PMID: 32444246 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Kelemen
- Mayo Clinic Arizona, Division of Hematopathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Phoenix, Arizona.
| | - Lisa M Rimsza
- Mayo Clinic Arizona, Division of Hematopathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Fiona E Craig
- Mayo Clinic Arizona, Division of Hematopathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Phoenix, Arizona
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Izumi K, Nishikori M, Yuan H, Otsuka Y, Nakao K, Takaori-Kondo A. Establishment and characterization of a MALT lymphoma cell line carrying an API2-MALT1 translocation. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2020; 59:517-524. [PMID: 32348592 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
MALT lymphomas with API2(BIRC3)-MALT1 translocation usually have an indolent clinical course and rarely transform into aggressive lymphoma, and there have been no lymphoma cell lines carrying API2-MALT1 translocation reported to date. We established a novel lymphoma cell line named BMA19, carrying the API2-MALT1 translocation from a patient with histologic transformation of intestinal MALT lymphoma. The cells were suggested to carry API2-MALT1 and MYC-IGH translocations by chromosomal analysis, and these translocations were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction analysis. The expression of MYC was shown to be enhanced as a result of the MYC-IGH translocation, and it is considered to have played a role in the histologic transformation of MALT lymphoma. Whole exome sequencing of BMA19 identified several nucleotide variations in genes reported to be mutated in previous studies of marginal zone lymphomas. The MALT1 inhibitor MI-2 specifically decreased cell growth, and the BMA19 cell line was suggested to be still dependent on the API2-MALT1 signal. Subtractive microarray analysis showed that one of the earliest events resulting from MALT1 inhibition is increased susceptibility to endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis. The BMA19 cell line is considered to conserve the biological properties of MALT lymphoma and is expected to be a valuable tool for research into the pathogenesis of MALT lymphoma with an API2-MALT1 translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Izumi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Momoko Nishikori
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hepei Yuan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Otsuka
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kensuke Nakao
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akifumi Takaori-Kondo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Marcelis L, Tousseyn T, Sagaert X. MALT Lymphoma as a Model of Chronic Inflammation-Induced Gastric Tumor Development. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 421:77-106. [PMID: 31123886 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15138-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, or extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of MALT, is an indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma linked with preexisting chronic inflammation. The stomach is the most commonly affected organ and the MALT lymphoma pathogenesis is clearly associated with Helicobacter pylori gastroduodenitis. Inflammation induces the lymphoid infiltrates in extranodal sites, where the lymphoma then subsequently develops. Genetic aberrations arise through the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), H. pylori-induced endonucleases, and other effects. The involvement of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway activation, a critical regulator of pro-inflammatory responses, further highlights the role of inflammation in gastric MALT lymphoma. The NF-κB pathway regulates key elements of normal lymphocyte function, including the transcription of proliferation-promoting and anti-apoptotic genes. Aberrant constitutive activation of NF-κB signaling can lead to autoimmunity and malignancy. NF-κB pathway activation can happen through both the canonical and non-canonical pathways and can be caused by multiple genetic aberrations such as t(11;18)(q12;q21), t(1;14)(p22;q32), and t(14;18)(q32;q21) translocations, chronic inflammation and even directly by H. pylori-associated mechanisms. Gastric MALT lymphoma is considered one of the best models of how inflammation initiates genetic events that lead to oncogenesis, determines tumor biology, dictates clinical behavior and leads to viable therapeutic targets. The purpose of this review is to present gastric MALT lymphoma as an outstanding example of the close pathogenetic link between chronic inflammation and tumor development and to describe how this information can be integrated into daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Marcelis
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research Lab, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
- , O&N IV Herestraat 49 - bus 7003 24, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Thomas Tousseyn
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research Lab, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, UZ Leuven, University Hospitals, Louvain, Belgium
- , O&N IV Herestraat 49 - bus 7003 24, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Xavier Sagaert
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research Lab, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium.
- Department of Pathology, UZ Leuven, University Hospitals, Louvain, Belgium.
- , O&N IV Herestraat 49 - bus 7003 24, 3000, Louvain, Belgium.
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Abstract
Orbital lymphomas constitute 50-60% of ocular adnexal lymphomas. A total of 2211 cases of orbital lymphoma with a known subtype have been reported in the last 24 years (1994-2017). The vast majority of orbital lymphomas are of B-cell origin (97%), of which extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (EMZL) (59%) is the most common subtype, followed by diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (23%), follicular lymphoma (9%), and mantle cell lymphoma (5%). Orbital lymphoma is primarily a disease of the elderly. Gender distribution varies according to lymphoma subtype. However, extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (53%) and follicular lymphoma (75%) show a female predominance, whereas diffuse large B-cell lymphoma shows an even gender distribution. Mantle cell lymphoma has a striking male predominance of 80%. The histopathological subtype and the clinical stage of the disease are the best indicators of prognosis and patient outcome. Low-grade lymphomas such as extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma and FL have a good prognosis, whereas high-grade lymphomas (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma) are associated with a poor prognosis. When managing solitary low-grade lymphomas, radiotherapy is the treatment of choice. Chemotherapy, with or without radiotherapy, should be chosen for disseminated and high-grade lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Gadegaard Olsen
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steffen Heegaard
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Moustarhfir Elidrissi A, Benjelloun H, Zaghba N, Yassine N. [The primary pulmonary Malt lymphoma: About a case]. REVUE DE PNEUMOLOGIE CLINIQUE 2017; 73:156-157. [PMID: 28365048 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneumo.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Moustarhfir Elidrissi
- Service des maladies respiratoires, CHU Ibn Rochd, rue Lahcen El Arjoun, 20100 Casablanca, Maroc.
| | - H Benjelloun
- CHU Ibn Rochd, rue Lahcen El Arjoun, Casablanca, Maroc
| | - N Zaghba
- CHU Ibn Rochd, rue Lahcen El Arjoun, Casablanca, Maroc
| | - N Yassine
- Service des maladies respiratoires, CHU Ibn Rochd, rue Lahcen El Arjoun, 20100 Casablanca, Maroc
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Splenic marginal zone lymphoma: a literature review of diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter 2016; 39:146-154. [PMID: 28577652 PMCID: PMC5457460 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjhh.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL) is a low-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma characterized by massive splenomegaly, moderate lymphocytosis with or without villous lymphocytes, rare involvement of peripheral lymph nodes and indolent clinical course. As a rare disease, with no randomized prospective trials, there is no standard of care for SMZL so far. Splenectomy has been done for many years as an attempt to control disease, but nowadays it has not been encouraged as first line because of new advances in therapy as rituximab, that are as effective with minimal toxicity. Facing these controversies, this review highlights advances in the literature regarding diagnosis, prognostic factors, treatment indications and therapeutic options.
