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Lin Z, Sun X, Lin Y, Chen G. Highly sensitive analysis of four hemeproteins by dynamically-coated capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detector using an off-column coaxial flow interface. Analyst 2014; 138:2269-78. [PMID: 23443524 DOI: 10.1039/c3an36503d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic coating of the surface in capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detection (CE-CL) using an off-column coaxial flow interface for the determination of four hemeproteins was developed. This method is based on the luminol-hydrogen peroxide reaction catalyzed by metalloproteins in alkaline medium. The experimental setup of the CE-CL system with the proposed off-column coaxial interface was evaluated by separation and detection of dopamine and catechol based on inhibition of the luminol-potassium ferricyanide reaction. Highly efficient separation of the two model compounds with symmetrical peak shape and satisfactory reproducibility was achieved by using this interface. In addition, in order to obtain a good resolution for hemeproteins, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) combined with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were introduced as dynamic modifiers to reduce the unwanted adsorption of non-specific protein. Several parameters affecting the CE separation and CL detection were investigated in detail. Under the optimized conditions, a mixture of the four hemeproteins (horseradish peroxidase (HRP), catalase (Cat), myoglobin (Mb) and cytochrome C (Cyt C)) could be well separated within 20 min. The linear ranges of the four proteins were 5.7 × 10(-8) to 1.1 × 10(-6) mol L(-1) for HRP, 4.0 × 10(-8) to 2.0 × 10(-6) mol L(-1) for Cat, 1.1 × 10(-10) to 5.6 × 10(-8) mol L(-1) for Mb, and 3.8 × 10(-7) to 7.7 × 10(-6) mol L(-1) for Cyt C. The limits of detection (LODs) (S/N = 3) for HRP, Cat, Mb and Cyt C were 2.2 × 10(-8) mol L(-1) (104.5 amol), 1.6 × 10(-8) mol L(-1) (74 amol), 5.6 × 10(-11) mol L(-1) (0.26 amol), and 1.95 × 10(-7) mol L(-1) (0.89 fmol), respectively. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the analysis of low-level Mb in a spiked human urine sample and the recoveries were above 97%. Our primary result demonstrated that the proposed CE-CL method has great potential for Mb determination in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zian Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China.
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Hu H, Li Z, Zhang X, Xu C, Guo Y. Rapid determination of catecholamines in urine samples by nonaqueous microchip electrophoresis with LIF detection. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3419-25. [PMID: 24038935 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed for the rapid separation of catecholamines by nonaqueous microchip electrophoresis (NAMCE) with LIF detection, A homemade pump-free negative pressure sampling device was used for rapid bias-free sampling in NAMCE, the injection time was 0.5 s and the electrophoresis separation conditions were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the samples were separated completely in <1 min. The average migration times of the epinephrine (E), dopamine (DA), and norepinephrine (NE) were 34.26, 43.81, and 50.07 s, with an RSD of 1.05, 1.26, and 0.89% (n = 7), respectively. The linearity of the method ranged from 0.0125 to 2.0 mg/L for E and 0.025~4.0 mg/L for DA and NE, with correlation coefficients ranging between 0.9978 and 0.9986. The detection limits of E, DA, and NE were 2.5, 5.0, and 5.0 μg/L, respectively. The recoveries of E, DA, and NE in spiked urine samples were between 86 and 103%, with RSDs of 4.5~6.8% (n = 5). The proposed NAMCE with LIF detection combined with a pump-free negative pressure sampling device is a simple, inexpensive, energy efficient, miniaturized system that can be successfully applied for the determination of catecholamines in urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Hu
- Key Lab of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Marine Fishery Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan, China
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3
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Wang L, Liu Y, Xie H, Fu Z. Trivalent copper chelate-luminol chemiluminescence system for highly sensitive CE detection of dopamine in biological sample after clean-up using SPE. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1589-94. [PMID: 22736361 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A transition metal chelate unstable at a high oxidation state, diperiodatocuprate (III) (K₅[Cu(HIO₆)₂], DPC), was synthesized and applied in the luminol-based chemiluminescence (CL) system for highly sensitive CE end-column detection of dopamine (DA). This method was based on the fact that DA enhanced the CL emission resulting from the reaction between luminol and DPC in alkaline medium. The DPC-luminol-DA CL system showed very intensive emission and very fast kinetic characteristics, thus resulting in a high sensitivity in flow-through detection mode for CE. Under optimal conditions, the linear range was 1.0 × 10⁻⁸-5.0 × 10⁻⁵ g/mL (R² = 0.9984) with a limit of detection of 6.0 × 10⁻⁹ g/mL (S/N = 3). The RSDs of the peak height and the migration time were about 4.2 and 2.4% for a standard sample at 3.0 × 10⁻⁶ g/mL (n = 5), respectively. The presented method has been successfully used for the determination of DA in commercial preparation and human urine samples after clean-up using SPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Liu YM, Li J, Yang Y, Du JJ. Separation and determination of anesthetics by capillary electrophoresis with mixed micelles of sodium dodecyl sulfate and Tween 20 using electrochemiluminescence detection. LUMINESCENCE 2012; 28:673-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.2414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ming Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xinyang Normal University; Xinyang; 464000; People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xinyang Normal University; Xinyang; 464000; People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xinyang Normal University; Xinyang; 464000; People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Jun Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xinyang Normal University; Xinyang; 464000; People's Republic of China
