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Al-Rufaie MM. New Spectrophotometric Method for the Assay of Sulfadiazine Drug Based on Diazotization Coupling Reaction. ACTA CHEMICA IASI 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/achi-2016-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
A sensitive, simple and rapid spectrophotometric procedure for the assay of trace quantities of sulfadiazine (SDZ) drug as bulk and in diluted solution is characterized. The procedure depends on the diazotization reaction which is produced by coupling SDZ with (4-amino-2-hydroxy acetophenon) (AHA) to produce an intense colored complex spectrophotometrically determined at 410 nm. Beer’s law was applied in the range of concentration 0.5 - 15 ppm; the molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity were 2.8484 × 104 L mol-1 cm-1 and 0.008 μg cm-2 respectively. The method limit of detection (LOD) was 0.443 μg mL-1 and LOQ (the method limit of quantitation) was 0.249 μg mL-1. The procedure is not based on solvent extraction and the additives and excipients do not significantly influence the developed procedure.
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2
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Carbon nanotube embedded poly 1,5-diaminonapthalene modified pyrolytic graphite sensor for the determination of sulfacetamide in pharmaceutical formulations. Talanta 2014; 118:96-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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3
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Murillo Pulgarín JA, García Bermejo LF, Sánchez García MN. Chemiluminescent Determination of Vitamin B12Using Charge Coupled Device (CCD). ANAL LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2011.553005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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4
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Yang T, Ren X, Li Y, Chen F. Development of a sensitive monoclonal antibody-based ELISA for the detection of sulfamethazine in cow milk, honey, and swine urine. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2011; 29:403-7. [PMID: 21050040 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2010.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A specific monoclonal antibody (MAb) against sulfamethazine was produced with hybridoma technology. This assay shows very high sensitivity with IC50 of 0.4 ng/mL and LOD of 0.05 ng/mL when it was run in 0.02 mol/L PBS (pH 7.5). This MAb has shown high specificity to sulfamethazine, with little cross reactivity for sulfamerazine (5.27%) and sulfadimethoxypyrimidine (1.12%) and very low cross reactivity values for the other test compounds (≤0.1%). Sulfamethazine was spiked in milk, honey, and swine urine. After a simple extraction procedure the extracts at appropriate dilution were analyzed by ELISA. Satisfactory results were obtained by this assay, with average recoveries of 95-116% and coefficients of variation (CVs) of 5-9%. These results suggests that the MAb-based ELISA will be a feasible quantitative/screening method for sulfamethazine residue in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangbin Yang
- Medical Science College, Biotechnology Research Center, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China.
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Murillo Pulgarín JA, García Bermejo LF, Nieves Sánchez García M. Flow injection chemiluminescence determination of vitamin B12 using on-line UV-persulfate photooxidation and charge coupled device detection. LUMINESCENCE 2011; 26:536-42. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.1266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José A. Murillo Pulgarín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Foods Technology; University of Castilla-La Mancha; 13071; Ciudad Real; Spain
| | - Luisa F. García Bermejo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Foods Technology; University of Castilla-La Mancha; 13071; Ciudad Real; Spain
| | - M. Nieves Sánchez García
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Foods Technology; University of Castilla-La Mancha; 13071; Ciudad Real; Spain
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Molina-García L, Llorent-Martínez EJ, Córdova MLFD, Ruiz-Medina A. Monitoring of Sulfonamides by a Multicommutation Flow-Analysis Assembly: Use of Quenching Effect on Terbium Luminescence. ANAL LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00032711003717349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Alam SM, Karim MM, Lee SH, Wabaidur SM, Chung HY, Choi JH, Kang M. Development of a sensitive flow-injection-chemiluminescence detection method for the determination of laevodopa. LUMINESCENCE 2008; 23:327-32. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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8
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Lattanzio G, García-Campaña AM, Soto-Chinchilla JJ, Gámiz-Gracia L, Girotti S. Chemiluminescence determination of sulphadiazine in drugs by flow injection analysis using the peroxyoxalate reaction in micellar medium. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 46:381-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Mervartová K, Polásek M, Martínez Calatayud J. Recent applications of flow-injection and sequential-injection analysis techniques to chemiluminescence determination of pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 45:367-81. [PMID: 17900844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A review is presented on the state of the art of the chemiluminescence analysis of pharmaceuticals by the two most relevant automated controlled-flow methodologies--flow-injection analysis (FIA) and sequential-injection analysis (SIA). The current chemiluminometric applications of FIA and SIA in pharmaceutical analysis are discussed with special emphasis on the analytical figures of merit and sample matrix characteristics. The review involving 211 references and covering papers published between 2001 and 2006 is divided into several sections according to the fundamental types of chemiluminescence systems employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Mervartová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Adcock JL, Francis PS, Barnett NW. Acidic potassium permanganate as a chemiluminescence reagent—A review. