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Norman JE, Nuthikattu S, Milenkovic D, Villablanca AC. Sex Modifies the Impact of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on the Murine Whole Brain Metabolome. Metabolites 2023; 13:1012. [PMID: 37755291 PMCID: PMC10536706 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13091012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) leads to the development of cardiovascular diseases, cognitive impairment, and dementia. There are sex differences in the presentation of T2DM and its associated complications. We sought to determine the impact of sex and T2DM on the brain metabolome to gain insights into the underlying mechanisms of T2DM-associated cognitive complications. Untargeted metabolomic analysis was performed, using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, on whole brain tissue from adult male and female db/db mice (a T2DM model) compared to wild-type (WT) C57Bl6/J mice. Regardless of sex, T2DM increased free fatty acids and decreased acylcarnitines in the brain. Sex impacted the number (103 versus 65 in males and females, respectively), and types of metabolites shifted by T2DM. Many choline-containing phospholipids were decreased by T2DM in males. Female-specific T2DM effects included changes in neuromodulatory metabolites (γ-aminobutyric acid, 2-linoleoyl glycerol, N-methylaspartic acid, and taurine). Further, there were more significantly different metabolites between sexes in the T2DM condition as compared to the WT controls (54 vs. 15 in T2DM and WT, respectively). T2DM alters the murine brain metabolome in both sex-independent and sex-dependent manners. This work extends our understanding of brain metabolic sex differences in T2DM, cognitive implications, and potential sex-specific metabolic therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E. Norman
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis. 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.N.); (A.C.V.)
| | - Saivageethi Nuthikattu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis. 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.N.); (A.C.V.)
| | - Dragan Milenkovic
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis. 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Amparo C. Villablanca
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis. 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.N.); (A.C.V.)
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Shibata K, Imanishi D, Abe K, Suzuki M, Takahashi S, Kera Y. d-Aspartate N-methyltransferase catalyzes biosynthesis of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), a well-known selective agonist of the NMDA receptor, in mice. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140527. [PMID: 32853768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), which is a selective agonist for the NMDA receptor, has recently been shown to be present in various biological tissues. In mammals, the activity of d-aspartate N-methyltransferase (DDNMT), which produces NMDA from d-aspartate, has been detected only in homogenates prepared from rat tissues. Moreover, the enzymatic properties of DDNMT have been poorly studied and its molecular entity has not yet been identified. In this report, we show for the first time that the activity of DDNMT is present in mouse tissues and succeed in obtaining a partially purified enzyme preparation from a mouse tissue homogenate with a purification fold of 1900 or more, and have characterized the enzymatic activity of this preparation. The results indicate that DDNMT, which is highly specific for d-aspartate and is S-adenosyl-l-methionine-dependent, is a novel enzyme that clearly differs from the known methylamine-glutamate N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.21) and glycine N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.20).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimihiko Shibata
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1, Kamitomioka-machi, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan; Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Fukushima College, 30 Nagao, Kamiarakawa, Taira, Iwaki, Fukushima, 970-8034, Japan.
