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Yang M, Silva R, Zhao K, Ding R, Foo JLC, Ge L, Lisak G. Corrective protocol to predict interference free sensor response for paper-based solution sampling coupled with heavy metal sensitive ion-selective electrodes. Analyst 2024. [PMID: 39005217 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00841c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Paper-based microfluidics combined with potentiometric measurement has emerged as an attractive approach for detecting various chemical ionic moieties. Detection of heavy metal ions, using paper substrates as solution sampling and delivery systems remains challenging despite efforts to introduce several physico-chemical paper substrate modifications to stop adsorption of ions onto the paper substrates. This study quantitatively investigates the adsorption of heavy metal ions on the paper substrates during paper-based potentiometric measurements and explains the super-Nernstian response of potentiometric sensors through local depletion of heavy metal ions from the solution. Consequently, based on the investigated ion adsorption, a corrective potential protocol was established for the electrodes coupled with paper-based solution sampling by predicting interference free sensor response from paper-based measurement. Furthermore, the ion adsorption was also recorded for mixed metal ion solutions to understand competitive primary/interfering ions adsorption onto the paper substrates and establish corrective measures to predict interference free sensor response. In this method, no modifications of the paper substrates are necessary before actual potentiometric measurements. The proposed corrective protocol allows prediction of sensor response based on the paper-based solution sampling potentiometric measurement, providing a simple methodological approach based on correction of potential readout of the potentiometric sensor, thus completely resigning from the need of modifying paper substrate for measurements of heavy metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingpeng Yang
- School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore, Singapore.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre on Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Rochelle Silva
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore, Singapore.
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Programme, Nanyang Technological University, 61 Nanyang Drive, Academic Block North, Singapore 637335, Singapore
| | - Ke Zhao
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore, Singapore.
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ruiyu Ding
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Jit Loong Cyrus Foo
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Liya Ge
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Grzegorz Lisak
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore, Singapore.
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Darestani-Farahani M, Mendoza Montealegre I, Tavakkoli Gilavan M, Kirby T, Selvaganapathy PR, Kruse P. A highly sensitive ion-selective chemiresistive sensor for online monitoring of lead ions in water. Analyst 2024; 149:2915-2924. [PMID: 38578133 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00159a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Dissolved lead is a serious but common health hazard in drinking water, yet there is still no practical way to monitor its levels continuously in the distribution system or at the point of use. Here we propose using a lead-selective membrane on top of a chemiresistive device to continuously measure Pb2+ ion concentrations in real time. The detection limit was lowered by stabilizing the surface of the resistive film with sodium hydroxide and 15-crown-5 ether and optimizing the sensor geometry to maximize the effective surface area. The detection mechanism is based on the complexation of the Pb2+ ions by the lead ionophores within the membrane, thus modulating the interactions between the ionophores and the chemiresistive film. The limit of detection of the fabricated devices was reliably below 2 μg L-1, with concentrations up to 3 mg L-1 routinely quantifiable over several measurement cycles. The chemiresistive sensors can thus achieve lower detection limits than potentiometric devices while being more robust and simpler to fabricate by omitting the reference electrode. Ion-selective membrane-covered chemiresistors can therefore be deployed to continuously monitor drinking water sources and detect harmful levels of lead in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Darestani-Farahani
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada.
| | - Isabella Mendoza Montealegre
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada.
| | - Mehraneh Tavakkoli Gilavan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Thomas Kirby
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada.
| | - Ponnambalam Ravi Selvaganapathy
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Peter Kruse
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada.
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3
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Madawala H, Puri SR, Weaver D, Kim J. Pb 2+-Selective Nanoemulsion-Integrated Single-Entity Electrochemistry for Ultrasensitive Sensing of Blood Lead. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:3004-3014. [PMID: 38294191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Unequivocally, Pb2+ as a harmful substance damaging children's brain and nerve systems, thereby causing behavior and learning disabilities, should be detected much lower than the elevated blood lead for children, 240 nM, endorsed by US CDC considering the unknown neurotoxic effects, yet the ultralow detection limit up to sub-ppb level remains a challenge due to the intrinsically insufficient sensitivity in the current analytical techniques. Here, we present nanoemulsion (NE)-integrated single-entity electrochemistry (NI-SEE) toward ultrasensitive sensing of blood lead using Pb-ion-selective ionophores inside a NE, i.e., Pb2+-selective NE. Through the high thermodynamic selectivity between Pb2+ and Pb-ionophore IV, and the extremely large partition coefficient for the Pb2+-Pb-ionophore complex inside NEs, we modulate the selectivity and sensitivity of NI-SEE for Pb2+ sensing up to an unprecedentedly low detection limit, 20 ppt in aqueous solutions, and lower limit of quantitation, 40 ppb in blood serums. This observation is supported by molecular dynamics simulations, which clearly corroborate intermolecular interactions, e.g., H-bonding and π*-n, between the aromatic rings of Pb-ionophore and lone pair electrons of oxygen in dioctyl sebacate (DOS), plasticizers of NEs, subsequently enhancing the current intensity in NI-SEE. Moreover, the highly sensitive sensing of Pb2+ is enabled by the appropriate suppression of hydroxyl radical formation during NI-SEE under a cathodic potential applied to a Pt electrode. Overall, the experimentally demonstrated NI-SEE approach and the results position our new sensing technology as potential sensors for practical environmental and biomedical applications as well as a platform to interrogate the stoichiometry of target ion-ionophore recognition inside a NE as nanoreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiranya Madawala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Surendra Raj Puri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Delaney Weaver
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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4
