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Babaei F, Navidi-Moghaddam A, Naderi A, Ghafghazi S, Mirzababaei M, Dargahi L, Mohammadi G, Nassiri-Asl M. The preventive effects of Saccharomyces boulardii against oxidative stress induced by lipopolysaccharide in rat brain. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30426. [PMID: 38720760 PMCID: PMC11076963 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The brain is sensitive to oxidative stress, which can trigger microglial activation and neuroinflammation. Antioxidant therapies may provide neuroprotection against oxidative stress. In recent years antioxidant effects of probiotics and their possible mechanisms in oxidative stress-related models have been determined. In the current study, for the first time, we assessed the effects of Saccharomyces boulardii on oxidative stress provoked by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the rat brain. Four groups of animals were used, including the control, LPS, S. boulardii + LPS, and S. boulardii groups. All animals received either saline or S. boulardii (1010 CFU) by gavage for four weeks. Between days 14 and 22, all animals received either LPS (250 μg/kg) or saline by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. S. boulardii was able to inhibit lipid peroxidation and prevent the reduction of antioxidant levels, including glutathione and catalase in the model of oxidative stress induced by LPS in the rat hippocampus and cortex. Also, it increased the lowered ratio of glutathione/oxidized glutathione in both tissues. Serum levels of anti-inflammatory interleukin 10 (IL-10) and proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 increased and decreased, respectively. S. boulardii has potential antioxidant activities in oxidative stress-related model, possibly modulating gut microbiota, immune defense, and antioxidant enzyme activities that can be considered in preventing oxidative stress-related central nervous system (CNS) diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Babaei
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ava Navidi-Moghaddam
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ariyan Naderi
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Ghafghazi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Mirzababaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazaleh Mohammadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non- Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Marjan Nassiri-Asl
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Murphy C, Fernández Robledo JA, van Walsum GP. Perkinsus marinus in bioreactor: growth and a cost-reduced growth medium. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 50:kuad023. [PMID: 37669897 PMCID: PMC10500546 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuad023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Perkinsus marinus (Perkinsea) is an osmotrophic facultative intracellular marine protozoan responsible for "Dermo" disease in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. In 1993 in vitro culture of P. marinus was developed in the absence of host cells. Compared to most intracellular protozoan parasites, the availability of P. marinus to grow in the absence of host cells has provided the basis to explore its use as a heterologous expression system. As the genetic toolbox is becoming available, there is also the need for larger-scale cultivation and lower-cost media formulations. Here, we took an industrial approach to scaled-up growth from a small culture flask to bioreactors, which required developing new cultivation parameters, including aeration, mixing, pH, temperature control, and media formulation. Our approach also enabled more real-time data collection on growth. The bioreactor cultivation method showed similar or accelerated growth rates of P. marinus compared to culture in T-flasks. Redox measurements indicated sufficient oxygen availability throughout the cultivation. Replacing fetal bovine serum with chicken serum showed no differences in the growth rate and a 60% reduction in the medium cost. This study opens the door to furthering P. marinus as a valid heterologous expression system by showing the ability to grow in bioreactors. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY Perkinsus marinus, a microbial parasite of oysters that could be useful for developing vaccines for humans, has been shown to grow well in laboratory equipment that can be expanded to commercial scale using a less expensive growth formula than usual laboratory practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Murphy
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | | | - G Peter van Walsum
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
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Vasta GR, Feng C, Tasumi S, Abernathy K, Bianchet MA, Wilson IBH, Paschinger K, Wang LX, Iqbal M, Ghosh A, Amin MN, Smith B, Brown S, Vista A. Biochemical Characterization of Oyster and Clam Galectins: Selective Recognition of Carbohydrate Ligands on Host Hemocytes and Perkinsus Parasites. Front Chem 2020; 8:98. [PMID: 32161746 PMCID: PMC7053492 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Both vertebrates and invertebrates display active innate immune mechanisms for defense against microbial infection, including diversified repertoires of soluble and cell-associated lectins that can effect recognition and binding to potential pathogens, and trigger downstream effector pathways that clear them from the host internal milieu. Galectins are widely distributed and highly conserved lectins that have key regulatory effects on both innate and adaptive immune responses. In addition, galectins can bind to exogenous (“non-self”) carbohydrates on the surface of bacteria, enveloped viruses, parasites, and fungi, and function as recognition receptors and effector factors in innate immunity. Like most invertebrates, eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and softshell clams (Mya arenaria) can effectively respond to most immune challenges through soluble and hemocyte-associated lectins. The protozoan parasite Perkinsus marinus, however, can infect eastern oysters and cause “Dermo” disease, which is highly detrimental to both natural and farmed oyster populations. The sympatric Perkinsus chesapeaki, initially isolated from infected M. arenaria clams, can also be present in oysters, and there is little evidence of pathogenicity in either clams or oysters. In this review, we discuss selected observations from our studies on the mechanisms of Perkinsus recognition that are mediated by galectin-carbohydrate interactions. We identified in the oyster two galectins that we designated CvGal1 and CvGal2, which strongly recognize P. marinus trophozoites. In the clam we also identified galectin sequences, and focused on one (that we named MaGal1) that also recognizes Perkinsus species. Here we describe the biochemical characterization of CvGal1, CvGal2, and MaGal1 with focus on the detailed study of the carbohydrate specificity, and the glycosylated moieties on the surfaces of the oyster hemocytes and the two Perkinsus species (P. marinus and P. chesapeaki). Our goal is to gain further understanding of the biochemical basis for the interactions that lead to recognition and opsonization of the Perkinsus trophozoites by the bivalve hemocytes. These basic studies on the biology of host-parasite interactions may contribute to the development of novel intervention strategies for parasitic diseases of biomedical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo R Vasta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Chiguang Feng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Satoshi Tasumi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kelsey Abernathy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mario A Bianchet
- Departments of Neurology, and Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Muddasar Iqbal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Anita Ghosh
- Departments of Neurology, and Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mohammed N Amin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Brina Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Coppin State University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sean Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, MD, United States.,University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Aren Vista
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, MD, United States.,University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, United States
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4