| | - Daiki Imanishi
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1, Kamitomioka-machi, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan; Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Fukushima College, 30 Nagao, Kamiarakawa, Taira, Iwaki, Fukushima, 970-8034, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Abe
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1, Kamitomioka-machi, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Masataka Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Fukushima College, 30 Nagao, Kamiarakawa, Taira, Iwaki, Fukushima, 970-8034, Japan
| | - Shouji Takahashi
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1, Kamitomioka-machi, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kera
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1, Kamitomioka-machi, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
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Costa BM, Prado AA, Oliveira TC, Bressan LP, Munoz RA, Batista AD, da Silva JA, Richter EM. Fast methods for simultaneous determination of arginine, ascorbic acid and aspartic acid by capillary electrophoresis. Talanta 2019; 204:353-358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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KOGA R, YOSHIDA H, NOHTA H, HAMASE K. Multi-Dimensional HPLC Analysis of Metabolic Related Chiral Amino Acids -Method Development and Biological/Clinical Applications-. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2019. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2019.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reiko KOGA
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
| | | | - Hitoshi NOHTA
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
| | - Kenji HAMASE
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
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Enantioselective two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid and its analogues in mammals and bivalves. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1269:255-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Nguyen DT, Kim KR, Lee G, Paik MJ. Chiral separation ofN-methyl-dl-aspartic acid in rat brain tissue asN-ethoxycarbonylated (S)-(+)-2-octyl ester derivatives by GC-MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 26:1353-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Duc-Toan Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology; Ajou University; Suwon; 443-721; Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Rae Kim
- College of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon; 440-746; Republic of Korea
| | | | - Man-Jeong Paik
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology; Ajou University; Suwon; 443-721; Republic of Korea
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Fisher GH, Tsesarskaia M. HPLC methods for determination of D-aspartate and N-methyl-D-aspartate. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 794:253-264. [PMID: 21956568 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-331-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
D-Amino acids are stereoisomers or optical isomers of naturally occurring L-amino acids and thus possess the same chemical structure, but may differ in their biological/physiological properties. Until a half century ago, D-amino acids had been considered to be unnatural substances found only in microorganisms. However, improvements in analytical instruments and methods have revealed that D-amino acids are present in invertebrates and vertebrates, including humans, and that they possess important physiological functions. D-Aspartate (D-Asp) and its methylated form N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) possess neuroendocrine properties in many species. Several methods have been developed for determination of D- and L-enantiomers of amino acids by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We report here improved HPLC methods for the specific determination of D-Asp and NMDA in biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- George H Fisher
- Department of Chemistry, Barry University, Miami Shores, FL, USA.
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Shibata K, Sugaya N, Ono W, Abe K, Takahashi S, Kera Y. Determination of d-aspartate N-methyltransferase activity in the starfish by direct analysis of N-methyl-d-aspartate with high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3229-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Katane M, Homma H. D-Aspartate--an important bioactive substance in mammals: a review from an analytical and biological point of view. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3108-21. [PMID: 21524944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It was long believed that D-amino acids were either unnatural isomers or laboratorial artifacts and that the important functions of amino acids were exerted only by l-amino acids. However, recent investigations have shown that a variety of D-amino acids are present in mammals and that they play important roles in physiological functions in the body. Among the free d-amino acids that have been identified in mammals, D-aspartate (D-Asp) has been shown to play a crucial role in the neuroendocrine and endocrine systems as well as in the central nervous system. Here, we present an overview of recent studies of free D-Asp, focusing on the analytical methods in real biological matrices, expression and localization in tissues and cells, biological and physiological activities, biosynthesis, degradation, cellular transport, and possible relevance to disease. In addition to frequently used techniques for the enantiomeric determination of amino acids, including high-performance liquid chromatography and enzymatic methods, the recent development of analytical methods is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Katane
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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Tsesarskaia M, Galindo E, Szókán G, Fisher G. HPLC determination of acidic D-amino acids and their N-methyl derivatives in biological tissues. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23:581-7. [PMID: 19277955 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