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 601:36-67. [PMID: 17904470 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Revised: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A critical and comprehensive review of acidic potassium permanganate chemiluminescence is presented. This includes discussion on reaction conditions, the influence of enhancers such as polyphosphates, formaldehyde and sulfite, the relationship between analyte structure and chemiluminescence intensity, and the application of this chemistry to determine a wide variety of compounds, such as pharmaceuticals, biomolecules, antioxidants, illicit drugs, pesticides and pollutants. Previous proposals for the nature of the emitting species are re-evaluated in light of recent evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqui L Adcock
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia
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Wang Z, Zhang S, Nesterenko IS, Eremin SA, Shen J. Monoclonal antibody-based fluorescence polarization immunoassay for sulfamethoxypyridazine and sulfachloropyridazine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:6871-8. [PMID: 17661485 DOI: 10.1021/jf070948d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a new monoclonal antibody (Mab) against sulfamethoxypyridazine (SMP) was produced, and a fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) based on the produced Mab was developed and optimized for the qualitative screening analysis of SMP. The Mab was raised from mice immunized with SMP linked to bovine serum albumin (BSA) by carbodiimide activated ester formation, using a succinic anhydride spacer molecule between SMP and BSA. Fluorescein labeled sulfachloropyridazine (SCP) and SMP (tracer) were synthesized and purified by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The developed screening FPIA method can tolerate up to 20% methanol, and satisfactory assay sensitivity can be obtained between pH 4 and pH 8 and at lower salt concentration. The anti-SMP Mab exhibited a high cross-reactivity with SCP. The effect of the tracer structure on the analytical characteristic of the determination and on antigen-antibody binding constants was studied. The limits of detection (LOD) were 0.7 ng/mL for SMP and 0.25 ng/mL for SCP in buffer, respectively, whereas negligible cross-reactivities were exhibited by related sulfonamides. Analysis of SMP and SCP-fortified milk samples by the FPIA showed average recoveries from 60 to 145%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhui Wang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, People's Republic of China
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12
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Wang ZH, Zhang SX, Shen JZ, Sergei AE. Analysis of Sulfamethazine by Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(07)60068-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Wang S, Zhang HY, Wang L, Duan ZJ, Kennedy I. Analysis of sulphonamide residues in edible animal products: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 23:362-84. [PMID: 16546883 DOI: 10.1080/02652030500499359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The methods of analysis for sulphonamide residues in edible animal products are reviewed. Sulphonamides are widely used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes in both humans and animals, sometimes as growth promoters as additives in animal feed. As a result of their widespread use, there is concern about whether the levels used of these drugs can generate serious problems in human health, e.g., allergic or toxic reactions. Several methods for the determination of sulphonamides have been reported in the literature and this review considers high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS), gas chromatography (GC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE), enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA), biosensor immunoassay (BIA) and microbiological methods. Specific aspects of analysing sulphonamides, such as sample handling, chromatographic conditions and detection methods are discussed. Methods for drug residue monitoring should be accurate, simple, economical in both time and cost, and capable of detecting residues below the maximum residue limits (MRL). The current sulphonamide detection technologies are based on chromatographic methods or bacteriological growth inhibition. The instrumental methods such as HPLC and GC are both sensitive and specific, but are laborious and expensive. Because of the labour-intensive processes, only a few cases of GC methods applied to residue analysis have been published. These methods are suitable for confirmation but not for screening of large numbers of samples. Microbiological methods do not require highly specialized and expensive equipment. They also use highly homogeneous cell populations for testing and thus result in better assay precision. Although HPCE has powerful separation ability, the precision is poor and the instrument still needs to be improved. To date, this technique has not been widely applied to routine analysis. Currently, TLC has been almost replaced by other instrumental analysis. A rapid, sensitive and specific assay is required to detect positive samples in routine analysis, which can then be confirmed for the presence of sulphonamides by HPLC. Immunochemical methods such as ELISA can be simple, rapid and cost-effective, with enough sensitivity and specificity to detect small molecules. This review can be considered as a basis for further research aimed at identifying the most efficient approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Faculty of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300222, P. R. China.
