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Leong BJ, Folz JS, Bathe U, Clark DG, Fiehn O, Hanson AD. Fluoroacetate distribution, response to fluoridation, and synthesis in juvenile Gastrolobium bilobum plants. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 202:113356. [PMID: 35934105 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Like angiosperms from several other families, the leguminous shrub Gastrolobium bilobum R.Br. produces and accumulates fluoroacetate, indicating that it performs the difficult chemistry needed to make a C-F bond. Bioinformatic analyses indicate that plants lack homologs of the only enzymes known to make a C-F bond, i.e., the Actinomycete flurorinases that form 5'-fluoro-5'-deoxyadenosine from S-adenosylmethionine and fluoride ion. To probe the origin of fluoroacetate in G. bilobum we first showed that fluoroacetate accumulates to millimolar levels in young leaves but not older leaves, stems or roots, that leaf fluoroacetate levels vary >20-fold between individual plants and are not markedly raised by sodium fluoride treatment. Young leaves were fed adenosine-13C-ribose, 13C-serine, or 13C-acetate to test plausible biosynthetic routes to fluoroacetate from S-adenosylmethionine, a C3-pyridoxal phosphate complex, or acetyl-CoA, respectively. Incorporation of 13C into expected metabolites confirmed that all three precursors were taken up and metabolized. Consistent with the bioinformatic evidence against an Actinomycete-type pathway, no adenosine-13C-ribose was converted to 13C-fluoroacetate; nor was the characteristic 4-fluorothreonine product of the Actinomycete pathway detected. Similarly, no 13C from acetate or serine was incorporated into fluoroacetate. While not fully excluding the hypothetical pathways that were tested, these negative labeling data imply that G. bilobum creates the C-F bond by an unprecedented biochemical reaction. Enzyme(s) that mediate such a reaction could be of great value in pharmaceutical and agrochemical manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J Leong
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jacob S Folz
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ulschan Bathe
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David G Clark
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Andrew D Hanson
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Revel’skii IA, Chivarzin ME, Gerasimov MA, Frolova AV, Dolgonosov AM, Skalnyi AV, Revel’skii AI, Buryak AK. A New Approach to the Assessment of the Safety of Tea, Coffee, Cocoa, and Vegetable Oils, Based on the Rapid Screening of Samples for the Total Concentration of Fluorine-, Chlorine-, and Bromine-Containing Organic Compounds. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821050154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Buchweitz JP, Johnson M, Lehner AF. Pentafluorobenzylation and detection of sodium monofluoroacetate (compound 1080) in veterinary samples using gas chromatography/tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry with multiple reaction monitoring. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e8973. [PMID: 33053238 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The analytical detection of chemical residues from sodium monofluoroacetate (MFA) ingestion in targeted predatory wildlife and in pesticide misuse incidents perpetrated against nuisance companion animals remains a concern in veterinary forensic toxicology. There is a current need for chemically stable sample extracts with reliable and specific diagnostic methods for trace quantities in diverse diagnostic matrices. METHODS Biphasic pentafluorobenzylation provided a simple combined extraction and derivatization procedure for removing MFA in a chemically stable form from a complex matrix such as stomach contents. Analysis of the derivatized extract using gas chromatography/tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) approaches specific to MFA provided greater specificity than simple scan or selected ion monitoring approaches. RESULTS Collision-induced dissociation in GC/MS/MS showed that pentafluorobenzyl (PFB)-derivatized MFA (M+ m/z 258) generated m/z 258➔130, 149, 161, 177, 178, 180.1, and 181.1 transitions. Of these, the transition m/z 258➔181 provided a peak for quantitation, whereas m/z 258➔161 and 258➔178 provided specificity for qualifying MFA. Similarly, PFB-derivatized 2-chloropropionic acid (M+ m/z 288) was used as an internal standard, which generated m/z 288➔181 and 161. Of these, the transition m/z 288➔181 provided a peak for quantitation, whereas m/z 288➔161 and 181➔161 served to qualify the internal standard. CONCLUSIONS The method was validated with a calculated limit of detection of 0.35 ppm and limit of quantitation of 1.09 ppm MFA. The method should have adequate sensitivity and reliability for veterinary toxicology labs analyzing specimens from animals poisoned by this predacide.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Buchweitz
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Michigan State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Margaret Johnson
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Andreas F Lehner