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Schott EJ, Di Lella S, Bachvaroff TR, Amzel LM, Vasta GR. Lacking catalase, a protistan parasite draws on its photosynthetic ancestry to complete an antioxidant repertoire with ascorbate peroxidase. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:146. [PMID: 31324143 PMCID: PMC6642578 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antioxidative enzymes contribute to a parasite’s ability to counteract the host’s intracellular killing mechanisms. The facultative intracellular oyster parasite, Perkinsus marinus, a sister taxon to dinoflagellates and apicomplexans, is responsible for mortalities of oysters along the Atlantic coast of North America. Parasite trophozoites enter molluscan hemocytes by subverting the phagocytic response while inhibiting the typical respiratory burst. Because P. marinus lacks catalase, the mechanism(s) by which the parasite evade the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide had remained unclear. We previously found that P. marinus displays an ascorbate-dependent peroxidase (APX) activity typical of photosynthetic eukaryotes. Like other alveolates, the evolutionary history of P. marinus includes multiple endosymbiotic events. The discovery of APX in P. marinus raised the questions: From which ancestral lineage is this APX derived, and what role does it play in the parasite’s life history? Results Purification of P. marinus cytosolic APX activity identified a 32 kDa protein. Amplification of parasite cDNA with oligonucleotides corresponding to peptides of the purified protein revealed two putative APX-encoding genes, designated PmAPX1 and PmAPX2. The predicted proteins are 93% identical, and PmAPX2 carries a 30 amino acid N-terminal extension relative to PmAPX1. The P. marinus APX proteins are similar to predicted APX proteins of dinoflagellates, and they more closely resemble chloroplastic than cytosolic APX enzymes of plants. Immunofluorescence for PmAPX1 and PmAPX2 shows that PmAPX1 is cytoplasmic, while PmAPX2 is localized to the periphery of the central vacuole. Three-dimensional modeling of the predicted proteins shows pronounced differences in surface charge of PmAPX1 and PmAPX2 in the vicinity of the aperture that provides access to the heme and active site. Conclusions PmAPX1 and PmAPX2 phylogenetic analysis suggests that they are derived from a plant ancestor. Plant ancestry is further supported by the presence of ascorbate synthesis genes in the P. marinus genome that are similar to those in plants. The localizations and 3D structures of the two APX isoforms suggest that APX fulfills multiple functions in P. marinus within two compartments. The possible role of APX in free-living and parasitic stages of the life history of P. marinus is discussed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-019-1465-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Schott
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, 701 E. Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA.,Present address: University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, 701 E. Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Santiago Di Lella
- Instituto de Química Biológica - Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, IQUIBICEN / CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Fac. de Cs. Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Capital Federal, Argentina
| | - Tsvetan R Bachvaroff
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, 701 E. Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - L Mario Amzel
- Department of Biophysics & Biophysical Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Gerardo R Vasta
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, 701 E. Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA.
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5
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Abolbashari S, Darroudi S, Tayefi M, Khashyarmaneh Z, Zamani P, Haghighi HM, Mohammadpour AH, Tavalaei S, Ahmadnezhad M, Esmaily H, Ferns GA, Meshkat Z, Ghayour-Mobarhan M. Association between serum zinc and copper levels and antioxidant defense in subjects infected with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1. J Blood Med 2018; 10:29-35. [PMID: 30643476 PMCID: PMC6312056 DOI: 10.2147/jbm.s184913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) are important trace elements that are also structural ions of superoxide dismutase (SOD), which reduce oxidative stress. Zinc deficiency and excess copper have been reported to be associated with inflammation. The human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus, which is believed to cause systemic inflammation. The aim of this study is to measure levels of Zn, Cu, SOD, and prooxidant–antioxidant balance (PAB) in HTLV-1-positive patients and investigate the association between serum Zn and Cu concentrations and levels of oxidative stress in them. Methods The serum samples of 1,116 subjects who had participated in the “Mashhad Stroke and Heart Atherosclerotic Disorder” study, including 279 HTLV-1-positive and 837 HTLV-1-negative patients, were used. Levels of Zn, Cu, SOD, and PAB were measured. Results Zinc and SOD levels were lower in the HTLV-1-positive group; however, the difference was statistically significant only for the level of SOD (P=0.003). On the other hand, levels of copper and PAB were significantly higher in HTLV-1 positive subjects; P=0.004 and P=0.002, respectively. Conclusion In HTLV-infected patients, serum Zn concentration is lower and Cu concentration is higher than healthy controls. This altered situation might be either primary or secondary to HTLV-1 infection, which should be investigated in larger studies. We showed that SOD is significantly lower in HTLV-1-infected subjects. As in some other viruses that evolve different mechanisms to potentiate virus replication by changing the physiologic condition of host cells, HTLV-1 too probably decreases the activity of copper–zinc SOD1 by suppressing its gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Abolbashari
- Student Research Committee, Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Susan Darroudi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Tayefi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran.,University International Accreditation, International Office, Clinical Research Unit, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Khashyarmaneh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parvin Zamani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Amir Hooshang Mohammadpour
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Clinical Pharmacy Department, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shima Tavalaei
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,
| | - Mahsa Ahmadnezhad
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Habibollah Esmaily
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex, UK
| | - Zahra Meshkat
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,
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6
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Gaikwad S, Chakraborty A, Salwe S, Patel V, Kulkarni S, Banerjee S. Juglone-ascorbic acid synergy inhibits metastasis and induces apoptotic cell death in poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma by perturbing SOD and catalase activities. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2018; 32:e22176. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sujay Gaikwad
- Radiation Medicine Centre; Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Parel; Mumbai 400012 India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar; Mumbai India
| | - Avik Chakraborty
- Radiation Medicine Centre; Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Parel; Mumbai 400012 India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar; Mumbai India
| | - Sukeshani Salwe
- National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health; Mumbai India
| | - Vainav Patel
- National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health; Mumbai India
| | - Savita Kulkarni
- Radiation Medicine Centre; Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Parel; Mumbai 400012 India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar; Mumbai India
| | - Sharmila Banerjee
- Radiation Medicine Centre; Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Parel; Mumbai 400012 India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar; Mumbai India
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Cold ER, Freyria NJ, Martínez Martínez J, Fernández Robledo JA. An Agar-Based Method for Plating Marine Protozoan Parasites of the Genus Perkinsus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155015. [PMID: 27149378 PMCID: PMC4858233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Perkinsus includes protozoan parasites of mollusks responsible for losses in the aquaculture industry and hampering the recovery of natural shellfish beds worldwide, and they are a key taxon for understanding intracellular parasitism adaptations. The ability to propagate the parasite in liquid media, in the absence of the host, has been crucial for improving understanding of its biology; however, alternative techniques to grow the parasite are needed to explore other basic aspects of the Perkinsus spp. biology. We optimized a DME: Ham's F12-5% FBS- containing solid agar medium for plating Perkinsus marinus. This solid medium supported trophozoite propagation both by binary fission and schizogony. Colonies were visible to the naked eye 17 days after plating. We tested the suitability of this method for several applications, including the following: 1) Subcloning P. marinus isolates: single discrete P. marinus colonies were obtained from DME: Ham's F12-5% FBS- 0.75% agar plates, which could be further propagated in liquid medium; 2) Subcloning engineered Perkinsus mediterraneus MOE[MOE]: GFP by streaking cultures on plates; 3) Chemical susceptibility: Infusing the DME: Ham's F12-5% FBS- 0.75% agar plates with triclosan resulted in inhibition of the parasite propagation in a dose-dependent manner. Altogether, our plating method has the potential for becoming a key tool for investigating diverse aspects of Perkinsus spp. biology, developing new molecular tools, and for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R. Cold