D-Aspartate (D-Asp) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) occur in the neuroendocrine systems of vertebrates and invertebrates, where they play a role in hormone release and synthesis, neurotransmission, and memory and learning. N-methyl-d-glutamate (NMDG) has also been detected in marine bivalves. Several methods have been used to detect these amino acids, but they require pretreatment of tissue samples with o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) to remove primary amino acids that interfere with the detection of NMDA and NMDG. We report here a one-step derivatization procedure with the chiral reagent N-alpha-(5-fluoro-2,4-dinitrophenyl)-(D or L)-valine amide, FDNP-Val-NH2, a close analog of Marfey's reagent but with better resolution and higher molar absorptivity. The diastereomers formed were separated by HPLC on an ODS-Hypersil column eluted with TFA/water-TFA/MeCN. UV absorption at 340 nm permitted detection levels as low as 5-10 pmol. D-Asp, NMDA and NMDG peaks were not obscured by other primary or secondary amino acids; hence pretreatment of tissues with OPA was not required. This method is highly reliable and fast (less than 40 min HPLC run). Using this method, we detected D-Asp, NMDA and NMDG in several biological tissues (octopus brain, optical lobe and bucchal mass; foot and mantle of the mollusk Scapharca broughtonii), confirming the results of other researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Tsesarskaia
- Department of Chemistry, Barry University, Miami Shores, FL 33161, USA
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D'Aniello S, Fisher GH, Topo E, Ferrandino G, Garcia-Fernàndez J, D'Aniello A. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) in the nervous system of the amphioxus Branchiostoma lanceolatum. BMC Neurosci 2007; 8:109. [PMID: 18096065 PMCID: PMC2241627 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-8-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartic acid) is a widely known agonist for a class of glutamate receptors, the NMDA type. Synthetic NMDA elicits very strong activity for the induction of hypothalamic factors and hypophyseal hormones in mammals. Moreover, endogenous NMDA has been found in rat, where it has a role in the induction of GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone) in the hypothalamus, and of LH (Luteinizing Hormone) and PRL (Prolactin) in the pituitary gland. Results In this study we show evidence for the occurrence of endogenous NMDA in the amphioxus Branchiostoma lanceolatum. A relatively high concentration of NMDA occurs in the nervous system of this species (3.08 ± 0.37 nmol/g tissue in the nerve cord and 10.52 ± 1.41 nmol/g tissue in the cephalic vesicle). As in rat, in amphioxus NMDA is also biosynthesized from D-aspartic acid (D-Asp) by a NMDA synthase (also called D-aspartate methyl transferase). Conclusion Given the simplicity of the amphioxus nervous and endocrine systems compared to mammalian, the discovery of NMDA in this protochordate is important to gain insights into the role of endogenous NMDA in the nervous and endocrine systems of metazoans and particularly in the chordate lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore D'Aniello
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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D'Aniello A. d-Aspartic acid: An endogenous amino acid with an important neuroendocrine role. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 53:215-34. [PMID: 17118457 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Revised: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 08/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
D-Aspartic acid (d-Asp), an endogenous amino acid present in vertebrates and invertebrates, plays an important role in the neuroendocrine system, as well as in the development of the nervous system. During the embryonic stage of birds and the early postnatal life of mammals, a transient high concentration of d-Asp takes place in the brain and in the retina. d-Asp also acts as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator. Indeed, this amino acid has been detected in synaptosomes and in synaptic vesicles, where it is released after chemical (K(+) ion, ionomycin) or electric stimuli. Furthermore, d-Asp increases cAMP in neuronal cells and is transported from the synaptic clefts to presynaptic nerve cells through a specific transporter. In the endocrine system, instead, d-Asp is involved in the regulation of hormone synthesis and release. For example, in the rat hypothalamus, it enhances gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release and induces oxytocin and vasopressin mRNA synthesis. In the pituitary gland, it stimulates the secretion of the following hormones: prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone (GH) In the testes, it is present in Leydig cells and is involved in testosterone and progesterone release. Thus, a hypothalamus-pituitary-gonads pathway, in which d-Asp is involved, has been formulated. In conclusion, the present work is a summary of previous and current research done on the role of d-Asp in the nervous and endocrine systems of invertebrates and vertebrates, including mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antimo D'Aniello
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Stazione Zoologica A Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
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D'Aniello A, Spinelli P, De Simone A, D'Aniello S, Branno M, Aniello F, Fisher GH, Di Fiore MM, Rastogi RK. Occurrence and neuroendocrine role ofD-aspartic acid andN-methyl-D-aspartic acid inCiona intestinalis. FEBS Lett 2003; 552:193-8. [PMID: 14527686 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00921-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Probes for the occurrence of endogenous D-aspartic acid (D-Asp) and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) in the neural complex and gonads of a protochordate, the ascidian Ciona intestinalis, have confirmed the presence of these two excitatory amino acids and their involvement in hormonal activity. A hormonal pathway similar to that which occurs in vertebrates has been discovered. In the cerebral ganglion D-Asp is synthesized from L-Asp by an aspartate racemase. Then, D-Asp is transferred through the blood stream into the neural gland where it gives rise to NMDA by means of an NMDA synthase. NMDA, in turn, passes from the neuronal gland into the gonads where it induces the synthesis and release of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). The GnRH in turn modulates the release and synthesis of testosterone and progesterone in the gonads, which are implicated in reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antimo D'Aniello
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Stazione Zoologica 'A. Dohrn', Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy.
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