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Xu X, Zhang H, Shi H, Ma C, Cong B, Kang W. Determination of three major catecholamines in human urine by capillary zone electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detection. Anal Biochem 2012; 427:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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6
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Zhu J, Shu L, Wu M, Wang Z, Wang Q, He P, Fang Y. Development of a compact chemiluminescence system coupled with capillary electrophoresis for carbohydrate analysis. Talanta 2012; 93:428-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Zhao Y, Zhao S, Huang J, Ye F. Quantum dot-enhanced chemiluminescence detection for simultaneous determination of dopamine and epinephrine by capillary electrophoresis. Talanta 2011; 85:2650-4. [PMID: 21962697 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive method based on quantum dot (QD)-enhanced capillary electrophoresis-chemiluminescence (CE-CL) detection was developed for simultaneous determination of dopamine (DA) and epinephrine (E). In this work, CdTe QD was added into the running buffer of CE to catalyze the post-column CL reaction between luminol and hydrogen peroxide, achieving higher CL emission. Negative peaks were produced due to the inhibitory effects on CL emission from DA and E eluted from the electrophoretic capillary. The decrease in CL intensity was proportional to the concentration of DA and E in the range of 8.0 × 10(-8)-5.0 × 10(-6)M and 4.0 × 10(-8)-5.0 × 10(-6)M, respectively. Detection limits for DA and E were 2.3 × 10(-8)M and 9.3 × 10(-9)M, respectively. Using this method, the levels of DA and E in human urine from healthy donors were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsha Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
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Huang X, Ren J. Capillary Electrophoresis of Polyamines with Universal Indirect Chemiluminescence Detection, Using Cobalt (II) as a Probe Ion. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120017175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Huang
- a College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hunan Normal University , Changsha , P. R. China
| | - Jicun Ren
- b College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiaotong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai , 200240 , P. R. China
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Francis PS, Brown AJ, Bellomarino SA, Taylor AM, Slezak T, Barnett NW. Selectivity and potential interference from phenolic compounds in chemiluminescence methods for the determination of synephrine. LUMINESCENCE 2009; 24:90-5. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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10
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Lin Z, Xie Z. Direct determination of amino acids by pressurized capillary electrochromatography with chemiluminescence detection. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:2852-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Liu YM, Cao JT, Zheng YL, Chen YH. Sensitive determination of norepinephrine, synephrine, and isoproterenol by capillary electrophoresis with indirect electrochemiluminescence detection. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:2463-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Lin Z, Lin J, Wu X, Lin X, Xie Z. Evaluation of band broadening in chemiluminescence detection coupled to pressurized capillary electrochromatography with an off-column coaxial flow interface. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:401-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Liu YM, Wang CQ, Mu HB, Cao JT, Zheng YL. Determination of catecholamines by CE with direct chemiluminescence detection. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:1937-41. [PMID: 17480042 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive method to detect three catecholamines, isoprenaline, epinephrine, and dopamine, by CE coupled with direct luminol-potassium periodate chemiluminescence (CL) detection is described. The conditions for CE separation and CL reaction were systematically optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the baseline separation of three catecholamines was achieved within 6.5 min. The LODs obtained in standard solution were 5.3 x 10(-8 )mol/L for isoprenaline, 4.7 x 10(-8 )mol/L for epinephrine, and 1.5 x 10(-7 )mol/L for dopamine. The RSD of the migration time and peak area were less than 1.8 and 3.6% (n = 5), respectively. The present method was applied to the determination of the dopamine in urine samples of cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. The results obtained indicate that there is a close relationship between the content of dopamine in human urine and the amount of cigarettes smoked daily; the level of dopamine in smokers is higher than in nonsmokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ming Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, PR China.