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine, United States of America
- Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) NSF Program - 2015 - Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, Boothbay, Maine, United States of America
| | - Nastasia J. Freyria
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine, United States of America
- Université de Toulon, Toulon, France
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9
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Vasta GR, Feng C, Bianchet MA, Bachvaroff TR, Tasumi S. Structural, functional, and evolutionary aspects of galectins in aquatic mollusks: From a sweet tooth to the Trojan horse. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:94-106. [PMID: 25982395 PMCID: PMC4509915 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Galectins constitute a conserved and widely distributed lectin family characterized by their binding affinity for β-galactosides and a unique binding site sequence motif in the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). In spite of their structural conservation, galectins display a remarkable functional diversity, by participating in developmental processes, cell adhesion and motility, regulation of immune homeostasis, and recognition of glycans on the surface of viruses, bacteria and protozoan parasites. In contrast with mammals, and other vertebrate and invertebrate taxa, the identification and characterization of bona fide galectins in aquatic mollusks has been relatively recent. Most of the studies have focused on the identification and domain organization of galectin-like transcripts or proteins in diverse tissues and cell types, including hemocytes, and their expression upon environmental or infectious challenge. Lectins from the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica, however, have been characterized in their molecular, structural and functional aspects and some notable features have become apparent in the galectin repertoire of aquatic mollusks. These including less diversified galectin repertoires and different domain organizations relative to those observed in vertebrates, carbohydrate specificity for blood group oligosaccharides, and up regulation of galectin expression by infectious challenge, a feature that supports their proposed role(s) in innate immune responses. Although galectins from some aquatic mollusks have been shown to recognize microbial pathogens and parasites and promote their phagocytosis, they can also selectively bind to phytoplankton components, suggesting that they also participate in uptake and intracellular digestion of microalgae. In addition, the experimental evidence suggests that the protozoan parasite Perkinsus marinus has co-evolved with the oyster host to be selectively recognized by the oyster hemocyte galectins over algal food or bacterial pathogens, thereby subverting the oyster's innate immune/feeding recognition mechanisms to gain entry into the host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Vasta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
| | - C Feng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - M A Bianchet
- Department of Neurology, and Department of Biophysics & Biophysical Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - T R Bachvaroff
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, and Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - S Tasumi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
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10
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Immune responses to infectious diseases in bivalves. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 131:121-36. [PMID: 26003824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many species of bivalve mollusks (phylum Mollusca, class Bivalvia) are important in fisheries and aquaculture, whilst others are critical to ecosystem structure and function. These crucial roles mean that considerable attention has been paid to the immune responses of bivalves such as oysters, clams and mussels against infectious diseases that can threaten the viability of entire populations. As with many invertebrates, bivalves have a comprehensive repertoire of immune cells, genes and proteins. Hemocytes represent the backbone of the bivalve immune system. However, it is clear that mucosal tissues at the interface with the environment also play a critical role in host defense. Bivalve immune cells express a range of pattern recognition receptors and are highly responsive to the recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns. Their responses to infection include chemotaxis, phagolysosomal activity, encapsulation, complex intracellular signaling and transcriptional activity, apoptosis, and the induction of anti-viral states. Bivalves also express a range of inducible extracellular recognition and effector proteins, such as lectins, peptidoglycan-recognition proteins, thioester bearing proteins, lipopolysaccharide and β1,3-glucan-binding proteins, fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs) and antimicrobial proteins. The identification of FREPs and other highly diversified gene families in bivalves leaves open the possibility that some of their responses to infection may involve a high degree of pathogen specificity and immune priming. The current review article provides a comprehensive, but not exhaustive, description of these factors and how they are regulated by infectious agents. It concludes that one of the remaining challenges is to use new "omics" technologies to understand how this diverse array of factors is integrated and controlled during infection.
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11
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Functional analysis of iron superoxide dismutase-A in wild-type and antimony-resistant Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania infantum lines. Parasitol Int 2015; 64:125-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Pallial mucus of the oyster Crassostrea virginica regulates the expression of putative virulence genes of its pathogen Perkinsus marinus. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:305-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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13
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Selenite-mediated production of superoxide radical anions in A549 cancer cells is accompanied by a selective increase in SOD1 concentration, enhanced apoptosis and Se-Cu bonding. J Biol Inorg Chem 2014; 19:813-28. [PMID: 24535002 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-014-1113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Selenite may exert its cytotoxic effects against cancer cells via the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We investigated sources of, and the cellular response to, superoxide radical anion (O2 (·-)) generated in human A549 lung cancer cells after treatment with selenite. A temporal delay was observed between selenite treatment and increases in O2 (·-) production and biomarkers of apoptosis/necrosis, indicating that the reduction of selenite by the glutathione reductase/NADPH system (yielding O2 (·-)) is a minor contributor to ROS production under these conditions. By contrast, mitochondrial and NADPH oxidase O2 (·-) generation were the major contributors. Treatment with a ROS scavenger [poly(ethylene glycol)-conjugated superoxide dismutase (SOD) or sodium 4,5-dihydroxybenzene-1,3-disulfonate] 20 h after the initial selenite treatment inhibited both ROS generation and apoptosis determined at 24 h. In addition, SOD1 was selectively upregulated and its perinuclear cytoplasmic distribution was colocalised with the cellular distribution of selenium. Interestingly, messenger RNA for manganese superoxide dismutase, catalase, inducible haem oxygenase 1 and glutathione peroxidase either remained unchanged or showed a delayed response to selenite treatment. Colocalisation of Cu and Se in these cells (Weekley et al. in J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133:18272-18279, 2011) potentially results from the formation of a Cu-Se species, as indicated by Cu K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectra. Overall, SOD1 is upregulated in response to selenite-mediated ROS generation, and this likely leads to an accumulation of toxic hydrogen peroxide that is temporally related to decreased cancer cell viability. Increased expression of SOD1 gene/protein coupled with formation of a Cu-Se species may explain the colocalisation of Cu and Se observed in these cells.