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Parry E, Willison SA. Direct aqueous injection of the fluoroacetate anion in potable water for analysis by liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2018; 10:5455-5590. [PMID: 30598702 PMCID: PMC6309164 DOI: 10.1039/c8ay02046a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sodium fluoroacetate or Compound 1080 is a rodenticide registered in the United States for use in livestock protection collars. The collars are employed to control predation on herd animals (i.e., killing of cattle by wolves or coyotes). Sodium fluoroacetate is acutely toxic to humans and has potential to cause mass casualties if used to intentionally contaminate water systems. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for characterization and remediation if such an incident occurs in the civilian sector. In support of that goal, EPA has published the Selected Analytical Methods for Remediation and Recovery (SAM) document that provides sampling and analysis methods for many hazardous chemicals such as sodium fluoroacetate. Ideal SAM methods require limited sample preparation steps and utilize widely available equipment to ensure the ability for maximum laboratory participation in a large-scale response. The present paper describes a direct aqueous injection (DAI) method for liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of the fluoroacetate anion (FAA) in potable water. Sample preservation and filtration are the only pre-processing steps required. FAA is chromatographically separated on an octylsilane (C8) reversed phase column. Separation is attributed to ion-exchange interactions. Electrospray ionization (ESI) in negative mode and detection by tandem mass spectrometry follow. FAA presence was confirmed by two fragment ions in the correct ratio, and use of a labeled standard allowed for quantitation by isotope dilution. FAA detection and quantitation limits were 0.4 μg/L and 2 μg/L, respectively. Four different drinking water utilities provided water samples from varying locations across the U.S. All the water samples were fortified with FAA and tested to evaluate analyte stability and the robustness of the method.
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Eason CT. Connections between rodenticides and drugs: a review of natural compounds with ecological, biocidal and medical applications. NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2017.1348956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles T. Eason
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Ecology, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
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Santos-Barbosa JM, Lee ST, Cook D, Gardner DR, Viana LH, Ré N. A Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for the Detection and Quantitation of Monofluoroacetate in Plants Toxic to Livestock. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:1428-1433. [PMID: 28132508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Monofluoroacetate (MFA) is a potent toxin that occurs in over 50 plant species in Africa, Australia, and South America and is responsible for significant livestock deaths in these regions. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the analysis of MFA in plants based on the derivatization of MFA with n-propanol in the presence of sulfuric acid to form propyl fluoroacetate was developed. This method compared favorably to a currently employed high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) method for the analysis of MFA in plants. The GC-MS method was applied to the analysis of MFA in herbarium specimens of Fridericia elegans, Niedenzuella stannea, N. multiglandulosa, N. acutifolia, and Aenigmatanthera lasiandra. This is the first report of MFA being detected in F. elegans, N. multiglandulosa, N. acutifolia, and A. lasiandra, some of which have been reported to cause sudden death or that are toxic to livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce M Santos-Barbosa
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul , Avenida Senador Filinto Muller, 1555, 79074-460, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Stephen T Lee
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, Utah 84341, United States
| | - Daniel Cook
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, Utah 84341, United States
| | - Dale R Gardner
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, Utah 84341, United States
| | - Luis Henrique Viana
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul , Avenida Senador Filinto Muller, 1555, 79074-460, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Nilva Ré
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul , Avenida Senador Filinto Muller, 1555, 79074-460, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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Cooney TP, Varelis P, Bendall JG. High-Throughput Quantification of Monofluoroacetate (1080) in Milk as a Response to an Extortion Threat. J Food Prot 2016; 79:273-81. [PMID: 26818988 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As a food defense measure against an extortion threat to poison infant formula with monofluoroacetate, a robust methodology for monofluoroacetate analysis in fluid milk and powdered dairy products was developed and optimized. Critical challenges posed by this situation required that the analytical methodology provide (i) high specificity, (ii) high throughput capable of analyzing thousands of samples of fluid milk per day, and (iii) trace-level detection of 1 ng/g or lower to achieve the maximum residue limit. Solid-phase extraction-purified acetone extracts of fluid milk were derivatized with aniline, and after ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography using a Kinetex-C18 column packed with 1.3-μm shell particles, the resulting N-phenyl 2-fluoroacetamide could be determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in a highly specific manner and with a limit of quantification of 0.5 ng/ml. By using 4-(4-chlorophenoxy)aniline as a derivatizing agent, the method could be extended to powdered dairy products with the same limit of quantification. Between January and July 2015, some 136,000 fluid milk samples were tested using this method. This analytical testing of fluid milk formed one element in a larger program of work by multiple agencies to ensure that consumers could continue to have confidence in the safety of New Zealand milk and dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry P Cooney
- Analytica Laboratories, Ruakura Research Centre, 10 Bisley Road, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Peter Varelis
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Justin G Bendall