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14
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Wang CQ, Wang H, Liu YM. Capillary electrophoresis with direct chemiluminescence detection for the analysis of catecholamines in human urine. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2007.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Lin Z, Xie Z, Lü H, Lin X, Wu X, Chen G. On-Column Coaxial Flow Chemiluminescence Detection for Underivatized Amino Acids by Pressurized Capillary Electrochromatography Using a Monolithic Column. Anal Chem 2006; 78:5322-8. [PMID: 16878866 DOI: 10.1021/ac060152y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new method for pressurized capillary electrochromatography (pCEC) coupling with chemiluminescence (CL) detection using a modified on-column coaxial flow detection interface was developed. To evaluate the feasibility and reliability of the experimental setup, the typical CL compounds luminol and isoluminol were separated and detected by using this pCEC-CL system. A detailed investigation of CL detection interface and postcolumn CL reagent flow rate parameters was described. The excellent resolution and detection sensitivity was achieved by using 3-microm ODS-C18 packed column with 30% ACN (v/v), 5 mmol/L phosphate buffer (pH 8.0). Moreover, with the presence of Co(II) (1.0 x 10(-4) mol/L) in the mobile phase, the linear range of the concentration for luminol was 2.0 x 10(-9)-2.0 x 10(-6) mol/L with a detection limit (S/N = 3) of 2.0 x 10(-10) mol/L, and 2.5 x 10(4) theoretical plates was achieved. In addition, separation and detection of the underivatized amino acids (l-threonine and l-tyrosine) were accomplished by using a polymerized monolithic column based on the principle of the luminol-H2O2-Cu(II)-amino acid CL system. Under the optimum conditions, the mixture of amino acids was efficiently separated with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zian Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food-Safety, and Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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16
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Lara FJ, García-Campaña AM, Gámiz-Gracia L, Bosque-Sendra JM, Alés-Barrero F. Determination of phenothiazines in pharmaceutical formulations and human urine using capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detection. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2348-59. [PMID: 16718647 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A CE instrument coupled with chemiluminescence (CL) detection was designed for the determination of promethazine hydrochloride (PTH) and promazine hydrochloride (PMH) in real samples. An important enhancement of the CL emission of luminol with potassium ferricyanide was observed in the presence of these phenothiazines; so this system was selected for their detection after CE separation. Parameters affecting the electrophoretic separation were optimized in a univariate way, while those affecting CL detection were optimized by means of a multivariate approach based on the use of experimental designs. Chemometrics was also employed for the study of the robustness of the factors influencing the postcolumn CL detection. The method allows the separation of the phenothiazines in less than 4 min, achieving LODs of 80 ng/mL for PMH and 334 ng/mL for PTH, using sample injection by gravity. Electrokinetic injection was used to obtain lower LODs for the determination of the compounds in biological samples. The applicability of the CE-CL method was illustrated in the determination of PTH in pharmaceutical formulations and in the analysis of PMH in human urine, using a previous SPE procedure, achieving an LOD of 1 ng/mL and recoveries higher than 85%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Lara
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Hu Y, Li X, Pang Z. Indirect chemiluminescence detection for capillary zone electrophoresis of monoamines and catechol using luminol-K3[Fe(CN)6] system. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1091:194-8. [PMID: 16395811 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Indirect chemiluminescence (ICL) detection for capillary electrophoresis (CE) of monoamines and catechol using luminol-K3 [Fe(CN)6] system was described. A strong and stable background chemiluminescence (CL) signal can be generated by luminol-K3 [Fe(CN)6] reaction. Based on the principle of that some phenolic compounds may be oxidized in the presence of K3 [Fe(CN)6], quenching effect of catecholamines for luminol-K3[Fe(CN)6] CL reaction results in a quantifiable decrease in the background signal. The conditions for CE separation and the CL detection for four standard catecholamines were systematically investigated using a homemade CE-ICL system. Under the optimum conditions, the detection limits of dopamine (DA), epinephrine (EP), norepinephrine (NE) and catechol (CA) were determined to be 0.18 mciroM 0.39 microM 0.48 microM and 0.09 microM, respectively. It also has been successfully applied to analyze seven pharmaceutical samples and seven human urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Hu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Wang J, Ren J. A sensitive and rapid immunoassay for quantification of CA125 in human sera by capillary electrophoresis with enhanced chemiluminescence detection. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:2402-8. [PMID: 15895464 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we have presented a sensitive and rapid immunoassay (IA) method by capillary electrophoresis with an enhanced chemiluminescence detection system (CE-CL) based on the catalytic effects of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) on the luminol-hydrogen peroxide reaction. The conditions for the CL reaction and electrophoresis were systematically investigated using HRP as a model sample. The linear range from 2.5 x 10(-11) to 1.0 x 10(-9) mol/L (R = 0.999), and the detection limit of 1.0 x 10(-12) mol/L (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) for HRP were achieved using para-iodophenol as CL enhancer. The relative standard deviations of the migration time and peak area for 5.0 x 10(-10) mol/L HRP (n = 7) were 0.26 and 4.8%, respectively, using a CE system with a home-built CL detector. Under the optimal condition, the HRP-labeled CA125 antibody (Ab) and the Ab-antigen complex were well separated within 4 min by CE using a high-pH buffer (pH 10.20). The assay was successfully used for quantification of CA125 in human sera from health controls and patients associated with ovarian cancer, and the recoveries of the standard addition experiments were 93-109%. Our primary results demonstrated that IA based on CE-CL detection is a powerful tool for clinical diagnosis combined with these commercial IA kits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoning Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
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Kang J, Liu J, Yin X, Qiu H, Yan J, Yang X, Wang E. Capillary Electrophoresis with Indirect Electrochemiluminescence Detection. ANAL LETT 2005. [DOI: 10.1081/al-200057252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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20
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Zhao S, Xie C, Lu X, Song Y, Liu YM. A facile and sensitive chemiluminescence detection of amino acids in biological samples after capillary electrophoretic separation. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:1745-50. [PMID: 15812841 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
It was found that native amino acids enhanced the chemiluminescence (CL) reaction between luminol and BrO(-) in an alkaline aqueous solution. This has led to the development of a facile and highly sensitive CL detection scheme for the determination of amino acids in biological samples after capillary electrophoretic (CE) separation. The CE-CL conditions were optimized. An electrophoretic buffer of 2.5 x 10(-2) M sodium borate (pH 9.4) containing 1 x 10(-4) M luminol was used. The oxidizer solution of 8 x 10(-4) M NaBrO in 0.1 M sodium carbonate buffer solution (pH 12.5) was introduced post-column. Under the optimal conditions, the detection limits were 1.0 x 10(-7) M for glutamic acid (Glu) and 1.3 x 10(-7) M (S/N = 3) for aspartic acid (Asp). The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of peak area and migration time were in the ranges of 3.8-4.3% and 1.4-1.6%, respectively. The present method was applied to the determination of excitatory amino acids (i.e., Asp and Glu) in rat brain tissue and monkey plasma. The levels of these major excitatory amino acids in monkey plasma were quantified for the first time and found to be 1.17 +/- 0.17 x 10(-5) M (mean +/- SD, n = 6) for Glu and 1.64 +/- 0.19 x 10(-6) M for Asp, which were comparable with the levels in human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
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Determination of chlorogenic acid and rutin in cigarettes by an improved capillary electrophoresis indirect chemiluminescence system. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Yang WP, Zhang ZJ, Deng W. Speciation of chromium by in-capillary reaction and capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1014:203-14. [PMID: 14558626 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00940-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of chromium(III) (Cr3+) and chromium(VI) (CrO4(2-)) using in-capillary reaction, capillary electrophoresis (CE) separation and chemiluminescence (CL) detection was developed. The chemiluminescence reaction was based on luminol oxidation by hydrogen peroxide in basic aqueous solution catalyzed by Cr3+ ion followed by capillary electrophoresis separation. Based on in-capillary reduction, chromium(VI) can be reduced by acidic sodium hydrogensulfite to form chromium(III) while the sample is running through the capillary. Before the electrophoresis procedure, the sample (Cr3+ and CrO4(2-)), buffer and acidic sodium hydrogensulfite solution segments were injected in that order into the capillary, followed by application of an appropriate running voltage between both ends. As both chromium species have opposite charges, Cr3+ ions migrate to the cathode, while CrO4(2-) ions, moving in the opposite direction toward the anode, react with acidic sodium hydrogensulfite which results in the formation of Cr3+ ions. Because of the migration time difference of both Cr3+ ions, Cr(III) and Cr(VI) could be separated. The running buffer was composed of 0.02 mol l(-1) acetate buffer (pH 4.7) with 1 x 10(-3) mol l(-1) EDTA. Parameters affecting CE-CL separation and detection, such as reductant (sodium hydrogensulfite) concentration, mixing mode of the analytes with CL reagent, CL reaction reagent pH and concentration, were optimized. The limits of detection (LODs) of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) were 6 x 10(-13) and 8 x 10(-12) mol l(-1) (S/N=3), respectively. The mass LODs for Cr(III) and Cr(VI) were 1.2 x 10(-20) mol (12 zmol) and 3.8 x 10(-19) mol (380 zmol), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ping Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