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Fernández Robledo JA, Vasta GR, Record NR. Protozoan parasites of bivalve molluscs: literature follows culture. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100872. [PMID: 24955977 PMCID: PMC4067406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bivalve molluscs are key components of the estuarine environments as contributors to the trophic chain, and as filter -feeders, for maintaining ecosystem integrity. Further, clams, oysters, and scallops are commercially exploited around the world both as traditional local shellfisheries, and as intensive or semi-intensive farming systems. During the past decades, populations of those species deemed of environmental or commercial interest have been subject to close monitoring given the realization that these can suffer significant decline, sometimes irreversible, due to overharvesting, environmental pollution, or disease. Protozoans of the genera Perkinsus, Haplosporidium, Marteilia, and Bonamia are currently recognized as major threats for natural and farmed bivalve populations. Since their identification, however, the variable publication rates of research studies addressing these parasitic diseases do not always appear to reflect their highly significant environmental and economic impact. Here we analyzed the peer- reviewed literature since the initial description of these parasites with the goal of identifying potential milestone discoveries or achievements that may have driven the intensity of the research in subsequent years, and significantly increased publication rates. Our analysis revealed that after initial description of the parasite as the etiological agent of a given disease, there is a time lag before a maximal number of yearly publications are reached. This has already taken place for most of them and has been followed by a decrease in publication rates over the last decade (20- to 30- year lifetime in the literature). Autocorrelation analyses, however, suggested that advances in parasite purification and culture methodologies positively drive publication rates, most likely because they usually lead to novel molecular tools and resources, promoting mechanistic studies. Understanding these trends should help researchers in prioritizing research efforts for these and other protozoan parasites, together with their development as model systems for further basic and translational research in parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerardo R. Vasta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Baltimore, School of Medicine, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicholas R. Record
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, Boothbay, Maine, United States of America
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15
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Dong S, Tong X, Li J, Huang C, Hu C, Jiao H, Gu Y. Total flavonoid of Litsea coreana leve exerts anti-oxidative effects and alleviates focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Neural Regen Res 2013; 8:3193-202. [PMID: 25206640 PMCID: PMC4146186 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.34.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we hypothesized that total flavonoid of Litsea coreana leve (TFLC) protects against focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. TFLC (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) was administered orally to a rat model of focal ischemia/reperfusion injury, while the free radical scavenging agent, edaravone, was used as a positive control drug. Results of neurological deficit scoring, 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining, hematoxylin-eosin staining and biochemical tests showed that TFLC at different doses significantly alleviated cerebral ischemia-induced neurological deficits and histopathological changes, and reduced infarct volume. Moreover, it suppressed the increase in the levels of nitrates plus nitrites, malondialdehyde and lactate dehydrogenase, and it diminished the reduction in gluta-thione, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in-jury. Compared with edaravone, the protective effects of TFLC at low and medium doses (25, 50 mg/kg) against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury were weaker, while the protective effects at high dose (100 mg/kg) were similar. Our experimental findings suggest that TFLC exerts neuroprotective effects against focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats, and that the effects may be asso-ciated with its antioxidant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, China
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xuhui Tong
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Chengmu Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Hao Jiao
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yuchen Gu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, Anhui Province, China
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Chung YM, Goyette J, Tedla N, Hsu K, Geczy CL. S100A12 suppresses pro-inflammatory, but not pro-thrombotic functions of serum amyloid A. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62372. [PMID: 23638054 PMCID: PMC3634854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
S100A12 is elevated in the circulation in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases and recent studies indicate pleiotropic functions. Serum amyloid A induces monocyte cytokines and tissue factor. S100A12 did not stimulate IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β or TNF-α production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells but low amounts consistently reduced cytokine mRNA and protein levels induced by serum amyloid A, by ∼49% and ∼46%, respectively. However, S100A12 did not affect serum amyloid A-induced monocyte tissue factor. In marked contrast, LPS-induced cytokines or tissue factor were not suppressed by S100A12. S100A12 did not alter cytokine mRNA stability or the cytokine secretory pathway. S100A12 and serum amyloid A did not appear to form complexes and although they may have common receptors, suppression was unlikely via receptor competition. Serum amyloid A induces cytokines via activation of NF-κB and the MAPK pathways. S100A12 reduced serum amyloid A-, but not LPS-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation to baseline. It did not affect JNK or p38 phosphorylation or the NF-κB pathway. Reduction in ERK1/2 phosphorylation by S100A12 was unlikely due to changes in intracellular reactive oxygen species, Ca2+ flux or to recruitment of phosphatases. We suggest that S100A12 may modulate sterile inflammation by blunting pro-inflammatory properties of lipid-poor serum amyloid A deposited in chronic lesions where both proteins are elevated as a consequence of macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuen Ming Chung