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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Bessaire T, Tarres A, Goyon A, Mottier P, Dubois M, Tan WP, Delatour T. Quantitative determination of sodium monofluoroacetate "1080" in infant formulas and dairy products by isotope dilution LC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1885-92. [PMID: 26366530 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1087057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A fast and easy-to-use confirmatory liquid-chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) based-method was developed for the analysis of the pesticide sodium monofluoroacetate (MFA, also called "1080") in infant formulas and related dairy products. Extraction of the compound encompassed sample reconstitution and liquid-liquid extraction under acidic conditions. Time-consuming solid-phase extraction steps for clean-up and enrichment and tedious derivatisation were thus avoided. Resulting sample extracts were analysed by electrospray ionisation (ESI) in negative mode. Quantification was performed by the isotopic dilution approach using (13)C-labelled MFA as internal standard. The procedure was validated according to the European document SANCO/12571/2013 and performance parameters such as linearity (r(2) > 0.99), precision (RSD(r) ≤ 9%, RSD(iR) ≤ 11%) and recovery (96-117%) fulfilled its requirements. Limit of quantifications (LOQ) was 1 µg kg(-1) for infant formulas and related dairy products except for whey proteins powders with a LOQ of 5 µg kg(-1). Method ruggedness was further assessed in another laboratory devoted to routine testing for quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bessaire
- a Analytical Sciences Department, Nestlé Research Centre , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Adrienne Tarres
- a Analytical Sciences Department, Nestlé Research Centre , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Goyon
- a Analytical Sciences Department, Nestlé Research Centre , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Pascal Mottier
- a Analytical Sciences Department, Nestlé Research Centre , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | | | | | - Thierry Delatour
- a Analytical Sciences Department, Nestlé Research Centre , Lausanne , Switzerland
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Lee ST, Cook D, Pfister JA, Allen JG, Colegate SM, Riet-Correa F, Taylor CM. Monofluoroacetate-containing plants that are potentially toxic to livestock. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:7345-7354. [PMID: 24724702 DOI: 10.1021/jf500563h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Many plants worldwide contain monofluoroacetate and cause sudden death in livestock. These plants are primarily found in the southern continents of Africa, Australia, and South America, where they negatively affect livestock production. This review highlights past and current research investigating (1) the plants reported to contain monofluoroacetate and cause sudden death; (2) the mode of action, clinical signs, and pathology associated with poisoning by monofluoroacetate-containing plants; (3) chemical methods for the analysis of monofluoroacetate in plants; (4) the coevolution of native flora and fauna in Western Australia with respect to monofluoroacetate-containing plants; and (5) methods to mitigate livestock losses caused by monofluoroacetate-containing plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Lee
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, Utah 84341, United States
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Noonan GO, Begley TH, Diachenko GW. Rapid quantitative and qualitative confirmatory method for the determination of monofluoroacetic acid in foods by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1139:271-8. [PMID: 17141253 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Revised: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A rapid quantitative method and a qualitative confirmatory method for the determination of monofluoroacetic acid (MFA) in complex food matrices are presented. The quantitative method utilizes a water extraction, solid phase extraction clean-up and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for determination of MFA. This method showed a high degree of specificity, detecting MFA in all of the spiked samples, while none of the unfortified samples tested positive for MFA. Spike recoveries were high in all matrices analyzed, varying from 85 to 110%, and comparable at low (2mg/L) and high (20mg/L) spiking levels. Repeatability tests at the low spiking levels yielded RSDs of less than 5% for all matrices analyzed. The qualitative confirmatory method developed is conceptually different from the quantitative method, ensuring that both methods would not be subject to the same interferences. The method uses the formation of the hydrazide of MFA through derivatization with 2-nitrophenylhydrazine. This derivatization is well established for the determination of carboxylic acids, but this is the first application to the determination of MFA. The derivatization yield was matrix dependent, however the limit of detection (LOD) (0.8microg/L) was sufficient to confirm the presence of MFA in all spiked matrices. Repeatability tests at the low spiking levels yielded RSDs of approximately 7% for all matrices analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G O Noonan
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