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García-Campaña AM, Gámiz-Gracia L, Baeyens WRG, Alés Barrero F. Derivatization of biomolecules for chemiluminescent detection in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 793:49-74. [PMID: 12880854 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00364-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An overview is presented on the power and drawbacks of the relatively unfamiliar chemiluminescence-based detection technique applied in analysis by capillary electrophoresis, for determining chemically derivatized biomolecules. Examples of the most common systems are given for many series of biologically active compounds as well as for some pharmaceuticals. The most common chemiluminescent systems include the application of peroxyoxalate ester chemiluminescence, acridinium esters, luminol and derivatives, detection based on the tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(III) system, the huge potentials offered by direct oxidations-though often with still unelucidated reaction mechanisms-and the powerful area of bioluminescence techniques, revealing as well the fast developing area of microchip-based analysis employing this specific luminescence principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M García-Campaña
- University of Granada, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071, Granada, Spain.
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25
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Yang WP, Zhang ZJ, Deng W. Simultaneous, sensitive and selective on-line chemiluminescence determination of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) by capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00421-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Li F, Zhang C, Guo X, Feng W. Chemiluminescence detection in HPLC and CE for pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2003; 17:96-105. [PMID: 12717797 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The present paper reviews the developments and applications of chemiluminescence detection with HPLC and CE in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. The chemiluminescence systems, chemiluminogenic reagents and derivatization reagents, improvements in instrumental design as well as their contributions to the practical applications, are all presented. The advantages and limitations of current detection methodology and future prospects for improvement are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Famei Li
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
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UMENO T, OKAMOTO Y, FUJIWARA T. Determination of amino acids by capillary electrophoresis coupled to copper(II)-catalyzed luminol chemiluminescence detection system. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2003. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.52.1199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro UMENO
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University
| | - Yasuaki OKAMOTO
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University
| | - Terufumi FUJIWARA
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University
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28
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Zhou GJ, Chen HY. Flow injection chemiluminescence determination of amino acids by oxidation with N-bromosuccinimide. ANAL SCI 2002; 18:693-6. [PMID: 12083558 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Jun Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, P R China
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30
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Liu YM, Liu EB, Cheng JK. Ultrasensitive chemiluminescence detection of sub-fM level Co(II) in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2001; 939:91-7. [PMID: 11806549 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01329-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A method of on-line ultrasensitive chemiluminescence detection with capillary electrophoresis for Co(II) is reported. Using our newly developed capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detection system and novel mixing mode of the reagents, the effects of field-amplified injection on detection limits of metal ions were studied in detail. The sub-fM level (1.3 x 10(-16) M, 1.6 x 10(-24) mol, 1 molecule) detection of cobalt ions in ultradilute solution was performed. The catalytic behavior of the chemiluminescence reaction of luminol and hydrogen peroxide by cobalt ions and the reaction conditions, such as the concentration of luminol, H2O2, and pH of chemiluminescence reagent were investigated. The separation of fM level Co(II) and trace amounts of Ni(II) was performed successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, China
