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Mahmoodi M, Nassireslami E. Control algorithms and strategies of feeding for fed-batch fermentation of Escherichia coli: a review of 40 years of experience. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 52:823-834. [PMID: 34730470 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2021.1998112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Fed-batch cultivation is a well-known type of submerged fermentation that is frequently used in manufacture of recombinant proteins and various kinds of enzymes, owing to its ability to produce products with high concentrations and high efficiency. In fed-batch culture, several issues must be considered; most of them are also presented in batch culture. However, feed flow rate calculation only corresponds to fed-batch fermentation and its value has a significant impact on productivity, efficiency, final concentration of product, formation of by-products, and viscosity of the culture. From this background, the present review article is an effort to gather the information on feeding strategies for fed-batch cultivation of Escherichia coli, which is a well-known microorganism in the production of recombinant proteins and industrial enzymes, especially for therapeutic applications. Moreover, this review is an aid to comprehend and compare the fundamental concept of different feeding strategies and their advantages and drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahmoodi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Nassireslami
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Toxicology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Velez-Suberbie ML, Betts JPJ, Walker KL, Robinson C, Zoro B, Keshavarz-Moore E. High throughput automated microbial bioreactor system used for clone selection and rapid scale-down process optimization. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 34:58-68. [PMID: 28748655 PMCID: PMC5836883 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High throughput automated fermentation systems have become a useful tool in early bioprocess development. In this study, we investigated a 24 x 15 mL single use microbioreactor system, ambr 15f, designed for microbial culture. We compared the fed‐batch growth and production capabilities of this system for two Escherichia coli strains, BL21 (DE3) and MC4100, and two industrially relevant molecules, hGH and scFv. In addition, different carbon sources were tested using bolus, linear or exponential feeding strategies, showing the capacity of the ambr 15f system to handle automated feeding. We used power per unit volume (P/V) as a scale criterion to compare the ambr 15f with 1 L stirred bioreactors which were previously scaled‐up to 20 L with a different biological system, thus showing a potential 1,300 fold scale comparability in terms of both growth and product yield. By exposing the cells grown in the ambr 15f system to a level of shear expected in an industrial centrifuge, we determined that the cells are as robust as those from a bench scale bioreactor. These results provide evidence that the ambr 15f system is an efficient high throughput microbial system that can be used for strain and molecule selection as well as rapid scale‐up. © 2017 The Authors Biotechnology Progress published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:58–68, 2018
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lourdes Velez-Suberbie
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, Bernard Katz Building, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - John P J Betts
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech, York Way, Royston, Herts, SG8 5WY, U.K
| | - Kelly L Walker
- Centre for Molecular Processing, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, U.K
| | - Colin Robinson
- Centre for Molecular Processing, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, U.K
| | - Barney Zoro
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech, York Way, Royston, Herts, SG8 5WY, U.K
| | - Eli Keshavarz-Moore
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, Bernard Katz Building, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K
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Carneiro S, Villas-Bôas S, Ferreira EC, Rocha I. A Comparative Proteome Analysis of Escherichia coli Δ relA Mutant Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2016; 4:78. [PMID: 27833909 PMCID: PMC5081369 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2016.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial RelA-dependent stringent response exerts a strong influence over various processes. In this work, the impact of the relA gene mutation in Escherichia coli cells was evaluated by a quantitative proteomics analysis, employing stable-isotope labeling and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Chemostat cultures of E. coli W3110 and ΔrelA mutant strains were performed at two dilution rates (0.1 and 0.2 h−1) to assess the influence of the relA gene mutation in steady-state protein levels. A total of 121 proteins showed significant alterations in their abundance when comparing the proteome of mutant to wild-type cells. The relA gene mutation induced changes on key cellular processes, including the amino acids and nucleotide biosynthesis, the lipid metabolism, transport activities, transcription and translation processes, and responses to stress. Furthermore, some of those changes were more pronounced under specific growth conditions, as the most significant differences in protein ratios were observed at one of the dilution rates. An effect of the relA gene mutation in the acetate overflow was also observed, which confers interesting characteristics to this mutant strain that could be useful in the production of recombinant proteins. Overall, these results provide a valuable insight into the E. coli stringent response under defined steady-state conditions, suggesting that this stress response might influence multiple metabolic processes like the acetate overflow or the catabolite repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Carneiro
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Silas Villas-Bôas
- Centre for Microbial Innovation, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Eugénio C Ferreira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Isabel Rocha
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
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4
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Modelling of the oxygen level response to feed rate perturbations in an industrial scale fermentation process. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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5