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Koryagina NL, Savelieva EI, Khlebnikova NS, Goncharov NV, Jenkins RO, Radilov AS. Determination of fluoroacetic acid in water and biological samples by GC-FID and GC-MS in combination with solid-phase microextraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:1395-400. [PMID: 16941160 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0713-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Revised: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel procedure has been developed for determination of fluoroacetic acid (FAA) in water and biological samples. It involves ethylation of FAA with ethanol in the presence of sulfuric acid, solid-phase microextraction of the ethyl fluoroacetate formed, and subsequent analysis by GC-FID or by GC-MS in selected-ion-monitoring mode. The detection limits for FAA in water, blood plasma, and organ homogenates are 0.001 microg mL(-1), 0.01 microg mL(-1), and 0.01 microg g(-1), respectively. The determination error at concentrations close to the detection limit was less than 50%. For analysis of biological samples, the approach has the advantages of overcoming the matrix effect and protecting the GC and GC-MS systems from contamination. Application of the approach to determination of FAA in blood plasma and organ tissues of animals poisoned with sodium fluoroacetate reveals substantial differences between the dynamics of FAA accumulation and clearance in rabbits and rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda L Koryagina
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
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Cai X, Zhang D, Ju H, Wu G, Liu X. Fast detection of fluoroacetamide in body fluid using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry after solid-phase microextraction. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 802:239-45. [PMID: 15018783 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00556-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2003] [Revised: 07/09/2003] [Accepted: 07/09/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for fast determination of fluoroacetamide, a kind of organic fluorine pesticide, in blood and urine samples was developed with acetamide as an internal standard using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) after solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technique. The SPME was performed by immersing a PDMS fiber of 100 microm coating thickness in a sample solution for 25 min at 70 degrees C with (CH(3)CH(2))(4)NBr to improve the extraction efficiency. After a GC sample injection, the extracted fluoroacetamide was desorbed from the fiber for 4 min to perform the GC/MS detection with a HP-PLOT Q capillary column. The analytical conditions were optimized by examining systematically, the effects of experimental parameters on the ratio of characteristic ion peak areas of fluoroacetamide to acetamide. Under optimal conditions, the ratio was proportional to the concentration of fluoroacetamide ranging from 5.0 to 90 microg/ml with a detection limit of 1.0 microg/ml. The average recovery of fluoroacetamide in blood sample was 92.2%. The established method could be used for the fast and convenient measurement of fluoroacetamide in poisoned sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilan Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Analytical Science, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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Ballschmiter K. Pattern and sources of naturally produced organohalogens in the marine environment: biogenic formation of organohalogens. CHEMOSPHERE 2003; 52:313-24. [PMID: 12738255 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(03)00211-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The pattern of organohalogens found in the marine environment is complex and includes compounds, only assignable to natural (chloromethane) or anthropogenic (hexachlorobenzene, PCBs) sources as well as compounds of a mixed origin (trichloromethane, halogenated methyl phenyl ether).The chemistry of the formation of natural organohalogens is summarized. The focus is put on volatile compounds carrying the halogens Cl, Br, and I, respectively. Though marine natural organohalogens are quite numerous as defined components, they are mostly not produced as major compounds. The most relevant in terms of global annual production is chloromethane (methyl chloride). The global atmospheric mixing ratio requires an annual production of 3.5-5 million tons per year. The chemistry of the group of haloperoxidases is discussed. Incubation experiments reveal that a wide spectrum of unknown compounds is formed in side reactions by haloperoxidases in pathways not yet understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlheinz Ballschmiter
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Abstract
Sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) is a vertebrate pesticide widely used for possum control in New Zealand. Fluoroacetate is also a toxic component of poisonous plants found in Australia, South Africa, South America, and India. Because of its importance and effectiveness in pest control and the highly toxic nature of this compound, its acute sub-lethal and target organ toxicity have been extensively studied. In relation to its use as a pesticide its environmental fate, persistence, non-target impacts and general toxicology have been and continue to be extensively studied. Toxic baits must be prepared and used with extreme care, otherwise humans, livestock, and non-target wildlife will be put at risk. The high risk of secondary poisoning of dogs is a cause for concern. 1080 acts by interfering with cellular energy production. Possums die from heart failure, usually within 6-18 h of eating baits. Long-term exposure to sub-lethal doses can have harmful effects and strict safety precautions are enforced to protect contractors and workers in the bait manufacturing industry. Considerable care is taken when using 1080 to ensure that the risks of using it are outweighed by the ecological benefits achieved from its use. When its use is controversial, risk communicators must take care not to trivialise the toxicity of the compound. The benefits of 1080 use in conservation, pest control, and disease control should be weighed up alongside the risks of using 1080 and other techniques for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Eason
- CENTOX (Centre for Environmental Toxicology) Landcare Research, P.O. Box 69, Lincoln 8152, New Zealand.