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31
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Separation of niobium(V) and tantalum(V) by capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detection. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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32
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Ren J, Huang X. Sensitive and universal indirect chemiluminescence detection for capillary electrophoresis of cations using cobalt(II) as a probe ion. Anal Chem 2001; 73:2663-8. [PMID: 11403314 DOI: 10.1021/ac001414d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Highly sensitive and universal indirect chemiluminescence detection for capillary electrophoresis of cations was described. This novel method is based on use of the ultrasensitive cobalt(II) as a probe ion in the running buffer. A strong and stable background chemiluminescent signal can be generated by the luminol-hydrogen peroxide reaction catalyzed by cobalt(II) ion. Displacement of the cobalt(II) probe ion in the running buffer by a migrating sample cation results in a quantifiable decrease in the background signal. The conditions for electrophoresis and the chemiluminescent reaction were systematically investigated using a commercial capillary electrophoresis instrument with an in-house-built chemiluminescence detector. Under the optimal conditions, the detection limits of the concentration for manganese(II), cadmium(II), nickel(II), lead(II), and 14 lanthanides were (3.0-6.0) x 10(-9) mol/L (S/N = 3), which was approximately 3 orders of magnitude better than indirect UV detection and 2 orders better than indirect laser-induced fluorescent detection. A mixture of 18 metal ions including 14 lanthanides was efficiently separated within 3.5 min using lactate to partially complex the metal ions. Our data demonstrated that CE with indirect CL detection was a powerful and universal tool for analysis of inorganic and organic cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ren
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, PR China.
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33
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Wan H, Ohman M, Blomberg LG. Chemometric modeling of neurotransmitter amino acid separation in normal and reversed migration micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2001; 916:255-63. [PMID: 11382299 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)01174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A chemometric experimental design has been applied for the optimization of neurotransmitter amino acid separation in capillary electrophoresis. The optimizations were carried out for normal micellar electrokinetic chromatography (N-MEKC) and reversed migration micellar electrokinetic chromatography (RM-MEKC). In order to optimize three separation factors and study the interaction between factors, a response function was optimized via searching its optimum (minimum/maximum). For this purpose a central composite design with multivariate linear regression (MLR) analysis was utilized. Modeling with good regression coefficients from the MLR adequately described the interaction of factors such as background electrolyte and sodium dodecylsulfate concentrations which had a large impact on selectivity and migration behaviors. Similar optimal conditions regarding resolution and number of theoretical plates but different retention behaviors as a function of background electrolyte and micellar concentrations were observed for N-MEKC and RM-MEKC. Improved overall performance from the RM-MEKC separation of five neurotransmitter acids, superior to N-MEKC, is demonstrated in terms of repeatability, peak symmetry, sensitivity, and in particular, impurity determination in an overloaded separation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wan
- Department of Chemistry, Karlstad University, Sweden
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34
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He L, Natan MJ, Keating CD. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering: a structure-specific detection method for capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2000; 72:5348-55. [PMID: 11080886 DOI: 10.1021/ac000583v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new approach to detecting capillary electrophoresis (CE) eluent components by interfacing CE with a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) system is described. In this approach, CE-based separation of a mixture of trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene and N,N-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline has been detected by SERS in a postcolumn geometry. The retention time obtained from SERS corresponds well with that from conventional UV-visible detection. Meanwhile, CE eluants are identified by their characteristic vibrational spectra, demonstrating the validity of SERS as a structure-specific detection method for CE. In addition, the ability to monitor SERS intensity changes at molecule-specific frequencies makes selective detection of individual analytes possible, even when separation is incomplete. Finally, CE-SERS is evaluated for separation of amino acids (tyrosine and tryptophan) and environmental pollutants (chlorophenol mixtures).