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jesse Goyette
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicodemus Tedla
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kenneth Hsu
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carolyn L. Geczy
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Shanu A, Groebler L, Kim HB, Wood S, Weekley CM, Aitken JB, Harris HH, Witting PK. Selenium inhibits renal oxidation and inflammation but not acute kidney injury in an animal model of rhabdomyolysis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:756-69. [PMID: 22937747 PMCID: PMC3555114 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a manifestation of rhabdomyolysis (RM). Extracellular myoglobin accumulating in the kidney after RM promotes oxidative damage, which is implicated in AKI. AIM To test whether selenium (Se) supplementation diminishes AKI and improves renal function. RESULTS Dietary selenite increased Se in the renal cortex, as demonstrated by X-ray fluorescence microscopy. Experimental RM-stimulated AKI as judged by increased urinary protein/creatinine, clusterin, and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), decreased creatinine clearance (CCr), increased plasma urea, and damage to renal tubules. Concentrations of cholesterylester (hydro)peroxides and F₂-isoprostanes increased in plasma and renal tissues after RM, while aortic and renal cyclic guanidine monophosphate (cGMP; marker of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability) decreased. Renal superoxide dismutase-1, phospho-P65, TNFα gene, MCP-1 protein, and the 3-chloro-tyrosine/tyrosine ratio (Cl-Tyr/Tyr; marker of neutrophil activation) all increased after RM. Dietary Se significantly decreased renal lipid oxidation, phospho-P65, TNFα gene expression, MCP-1 and Cl-Tyr/Tyr, improved NO bioavailability in aorta but not in the renal microvasculature, and inhibited proteinuria. However, CCr, plasma urea and creatinine, urinary clusterin, and histopathological assessment of AKI remained unchanged. Except for the Se++ group, renal angiotensin-receptor-1/2 gene/protein expression increased after RM with parallel increases in MEK1/2 inhibitor-sensitive MAPkinase (ERK) activity. INNOVATION We employed synchrotron radiation to identify Se distribution in kidneys, in addition to assessing reno-protection after RM. CONCLUSION Se treatment has some potential as a therapeutic for AKI as it inhibits oxidative damage and inflammation and decreases proteinuria, albeit histopathological changes to the kidney and some plasma and urinary markers of AKI remain unaffected after RM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Shanu
- Discipline of Pathology, Redox Biology Group, Bosch Institute, The University of Adelaide, Australia
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18
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Ghahremanlu E, Banihashem A, Saber H, Tavallaie S, Mirhosseini N, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Ferns GAA. Increased serum heat shock protein 27 antibody titers and prooxidant-antioxidant balance in patients with beta-thalassemia major. Acta Haematol 2013; 129:1-9. [PMID: 22964881 DOI: 10.1159/000339502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determination of the serum heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) antibody titers and prooxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB) in patients with thalassemia as markers of cell and oxidative stress, respectively. METHODS Serum PAB and anti-Hsp27 antibody titers were measured in 140 patients with thalassemia major and 140 sex- and age-matched healthy volunteers. RESULTS A significantly higher serum PAB value was observed in patients in comparison to controls. In the patient group, anti-Hsp27 antibody titers were significantly higher than for the control group (p < 0.001). We found a weak negative correlation between anti-Hsp27 antibody concentrations and the PAB (p = 0.03), but these values were not correlated with serum superoxide dismutase activity in the thalassemic patients. CONCLUSIONS Increased levels of serum PAB and Hsp27 antibodies may be involved in the pathological consequences of β-thalassemia major and may contribute to the development of endothelial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ghahremanlu
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Bojnurd, Iran
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Early host-pathogen interactions in marine bivalves: evidence that the alveolate parasite Perkinsus marinus infects through the oyster mantle during rejection of pseudofeces. J Invertebr Pathol 2012; 113:26-34. [PMID: 23274079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Parasites have developed myriad strategies to reach and infect their specific hosts. One of the most common mechanisms for non-vector transmitted parasites to reach the internal host environment is by ingestion during feeding. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of oyster host colonization by the alveolate Perkinsus marinus and focused on how oysters process infective waterborne P. marinus cells during feeding in order to determine the portal(s) of entry of this parasite to its host. We also compared the infectivity of freely-suspended cells of P. marinus with that of cells incorporated into marine aggregates to link changes in particle processing by the feeding organs with infection success and route. Finally, we evaluated the effect of oyster secretions (mucus) covering the feeding organs on P. marinus physiology because these host factors are involved in the processing of waterborne particles. The ensemble of results shows a unique mechanism for infection by which the parasite is mostly acquired during the feeding process, but not via ingestion. Rather, infection commonly occurs during the rejection of material as pseudofeces before reaching the mouth. The pseudofeces discharge area, a specialized area of the mantle where unwanted particles are accumulated for rejection as pseudofeces, showed significantly higher parasite loads than other host tissues including other parts of the mantle. Aggregated P. marinus cells caused significantly higher disease prevalence and infection intensities when compared to freely-suspended parasite cells. Mucus covering the mantle caused a quick and significant increase in parasite replication rates suggesting rapid impact on P. marinus physiology. A new model for P. marinus acquisition in oysters is proposed.