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Piris MA, Onaindía A, Mollejo M. Splenic marginal zone lymphoma. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2016; 30:56-64. [PMID: 28288718 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL) is an indolent small B-cell lymphoma involving the spleen and bone marrow characterized by a micronodular tumoral infiltration that replaces the preexisting lymphoid follicles and shows marginal zone differentiation as a distinctive finding. SMZL cases are characterized by prominent splenomegaly and bone marrow and peripheral blood infiltration. Cells in peripheral blood show a villous cytology. Bone marrow and peripheral blood characteristic features usually allow a diagnosis of SMZL to be performed. Mutational spectrum of SMZL identifies specific findings, such as 7q loss and NOTCH2 and KLF2 mutations, both genes related with marginal zone differentiation. There is a striking clinical variability in SMZL cases, dependent of the tumoral load and performance status. Specific molecular markers such as 7q loss, p53 loss/mutation, NOTCH2 and KLF2 mutations have been found to be associated with the clinical variability. Distinction from Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis with marginal zone phenotype is still an open issue that requires identification of precise and specific thresholds with clinical meaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Piris
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain.
| | - Arantza Onaindía
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Manuela Mollejo
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Virgen de la Salud, Toledo, Spain
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Vasilatou D, Sioulas AD, Pappa V, Papanikolaou IS, Triantafyllou K, Dimitriadis GD, Papageorgiou SG. The role of miRNAs and epigenetic mechanisms in primary gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Future Oncol 2016; 12:1587-93. [PMID: 27079806 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is a rare low-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma associated with Helicobacter pylori infection and the subsequent chronic inflammation. Significant progress in understanding the pathogenesis of the disease has already been made. However, the exact molecular pathways of lymphomagenesis remain unclear. Furthermore, difficulties regarding accurate diagnosis of gastric MALT lymphoma and its discrimination from gastritis or other lymphoma subtypes arise. Recent studies evaluate the role of miRNAs and epigenetic alterations on MALT lymphoma pathogenesis and prognosis. This review critically summarizes the most important data on the role of miRNAs and epigenetics in MALT lymphomas pathogenesis, prognosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diamantina Vasilatou
- Second Department of Internal Medicine & Research Institute, 'Attikon' University General Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, Haidari, Greece
| | - Athanasios D Sioulas
- Second Department of Internal Medicine & Research Institute, 'Attikon' University General Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, Haidari, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Pappa
- Second Department of Internal Medicine & Research Institute, 'Attikon' University General Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, Haidari, Greece
| | - Ioannis S Papanikolaou
- Second Department of Internal Medicine & Research Institute, 'Attikon' University General Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, Haidari, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Triantafyllou
- Second Department of Internal Medicine & Research Institute, 'Attikon' University General Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, Haidari, Greece
| | - George D Dimitriadis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine & Research Institute, 'Attikon' University General Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, Haidari, Greece
| | - Sotirios G Papageorgiou
- Second Department of Internal Medicine & Research Institute, 'Attikon' University General Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, Haidari, Greece
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Borie R, Wislez M, Antoine M, Copie-Bergman C, Thieblemont C, Cadranel J. Pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma revisited. Eur Respir J 2016; 47:1244-60. [PMID: 26797028 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01701-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This general review sought to clarify the pathophysiological, diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic features of pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma.MALT lymphoma is the most common pulmonary B-cell lymphoma, which usually occurs in the context of acquired MALT. The disease is slow-growing with an asymptomatic chronic alveolar opacity visible on radiography. Diagnosis requires tissue samples that should be retrieved using minimally invasive techniques, such as bronchoscopy or computed tomography-guided biopsies. The pathophysiology includes cytogenetic abnormalities and autoimmune diseases, whereas an association with a chronic pulmonary infection is still suspected but not yet demonstrated. Disease prognosis is typically excellent and the current available treatments are discussed in this review, including the decision not to treat, surgery, and single- or double-agent chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Borie
- Service de Pneumologie A, Centre de compétences maladies pulmonaires rares, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Marie Wislez
- Service de Pneumologie, Centre de compétences maladies pulmonaires rares, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France GRC-THERANOSCAN, Université P&M Curie, Université Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Martine Antoine
- GRC-THERANOSCAN, Université P&M Curie, Université Paris 6, Paris, France Service d'Anatomie pathologique, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France
| | | | - Catherine Thieblemont
- Service d'Hémato-oncologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Université Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Cadranel
- Service de Pneumologie, Centre de compétences maladies pulmonaires rares, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France GRC-THERANOSCAN, Université P&M Curie, Université Paris 6, Paris, France
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Molecular Pathogenesis of MALT Lymphoma. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2015; 2015:102656. [PMID: 25922601 PMCID: PMC4397421 DOI: 10.1155/2015/102656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 8% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas are extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), also known as MALT lymphoma, which was first described in 1983 by Isaacson and Wright. MALT lymphomas arise at a wide range of different extranodal sites, with the highest frequency in the stomach, followed by lung, ocular adnexa, and thyroid, and with a low percentage in the small intestine. Interestingly, at least 3 different, apparently site-specific, chromosomal translocations and missense and frameshift mutations, all pathway-related genes affecting the NF-κB signal, have been implicated in the development and progression of MALT lymphoma. However, these genetic abnormalities alone are not sufficient for malignant transformation. There is now increasing evidence suggesting that the oncogenic product of translocation cooperates with immunological stimulation in oncogenesis, that is, the association with chronic bacterial infection or autoaggressive process. This review mainly discusses MALT lymphomas in terms of their genetic aberration and association with chronic infections and summarizes recent advances in their molecular pathogenesis.