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Choi KR, Honig ML, Bühlmann P. Covalently attached ionophores extend the working range of potentiometric pH sensors with poly(decyl methacrylate) sensing membranes. Analyst 2024; 149:1132-1140. [PMID: 38205703 DOI: 10.1039/d3an02047a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The pH working range of solid-contact ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) with plasticizer-free poly(decyl methacrylate) sensing membranes is shown to be expanded by covalent attachment of H+ ionophores to the polymeric membrane matrix. In situ photopolymerization not only incorporates the ionophores into the polymer backbone, but at the same time also attaches the sensing membranes covalently to the underlying inert polymer and nanographite solid contact, minimizing sensor drift and preventing failure by membrane delamination. A new pyridine-based H+ ionophore, 3-(pyridine-3-yl)propyl methacrylate, has lower basicity than trialkylamine ionophores and expands the upper detection limit. This reduces in particular the interference from hydrogen phthalate, which is a common component of commercial pH buffers. Moreover, the lower detection limit is improved by replacing the CH2CH2 spacer of previously reported dialkylaminoethyl methacrylates with a (CH2)10 spacer, which increases its basicity. Notably, for the more basic and highly cation-selective ionophore 10-(diisopropylamino)decyl methacrylate, the extent of counterion interference from hydrogen phthalate shifted the upper detection limit to lower pH by nearly one pH unit when the crosslinker concentration was decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangrok R Choi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Madeline L Honig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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5
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Ong V, Cortez NR, Xu Z, Amirghasemi F, Abd El-Rahman MK, Mousavi MPS. An Accessible Yarn-Based Sensor for In-Field Detection of Succinylcholine Poisoning. CHEMOSENSORS 2023; 11:175. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors11030175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Succinylcholine (SUX) is a clinical anesthetic that induces temporary paralysis and is degraded by endogenous enzymes within the body. In high doses and without respiratory support, it results in rapid and untraceable death by asphyxiation. A potentiometric thread-based method was developed for the in-field and rapid detection of SUX for forensic use. We fabricated the first solid-contact SUX ion-selective electrodes from cotton yarn, a carbon black ink, and a polymeric ion-selective membrane. The electrodes could selectively measure SUX in a linear range of 1 mM to 4.3 μM in urine, with a Nernstian slope of 27.6 mV/decade. Our compact and portable yarn-based SUX sensors achieved 94.1% recovery at low concentrations, demonstrating feasibility in real-world applications. While other challenges remain, the development of a thread-based ion-selective electrode for SUX detection shows that it is possible to detect this poison in urine and paves the way for other low-cost, rapid forensic diagnostic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Ong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Nicholas R. Cortez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Allan Hancock Foundation Building, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ziru Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Farbod Amirghasemi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Mohamed K. Abd El-Rahman
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr-El Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Maral P. S. Mousavi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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6
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Banks M, Amirghasemi F, Mitchell E, Mousavi MPS. Home-Based Electrochemical Rapid Sensor (HERS): A Diagnostic Tool for Bacterial Vaginosis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1891. [PMID: 36850490 PMCID: PMC9964842 DOI: 10.3390/s23041891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most frequently occurring vaginal infection worldwide, yet it remains significantly underdiagnosed as a majority of patients are asymptomatic. Untreated BV poses a serious threat as it increases one's risk of STI acquisition, pregnancy complications, and infertility. We aim to minimize these risks by creating a low-cost disposable sensor for at-home BV diagnosis. A clinical diagnosis of BV is most commonly made according to the Amsel criteria. In this method, a fish-like odor, caused by increased levels of trimethylamine (TMA) in vaginal fluid, is used as a key diagnostic. This paper outlines the development of a Home-Based Electrochemical Rapid Sensor (HERS), capable of detecting TMA in simulated vaginal fluid (sVF). Instead of odor-based detection of volatilized TMA, we identify TMA in trimethylammonium form by utilizing HERS and a potentiometric readout. We fabricated the ion selective electrode using a carbon-black-coated cotton string and a TMA-selective membrane consisting of calix[4]arene and sodium tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate. When paired with a standard reference electrode, our device was able to quantify TMA concentration in deionized (DI) water, as well as sVF samples at multiple pH levels with a clinically relevant limit of detection (8.66 µM, and theoretically expected Nernstian slope of 55.14 mV/decade).
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Banks
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Farbod Amirghasemi
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Evelyn Mitchell
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Maral P. S. Mousavi
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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7
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Siamionau AV, Ragoyja EG, Egorov VV. A feasible, fast and reliable method for estimating ion-site association constants in plasticized PVC ion-selective electrode membranes. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1239:340556. [PMID: 36628696 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A feasible, fast and reliable method for estimating ion association constants in PVC plasticized membranes of ion-selective electrodes from potentiometric data has been theoretically and experimentally substantiated. The method is based on the established fact of complete dissociation of salts of quaternary ammonium cations R4N + An‒ (except for those containing methyl substituents at the nitrogen atom) in a membrane plasticized with o-nitrophenyl octyl ether (o-NPOE). Therefore, the boundary potential at the interface of the membrane with an aqueous solution of R4N+ depends only upon the concentrations of the corresponding solution and the ion exchanger in the membrane and is independent of the presence of a lipophilic ionic additive (LIA), which makes it possible to use such ions as reference ones in the internal filling solution. If the ions studied (i+) are capable of forming ion associates with the ion exchanger, then the introduction of LIA into the membrane will lead to a decrease in the concentration of free i+ ions and to a corresponding increase in the boundary potential, from which the ion association constant can be directly calculated. The results obtained agree with the known literature data and the results of quantum chemical calculations. The prospective of applying the proposed method to the study of other membrane compositions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V Siamionau
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, Leningradskaya str., 14, 220030, Minsk, Belarus.
| | - Ekaterina G Ragoyja
- Belarusian State University, 4, Nezavisimosti avenue, 220030, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Vladimir V Egorov
- Belarusian State University, 4, Nezavisimosti avenue, 220030, Minsk, Belarus.