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Affiliation(s)
- L He
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802-6300, USA
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35
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Hanai T, Inamaoto Y, Inamoto S. Chromatography of guanidino compounds. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 747:123-38. [PMID: 11103903 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00340-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Guanidino compounds involved in the urea and guanidine cycles have been found in serum of nephritic patients, and some guanidino compounds have been suspected to be uremic toxins. The simultaneous analysis of naturally occurring metabolites is important for diagnosis of diseases. In this review, liquid chromatographic analysis of natural metabolites of guanidino compounds are described. the information about arginine as a precursor of nitric oxide are included. The reports of pharmaceutical compounds having a guanidino group, peptides containing arginine and aminoglycosides are summarized in Table 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hanai
- Health Research Foundation, Institut Pasteur 5F, Kyoto, Japan.
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Abstract
Trends in detection techniques for ion analysis by ion-exchange chromatography and capillary zone electrophoresis are reviewed. Special attention is paid to conductivity, UV-Vis absorbance, amperometric and potentiometric detection, mass spectrometry (including inductively coupled plasma MS and atmospheric pressure ionization MS) and post-separation reaction detection. Applications reported within the last few years are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W Buchberger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes-Kepler-University, Linz, Austria.
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38
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Abstract
The applicability of quenched phosphorescence as a detection mode in capillary electrophoresis (CE) was explored for a number of analyte classes and buffer systems. The detection method is based on the quenching of biacetyl phosphorescence (biacetyl is a constituent of the CE buffer) by the analytes via various mechanisms (energy transfer, electron transfer and, possibly, hydrogen donation) and gives rise to negative peaks in the electropherograms. A number of buffers in the pH range 4.7-11.5, frequently used in CE, were tested for their compatibility with this detection mode. Borate, succinate, malonate, acetate, and phosphate buffers (pH 4.7-8.5) could be used without any problems. With a pH of ca. 8.5 or higher the baseline declined with time, while at a pH higher than 9.5 no signal at all was obtained. Obviously, the noise on the phosphorescence signal (i.e., the baseline) determines the ultimate analyte detection limits (LODs). The baseline signal-to-noise ratio, usually denoted as the dynamic reserve (DR), was enhanced ca. 25-fold compared to direct biacetyl excitation by sensitization of the biacetyl phosphorescence by 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid, and by application of a total emission mirror (TEM). A concentration of 1 x 10(-3) M 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid was found to be optimal. For the buffer systems considered, the DR was typically ca. 300-600 under optimized conditions (noise defined as 1 x sigma). Investigated analytes include naphthalenesulfonic acids (NS), nitrophenols, hydroxybenzoic acids, amino acids, and dithiocarbamates (DTCs.). For most of these, the LODs were in the 10(-7)-10(-8) M range, which is significantly lower than with direct or indirect absorption detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kuijt
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Recent advances in the analysis of amino acids using capillary electrophoresis are addressed. This area of research continues to receive increased attention as is evident from the 62 references reviewed. This review discusses current detection strategies including UV absorbance, laser-induced fluorescence, electrochemical, and others. Separation methodologies for both derivatized and underivatized amino acids are reviewed. Both direct and indirect enantiomeric resolution of amino acids are addressed. Applications utilizing capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of amino acids are discussed. This review covers literature published in 1997 and 1998.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Smith
- Department of Physical Sciences, Southeastern Oklahoma State University, Durant 74701-0609, USA.
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40
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Abstract
A capillary electrophoresis (CE)/indirect chemiluminescence (CL) detection method is described for monoamines, viz., serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), epinephrine (EP), and norepinephrine (NE) and for catechol (CA). Optimal separation and detection were obtained with an electrophoretic buffer of 10 mM sodium borate (pH 9.5) containing 5 mM luminol and 25 mM H2O2, and a catalyst solution of 30 microM CuSO4 in 30 mM borate buffer (pH 10.0). Complete separation of 5-HT, DA, EP, NE and CA was achieved in less than 5 min. The Cu(II)-catalyzed luminol CL reaction was employed to provide the high and constant background. Since monoamines and catechol can form stable complexes with Cu(II), inverted analyte peaks due to decreased catalytic activity of Cu(II) can be detected. The degree of CL suppression is proportional to the analyte concentrations. Linearity (r> or =20.99) over two orders of magnitude was generally obtained. The concentration limits of detection (CLODs) for the monoamines and catechol studied were between 0.5 and 3.1 uM. The relative standard deviation (RSD) values on peak size and migration time were in the ranges 3.2-4.4% and 0.4-0.5%, respectively. The applicability of the method for the analysis of pharmaceutical and biological samples was examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
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