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Eichhold TH, Hookfin EB, Taiwo YO, De B, Wehmeyer KR. Isolation and quantification of fluoroacetate in rat tissues, following dosing of Z-Phe-Ala-CH2-F, a peptidyl fluoromethyl ketone protease inhibitor. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1997; 16:459-67. [PMID: 9589405 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(97)00102-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Peptidyl fluoromethyl ketones (PFMK) are irreversible inhibitors of cathepsin B, a cysteine proteinase thought to be involved in the degradation of cartilage. It has been speculated that PFMK inhibitors may metabolize in rodents to form fluoroacetate (FAC), an extremely toxic poison. A highly selective and sensitive separation and detection scheme was developed to measure trace levels of FAC in rat tissues following PFMK dosing. The procedure consisted of extracting FAC from tissue and spiking the extract with [18O]2-fluoroacetate (18O-FAC) as an internal standard. FAC and 18O-FAC were further isolated from matrix components using ion-exchange, solid-phase extraction. The pentafluorobenzyl esters of FAC and 18O-FAC were formed to facilitate the chromatographic separation. Two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with selected-ion-monitoring detection provided the final measurement. The assay had a limit of detection of 2 ng FAC per g tissue, and was capable of accurately quantitating as little as 10 ng FAC per g tissue with a S/N ratio of 40:1. Linearity was established over two orders of magnitude, from 2-500 ng ml-1, with 5 microliters injected on-column. The method was used to demonstrate that FAC was formed in rats following dosing with Z-Phe-Ala-CH2-F, a PFMK cathepsin enzyme inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Eichhold
- Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center, Mason, OH 45040, USA
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Twigg LE, King DR, Bowen LH, Wright GR, Eason CT. Fluoroacetate content of some species of the toxic Australian plant genus, Gastrolobium, and its environmental persistence. NATURAL TOXINS 1996; 4:122-7. [PMID: 8743933 DOI: 10.1002/19960403nt4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Gas chromatography confirmed the relatively high concentrations of fluoroacetate found in toxic Gastrolobiums, a genus of indigenous Australian plants. Fluoroacetate concentration in these plants ranged from 0.1 to 3875 micrograms/g (ppm) dry weight, with young leaves and flowers containing the highest concentrations. However, there was considerable intrastand variation between individual plants of at least two species with coefficients of variation ranging from 94% to 129%. Despite the high concentrations of fluoroacetate in many species, only one of nine soil samples collected from beneath these plants contained fluoroacetate. None of the 16 water samples collected from nearby streams and catchment dams contained fluoroacetate. This suggests that fluoroacetate does not persist in this environment. Fluoroacetate was also found in the genus Nemcia, and very low levels of fluoroacetate (ng/g) were detected in the foodstuffs, tea and guar gum. The latter indicates that other plant species may produce biologically insignificant amounts of fluoroacetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Twigg
- Vertebrate Pest Research Section, Agriculture Protection Board, Forrestfield, Australia
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Mulligan KJ. Aqueous alkylation of anions for static headspace sampling with analysis by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/mcs.1220070603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gas chromatographic determination of sodium monofluoroacetate as the free acid in an aqueous solvent. J Chromatogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)83016-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Promyshlennikova EP, Kirichenko VE, Pashkevich KI, Grigor'eva DN, Golovnya RV. Capillary chromatography of polyfluorinated carboxylic esters. Russ Chem Bull 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01172246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
The usefulness and applications of the particular types of chromatography in the analysis of chemical warfare agents have been reviewed. A major problem in the chromatographic analysis of chemical warfare agents is the collection and preparation of the samples. The importance of this problem differs for the various types of chromatography. Significant differences occur in the way in which samples are collected from air, water, soil, vegetables or animal organisms. The analyses are characterized by the main groups of chemical warfare agents, e.g., organophosphorus, vesicants, irritants, etc. Account has been taken of the relationships between their properties and the possibilities of their chromatographic analysis. The advantages and disadvantages of particular types of chromatography in the analysis of the particular groups and individual agents have been considered. The detectability of particular chemical warfare agents has been assessed, together with the separating efficiency for their mixtures. Examples of applications of chromatographic systems and conditions of chromatographing are summarized in tables. It is concluded that chromatography is a very useful tool in the analysis of chemical warfare agents; GC and TLC have the most advantageous properties, HPLC being slightly inferior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Witkiewicz
- Institute of Chemistry, Military Technical Academy, Warsaw, Poland
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Ozawa H, Tsukioka T. Determination of sodium monofluoroacetate in soil and biological samples as the dichloroanilide derivative. J Chromatogr A 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)91306-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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