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Qin X, Zhang M, Wu L. Purification and characterization of Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase from pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) pulp. Eur Food Res Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-012-1829-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Roberts SB, Sunila I, Wikfors GH. Immune response and mechanical stress susceptibility in diseased oysters, Crassostrea virginica. J Comp Physiol B 2011; 182:41-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-011-0605-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Shanu A, Parry SN, Wood S, Rodas E, Witting PK. The synthetic polyphenol tert-butyl-bisphenol inhibits myoglobin-induced dysfunction in cultured kidney epithelial cells. Free Radic Res 2011; 44:843-53. [PMID: 20528578 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2010.485993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Rhabdomyolysis caused by severe burn releases extracellular myoglobin (Mb) that accumulates in the kidney and urine (maximum [Mb] approximately 50 microM) (termed myoglobinuria). Extracellular Mb can be a pro-oxidant. This study cultured Madin-Darby-canine-kidney-Type-II (MDCK II) cells in the presence of Mb and tested whether supplementation with a synthetic tert-butyl-polyphenol (tert-butyl-bisphenol; t-BP) protects these renal cells from dysfunction. In the absence of t-BP, cells exposed to 0-100 microM Mb for 24 h showed a dose-dependent decrease in ATP and the total thiol (TSH) redox status without loss of viability. Gene expression of superoxide dismutases-1/2, haemoxygenase-1 and tumour necrosis factor increased and receptor-mediated endocytosis of transferrin and monolayer permeability decreased significantly. Supplementation with t-BP before Mb-insult maintained ATP and the TSH redox status, diminished antioxidant/pro-inflammatory gene responses, enhanced monolayer permissiveness and restored transferrin uptake. Overall, bolstering the total antioxidant capacity of the kidney may protect against oxidative stress induced by experimental myoglobinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Shanu
- Discipline of Pathology, Redox Biology Group, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Vinatier V, Guieu V, Madaule Y, Maturano M, Payrastre C, Hoffmann P. Superoxide-induced bleaching of streptocyanine dyes: Application to assay the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutases. Anal Biochem 2010; 405:255-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Joseph SJ, Fernández-Robledo JA, Gardner MJ, El-Sayed NM, Kuo CH, Schott EJ, Wang H, Kissinger JC, Vasta GR. The Alveolate Perkinsus marinus: biological insights from EST gene discovery. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:228. [PMID: 20374649 PMCID: PMC2868825 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Perkinsus marinus, a protozoan parasite of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica, has devastated natural and farmed oyster populations along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. It is classified as a member of the Perkinsozoa, a recently established phylum considered close to the ancestor of ciliates, dinoflagellates, and apicomplexans, and a key taxon for understanding unique adaptations (e.g. parasitism) within the Alveolata. Despite intense parasite pressure, no disease-resistant oysters have been identified and no effective therapies have been developed to date. Results To gain insight into the biological basis of the parasite's virulence and pathogenesis mechanisms, and to identify genes encoding potential targets for intervention, we generated >31,000 5' expressed sequence tags (ESTs) derived from four trophozoite libraries generated from two P. marinus strains. Trimming and clustering of the sequence tags yielded 7,863 unique sequences, some of which carry a spliced leader. Similarity searches revealed that 55% of these had hits in protein sequence databases, of which 1,729 had their best hit with proteins from the chromalveolates (E-value ≤ 1e-5). Some sequences are similar to those proven to be targets for effective intervention in other protozoan parasites, and include not only proteases, antioxidant enzymes, and heat shock proteins, but also those associated with relict plastids, such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase and methyl erythrithol phosphate pathway components, and those involved in glycan assembly, protein folding/secretion, and parasite-host interactions. Conclusions Our transcriptome analysis of P. marinus, the first for any member of the Perkinsozoa, contributes new insight into its biology and taxonomic position. It provides a very informative, albeit preliminary, glimpse into the expression of genes encoding functionally relevant proteins as potential targets for chemotherapy, and evidence for the presence of a relict plastid. Further, although P. marinus sequences display significant similarity to those from both apicomplexans and dinoflagellates, the presence of trans-spliced transcripts confirms the previously established affinities with the latter. The EST analysis reported herein, together with the recently completed sequence of the P. marinus genome and the development of transfection methodology, should result in improved intervention strategies against dermo disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep J Joseph
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Vanderlelie JJ, Perkins AV. Chronic Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition in Pregnant Rats Does Not Result in Placental Oxidative Stress. Hypertens Pregnancy 2009; 25:103-14. [PMID: 16867917 DOI: 10.1080/10641950600745483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This investigation examined the physiological and biochemical changes in pregnant rats following treatment with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME). METHODS Pregnant and non-pregnant animals were administered L-NAME, and blood pressure and proteinuria were monitored. On day 21 of pregnancy, the animals were euthanized, and fetal and placental weight and number were recorded. Placental tissues were homogenized and assayed for lipid peroxides, protein carbonyls, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and thioredoxin reductase. RESULTS Significant increases in blood pressure, urinary protein concentrations, and reduced pup weights were observed in pregnant rats treated with L-NAME. There was no significant increase in lipid or protein oxidation after treatment with L-NAME, and no difference was found in the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and thioredoxin reductase. DISCUSSION The L-nitroarginine methyl ester model of experimental preeclampsia induces a number of the physiological characteristics typical of the human disease however fails to initiate biochemical changes in the placenta that occur during human preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Vanderlelie
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, Australia
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Travers MA, Le Goïc N, Huchette S, Koken M, Paillard C. Summer immune depression associated with increased susceptibility of the European abalone, Haliotis tuberculata to Vibrio harveyi infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 25:800-8. [PMID: 18786640 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Haliotis tuberculata mortality outbreaks have occurred in France since 1998 and were attributed to a pathogenic Vibrio harveyi. These mortalities were recorded in September, a month with abalone reproduction and characterised by high seawater temperatures. The importance of gonadal maturation and temperature increase on abalone immunity and susceptibility to V. harveyi infection needed to be clarified. Therefore, an immune survey analyzing a large panel of parameters was performed from June to September 2007 on abalone from the Bay of Brest. The data obtained were put in relation with abalone reproductive status and its susceptibility to V. harveyi. Most parameters showed clear patterns from early to late summer and during gametogenesis, phagocytosis and phenoloxidase activity were reduced, whereas basal reactive oxygen species production and agglutination titres were significantly increased. Total haemocyte counts went up after the partial spawning event at the end of June, and cell complexity diminished. Using a Principal Component Analysis, the "haemolymph profile" was shown to decrease in parallel with spawning and gonadal maturation processes, and reached a minimum just after total spawning. A significant correlation between this "haemolymph profile" and disease susceptibility allowed us to establish for the first time in abalone, a clear concordance between maturation and spawning processes, immune status and abalone susceptibility to V. harveyi.
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Fernández-Robledo JA, Schott EJ, Vasta GR. Perkinsus marinus superoxide dismutase 2 (PmSOD2) localizes to single-membrane subcellular compartments. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 375:215-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.07.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Leite RB, Brito AB, Cancela M. An Oxygen Molecular Sensor, the HIF Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase, in the Marine Protist Perkinsus olseni. Protist 2008; 159:355-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 03/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Identification and characterization of a mitochondrial iron-superoxide dismutase of Cryptosporidium parvum. Parasitol Res 2008; 103:787-95. [PMID: 18551319 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-1041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes cryptosporidiosis in mammals. In this study, we identified a gene encoding mitochondrial iron-superoxide dismutase of C. parvum (Cp-mtSOD) and characterized biochemical properties of the recombinant protein. Multiple sequence alignment of the deduced amino acid sequence of Cp-mtSOD with those of previously reported iron-containing SODs (Fe-SODs) from other protozoan parasites showed that Cp-mtSOD shares common metal-binding residues and motifs that were conserved in Fe-SODs. However, the N-terminal 26-amino acid residues of Cp-mtSOD did not show sequence identities to any other Fe-SOD sequences. Further analysis of the N-terminal presequence of Cp-mtSOD suggested that it shares common physiochemical characteristics found in mitochondria targeting sequences and predicted localization of Cp-mtSOD in the mitochondria. The recombinant Cp-mtSOD showed typical biochemical properties with other characterized Fe-SODs, including molecular structure, broad pH optimum, and sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide.