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8
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Silva R, Zhao K, Ding R, Chan WP, Yang M, Yip JSQ, Lisak G. Ion-selective membrane modified microfluidic paper-based solution sampling substrates for potentiometric heavy metal detection. Analyst 2022; 147:4500-4509. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an01108e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ion-selective membrane modified paper substrates were used to control the unfavourable super-Nernstian response of Pb2+-ISEs when coupled with microfluidic paper-based solution sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle Silva
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Programme, Nanyang Technological University, 61 Nanyang Drive, Academic Block North, Singapore 637335, Singapore
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Residues and Resource Reclamation Center, 1 Cleantech Loop, Cleantech, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - Ke Zhao
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Residues and Resource Reclamation Center, 1 Cleantech Loop, Cleantech, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
- College of Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ruiyu Ding
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Residues and Resource Reclamation Center, 1 Cleantech Loop, Cleantech, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
- College of Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Wei Ping Chan
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Residues and Resource Reclamation Center, 1 Cleantech Loop, Cleantech, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - Mingpeng Yang
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Residues and Resource Reclamation Center, 1 Cleantech Loop, Cleantech, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
- School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jane Si Qi Yip
- College of Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Grzegorz Lisak
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Residues and Resource Reclamation Center, 1 Cleantech Loop, Cleantech, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
- College of Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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9
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Abd El-Rahman MK, Mazzone G, Mahmoud AM, Sicilia E, Shoeib T. Novel choline selective electrochemical membrane sensor with application in milk powders and infant formulas. Talanta 2021; 221:121409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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10
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Mahmoud AM, Ragab MT, Ramadan NK, El‐Ragehy NA, El‐Zeany BA. Design of Solid‐contact Ion‐selective Electrode with Graphene Transducer Layer for the Determination of Flavoxate Hydrochloride in Dosage Form and in Spiked Human Plasma. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amr M. Mahmoud
- Analytical Chemistry Department Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University Kasr El Aini Cairo 11562 Egypt
| | - Mona T. Ragab
- Analytical Chemistry Department Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University Kasr El Aini Cairo 11562 Egypt
| | - Nesrin K. Ramadan
- Analytical Chemistry Department Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University Kasr El Aini Cairo 11562 Egypt
| | - Nariman A. El‐Ragehy
- Analytical Chemistry Department Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University Kasr El Aini Cairo 11562 Egypt
| | - Badr A. El‐Zeany
- Analytical Chemistry Department Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University Kasr El Aini Cairo 11562 Egypt
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11
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Chen XV, Mousavi MP, Bühlmann P. Fluorous-Phase Ion-Selective pH Electrodes: Electrode Body and Ionophore Optimization for Measurements in the Physiological pH Range. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:13621-13629. [PMID: 32566827 PMCID: PMC7301372 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Because of their low polarity and polarizability, fluorous sensing membranes are both hydrophobic and lipophobic and exhibit very high ion selectivities. Here, we report on a new fluorous-membrane ion-selective electrode (ISE) with a wide sensing range centered around physiologically relevant pH values. The fluorophilic tris[perfluoro(octyl)butyl]amine (N[(CH2)4Rf8]3) was synthesized and tested as a new H+ ionophore using a redesigned electrode body that provides excellent mechanical sealing and much improved measurement reliability. In a challenging 1 M KCl background, these fluorous-phase ISEs exhibit a sensing range from pH 2.2 to 11.2, which is one of the widest working ranges reported to date for ionophore-based H+ ISEs. High selectivities against common interfering ions such as K+, Na+, and Ca2+ were determined (selectivity coefficients: logK H, K pot = - 11.6; logK H, Na pot = - 12.4; logK H, Ca pot < - 10.2). The use of the N[(CH2)4Rf8]3 ionophore with its -(CH2)4- spacers separating the amino group from the strongly electron-withdrawing perfluorooctyl groups improved the potentiometric selectivity as compared to the less basic tris[perfluoro(octyl)propyl]amine ionophore. The use of N[(CH2)4Rf8]3 also made the ISE less prone to counter anion failure (i.e., Donnan failure) at low pH than the use of tris[perfluoro(octyl)pentyl]amine with its longer -(CH2)5- spacers, which more effectively shield the amino center from the perfluorooctyl groups. In addition, we exposed both conventional plasticized PVC-phase pH ISEs and fluorous-phase pH ISEs to 10% serum for 5 days. Results show that the PVC-phase ISEs lost selectivity while their fluorous-phase counterparts did not.
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12
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Fine-scale in-situ measurement of lead ions in coastal sediment pore water based on an all-solid-state potentiometric microsensor. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1073:39-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Gomes Amorim C, Araújo A, Conceição Montenegro M. Use of Cucurbit[6]uril as Ionophore in Ion Selective Electrodes for Etilefrine Determination in Pharmaceuticals. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Célia Gomes Amorim
- REQUIMTE/Departamento de Ciências Químicas; Faculdade de Farmácia.Universidade do Porto. R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228. 4050-313 Porto. Portugal
| | - Alberto Araújo
- REQUIMTE/Departamento de Ciências Químicas; Faculdade de Farmácia.Universidade do Porto. R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228. 4050-313 Porto. Portugal
| | - Maria Conceição Montenegro
- REQUIMTE/Departamento de Ciências Químicas; Faculdade de Farmácia.Universidade do Porto. R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228. 4050-313 Porto. Portugal
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15
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Yilmaz I, Chen LD, Chen XV, Anderson EL, da Costa RC, Gladysz JA, Bühlmann P. Potentiometric Selectivities of Ionophore-Doped Ion-Selective Membranes: Concurrent Presence of Primary Ion or Interfering Ion Complexes of Multiple Stoichiometries. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2409-2417. [PMID: 30609363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The selectivities of ionophore-doped ion-selective electrode (ISE) membranes are controlled by the stability and stoichiometry of the complexes between the ionophore, L, and the target and interfering ions (I zi and J zj, respectively). Well-accepted models predict how these selectivities can be optimized by selection of ideal ionophore-to-ionic site ratios, considering complex stoichiometries and ion charges. These models were developed for systems in which the target and interfering ions each form complexes of only one stoichiometry. However, for a few ISEs, the concurrent presence of two primary ion complexes of different stoichiometries, such as IL zi and IL2 zi, was reported. Indeed, similar systems were probably often overlooked and are, in fact, more common than the exclusive formation of complexes of higher stoichiometry unless the ionophore is used in excess. Importantly, misinterpreted stoichiometries misguide the design of new ionophores and are likely to result in the formulation of ISE membranes with inferior selectivities. We show here that the presence of two or more complexes of different stoichiometries for a given ion may be inferred experimentally from careful interpretation of the potentiometric selectivities as a function of the ionophore-to-ionic site ratio or from calculations of complex concentrations using experimentally determined complex stabilities. Concurrent formation of JL zj and JL2 zj complexes of an interfering ion is shown here to shift the ionophore-to-ionic site ratio that provides the highest selectivities. Formation of IL n-1 zi and IL n zi complexes of a primary ion is less of a concern because an optimized membrane typically contains an excess of ionophore, but lower than expected selectivities may be observed if the stepwise complex formation constant, KILn, is not sufficiently large and the ionophore-to-ionic site ratio does not markedly exceed n.