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Pliego J, Mateos JC, Rodriguez J, Valero F, Baeza M, Femat R, Camacho R, Sandoval G, Herrera-López EJ. Monitoring lipase/esterase activity by stopped flow in a sequential injection analysis system using p-nitrophenyl butyrate. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 15:2798-811. [PMID: 25633600 PMCID: PMC4367334 DOI: 10.3390/s150202798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lipases and esterases are biocatalysts used at the laboratory and industrial level. To obtain the maximum yield in a bioprocess, it is important to measure key variables, such as enzymatic activity. The conventional method for monitoring hydrolytic activity is to take out a sample from the bioreactor to be analyzed off-line at the laboratory. The disadvantage of this approach is the long time required to recover the information from the process, hindering the possibility to develop control systems. New strategies to monitor lipase/esterase activity are necessary. In this context and in the first approach, we proposed a lab-made sequential injection analysis system to analyze off-line samples from shake flasks. Lipase/esterase activity was determined using p-nitrophenyl butyrate as the substrate. The sequential injection analysis allowed us to measure the hydrolytic activity from a sample without dilution in a linear range from 0.05-1.60 U/mL, with the capability to reach sample dilutions up to 1000 times, a sampling frequency of five samples/h, with a kinetic reaction of 5 min and a relative standard deviation of 8.75%. The results are promising to monitor lipase/esterase activity in real time, in which optimization and control strategies can be designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Pliego
- Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Avenida Normalistas 800, Colinas de la Normal. C.P. 44270, Guadalajara Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Juan Carlos Mateos
- Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Avenida Normalistas 800, Colinas de la Normal. C.P. 44270, Guadalajara Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Jorge Rodriguez
- Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Avenida Normalistas 800, Colinas de la Normal. C.P. 44270, Guadalajara Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Francisco Valero
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mireia Baeza
- Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències, Edifici C-Nord, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ricardo Femat
- Grupo de Biodinámica y Sistemas Alineales, División de Matemáticas Aplicadas, Instituto Potosinode Investigación Científicay Tecnológica. A.C. Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Lomas 4 Sección, C.P. 78216, San Luis Potosí S.L.P., Mexico.
| | - Rosa Camacho
- Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Avenida Normalistas 800, Colinas de la Normal. C.P. 44270, Guadalajara Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Georgina Sandoval
- Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Avenida Normalistas 800, Colinas de la Normal. C.P. 44270, Guadalajara Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Enrique J Herrera-López
- Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Avenida Normalistas 800, Colinas de la Normal. C.P. 44270, Guadalajara Jalisco, Mexico.
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On-line multiple component analysis for efficient quantitative bioprocess development. J Biotechnol 2013; 163:362-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Carneiro S, Villas-Bôas SG, Ferreira EC, Rocha I. Influence of the RelA Activity on E. coli Metabolism by Metabolite Profiling of Glucose-Limited Chemostat Cultures. Metabolites 2012; 2:717-32. [PMID: 24957759 PMCID: PMC3901239 DOI: 10.3390/metabo2040717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolite profiling of E. coli W3110 and the isogenic ΔrelA mutant cells was used to characterize the RelA-dependent stringent control of metabolism under different growth conditions. Metabolic profiles were obtained by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and revealed significant differences between E. coli strains grown at different conditions. Major differences between the two strains were assessed in the levels of amino acids and fatty acids and their precursor metabolites, especially when growing at the lower dilution rates, demonstrating differences in their metabolic behavior. Despite the fatty acid biosynthesis being the most affected due to the lack of the RelA activity, other metabolic pathways involving succinate, lactate and threonine were also affected. Overall, metabolite profiles indicate that under nutrient-limiting conditions the RelA-dependent stringent response may be elicited and promotes key changes in the E. coli metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Carneiro
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Silas G Villas-Bôas
- Centre for Microbial Innovation, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Eugénio C Ferreira
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Isabel Rocha
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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Mesquita RB, Santos IC, Pedrosa MF, Duque AF, Castro PM, Rangel AO. Development of flow injection potentiometric methods for the off-line and on-line determination of fluoride to monitor the biodegradation of a monofluorophenol in two bioreactors. Talanta 2011; 84:1291-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Carneiro S, Villas-Bôas SG, Ferreira EC, Rocha I. Metabolic footprint analysis of recombinant Escherichia coli strains during fed-batch fermentations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 7:899-910. [DOI: 10.1039/c0mb00143k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Carneiro S, Amaral AL, Veloso ACA, Dias T, Peres AM, Ferreira EC, Rocha I. Assessment of physiological conditions inE. colifermentations by epifluorescent microscopy and image analysis. Biotechnol Prog 2009; 25:882-91. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Monitoring of fed-batch E. coli fermentations with software sensors. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2008; 32:381-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-008-0257-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Rehbock C, Beutel S, Brückerhoff T, Hitzmann B, Riechers D, Rudolph G, Stahl F, Scheper T, Friehs K. Bioprozessanalytik. CHEM-ING-TECH 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.200700164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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Janardhan S, Pandiaraja P, Thirugnanam S, Balamurali MN, Fernando K, Mody HC, Desai PK, Meenakshisundaram S, Kaliraj P. Production, purification and diagnostic application of filarial recombinant protein WbSXP-1 expressed in salt inducible Escherichia coli. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 34:675-83. [PMID: 17674066 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-007-0243-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Wuchereria bancrofti protein WbSXP-1 was identified and established as a potential candidate for the diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis. For the economic production of rWbSXP-1, osmotically (salt) inducible Escherichia coli GJ1158 was preferred. Cultivation and expression was optimized in 3 L airlift bioreactor (ALB) and was successfully extended to 30 L ALB. Purification of rWbSXP-1 his-tag protein was optimized in technical scale using FPLC and the maximal recovery of rWbSXP-1 with significant level of purity was achieved using the combination of IMAC and gel filtration. Quality criteria for immuno-reactivity of purified rWbSXP-1 were established for diagnostic applications. Enhancement of sensitivity in rapid diagnostic format was optimized to effectively detect weak to strong antibody reactivity in individuals exposed to lymphatic filariasis. Performance of the rapid format during field evaluation was successful. The accelerated stability assessment of the rapid format satisfied the requirements of WHO-cGMP norms. This investigation presents a successful technical scale production and purification of rWbSXP-1 considering the future industrial application and an enhanced rapid flow through antibody assay for the diagnosis of human lymphatic filariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Janardhan
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, India
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Becker T, Hitzmann B, Muffler K, Pörtner R, Reardon KF, Stahl F, Ulber R. Future aspects of bioprocess monitoring. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2007; 105:249-93. [PMID: 17408086 DOI: 10.1007/10_2006_036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Nature has the impressive ability to efficiently and precisely control biological processes by applying highly evolved principles and using minimal space and relatively simple building blocks. The challenge is to transfer these principles into technically applicable and precise analytical systems that can be used for many applications. This article summarizes some of the new approaches in sensor technology and control strategies for different bioprocesses such as fermentations, biotransformations, and downstream processes. It focuses on bio- and chemosensors, optical sensors, DNA and protein chip technology, software sensors, and modern aspects of data evaluation for improved process monitoring and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Becker
- Universität Hohenheim, Process Analysis, Garbenstrasse 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Morales MD, Serra B, Guzmán-Vázquez de Prada A, Reviejo AJ, Pingarrón JM. An electrochemical method for simultaneous detection and identification of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella choleraesuis using a glucose oxidase-peroxidase composite biosensor. Analyst 2007; 132:572-8. [PMID: 17525815 DOI: 10.1039/b618159g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of bacterial pollution by amperometric detection at 0.0 V of glucose consumption at a graphite-Teflon-glucose oxidase-peroxidase-ferrocene composite biosensor under flow injection conditions is reported. Using Escherichia coli as the model bacterium, the composition of the growing medium was optimized. A constant glucose concentration of 4.0 x 10(-4) M was added to the culture medium. The relative response to glucose, expressed as the ratio between the amperometric signal and the signal at incubation time t = 0 multiplied by 100, as a function of E. coli concentration, showed a typical behaviour. Limits of detection of 6.5 x 10(2) or 6.5 cfu mL(-1) were achieved after 3 or 7 h of incubation, respectively, with no pre-concentration step. The detection of bacteria did not affect the lifetime of the biosensor. The feasibility of the detection of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella choleraesuis throughout the glucose consumption measurement at the composite biosensor is also demonstrated. The capability of bacterial identification by evaluation of bacterial growth in the culture medium containing the antibiotics polymyxin B, vancomycin, erythromycin, bacitracin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin, was investigated. Each micro-organism tested exhibited a different antibiotic susceptibility profile, thus suggesting the possibility of bacteria differentiation. A rapid methodology for screening of bacteria is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Morales
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28030 Madrid, Spain
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García-Arrazola R, Dawson P, Buchanan I, Doyle B, Fearn T, Titchener-Hooker N, Baganz F. Evaluation of the effects and interactions of mixing and oxygen transfer on the production of Fab’ antibody fragments in Escherichia coli fermentation with gas blending. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2005; 27:365. [PMID: 16044286 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-005-0414-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2005] [Accepted: 03/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fermentations carried out at 450-L and 20-L scale to produce Fab' antibody fragments indicated a serious problem to control levels of dissolved oxygen in the broth due to the large oxygen demand at high cell densities. Dissolved oxygen tension (DOT) dropped to zero during the induction phase and it was hypothesised that this could limit product formation due to inadequate oxygen supply. A gas blending system at 20-L scale was employed to address this problem and a factorial 2(2) experimental design was executed to evaluate independently the effects and interaction of two main engineering factors: agitation rate and DOT level (both related to mixing and oxygen transfer in the broth) on Fab' yields. By comparison to the non-gas blending system, results in the gas blending system at same scale showed an increase in the production of Fab' by 77% independent of the DOT level when using an agitation rate of 500 rpm level and by 50% at an agitation rate of 1,000 rpm with 30% DOT. Product localisation in the cell periplasm of >90% was obtained in all fermentations. Results obtained encourage further studies at 450-L scale initially, to evaluate the potential of gas blending for the industrial production of Fab' antibody fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roeb García-Arrazola
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Pierre Dawson
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Ian Buchanan
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Billy Doyle
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Tom Fearn
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nigel Titchener-Hooker
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Frank Baganz
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
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Ferreira LS, Trierweiler JO, De Souza Jr MB, Folly ROM. A lactose fia-biosensor system for monitoring and process control. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2004. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-66322004000200021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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