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Duong TTH, Antao S, Ellis NA, Myers SJ, Witting PK. Supplementation with a synthetic polyphenol limits oxidative stress and enhances neuronal cell viability in response to hypoxia-re-oxygenation injury. Brain Res 2008; 1219:8-18. [PMID: 18538307 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is associated with the pathology of acute and chronic neurodegenerative disease. Cultured human neuronal cells exposed to experimental hypoxia-re-oxygenation (H/R) injury responded with an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a significant decrease in intracellular ATP. Expression of genes encoding for hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1-alpha), inducible haemoxygenase-1 (HO-1), glucose transporter-1 (Glut-1), the oxygen-sensor neuroglobin (Nb) and Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase-1 (Gpx-1) increased significantly in response to the insult. Enhanced expression of HO-1, SOD1 and CAT correlated with an increase in the corresponding protein activity. Despite the cellular response to bolster antioxidant capacity, apoptosis and necrosis increased following H/R injury. In contrast, ROS accumulation, the endogenous gene response and cell death was limited in neuronal cells pre-incubated with 50 or 100, but not 10 microM of the phenolic antioxidant 3,3',5,5'-tetra-t-butyl-biphenyl-4,4'-diol (BP) prior to H/R injury. These data indicate that the early endogenous gene response to H/R injury is unable to inhibit neuronal dysfunction and that increasing cellular antioxidant capacity with a synthetic polyphenol (>10 microM) is potentially neuro-protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Hong Duong
- Vascular Biology Group, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
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31
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Dufernez F, Derelle E, Noël C, Sanciu G, Mantini C, Dive D, Soyer-Gobillard MO, Capron M, Pierce RJ, Wintjens R, Guillebault D, Viscogliosi E. Molecular characterization of iron-containing superoxide dismutases in the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii. Protist 2008; 159:223-38. [PMID: 18276189 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2007.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are a family of antioxidant enzymes that catalyse the degradation of toxic superoxide radicals in obligate and facultative aerobic organisms. Here, we report the presence of a multi-copy gene family encoding SODs in the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii. All the genes identified (sod1 to sod17) have been cloned and sequenced, and shown to encode potentially functional dimeric iron-containing SOD isozymes. Our data revealed a considerable molecular heterogeneity of this enzyme in C. cohnii at both genomic and transcriptional levels. The C. cohnii SOD1, overexpressed in Escherichia coli, was active and its structure obtained by homology modeling using X-ray crystal structures of homologues exhibited the typical fold of dimeric FeSODs. Phylogenetic studies including 110 other dimeric FeSODs and closely related cambialistic dimeric SOD sequences showed that the C. cohnii SODs form a monophyletic group and have all been acquired by the same event of horizontal gene transfer. It also revealed a dichotomy within the C. cohnii SOD sequences that could be explained by an ancestral sod gene duplication followed by subsequent gene duplications within each of the two groups. Enzyme assays of SOD activity indicated the presence of two FeSOD activities in C. cohnii cell lysate whereas MnSOD and Cu/ZnSOD were not detected. These activities contrasted with the SOD repertoire previously characterized in photosynthetic dinoflagellates. To explain these differences, a hypothetical evolutionary scenario is proposed that suggests gains and losses of sod genes in dinoflagellates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Dufernez
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille 2, 59019 Lille cedex, France
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Parry SN, Ellis N, Li Z, Maitz P, Witting PK. Myoglobin Induces Oxidative Stress and Decreases Endocytosis and Monolayer Permissiveness in Cultured Kidney Epithelial Cells without Affecting Viability. Kidney Blood Press Res 2008; 31:16-28. [DOI: 10.1159/000112921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Transfection of the protozoan parasite Perkinsus marinus. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2008; 157:44-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Revised: 09/13/2007] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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CASAS SANDRAM, REECE KIMBERLYS, LI YANLI, MOSS JESSICAA, VILLALBA ANTONIO, LA PEYRE JEROMEF. Continuous Culture ofPerkinsus mediterraneus, a Parasite of the European Flat OysterOstrea edulis, and Characterization of Its Morphology, Propagation, and Extracellular Proteins in Vitro. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2008; 55:34-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2008.00301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Witting PK, Rayner BS, Wu BJ, Ellis NA, Stocker R. Hydrogen peroxide promotes endothelial dysfunction by stimulating multiple sources of superoxide anion radical production and decreasing nitric oxide bioavailability. Cell Physiol Biochem 2007; 20:255-68. [PMID: 17762155 DOI: 10.1159/000107512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) is an oxidant implicated in cell signalling and various pathologies, yet relatively little is known about its impact on endothelial cell function. Herein we studied the functional and biochemical changes in aortic vessels and cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAEC) exposed to H(2)O(2). Exposure of aortic rings to 25 or 50 microM, but not 10 microM, H(2)O(2) for 60 min prior to constriction significantly decreased subsequent relaxation in response to acetylcholine (ACh), but not the nitric oxide ((.)NO) donor sodium nitroprusside. Treatment of PAEC with 50 microM H(2)O(2) significantly decreased ACh-induced accumulation of (.)NO, as measured with a (.)NO-selective electrode, yet such treatment increased nitric oxide synthase activity approximately 3-fold, as assessed by conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline. Decreased (.)NO bioavailability was reflected in decreased cellular cGMP content, associated with increased superoxide anion radical (O(2)(-.)), and overcome by addition of polyethylene glycol superoxide dismutase. Increased cellular O(2)(-.) production was inhibited by allopurinol, diphenyliodonium and rotenone in an additive manner. The results show that exposure of endothelial cells to H(2)O(2) decreases the bioavailability of agonist-induced (.)NO as a result of increased production of O(2)(-.) likely derived from xanthine oxidase, NADPH-oxidase and mitochondria. These processes could contribute to H(2)O(2)-induced vascular dysfunction that may be relevant under conditions of oxidative stress such as inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K Witting