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Kamil Ozdag Science Faculty , Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University , 70100 Karaman , Turkey.,Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant Street Southeast , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Li D Chen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant Street Southeast , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Xin V Chen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant Street Southeast , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Evan L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant Street Southeast , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Rosenildo Correa da Costa
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , P.O. Box 30012, College Station , Texas 77842 , United States.,School of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Science , University of South Wales , Cemetery Road , Glyntaff , CF37 4DB , United Kingdom
| | - John A Gladysz
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , P.O. Box 30012, College Station , Texas 77842 , United States
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant Street Southeast , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
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Mousavi MPS, Abd El-Rahman MK, Mahmoud AM, Abdelsalam RM, Bühlmann P. In Situ Sensing of the Neurotransmitter Acetylcholine in a Dynamic Range of 1 nM to 1 mM. ACS Sens 2018; 3:2581-2589. [PMID: 30398333 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) plays a key role in the pathophysiology of brain disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Understanding the dynamics of ACh concentration changes and kinetics of ACh degradation in the living brain is crucial to unravel the pathophysiology of such diseases and the rational design of therapeutics. In this work, an electrochemical sensor capable of dynamic, label-free, selective, and in situ detection of ACh in a range of 1 nM to 1 mM (with temporal resolution of less than one second) was developed. The sensor was employed for the direct detection of ACh in artificial cerebrospinal fluid and rat brain homogenate, without any prior separation steps. A potentiometric receptor-doped ion-selective electrode (ISE) with selectivity for ACh was designed by taking advantage of the positive charge of ACh. The dynamic range, limit of detection (LOD), and the selectivity of the sensor were optimized stepwise by (i) screening of hydrophobic biomimetic calixarenes to identify receptors that strongly bind to ACh based on shape-selective multitopic recognition, (ii) doping of the ISE sensing membrane with an ACh-binding hydrophobic calixarene to enable selective detection of ACh in complex matrices, (iii) utilizing a hydrophilic calixarene in the inner filling solution of the ISE to buffer the concentration of ACh and, thereby, lower the LOD of the sensor, and (iv) introducing a surface treatment step prior to the measurement by placing the sensor for ∼1 min in a solution of a hydrophilic calixarene to lower the LOD of the sensor even further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maral P. S. Mousavi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | | | | | | | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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17
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Ion-Selective Electrodes for Detection of Lead (II) in Drinking Water: A Mini-Review. ENVIRONMENTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/environments5090095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that the adverse health effects due to the intake of lead have been well studied and widely recognized, lead contamination in drinking water has been reoccurring worldwide, with some incidents escalating into a public drinking water crisis. As lead contamination is often related to lead-based pipes close to or inside homes, it is not realistic, at least in the near term, to remove and replace all lead connection pipes and lead-based plumbing. Effective monitoring of lead concentration at consumers’ water taps remains critical for providing consumers with first-hand information and preventing potential wide-spread lead contamination in drinking water. This review paper examines the existing common technologies for laboratory testing and on-site measuring of lead concentrations. As the conventional analytical techniques for lead detection require using expensive instruments, as well as a high time for sample preparation and a skilled operator, an emphasis is placed on reviewing ion-selective electrode (ISE) technology due to its superior performance, low cost, ease of use, and its promising potential to be miniaturized and integrated into standalone sensing units. In a holistic way, this paper reviews and discusses the background, different types of ISEs are reviewed and discussed, namely liquid-contact ISEs and solid-contact ISEs. Along with the potential opportunities for further research, the limitations and unique challenges of ISEs for lead detection are also discussed in detail.
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Ma X, Armas SM, Soliman M, Lytle DA, Chumbimuni-Torres K, Tetard L, Lee WH. In Situ Monitoring of Pb 2+ Leaching from the Galvanic Joint Surface in a Prepared Chlorinated Drinking Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:2126-2133. [PMID: 29376323 PMCID: PMC7321811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A novel method using a micro-ion-selective electrode (micro-ISE) technique was developed for in situ lead monitoring at the water-metal interface of a brass-leaded solder galvanic joint in a prepared chlorinated drinking water environment. The developed lead micro-ISE (100 μm tip diameter) showed excellent performance toward soluble lead (Pb2+) with sensitivity of 22.2 ± 0.5 mV decade-1 and limit of detection (LOD) of 1.22 × 10-6 M (0.25 mg L-1). The response time was less than 10 s with a working pH range of 2.0-7.0. Using the lead micro-ISE, lead concentration microprofiles were measured from the bulk to the metal surface (within 50 μm) over time. Combined with two-dimensional (2D) pH mapping, this work clearly demonstrated that Pb2+ ions build-up across the lead anode surface was substantial, nonuniform, and dependent on local surface pH. A large pH gradient (ΔpH = 6.0) developed across the brass and leaded-tin solder joint coupon. Local pH decreases were observed above the leaded solder to a pH as low as 4.0, indicating it was anodic relative to the brass. The low pH above the leaded solder supported elevated lead levels where even small local pH differences of 0.6 units (ΔpH = 0.6) resulted in about four times higher surface lead concentrations (42.9 vs 11.6 mg L-1) and 5 times higher fluxes (18.5 × 10-6 vs 3.5 × 10-6 mg cm-2 s-1). Continuous surface lead leaching monitoring was also conducted for 16 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmeng Ma
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Stephanie M. Armas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Mikhael Soliman
- NanoScience Technology Center and Physics Department, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
| | - Darren A. Lytle
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
| | - Karin Chumbimuni-Torres
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Laurene Tetard
- NanoScience Technology Center and Physics Department, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
| | - Woo Hyoung Lee
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