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van den Brand M, van Krieken JHJM. Recognizing nodal marginal zone lymphoma: recent advances and pitfalls. A systematic review. Haematologica 2014; 98:1003-13. [PMID: 23813646 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2012.083386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of nodal marginal zone lymphoma is one of the remaining problem areas in hematopathology. Because no established positive markers exist for this lymphoma, it is frequently a diagnosis of exclusion, making distinction from other low-grade B-cell lymphomas difficult or even impossible. This systematic review summarizes and discusses the current knowledge on nodal marginal zone lymphoma, including clinical features, epidemiology and etiology, histology, and cytogenetic and molecular features. In particular, recent advances in diagnostics and pathogenesis are discussed. New immunohistochemical markers have become available that could be used as positive markers for nodal marginal zone lymphoma. These markers could be used to ensure more homogeneous study groups in future research. Also, recent gene expression studies and studies describing specific gene mutations have provided clues to the pathogenesis of nodal marginal zone lymphoma, suggesting deregulation of the nuclear factor kappa B pathway. Nevertheless, nodal marginal zone lymphoma remains an enigmatic entity, requiring further study to define its pathogenesis to allow an accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment. However, recent data indicate that it is not related to splenic or extranodal lymphoma, and that it is also not related to lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Thus, even though the diagnosis is not always easy, it is clearly a separate entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel van den Brand
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Thieblemont C, Bertoni F, Copie-Bergman C, Ferreri AJ, Ponzoni M. Chronic inflammation and extra-nodal marginal-zone lymphomas of MALT-type. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 24:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Zhang S, Wei M, Liang Q, Johnson D, Dow N, Nelson A, Aguilera N, Auerbach A, Wang G. The t(14;18)(q32;q21)/IGH-MALT1 translocation in gastrointestinal extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma). Histopathology 2014; 64:791-8. [PMID: 24236896 DOI: 10.1111/his.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Studies have indicated that the t(14;18)(q32;q21)/IGH-MALT1 translocation is present in extranodal marginal zone lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma). However, only a few studies have investigated the incidence of t(14;18)/IGH-MALT1 in primary gastrointestinal MALT lymphomas or in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL). The overall significance of t(14;18)/IGH-MALT1 in gastrointestinal MALT lymphomas is not clear. We examined 41 gastrointestinal MALT lymphoma and 23 DLBCL cases, with the aim of further understanding the role of t(14;18)/IGH-MALT1 in these diseases. METHODS AND RESULTS Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) assays for the detection of t(14;18)/IGH-MALT1 and t(11;18)(q21;q21)/API2-MALT1, along with immunostaining and histological evaluations, were performed on selected cases. Of the 64 analysed cases, one gastric MALT lymphoma and one colonic MALT lymphoma were positive for t(14;18)/IGH-MALT1. CONCLUSIONS We describe what are, to our knowledge, the first reported primary colonic MALT lymphoma carrying t(14;18)(q32;q21)/IGH-MALT1, and one of the few reported cases of gastric MALT lymphoma with this translocation. As this translocation is seen in only a few gastrointestinal MALT lymphomas, it is not useful as a diagnostic marker for routine clinical services. Although these findings suggest that t(14;18)/IGH-MALT1 is a rare molecular event in gastrointestinal MALT lymphomas and DLBCLs, further studies to elucidate the role of this genetic alteration in these diseases are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Zhang
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Joint Pathology Centre, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Angelopoulou MK, Kalpadakis C, Pangalis GA, Kyrtsonis MC, Vassilakopoulos TP. Nodal marginal zone lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 55:1240-50. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.840888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Kuper-Hommel MJJ, Schreuder MI, Gemmink AH, van Krieken JHJM. T(14;18)(q32;q21) involving MALT1 and IGH genes occurs in extranodal diffuse large B-cell lymphomas of the breast and testis. Mod Pathol 2013; 26:421-7. [PMID: 23018871 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Primary B-cell lymphoma of the testis, breast and thyroid are rare and data concerning cytogenetic aberrations at these extranodal sites are scarce. We examined the presence of extranodal marginal zone lymphoma-associated translocations, t(11;18)(q21;q21), t(1;14)(p22;q32), t(14;18)(q32;q21), t(3;14)(p14.1;q32) and numerical aberrations of chromosomes 1, 3, 12 and 18 by fluorescence in situ hybridization in 6 extranodal marginal zone lymphomas and 24 diffuse large B-cell lymphomas with (n=9) or without (n=15) marginal zone lymphoma components, with primary localizations in the breast (n=15), testis (n=9) and thyroid (n=6). We found t(14;18)(q32;q21), with breakpoints in IGH and MALT1, in one testicular diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and in two diffuse large B-cell lymphomas of the breast. No other translocations, amplifications or deletions involving IGH, BCL-10, BCL-2, MALT1 and IAP2 were detected. Numerical aberrations occurred in 67% of the lymphomas, 67% of extranodal marginal zone lymphomas, 56% of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas with marginal zone lymphoma components and in 73% of 'de novo' diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. These included 78% of testis, 67% of thyroid and 60% of breast lymphomas, and included mainly trisomy 18 (n=16), trisomy 3 (n=8) and trisomy 1 (n=3). One testicular diffuse large B-cell lymphoma harbored both t(14;18)(q32;q21) and trisomy 3. Our results indicate that at least a few cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the testis and the breast belong to the spectrum of extranodal marginal zone lymphoma.