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Pimenta AM, Montenegro MCBSM, Araújo AN, Calatayud JM. Application of sequential injection analysis to pharmaceutical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 40:16-34. [PMID: 16326061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2005] [Accepted: 10/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sequential injection analysis is a well established tool for automation of pharmaceutical analysis. A short historical background of this technique is given as well as a brief discussion on the basic principles and potentials. The current applications of SIA in the pharmaceutical analysis are also described and discussed. The manifolds developed offer good analytical characteristics and are suitable for analysis of drug formulations, process analysis, drug-dissolution, drug-release testing and functional assays for screening potential drugs. The results obtained are in good agreement with those furnished by the application of the reference methods presented in the pharmacopoeias.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Pimenta
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química Física, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Aníbal Cunha, 164, 4099-030 Porto, Portugal
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Soto-Chinchilla JJ, Gámiz-Gracia L, García-Campaña AM, Imai K, García-Ayuso LE. High performance liquid chromatography post-column chemiluminescence determination of sulfonamide residues in milk at low concentration levels using bis[4-nitro-2-(3,6,9-trioxadecyloxycarbonyl)phenyl] oxalate as chemiluminescent reagent. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1095:60-7. [PMID: 16275283 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.07.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Revised: 07/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The determination of seven sulfonamides by means of HPLC with chemiluminescence detection is proposed for the first time. The analytes are derivatized with fluorescamine, separated and subsequently they participate in the post-column chemiluminescence (CL) peroxyoxalate system using imidazole as a catalyst. Among the different peroxyoxalates tested, bis[4-nitro-2-(3,6,9-trioxadecyloxycarbonyl)phenyl] oxalate provides higher sensitivities and stabilities, avoiding precipitation problems. A rigorous optimization of the significant variables by means of experimental designs has been developed in order to reconcile the chromatographic conditions with the CL reaction. The method provides detection limits in the low microgl(-1) range and has been satisfactorily applied to the analysis of spiked raw milk samples.
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Huclová J, Satínský D, Maia T, Karlícek R, Solich P, Araújo AN. Sequential injection extraction based on restricted access material for determination of furosemide in serum. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1087:245-51. [PMID: 16130720 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Restricted access material (RAM) column containing 25 microm C18 alkyl-diol support was integrated into the sequential injection analysis (SIA) manifold and the SIA-RAM system was tested for direct determination of furosemide in serum. LiChrospher ADS column based on restricted access material is proposed to direct injection of biofluids. The integration of RAM material into SIA enabled creation of a comprehensive on-line sample clean-up technique combined with fluorescence quantitation of analyte. Centrifuged and diluted serum sample was aspirated into the system and loaded onto the column using acetonitrile-water (2:98), pH 2.7. The analyte was retained on the column while proteins contained in the sample were removed to the waste without precipitation and clogging the column. Interfering substances complicating the detection were washed out by acetonitrile-water (15:85), pH 2.7 in the next step. The extracted analyte was eluted by means of acetonitrile-water (25:75), pH 2.3 to the fluorescence detector (emission filter 385 nm). The whole procedure comprising sample pre-treatment, analyte detection and column reconditioning took 20 min. The recoveries of furosemide from serum lay between 101.4 and 103.4% for three concentrations of analyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Huclová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Mervartová K, Calatayud JM, Icardo MC. A Fully Automated Assembly Using Solenoid Valves for the Photodegradation and Chemiluminometric Determination of the Herbicide Chlorsulfuron. ANAL LETT 2005. [DOI: 10.1081/al-200043477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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18
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Pizà N, Miró M, Estela JM, Cerdà V. Automated enzymatic assays in a renewable fashion using the multisyringe flow injection scheme with soluble enzymes. Anal Chem 2004; 76:773-80. [PMID: 14750875 DOI: 10.1021/ac034896c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a novel flowing stream scheme based upon the multisyringe flow injection (MSFI) technique is presented as a powerful tool to perform automated enzymatic assays. The exploitation of enzymes in homogeneous phase circumvents typical drawbacks associated with the commonly used packed-bead or open tubular permanent columns, namely, malfunctions of the reactor, carryover effects, flow resistance, loss of binding sites, large reagent consumption, and use of harmful organic solvents during immobilization procedures. The proposed MSFI system is able to handle minute volumes of soluble