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Pankratova N, Cuartero M, Jowett LA, Howe EN, Gale PA, Bakker E, Crespo GA. Fluorinated tripodal receptors for potentiometric chloride detection in biological fluids. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 99:70-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Anderson EL, Gingery NM, Boswell PG, Chen XV, Rábai J, Bühlmann P. Ion Aggregation and R 3N +-C(R)-H···NR 3 Hydrogen Bonding in a Fluorous Phase. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:11239-11246. [PMID: 27723332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b07299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Potentiometric selectivities show that in fluorous ion-selective electrode membranes the tetrabutylammonium ion binds to fluorophilic proton ionophores. For the ionophore bis[3-(perfluorooctyl)propyl](2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)amine, this type of interaction is confirmed by the effect of the ionophore on the ionic conductivity of perfluoro(perhydrophenanthrene) solutions of a fluorophilic NBu4+ salt. In this system, ion pairs, triple ions, and higher ionic aggregates dominate over single ions, and the ionophore increases the conductivity by favoring the formation of ion aggregates with a net charge. These observations are consistent with the formation of R3N+-C(R)-H···NR3 type hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen atom of the ionophore and the hydrogen atoms in the α position to the positively charged quaternary ammonium center of NBu4+. Similar interactions were observed in a number of crystalline phases. To date, observations of C-H···N type hydrogen bonds in liquid phases have been very few, and solution-phase N+-C-H···N type hydrogen bonds have not been reported previously. Interestingly, no interactions between NBu4+ and the more basic ionophore tridodecylamine were observed in conventional plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) membranes doped with the ionophore tridodecylamine, emphasizing the uniquely low polarity of fluorous phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Nicole M Gingery
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Paul G Boswell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Xin V Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - József Rábai
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University , P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest 112, Hungary
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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21
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Yin T, Li J, Qin W. An All-solid-state Polymeric Membrane Ca2+-selective Electrode Based on Hydrophobic Alkyl-chain-functionalized Graphene Oxide. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanji Yin
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC); Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS; Yantai Shandong 264003 P. R. China
| | - Jinghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC); Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS; Yantai Shandong 264003 P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Wei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC); Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS; Yantai Shandong 264003 P. R. China
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Greenawalt PJ, Garada MB, Amemiya S. Voltammetric Characterization of Ion–Ionophore Complexation Using Thin Polymeric Membranes: Asymmetric Thin-Layer Responses. Anal Chem 2015; 87:8564-72. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Greenawalt
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Mohammed B. Garada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Shigeru Amemiya
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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24
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Mistlberger G, Crespo GA, Bakker E. Ionophore-based optical sensors. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2014; 7:483-512. [PMID: 25014348 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071213-020307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the key aspects of designing ionophore-based optical sensors (IBOS). Exact response functions are developed and compared with a simplified, generalized equation. We also provide a brief introduction into less established but promising working principles, namely dynamic response and exhaustive exchange. Absorbance and fluorescence are the main optical readout strategies used in the evaluation of a sensor response, but they usually require a robust referencing technique for real-world applications. Established referencing schemes using IBOS as well as those from other optical sensors are also discussed. Finally, the power of recently developed photoresponsive ion extraction/release systems is outlined and discussed in view of dynamically switchable IBOS or regenerative exhaustive exchange IBOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Mistlberger
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; , ,
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25
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Guziński M, Lisak G, Kupis J, Jasiński A, Bocheńska M. Lead(II)-selective ionophores for ion-selective electrodes: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 791:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Guziński M, Lisak G, Sokalski T, Bobacka J, Ivaska A, Bocheńska M, Lewenstam A. Solid-Contact Ion-Selective Electrodes with Highly Selective Thioamide Derivatives of p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene for the Determination of Lead(II) in Environmental Samples. Anal Chem 2013; 85:1555-61. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302772v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Guziński
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry
and Centre for Process Analytical Chemistry and Sensor Technology
“ProSens”, Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, 20500 Abo, Finland
- Department of Chemical Technology,
Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Lisak
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry
and Centre for Process Analytical Chemistry and Sensor Technology
“ProSens”, Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, 20500 Abo, Finland
| | - Tomasz Sokalski
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry
and Centre for Process Analytical Chemistry and Sensor Technology
“ProSens”, Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, 20500 Abo, Finland
| | - Johan Bobacka
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry
and Centre for Process Analytical Chemistry and Sensor Technology
“ProSens”, Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, 20500 Abo, Finland
| | - Ari Ivaska
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry
and Centre for Process Analytical Chemistry and Sensor Technology
“ProSens”, Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, 20500 Abo, Finland
| | - Maria Bocheńska
- Department of Chemical Technology,
Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Lewenstam
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry
and Centre for Process Analytical Chemistry and Sensor Technology
“ProSens”, Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, 20500 Abo, Finland
- Faculty of Material Science and
Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
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27