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Tetraploidy with double t(11;18) of recurrent MALT lymphoma in buccal mucosa: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2012; 113:399-403. [PMID: 22669146 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is a type of an extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma that accounts for about 5% to 8% of all B-cell lymphomas. It is rare for a recurrent oral MALT lymphoma to have tetraploidy with a double t(11;18) chromosomal abnormality, however. A 66-year-old Japanese woman with a swelling of the right buccal mucosa was referred to our hospital. A tumor was excised, and a pathologic diagnosis of MALT lymphoma with a t(11;18) (q21; q21) chromosome translocation was made. Two years later, swelling of the right buccal mucosa recurred, which was then excised and pathologically diagnosed as MALT lymphoma. This tumor did not have a t(11;18) (q21; q21) chromosome translocation, but exhibited tetraploidy with double t(11;18). FISH analysis revealed that the recurrent MALT lymphoma of the buccal mucosa had tetraploidy with double t(11;18). This is the first reported case of a recurrent MALT lymphoma showing tetraploidy with double t(11;18).
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Kuper-Hommel MJJ, van Krieken JHJM. Molecular pathogenesis and histologic and clinical features of extranodal marginal zone lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 53:1032-45. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.631157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Kido T, Yatera K, Noguchi S, Sakurai Y, Nagata S, Kozaki M, Tokuyama S, Ogoshi T, Kawanami T, Yoshii C, Mukae H. Detection of MALT1 Gene Rearrangements in BAL Fluid Cells for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma. Chest 2012; 141:176-182. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Burke JS. Lymphoproliferative disorders of the gastrointestinal tract: a review and pragmatic guide to diagnosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2011; 135:1283-97. [PMID: 21970484 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2011-0145-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The gastrointestinal tract is the most common site of extranodal lymphomas. Although all histologic categories of malignant lymphoma develop in the gastrointestinal tract, large B-cell lymphomas predominate, followed by extranodal marginal zone lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type; the latter is especially prevalent in stomach. The acceptance of extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of MALT type as a clinicopathologic entity has reduced the number of cases that formerly were interpreted as florid lymphoid hyperplasia ("pseudolymphoma"). Nonetheless, the distinction of lymphoid hyperplasia from a lymphoma of MALT type in small biopsy specimens remains problematic. OBJECTIVE To assess the relevant morphologic, immunologic, molecular, and genetic properties of gastrointestinal lymphomas and to present a feasible tactic for diagnosis, expressly for small biopsy specimens. DATA SOURCES Case-derived material and literature review using PubMed (National Library of Medicine). CONCLUSIONS Most gastrointestinal lymphomas are readily amenable to an unqualified diagnosis, primarily those cases consisting of monomorphic large cells whether of B- or T-cell lineage, including cases associated with enteropathy. Diagnosis for infiltrates dominated by small lymphocytes remains taxing, as the differential diagnosis embraces not only MALT lymphoma and lymphoid hyperplasia but also mantle cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma. Adherence to strict morphologic criteria is the standard for diagnosis, but these criteria should be augmented by immunologic studies together with judicious use of molecular techniques to determine clonality. In establishing a diagnosis of gastric marginal zone lymphoma of MALT type, determination of t(11;18)(q21;q21) status may be required since this translocation has clinical ramifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome S Burke
- Department of Pathology, Alta Bates Summit Medical Center, Berkeley, California 94705, USA.
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Rosebeck S, Rehman AO, Lucas PC, McAllister-Lucas LM. From MALT lymphoma to the CBM signalosome: three decades of discovery. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:2485-96. [PMID: 21750409 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.15.16923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of molecular cytogenetics has led to the elucidation of genetic abnormalities that cause various congenital and oncological disorders. In B cell lymphoma, for example, a number of chromosomal translocations have been identified in and associated with the etiology of specific subtypes of lymphoma. Several recurrent chromosomal translocations have been identified in extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma). Cloning and characterization of the products of three mutually exclusive translocation breakpoints found in MALT lymphoma led to the discovery of a novel NF-κB-activating complex comprising the CARMA, Bcl10, and MALT1 proteins. This "CBM signalosome" acts downstream of the antigen receptors in lymphocytes as well as a number of non-lymphoid cell-surface receptors involved in a variety of biological processes. CBM signalosome activity is important for normal cellular functions and is perturbed in neoplastic and inflammatory disorders, making it a viable target for novel therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Rosebeck
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Cumulative Epigenetic Abnormalities in Host Genes with Viral and Microbial Infection during Initiation and Progression of Malignant Lymphoma/Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:568-81. [PMID: 24212629 PMCID: PMC3756377 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3010568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although cancers have been thought to be predominantly driven by acquired genetic changes, it is becoming clear that microenvironment-mediated epigenetic alterations play important roles. Aberrant promoter hypermethylation is a prevalent phenomenon in human cancers as well as malignant lymphoma/leukemia. Tumor suppressor genes become frequent targets of aberrant hypermethylation in the course of gene-silencing due to the increased and deregulated DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). The purpose of this article is to review the current status of knowledge about the contribution of cumulative epigenetic abnormalities of the host genes after microbial and virus infection to the crisis and progression of malignant lymphoma/leukemia. In addition, the relevance of this knowledge to malignant lymphoma/leukemia assessment, prevention and early detection will be discussed.
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Niino D, Yamamoto K, Tsuruta O, Maeda T, Yakushijin Y, Aoki R, Kimura Y, Hashikawa K, Kiyasu J, Takeuchi M, Sugita Y, Ohshima K. Regression of rectal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma after antibiotic treatments. Pathol Int 2010; 60:438-42. [PMID: 20518898 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2010.02538.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Only a few reports have described regression of rectal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma after antibiotic treatment are generally found to be successful for gastric tumors. We examined eight rectal MALT lymphomas treated with antibiotic treatments to determine whether they regressed after treatment. We also discuss the relationship between rectal MALT lymphomas and MALT1 gene genetic abnormalities. Eight patients who had undergone antibiotic treatments were followed up with colonoscopy after initiation of the treatment. In five of the eight cases (63%) endoscopic examination showed that the rectal tumor had disappeared, which was confirmed histologically. Polymerase chain reaction for immunoglobulin heavy chain identified a monoclonal band in seven of eight cases (88%). Of the eight cases analyzed with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for MALT1 translocation, two demonstrated MALT1 gene genetic abnormality. These cases tended to be resistant to antibiotic treatment. Investigation and analysis of a large number of rectal MALT lymphomas are needed to establish suitable standards for antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Niino
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Asahi-machi, Kurume, Japan.