enzymes and accommodate reactions with divergent kinetic and pH demands, as demonstrated via the indirect chemiluminescence determination of trace levels of glucose. The procedure is based on the on-line glucose oxidase-catalyzed oxidation of beta-glucose in homogeneous phase to beta-glucono-delta-lactone and hydrogen peroxide. Subsequently, the generated oxidant merges downstream with an alkaline slug of 3-aminopthalhydrazide and a metal-catalyst zone (viz., Co(II)) at a total flow rate as high as 72 mL/min aiming to warrant maximum light collection from the fast CL reaction. Under optimum conditions for both sequentially occurring reactions, a glucose concentration as low as 90 microg/L may be easily detected at a 1000-fold photomultiplier gain. A second-order polynomial regression equation of light emission versus substrate concentration is found over the range 90 microg/L-2.7 mg/L glucose, although a maximum concentration of 180 mg/L may be determined by suitable gain selection without requiring manifold reconfiguration. An injection throughput of 20 h(-1), a repeatability better than 2.5% at the 1 mg/L level, and a 3sigma detection limit of 72 microg/L are the analytical features of the designed analyzer. The proposed approach was applied to the analysis of ultralow glucose content soft drinks as well as fruit juices suitable for diabetic consumers. The accuracy was assessed using the spectrophotometric batch glucose-Trinder method as an external reference methodology for the determination of the target species in parenteral solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolau Pizà
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa, Km. 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
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Solich P, Polášek M, Klimundová J, Ruzicka J. Sequential injection technique applied to pharmaceutical analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-9936(04)00304-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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NAKAMURA K, OHBA Y, KISHIKAWA N, KURODA N. Measurement of antioxidative activity against hypochlorite ion by sequential injection analysis with luminol chemiluminescence detection. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2004. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.53.925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuniko NAKAMURA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Course of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Yoshihito OHBA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Course of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Naoya KISHIKAWA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Course of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Naotaka KURODA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Course of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University
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Solich P, Sklenářová H, Huclová J, Šatı́nský D, Schaefer UF. Fully automated drug liberation apparatus for semisolid preparations based on sequential injection analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Icardo M, Mateo J, Lozano M, Calatayud J. Enhanced flow-injection–chemiluminometric determination of sulphonamides by on-line photochemical reaction. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Prior JAV, Santos JLM, Lima JLFC. Sampling strategies exploiting multi-pumping flow systems. Anal Bioanal Chem 2003; 375:1234-9. [PMID: 12733044 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-003-1813-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2002] [Revised: 01/20/2003] [Accepted: 01/22/2003] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this work new strategies were exploited to implement multi-pumping flow systems relying on the utilisation of multiple devices that act simultaneously as sample-insertion, reagent-introduction, and solution-propelling units. The solenoid micro-pumps that were initially used as the only active elements of multi-pumping systems, and which were able to produce pulses of 3 to 25 microL, were replaced by syringe pumps with the aim of producing pulses between 1 and 4 microL. The performance of the developed flow system was assessed by using distinct sample-insertion strategies like single sample volume, merging zones, and binary sampling in the spectrophotometric determination of isoniazid in pharmaceutical formulations upon reaction with 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate, in alkaline medium. The results obtained showed that enhanced sample/reagent mixing could be obtained with binary sampling and by using a 1 microL per step pump, even in limited dispersion conditions. Moreover, syringe pumps produce very reproducible flowing streams and are easily manipulated and controlled by a computer program, which is greatly simplified since they are the only active manifold component. Linear calibration plots up to 18.0 microg mL(-1), with a relative standard deviation of less than 1.48% (n=10) and a throughput of about 20 samples per hour, were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- João A V Prior
- CEQUP/Departamento de Química-Física, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Aníbal Cunha 164, 4050, Porto, Portugal
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Du J, Li Y, Lu J. CHEMILUMINESCENCE FLOW INJECTION ANALYSIS OF AMOXYCILLIN BY A PERMANGANATE-BASED REACTION. ANAL LETT 2002. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120016103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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