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Parra EJ, Rius FX, Blondeau P. A potassium sensor based on non-covalent functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Analyst 2013; 138:2698-703. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00313b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Miyake M, Chen LD, Pozzi G, Bühlmann P. Ion-selective electrodes with unusual response functions: simultaneous formation of ionophore-primary ion complexes with different stoichiometries. Anal Chem 2012; 84:1104-11. [PMID: 22128799 PMCID: PMC3264767 DOI: 10.1021/ac202761x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that the selectivity of an ion-selective electrode (ISE) depends on the stoichiometry of the complexes between its ionophore and the target and interfering ions. It is all the more surprising that the possibility for the simultaneous occurrence of multiple target ion complexes with different complex stoichiometries was mostly ignored in the past. Here, we report on the simultaneous formation of 1:1 and 1:2 complexes of a fluorophilic crown ether in fluorous ISE membranes and how this results in what looks like super-Nernstian responses. These increased response slopes are not caused by mass transfer limitations and can be readily explained with a phase boundary model, a finding that is supported by experimentally determined complex formation constants and excellent fits of response curves. Not only Cs(+) but also the smaller ions Li(+), Na(+), K(+), and NH(4)(+) form 1:1 and 1:2 complexes with the fluorophilic crown ether, with cumulative formation constants of up to 10(15.0) and 10(21.0) for of the 1:1 and 1:2 complexes, respectively. Super-Nernstian responses of the type observed with these electrodes are probably not particularly rare but have lacked in the past an adequate discussion in the literature, remaining ignored or misinterpreted. Preliminary calculations also predict sub-Nernstian responses and potential dips of a similar origin. The proper understanding of such phenomena will facilitate the development of new ISEs based on ionophores that form complexes of higher stoichiometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Li D. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Gianluca Pozzi
- CNR-Istituto di Scienze Tecnologie Molecolari, via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
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30
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Kerric G, Parra EJ, Crespo GA, Xavier Rius F, Blondeau P. Nanostructured assemblies for ion-sensors: functionalization of multi-wall carbon nanotubes with benzo-18-crown-6 for Pb2+ determination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm33153e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Mistlberger G, Crespo GA, Xie X, Bakker E. Photodynamic ion sensor systems with spiropyran: photoactivated acidity changes in plasticized poly(vinyl chloride). Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:5662-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc30657c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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32
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Chen LD, Mandal D, Pozzi G, Gladysz JA, Bühlmann P. Potentiometric sensors based on fluorous membranes doped with highly selective ionophores for carbonate. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:20869-77. [PMID: 22070518 PMCID: PMC3244523 DOI: 10.1021/ja207680e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Manganese(III) complexes of three fluorophilic salen derivatives were used to prepare ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) with ionophore-doped fluorous sensing membranes. Because of their extremely low polarity and polarizability, fluorous media are not only chemically very inert but also solvate potentially interfering ions poorly, resulting in a much improved discrimination of such ions. Indeed, the new ISEs exhibited selectivities for CO(3)(2-) that exceed those of previously reported ISEs based on nonfluorous membranes by several orders of magnitude. In particular, the interference from chloride and salicylate was reduced by 2 and 6 orders of magnitude, respectively. To achieve this, the selectivities of these ISEs were fine-tuned by addition of noncoordinating hydrophobic ions (i.e., ionic sites) into the sensing membranes. Stability constants of the anion-ionophore complexes were determined from the dependence of the potentiometric selectivities on the charge sign of the ionic sites and the molar ratio of ionic sites and the ionophore. For this purpose, a previously introduced fluorophilic tetraphenylborate and a novel fluorophilic cation with a bis(triphenylphosphoranylidene)ammonium group, (R(f6)(CH(2))(3))(3)PN(+)P(R(f6)(CH(2))(3))(3), were utilized (where R(f6) is C(6)F(13)). The optimum CO(3)(2-) selectivities were found for sensing membranes composed of anionic sites and ionophore in a 1:4 molar ratio, which results in the formation of 2:1 complexes with CO(3)(2-) with stability constants up to 4.1 × 10(15). As predicted by established theory, the site-to-ionophore ratios that provide optimum potentiometric selectivity depend on the stoichiometries of the complexes of both the primary and the interfering ions. However, the ionophores used in this study give examples of charges and stoichiometries previously neither explicitly predicted by theory nor shown by experiment. The exceptional selectivity of fluorous membranes doped with these carbonate ionophores suggests their use not only for potentiometric sensing but also for other types of sensors, such as the selective separation of carbonate from other anions and the sequestration of carbon dioxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li D. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Debaprasad Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842
| | - Gianluca Pozzi
- CNR-Istituto di Scienze Tecnologie Molecolari, via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - John A. Gladysz
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
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A solid-contact Pb2+-selective electrode using poly(2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-p-phenylene vinylene) as ion-to-electron transducer. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 702:195-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Nazarov VA, Andronchik KA, Egorov VV, Matulis VE, Ivashkevich OA. Intramembrane Complex Formation Study of Ion Selective Electrodes Based on Heptyl p-Trifluoroacetylbenzoic Ether. ELECTROANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kulesza J, Bocheńska M. Calixthioamides as Ionophores for Transition‐ and Heavy‐Metal Cations. Eur J Inorg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201000663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kulesza
- Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology Narutowicza 11/12 Street, 80‐233 Gdańsk, Poland
- Laboratoire de Chimie‐Physique, IPHC‐DSA, UDS, CNRS, ECPM 25, rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Maria Bocheńska
- Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology Narutowicza 11/12 Street, 80‐233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Zhang J, Yu SY, Yin TJ, Hu XF, Qin W. A comparative study of four 20-membered N2S4-crown ethers as ionophores for polymeric membrane silver selective electrodes. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2009.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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37
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Bakker E. Generalized Selectivity Description for Polymeric Ion-Selective Electrodes Based on the Phase Boundary Potential Model. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2010; 639:1-7. [PMID: 20694153 PMCID: PMC2916183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2009.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A generalized description of the response behavior of potentiometric polymer membrane ion-selective electrodes is presented on the basis of ion-exchange equilibrium considerations at the sample-membrane interface. This paper includes and extends on previously reported theoretical advances in a more compact yet more comprehensive form. Specifically, the phase boundary potential model is used to derive the origin of the Nernstian response behavior in a single expression, which is valid for a membrane containing any charge type and complex stoichiometry of ionophore and ion-exchanger. This forms the basis for a generalized expression of the selectivity coefficient, which may be used for the selectivity optimization of ion-selective membranes containing electrically charged and neutral ionophores of any desired stoichiometry. It is shown to reduce to expressions published previously for specialized cases, and may be effectively applied to problems relevant in modern potentiometry. The treatment is extended to mixed ion solutions, offering a comprehensive yet formally compact derivation of the response behavior of ion-selective electrodes to a mixture of ions of any desired charge. It is compared to predictions by the less accurate Nicolsky-Eisenman equation. The influence of ion fluxes or any form of electrochemical excitation is not considered here, but may be readily incorporated if an ion-exchange equilibrium at the interface may be assumed in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bakker
- Nanochemistry Research Institute, Department of Applied Chemistry, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
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Abstract