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Abstract
An increasing number of neoplasms are associated with variably specific genetic abnormalities. This is best exemplified by hematological malignancies, in which there is a growing list of entities that are defined by their genetic lesion(s); this is not (yet) the case in mature B-cell lymphomas. However, enhanced insights into the pathogenesis of this large and diverse group of lymphomas have emerged with the ongoing unraveling of a plethora of fascinating genetic abnormalities. The purpose of this review is to synthesize well-recognized data and nascent discoveries in our understanding of the genetic basis of a spectrum of mature B-cell lymphomas, and how this may be applied to contemporary clinical practice. Despite the explosion of new and exciting knowledge in this arena, with the potential for enhanced diagnostic and prognostic strategies, it is essential to remain cognizant of the limitations (and complexity) of genetic investigations, so that assays can be developed and used both judiciously and rationally.
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Tanaka T, Iino M. t (11;18)(q21;q21) chromosome translocation (A1446-M1150) of MALT lymphoma in buccal mucosa. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010; 136:1783-5. [PMID: 20676680 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-010-0939-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The t(11;18)(q21;q21) chromosome translocation is frequent in gastric MALT lymphoma, but the t(11;18)(q21;q21) chromosome translocation is very rare in other sites of MALT lymphomas. We investigated the possibility that MALT lymphoma occurred in the right buccal mucosa of a 66-year-old Japanese woman who had the t(11;18)(q21;q21) chromosome translocation. METHODS Tumor specimens were examined by light microscopy and immunohistochemistry. To investigate where the present case has API-MALT1 fusion, we used the nested PCR and FISH analysis. RESULTS Some colonized lymphoid follicles with mantle zone were observed on low-power field, and centrocyte-like cells and monocytoid B cells were observed on high-power field. Immunohistochemical staining of the tumor was positive for bcl-2, CD20, CD79a, CD43, Lambda, Kappa and was negative for CD10, IgG, IgG4, IgM, cyclin D1, bcl-6, CK (AE1/3), Helicobacter pylori. Using the nested PCR and FISH analysis, present case had the t(11;18)(q21;q21) chromosome translocation (A1446-M1150). CONCLUSION We report that MALT lymphoma in buccal mucosa has the t(11;18)(q21;q21) chromosome translocation (A1446-M1150) by using the nested PCR and FISH analysis. This is the first report of the t(11;18)(q21;q21) chromosome translocation (A1446-M1150) of MALT lymphoma in the oral cavity.
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Sagaert X, Van Cutsem E, De Hertogh G, Geboes K, Tousseyn T. Gastric MALT lymphoma: a model of chronic inflammation-induced tumor development. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 7:336-46. [PMID: 20440281 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2010.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, or extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of MALT, is an indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma arising in lymphoid infiltrates that are induced by chronic inflammation in extranodal sites. The stomach is the most commonly affected organ, in which MALT lymphoma pathogenesis is clearly associated with Helicobacter pylori gastroduodenitis. Gastric MALT lymphoma has attracted attention because of the involvement of genetic aberrations in the nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) pathway, one of the most investigated pathways in the fields of immunology and oncology. This Review presents gastric MALT lymphoma as an outstanding example of the close pathogenetic link between chronic inflammation and tumor development, and describes how this information can be integrated into daily clinical practice. Gastric MALT lymphoma is considered one of the best models of how genetic events lead to oncogenesis, determine tumor biology, dictate clinical behavior and represent viable therapeutic targets. Moreover, in view of the association of gastric MALT lymphoma with dysregulation of the NFkappaB pathway, this signaling pathway will be discussed in depth in both normal and pathological conditions, highlighting strategies to identify new therapeutic targets in this lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Sagaert
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals of K. U. Leuven, Minderbroederstraat 12, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Staros EB. Different Chromosomal Translocations in MALT Lymphoma Promote Cancer Through a Common Mechanism. Lab Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1309/lm68k2watufxfbsr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Sagaert X, Tousseyn T, Vanhentenrijk V, Van Loo P, Baens M, Marynen P, De Hertogh G, Geboes K, De Wolf-Peeters C. Comparative expressed sequence hybridization studies of t(11;18)(q21;q21)-positive and -negative gastric MALT lymphomas reveal both unique and overlapping gene programs. Mod Pathol 2010; 23:458-69. [PMID: 20081812 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2009.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Among the genetic abnormalities reported to occur in MALT lymphomas, the translocation t(11;18)(q21;q21) is of particular interest because it is exclusively documented in MALT lymphomas, mainly with gastrointestinal location. It results in the creation of a fusion protein API2-MALT1 that activates the transcription factor NF-kappaB through enhanced IKK gamma polyubiquitination. Here, we apply the recently developed molecular technique termed comparative expressed sequence hybridization to identify differentially expressed chromosomal regions related to the pathogenesis of gastric MALT lymphomas. By comparing t(11;18)(q21;q21)-positive gastric MALT lymphomas to their t(11;18)(q21;q21)-negative counterparts, we found that the location of the MALT1 break point determines a difference in expression pattern within the t(11;18)(q21;q21)-positive group. Moreover, we could define a gastric MALT lymphoma signature, which most likely comprises the regions and genes with significance in the development of MALT lymphomas, by comparing both t(11;18)(q21;q21)-positive and -negative MALT lymphomas to normal lymphoid tissue. Finally, a significant imprint of the marginal zone signature, established by comparing microdissected, splenic B follicles with and without marginal zone, was evident in the expression profile of MALT lymphoma, further supporting a marginal zone origin for this type of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Sagaert
- Section of Morphology and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Abstract
The lymphomas of small B lymphocytes are a biologically diverse group of B cell derived neoplasms that includes B cell small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia; mantle cell lymphoma; follicular lymphoma; nodal, splenic and extranodal marginal zone lymphomas; and lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. They are distinguished from one another on clinical, morphological, phenotypic and genetic grounds. This article reviews the essential diagnostic and biologic features of these clinically indolent B cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Kurtin
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55906, USA.
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Jevremovic D, Viswanatha DS. Molecular diagnosis of hematopoietic and lymphoid neoplasms. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2009; 23:903-33. [PMID: 19577174 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2009.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This chapter summarizes the significance and molecular diagnostic detection of genetic abnormalities commonly associated with hematolymphoid neoplasms. Methodologic aspects of laboratory diagnosis are presented, as well as discussion of multiparameter genotyping of tumors for prognosis and the role of minimal residual disease monitoring in specific neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Jevremovic
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Malt1 and cIAP2-Malt1 as effectors of NF-kappaB activation: kissing cousins or distant relatives? Cell Signal 2009; 22:9-22. [PMID: 19772915 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Malt1 is a multi-domain cytosolic signaling molecule that was originally identified as the target of recurrent translocations in a large fraction of MALT lymphomas. The product of this translocation is a chimeric protein in which the N-terminus is contributed by the apoptosis inhibitor, cIAP2, and the C-terminus is contributed by Malt1. Early studies suggested that Malt1 is an essential intermediate in antigen receptor activation of NF-kappaB, and that the juxtaposition of the cIAP2 N-terminus and the Malt1 C-terminus results in deregulation of Malt1 NF-kappaB stimulatory activity. Initial experimental data further suggested that the molecular mechanisms of Malt1- and cIAP-Malt1-mediated NF-kappaB activation were quite similar. However, a number of more recent studies of both Malt1 and cIAP2-Malt1 now reveal that these proteins influence NF-kappaB activation by multiple distinct mechanisms, several of which are non-overlapping. Currently available data suggest a revised model in which cIAP2-Malt1 induces NF-kappaB activation via a mechanism that depends equally on domains contributed by cIAP2 and Malt1, which confer spontaneous oligomerization activity, polyubiquitin binding, proteolytic activity, and association with and activation of TRAF2 and TRAF6 at several independent binding sites. By contrast, emerging data suggest that the wild-type Malt1 protein uniquely contributes to NF-kappaB activation primarily through the control of two proteolytic cleavage mechanisms. Firstly, Malt1 directly cleaves and inactivates A20, a negative regulator of the antigen receptor-to-NF-kappaB pathway. Secondly, Malt1 interacts with caspase-8, inducing caspase-8 cleavage of c-FLIP(L), initiating a pathway that contributes to activation of the I kappaB kinase (IKK) complex. Furthermore, data suggest that Malt1 plays a more limited and focused role in antigen receptor activation of NF-kappaB, serving to augment weak antigen signals and stimulate a defined subset of NF-kappaB dependent responses. Thus, the potent activation of NF-kappaB by cIAP2-Malt1 contrasts with the more subtle role of Malt1 in regulating specific NF-kappaB responses downstream of antigen receptor ligation.
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Arcaini L, Lucioni M, Boveri E, Paulli M. Nodal marginal zone lymphoma: current knowledge and future directions of an heterogeneous disease. Eur J Haematol 2009; 83:165-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2009.01301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tam CS, Prince HM, Westerman D, Seymour JF, Juneja S. Leukaemic Subtype of Marginal Zone Lymphoma: A Presentation of Three Cases and Literature Review. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 45:705-10. [PMID: 15160943 DOI: 10.1080/10428190310001615657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The recent World Health Organization (WHO) classification recognizes three subtypes of marginal zone lymphoma (MZL): extranodal MZL of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), splenic MZL and nodal MZL. As a group, MZL share morphological and immunophenotypic features similar to that of the marginal zone B-cell in secondary B-follicles, the postulated common cell of origin. There is, however, increasing information about molecular heterogeneity between the types of MZL, suggesting different aetiology and highlighting our current incomplete understanding of this evolving entity. We describe the presentation and clinical course of three patients with MZL who do not fit the currently recognized WHO categories, and best fit the putative category of MZL, leukaemic subtype. We review the current literature on this newly described entity, highlighting the importance of its recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine S Tam
- Haematology Service, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Wedgwood A, Medeiros LJ, Romaguera JE. CD20+ nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma with CD20–recurrence as an intracranial dural-based mass. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 47:2253-6. [PMID: 17071504 DOI: 10.1080/10428190600783288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Toracchio S, Ota H, de Jong D, Wotherspoon A, Rugge M, Graham DY, Samani A, El-Zimaity HMT. Translocation t(11;18)(q21;q21) in gastric B-cell lymphomas. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:881-7. [PMID: 19320643 PMCID: PMC11158581 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Translocation t(11;18)(q21;q21) is the most frequent chromosomal aberration reported in gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas. Intriguingly, this translocation has been reported only rarely in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas; it has been proposed that t(11;18)-positive tumors rarely progress to diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. We examined the frequency of chromosomal translocation t(11;18)(q21;q21) in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the stomach. Paraffin-embedded tissues from patients with gastric B-cell lymphomas were selected retrospectively. The presence of the t(11;18)(q21;q21) was determined using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization. beta-Actin transcript was also determined to evaluate the integrity and efficiency of RNA (cDNA) recovery from paraffin-embedded tissues. We analyzed 53 gastric B-cell lymphomas (33 diffuse large B-cell and 20 mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) obtained from Italy, the USA, or Japan. Beta-actin transcript was amplified in 50 cases (94%), including 19 mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and 31 diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (five with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue components). The t(11;18) translocation was detected in 19% (6 of 31) cases with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma versus 26% (five of 19) with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (P = 0.72). One of five diffuse large B-cell lymphomas with a mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue component showed the t(11;18)(q21;q21). In conclusion, translocation t(11;18)(q21;q21) was found in both mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas of the stomach at approximately equivalent frequencies; its presence does not exclude progression to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Stomach Neoplasms/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/metabolism
- Stomach Neoplasms/pathology
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Toracchio
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine, and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Rossi D. Thyroid lymphoma: Beyond antigen stimulation. Leuk Res 2009; 33:607-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is rarely found in the large intestine. Because of its rarity, the underlying epigenetic and genetic changes in the pathogenesis and prognostic factors have yet to be well established. For this purpose, methylation profiles and API2/MALT1 fusion in marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of MALT in the colorectum were studied and compared with treatment outcomes. For methylation analyses, 7 independent CpG islands (p15, p16, DAP kinase, hMLH1, MINT1, MINT2, and MINT31) were examined and RT-PCR for detection of API2/MALT1 fusion transcripts were performed in 15 colorectal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of MALT in a single institution. Marginal zone B-cell lymphomas of MALT from both gastric and colorectal locations were also examined. In methylation analyses (n=13), 8 of 13 (62%) cases were classified as CIMP (CpG island methylator phenotype)-positive. Methylation was more frequently observed in cases with advanced disease stages than with earlier stages; an average of two methylated loci for earlier stages (IE or IIE) versus four loci in advanced ones (IVE; P=0.02). The estimated 5-year progression-free survival was 42% for CIMP-positive and 100% for CIMP-negative cases (P=0.03). API2/MALT1 fusion transcripts were found in two of nine cases (22%). In two cases with concurrent gastric and colorectal involvement of marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of MALT, methylation patterns and API2/MALT1 fusion results were different by location. Our results suggest that methylation profiles define a clinically more aggressive subgroup and multiclonal origin for marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of MALT with multiorgan involvement.