The coordinative properties of perfluoro-15-crown-5 with monocations were investigated using (19)F NMR spectroscopy and ion-selective electrodes with perfluoro-15-crown-5 as the matrix of their sensor membranes and the fluorophilic tetrakis[3,5-bis(perfluorohexyl)phenyl]borate as ion exchanger site. The results show that perfluoro-15-crown-5 interacts weakly but significantly with Na(+) and K(+). Assuming 1:1 stoichiometry, the formal complexation constants were determined to be 5.5 and 1.7 M(-1), respectively. This weak binding is consistent with the strong electron withdrawing nature of the many fluorine atoms in the perfluorocrown ether. While perfluorinated crown ethers have been known to form host-guest complexes with the anions O(2) (-) and F(-) in the gas phase, this is the first study that quantitatively confirms cation binding to a perfluorocrown ether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ze Lai
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Molly E. Reardon
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Paul G. Boswell
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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Bocheńska M, Cragg PJ, Guziński M, Jasiński A, Kulesza J, Marcos PM, Pomećko R. Ion-selective electrodes based on p-tert-butyl-homooxacalixarene di(ethyl)amides. Supramol Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10610270902853043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bocheńska
- a Department of Chemical Technology , Gdañsk University of Technology , ul. Narutowicza 11/12, Gdañsk, 80-952, Poland
| | - Peter J. Cragg
- b School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton , Brighton, UK
| | - Marcin Guziński
- a Department of Chemical Technology , Gdañsk University of Technology , ul. Narutowicza 11/12, Gdañsk, 80-952, Poland
| | - Artur Jasiński
- a Department of Chemical Technology , Gdañsk University of Technology , ul. Narutowicza 11/12, Gdañsk, 80-952, Poland
| | - Joanna Kulesza
- a Department of Chemical Technology , Gdañsk University of Technology , ul. Narutowicza 11/12, Gdañsk, 80-952, Poland
| | - Paula M. Marcos
- c Centro de Ciências Moleculares e Materiais , Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Edificio C8, 1749-016 , Lisboa, Portugal
- d Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 , Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Radosław Pomećko
- a Department of Chemical Technology , Gdañsk University of Technology , ul. Narutowicza 11/12, Gdañsk, 80-952, Poland
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Bocheńska M, Guziński M, Kulesza J. Lower Rim Substitutedp-tert-Butyl-Calix[4]arene. Part 15. Pb(II)-Ion-Selective Electrodes Based onp-tert-Butyl-calix[4]arene Thioamides. ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200904638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Boswell PG, Szíjjártó C, Jurisch M, Gladysz JA, Rábai J, Bühlmann P. Fluorophilic Ionophores for Potentiometric pH Determinations with Fluorous Membranes of Exceptional Selectivity. Anal Chem 2008; 80:2084-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ac702161c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul G. Boswell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street South East, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, Institut für Organische Chemie and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, and Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest 112, Hungary
| | - Csongor Szíjjártó
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street South East, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, Institut für Organische Chemie and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, and Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest 112, Hungary
| | - Markus Jurisch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street South East, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, Institut für Organische Chemie and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, and Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest 112, Hungary
| | - John A. Gladysz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street South East, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, Institut für Organische Chemie and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, and Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest 112, Hungary
| | - József Rábai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street South East, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, Institut für Organische Chemie and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, and Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest 112, Hungary
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street South East, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, Institut für Organische Chemie and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, and Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest 112, Hungary
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Hisamatsu Y, Hasada K, Amano F, Tsubota Y, Wasada-Tsutsui Y, Shirai N, Ikeda SI, Odashima K. Highly selective recognition of adenine nucleobases by synthetic hosts with a linked five-six-five-membered triheteroaromatic structure and the application to potentiometric sensing of the adenine nucleotide. Chemistry 2007; 12:7733-41. [PMID: 16871503 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A new structure for an adenine-selective host molecule, featuring the pertinent link of five-six-five-membered heteroaromatic rings and two carbamoyl NH sites, was developed. This structure provides a correctly oriented array of complementary hydrogen bonding sites for the adenine nucleobase, which exploits both Watson-Crick and Hoogsteen-type interactions. The complexation with adenine nucleobases by multiple hydrogen bonding was supported by (1)H NMR spectroscopy. This type of host displayed high selectivity in complexation, with an accompanying fluorescent response to lipophilized adenosine in CHCl(3). Furthermore, a remarkably selective potentiometric response was attained for adenosine 5'-monophosphate over 5'-GMP, 5'-CMP, and 5'-UMP by using an ion-selective electrode with a PVC-supported solvent polymeric membrane. This indicates recognition of water-soluble nucleotide guests through the membrane-water interface. These findings are expected to form a reliable basis for the development of artificial sensing systems for mononucleotides in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Hisamatsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya City University, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
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Abstract
For most chemists, potentiometry with ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) primarily means pH measurements with a glass electrode. Those interested in clinical analysis might know that ISEs, routinely used for the determination of blood electrolytes, have a market size comparable to that of glass electrodes. It is even less well known that potentiometry went through a silent revolution during the past decade. The lower detection limit and the discrimination of interfering ions (the selectivity coefficients) have been improved in many cases by factors up to 10(6) and 10(10), respectively, thus allowing their application in fields such as environmental trace analysis and potentiometric biosensing. The determination of complex formation constants for lipophilic hosts and ionic guests is also covered in this Minireview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bakker
- Prof. Eric Bakker, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA, E-mail:
| | - Ernö Pretsch
- Prof. Ernö Pretsch, Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland, E-mail:
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Saijo R, Murakami H, Tsunekawa S, Imanishi S, Shirai N, Ikeda SI, Odashima K. The Effects of O-Substituents of Hexahomotrioxacalix[3]arene on Potentiometric Discrimination between Dopamine and Biological Organic/Inorganic Cations. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2007; 55:417-21. [PMID: 17329883 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.55.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As an interesting type of molecular recognition at a membrane surface, the tri-O-acetic acid ester (host 2) of hexahomotrioxacalix[3]arene, when incorporated into poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) liquid membranes, displays a high potentiometric selectivity for dopamine over, not only other catecholamines (noradrenaline, adrenaline), but also quaternary ammonium guests (tetramethylammonium, choline, and acetylcholine) and inorganic cations (Na+, K+, NH4+). Interestingly, changes in membrane potential based on the host-guest complexation of host 2 that were observed dopamine/inorganic cation selectivity were not displayed by the related hosts 3 and 4, which contain amide substituents. This paper describes our efforts to separately estimate the two factors contributing to the dopamine selectivities, i.e., the guest lipophilicity factor and the host-guest complexation factor, in an attempt to understand the effects of the O-substituents of these hosts. The potentiometric experiments showed that, although the guests had roughly equal lipophilicity, the electromotive force (EMF) response for dopamine by host 2 was excellent. Furthermore, host 2 displayed ca. a 20-fold stronger complexation for dopamine, compared to noradrenaline, adrenaline, K+, and NH4+ cations. These results indicate that the high potentiometric selectivity of the ion-selective electrode for dopamine mainly reflect, not the guest lipophilicity factor but the host-guest complexation factor. On the other hand, host 3 displayed ca. a 3000-fold stronger binding to Na+ than dopamine, thus explaining the reasons for the lower dopamine-selectivities of host 3 compared to host 2. It is interesting to note that the high potentiometric selectivities for dopamine were displayed by not only host 2 but also host 5, regardless of the simple structure of the O-substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Saijo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
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Radu A, Peper S, Bakker E, Diamond D. Guidelines for Improving the Lower Detection Limit of Ion-Selective Electrodes: A Systematic Approach. ELECTROANAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Szigeti Z, Malon A, Vigassy T, Csokai V, Grün A, Wygladacz K, Ye N, Xu C, Chebny VJ, Bitter I, Rathore R, Bakker E, Pretsch E. Novel potentiometric and optical silver ion-selective sensors with subnanomolar detection limits. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 572:1-10. [PMID: 17723454 PMCID: PMC2883728 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Revised: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Ten Ag+-selective ionophores have been characterized in terms of their potentiometric selectivities and complex formation constants in solvent polymeric membranes. The compounds with pi-coordination show much weaker interactions than those with thioether or thiocarbamate groups as the coordinating sites. Long-term studies with the best ionophores show that the lower detection limit of the best Ag+ sensors can be maintained in the subnanomolar range for at least 1 month. The best ionophores have also been characterized in fluorescent microspheres. The so far best lower detection limits of 3 x 10(-11) M (potentiometrically) and 2 x 10(-11) M Ag+ (optically) are found with bridged thiacalixarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Szigeti
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Hönggerberg, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Adam Malon
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Hönggerberg, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tamás Vigassy
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Hönggerberg, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Viktor Csokai
- Department of Organic Chemical Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alajos Grün
- Department of Organic Chemical Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Nan Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Vincent J. Chebny
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, PO Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53210-1881, USA
| | - István Bitter
- Department of Organic Chemical Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rajendra Rathore
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, PO Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53210-1881, USA
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ernö Pretsch
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Hönggerberg, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Boswell PG, Lugert EC, Rábai J, Amin EA, Bühlmann P. Coordinative properties of highly fluorinated solvents with amino and ether groups. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 127:16976-84. [PMID: 16316244 PMCID: PMC2527468 DOI: 10.1021/ja055816k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of perfluorinated solvents with amino and ether groups in a variety of application fields, the coordinative properties of these compounds are poorly known. It is generally assumed that the electron withdrawing perfluorinated moieties render these functional groups rather inert, but little is known quantitatively about the extent of their inertness. This paper reports on the interactions between inorganic monocations and perfluorotripentylamine and 2H-perfluoro-5,8,11-trimethyl-3,6,9,12-tetraoxapentadecane, as determined with fluorous liquid-membrane cation-selective electrodes doped with tetrakis[3,5-bis(perfluorohexyl)phenyl]borate salts. The amine does not undergo measurable association with any ion tested, and its formal pK(a) is shown to be smaller than -0.5. This is consistent with the nearly planar structure of the amine at its nitrogen center, as obtained with density functional theory calculations. The tetraether interacts very weakly with Na(+) and Li(+). Assuming 1:1 stoichiometry, formal association constants were determined to be 2.3 and 1.5 M(-1), respectively. This disproves an earlier proposition that the Lewis base character in such compounds may be nonexistent. Due to the extremely low polarity of fluorous solvents and the resulting high extent of ion pair formation, a fluorophilic electrolyte salt with perfluoroalkyl substituents on both the cation and the anion had to be developed for these experiments. In its pure form, this first fluorophilic electrolyte salt is an ionic liquid with a glass transition temperature, T(g), of -18.5 degrees C. Interestingly, the molar conductivity of solutions of this salt increases very steeply in the high concentration range, making it a particularly effective electrolyte salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Boswell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, USA
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Bereczki R, Takács B, Langmaier J, Neely M, Gyurcsányi RE, Tóth K, Nagy G, Lindner E. How To Assess the Limits of Ion-Selective Electrodes: Method for the Determination of the Ultimate Span, Response Range, and Selectivity Coefficients of Neutral Carrier-Based Cation Selective Electrodes. Anal Chem 2005; 78:942-50. [PMID: 16448072 DOI: 10.1021/ac050614s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The span and range of an ion-selective electrode (ISE) has been identified by IUPAC as a potential or activity difference between the upper and lower detection limits of the electrode. Once the span is known, the ultimately attainable detection limit of the ISE can be calculated using its theoretical response slope. In this paper, we propose an original method for the determination of the ultimate span and response range of ISEs. The simple measurement of span is recommended to aid the fast screening of novel ionophores and help to focus optimization processes to the most promising candidates. The measurement of span is combined with a generally applicable procedure for the determination of the three seminal parameters of ISEs: the response slope, the ultimate selectivity coefficients, and detection limit. In the proposed procedure, following the span measurement, two subsequent exponential dilution experiments are completed in which the responses of the electrode for the primary and the interfering ions are tested using a solution of a discriminated ion and deionized water as diluting electrolytes in consecution. The advantages and the practical usefulness of the proposed methods and procedures are demonstrated through the evaluation of the performance characteristics of novel and well-characterized ionophore-based potassium and calcium sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Bereczki
- Research Group for Technical Analytical Chemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary
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