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Kim WY, Kim JH, Ko H, Kim YA, Jeon YK, Kim CW. Clinicopathologic Study of Chromosomal Aberrations in Gastric Lymphomas of Korean Patients. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2009.43.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wook Youn Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyoungsuk Ko
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young A Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Jeon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul-Woo Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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LaCasse EC, Mahoney DJ, Cheung HH, Plenchette S, Baird S, Korneluk RG. IAP-targeted therapies for cancer. Oncogene 2008; 27:6252-75. [PMID: 18931692 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage, chromosomal abnormalities, oncogene activation, viral infection, substrate detachment and hypoxia can all trigger apoptosis in normal cells. However, cancer cells acquire mutations that allow them to survive these threats that are part and parcel of the transformation process or that may affect the growth and dissemination of the tumor. Eventually, cancer cells accumulate further mutations that make them resistant to apoptosis mediated by standard cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family members, defined by the presence of a baculovirus IAP repeat (BIR) protein domain, are key regulators of cytokinesis, apoptosis and signal transduction. Specific IAPs regulate either cell division, caspase activity or survival pathways mediated through binding to their BIR domains, and/or through their ubiquitin-ligase RING domain activity. These protein-protein interactions and post-translational modifications are the subject of intense investigations that shed light on how these proteins contribute to oncogenesis and resistance to therapy. In the past several years, we have seen multiple approaches of IAP antagonism enter the clinic, and the rewards of such strategies are about to reap benefit. Significantly, small molecule pan-IAP antagonists that mimic an endogenous inhibitor of the IAPs, called Smac, have demonstrated an unexpected ability to sensitize cancer cells to tumor necrosis factor-alpha and to promote autocrine or paracrine production of this cytokine by the tumor cell and possibly, other cells too. This review will focus on these and other developmental therapeutics that target the IAPs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C LaCasse
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Langemeijer SMC, de Graaf AO, Jansen JH. IAPs as therapeutic targets in haematological malignancies. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008; 12:981-93. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.12.8.981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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42
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Ke X, Zhao L, Gao Z, Wang J, Dong F, Zhou X, Shi L, Huang X, Jing H, Wang J, Zhao W, Yang XF. Higher rates of t(11;18) in Chinese patients with transformed type of MALT lymphoma suggest novel pathways for progression of the disease. Leuk Lymphoma 2008; 48:2157-66. [PMID: 17852708 DOI: 10.1080/10428190701606818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To detect the t(11;18) chromosome translocation in different stages of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, we established a RT-PCR method by adopting three new primer pairs and using the RNA extracted from the paraffin tissues to amplify the t(11;18) fusion gene API2-MALT1 in shorter lengths. Our results showed five key findings, which are (a) higher detection rates of t(11;18) (21.13%) in Chinese patients with transformed MALT lymphoma, (b) lower detection rates of t(11;18) in stomach MALT lymphoma, (c) different organ localizations of MALT lymphoma in Chinese patients, (d) higher nuclear expression rates of Bcl-10 in low grade MALT (51.72%), and (e) lower response rates (50% CR, and 50% PR) to anti-H.-pylori therapy. These findings suggest novel pathways for low-grade MALT lymphoma to be progressed into transformed MALT lymphoma. This study also suggests that amplification of shorter length of PCR products from the paraffin-fixed tissues increases sensitivity, which is significant in improving the selection of the therapeutic regimen and assessing the prognosis of the disease.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Algorithms
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
- B-Cell CLL-Lymphoma 10 Protein
- Base Sequence
- Case-Control Studies
- China
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Disease Progression
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Frequency
- Helicobacter Infections/complications
- Helicobacter Infections/drug therapy
- Humans
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/complications
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Ke
- Department of Hematology and Lymphoma Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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43
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Du MQ. MALT lymphoma : recent advances in aetiology and molecular genetics. J Clin Exp Hematop 2008; 47:31-42. [PMID: 18040143 DOI: 10.3960/jslrt.47.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is a common low grade B-cell lymphoma arising from a background of chronic inflammatory disease at a number of mucosal sites. Those originating in the stomach are causatively linked to Helicobacter pylori infection and eradication of the bacterium with antibiotics leads to long-term complete regression of the lymphoma in aproximately 70% of cases. Now, there is further evidence of linking Campylobacter jejuni, Borrelia burgdorferi and Chlamydia psittaci infection with immunoproliferative small intestine disease, MALT lymphoma of the skin and ocular adnexa respectively. t(11;18)/API2-MALT1, t(1;14)/IGH-BCL10, t(14;18)/IGH-MALT1 and t(3;14)/IGH-FOXP1 occur at considerably variable incidences in MALT lymphomas of different sites. The first three chromosome translocations are specifically associated with the MALT lymphoma entity and the oncogenic products of these translocations have been shown to target a common molecular pathway, i.e. the nuclear factor-kappaB pathway. Here, I review the recent advances in our understanding of the association of microbial pathogens with MALT lymphoma of various sites and the molecular genetics underlying the lymphoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Qing Du
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Abstract
Abstract
Marginal zone lymphomas are indolent B-cell lymphomas that originate from the marginal zone of B-cell follicles. For several subtypes, the initiation of disease appears to be a consequence of chronic infection and/ or inflammation. While the initial lymphoid hyperplasia is driven by physiologic antigenic stimulation, additional oncogenic events, such as chromosomal translocations leading to constitutive activation of signaling pathways, occur during the progression of disease that ultimately result in antigen-independent lymphoproliferation. Despite having a common origin in the marginal zone of the B-cell follicle, there are distinct clinical and molecular characteristics of marginal zone lymphomas originating at different anatomic sites. As such, marginal zone–derived lymphomas are currently categorized by the World Health Organization (WHO) into those originating in the spleen (splenic marginal zone lymphoma), extranodal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma), or lymph node (nodal marginal zone lymphoma).
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45
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Matutes E, Oscier D, Montalban C, Berger F, Callet-Bauchu E, Dogan A, Felman P, Franco V, Iannitto E, Mollejo M, Papadaki T, Remstein ED, Salar A, Solé F, Stamatopoulos K, Thieblemont C, Traverse-Glehen A, Wotherspoon A, Coiffier B, Piris MA. Splenic marginal zone lymphoma proposals for a revision of diagnostic, staging and therapeutic criteria. Leukemia 2007; 22:487-95. [PMID: 18094718 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2405068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Since the initial description of splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL) in 1992, an increasing number of publications have dealt with multiple aspects of SMZL diagnosis, molecular pathogenesis and treatment. This process has identified multiple inconsistencies in the diagnostic criteria and lack of clear guidelines for the staging and treatment. The authors of this review have held several meetings and exchanged series of cases with the objective of agreeing on the main diagnostic, staging and therapeutic guidelines for patients with this condition. Specific working groups were created for diagnostic criteria, immunophenotype, staging and treatment. As results of this work, guidelines are proposed for diagnosis, differential diagnosis, staging, prognostic factors, treatment and response criteria. The guidelines proposed here are intended to contribute to the standardization of the diagnosis and treatment of these patients, and should facilitate the future development of clinical trials that could define more precisely predictive markers for histological progression or lack of response, and evaluate new drugs or treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Matutes
- Section of Haemato-Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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46
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The critical role of histology in an era of genomics and proteomics: a commentary and reflection. Adv Anat Pathol 2007; 14:375-400. [PMID: 18049128 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0b013e318159479d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of histologic examination in lymphoma diagnosis has been called into question by proponents of new technologies, such as genomics and proteomics. We review the history and salient features of morphologic evaluation in lymphoid diseases, and discuss the general and specific limitations of mature ancillary techniques, such as immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and molecular studies. We then speculate on the future relationship between morphology and the new genomic and proteomic technologies as they become integrated into clinical practice.
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47
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Abstract
Apoptosis has been accepted as a fundamental component in the pathogenesis of cancer, in addition to other human diseases including neurodegeneration, coronary disease and diabetes. The origin of cancer involves deregulated cellular proliferation and the suppression of apoptotic processes, ultimately leading to tumor establishment and growth. Several lines of evidence point toward the IAP family of proteins playing a role in oncogenesis, via their effective suppression of apoptosis. The central mechanisms of IAP apoptotic suppression appear to be through direct caspase and pro-caspase inhibition (primarily caspase 3 and 7) and modulation of, and by, the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Thus, when the IAPs are over-expressed or over-active, as is the case in many cancers, cells are no longer able to die in a physiologically programmed fashion and become increasingly resistant to standard chemo- and radiation therapies. To date several approaches have been taken to target and eliminate IAP function in an attempt to re-establish sensitivity, reduce toxicity, and improve efficacy of cancer treatment. In this review, we address IAP proteins as therapeutic targets for the treatment of cancer and emphasize the importance of novel therapeutic approaches for cancer therapy. Novel targets of IAP function are being identified and include gene therapy strategies and small molecule inhibitors that are based on endogenous IAP antagonists. As well, molecular mechanistic approaches, such as RNAi to deplete IAP expression, are in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Hunter
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1H 8L1
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48
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Inagaki H. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma: molecular pathogenesis and clinicopathological significance. Pathol Int 2007; 57:474-84. [PMID: 17610471 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2007.02128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is a low-grade tumor closely associated with chronic inflammation such as that of Helicobacter pylori gastritis, Sjogren's syndrome, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Tumor regression by H. pylori eradication alone is well known in gastric MALT lymphoma, but some tumors occur in the absence of pre-existing chronic inflammation. The understanding of MALT lymphoma biology has significantly improved, and recurrent cytogenetic alterations have been detected. These include the trisomies 3 and 18, and the translocations t(11;18)(q21;q21), t(1;14)(p22;q32), t(14;18)(q32;q21), and t(3;14)(p14.1;q32). At least some of these alterations result in the constitutive activation of the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB pathway, and may exert anti-apoptotic action. Apoptosis inhibitor 2-MALT lymphoma-associated translocation 1 (API12-MALT1) fusion, resulting from t(11;18)(q21;q21), is specific to, and is the most common in, MALT lymphomas, and its clinicopathological significance has been studied extensively. The focus of the present review is on the recent progress made in elucidating MALT lymphomagenesis and its clinicopathological impact, especially in terms of the effect of API2-MALT1 fusion on this unique tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Inagaki
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
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49
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50
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Wislez M, Antoine M, Bellocq A, Carette MF, Cadranel J. [Malt lung lymphoma]. REVUE DE PNEUMOLOGIE CLINIQUE 2007; 63:177-82. [PMID: 17675941 DOI: 10.1016/s0761-8417(07)90122-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
MALT lung lymphoma is a low-grade primarily B-cell lymphoma. Most cases develop in a pain free patient presenting a chronic alveolar opacity. In this review, we describe the clinical radiological and pathological features as well as the diagnostic approach to this pathological entity. Prognosis is excellent. Therapeutic options are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wislez
- Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Respiratoire, Hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, 4, rue de la Chine, 75970 Paris Cedex 20.
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