- Centre for Vascular Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Correa-Reyes G, Viana MT, Marquez-Rocha FJ, Licea AF, Ponce E, Vazquez-Duhalt R. Nonylphenol algal bioaccumulation and its effect through the trophic chain. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 68:662-70. [PMID: 17397904 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2006] [Revised: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol is a metabolic intermediate from the microbial transformation of detergents used worldwide. While nonylphenol shows some acute toxicity, it is also able to mimic important hormones resulting in the disruption of several processes by interfering with the signals that control the overall physiology of the organism. The effect of the pollutant nonylphenol (NP) through the trophic chain was studied. Microalgae Isochrysis galbana was able to bioconcentrate NP 6940 times, where 77% of initial NP (100microgl(-1)) is accumulated intracellularly after 1-h incubation. Crustacean Artemia fransiscana showed 25% higher growth when fed with NP-rich algae. However, Artemia metabolized almost all NP ingested and only traces of NP could be found in the organism, eliminating future NP effects. Zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) were affected by the presence of 171microgg(-1) of NP in the diet, showing higher levels of the hormone vitellogenin and lower levels of cytochrome P450 activity. These results showed that organisms placed in the first level of trophic chain are able to significantly bioconcentrate the pollutant and endocrine disruptor NP. These grassed organisms affect the growth of crustacean. Moreover, the organisms placed on the top of some trophic chains, such as fish, could be affected by the presence of NP in their food, in both the hormone levels and metabolic enzymes. This work shows that the environmental presence of NP should be considered as a risk for the organisms living in an ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Correa-Reyes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, P.O. Box 453, Ensenada BC 22860, Mexico
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Nogueira FB, Krieger MA, Nirdé P, Goldenberg S, Romanha AJ, Murta SMF. Increased expression of iron-containing superoxide dismutase-A (TcFeSOD-A) enzyme in Trypanosoma cruzi population with in vitro-induced resistance to benznidazole. Acta Trop 2006; 100:119-32. [PMID: 17113553 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2006] [Revised: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) removes excess superoxide radicals via dismutation to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. In this work, we have characterized TcFeSOD-A gene from 25 Trypanosoma cruzi populations and clones susceptible, naturally resistant or with in vitro-induced (17 LER) or in vivo-selected resistance to benznidazole (BZR). In the 17 LER T. cruzi population, the levels of TcFeSOD-A mRNA were at least 3-fold higher than its drug-susceptible counterpart 17 WTS. The levels of TcFeSOD-A mRNA were similar among the other T. cruzi populations and clones regardless of the drug-resistance phenotype. We determined whether the increase in mRNA levels was due to gene amplification using Southern blot analysis of the T. cruzi populations and clones. We found that the number of TcFeSOD-A gene copies was similar for all samples tested, except for 17 LER that presented twice as many copies. The chromosomal location of the TcFeSOD-A gene and polymorphisms detected in nucleotide and amino acid sequences of TcFeSOD-A were associated with the zymodeme of the T. cruzi strain but not with drug-resistance phenotype. We observed a 23 kDa TcFeSOD-A polypeptide in all analysed T. cruzi strains. The level of this polypeptide was increased only in the 17 LER population. Specific enzyme activity analysis of TcFeSOD in the T. cruzi samples revealed a correlation between expression and activity. Our findings show an increased expression of the TcFeSOD-A enzyme in the T. cruzi population with in vitro-induced resistance to benznidazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda B Nogueira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Av Augusto de Lima 1715, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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38
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Asojo OA, Schott EJ, Vasta GR, Silva AM. Structures of PmSOD1 and PmSOD2, two superoxide dismutases from the protozoan parasite Perkinsus marinus. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2006; 62:1072-5. [PMID: 17077482 PMCID: PMC2225229 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309106040425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 10/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Perkinsus marinus, a facultative intracellular parasite of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica, is responsible for mass mortalities of oyster populations. P. marinus trophozoites survive and proliferate within oyster hemocytes, invading most tissues and fluids, thus causing a systemic infection that eventually kills the host. The phagocytosis of P. marinus trophozoites lacks a respiratory burst, suggesting that the parasite has mechanisms that actively abrogate the host's oxidative defense responses. One mechanism and the first line of defense against oxidative damage is the dismutation of superoxide radical to molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide by superoxide dismutases (SODs). P. marinus possesses two iron-cofactored SODs, PmSOD1 and PmSOD2. Here, the crystallization and X-ray structures of both PmSOD1 and PmSOD2 are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatoyin A Asojo
- Pathology and Microbiology Department, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Med Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA.
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39
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Vanderlelie J, Venardos K, Clifton VL, Gude NM, Clarke FM, Perkins AV. Increased biological oxidation and reduced anti-oxidant enzyme activity in pre-eclamptic placentae. Placenta 2005; 26:53-8. [PMID: 15664411 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2004.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress occurs when cellular levels of reactive oxygen species exceed anti-oxidant capabilities and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. In this study we have examined the tissue levels of endogenous anti-oxidant proteins (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, thioredoxin reductase and thioredoxin) and the level of lipid and protein oxidation in placental samples from normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancies. Pre-eclamptic tissue homogenates demonstrated significantly increased levels of lipid peroxidation (20.68 +/- 7.811 microM protein versus 5.33 +/- 4.03 microM/mg protein, P < 0.001) and a trended increase in protein carbonyl concentration (248.1 +/- 97.71 units/mg protein versus 209.7 +/- 82.6 U/mg protein) when compared to controls. The levels and activities of the anti-oxidant proteins superoxide dismutase (2.48 +/- 0.6 U/mg protein versus 2.02 +/- 0.51 U/mg protein, P <0.02), thioredoxin reductase (19.25 +/- 9.81 U/mg protein versus 13.02 +/- 5.66 U/mg protein,P = 0.02), thioredoxin (107.00 +/- 18.11 ng/mg protein versus 91.12 +/- 21.18 ng/mg protein, P = 0.02) and glutathione peroxidase (17.33 +/- 6.63 mmol/min/mg protein versus 11.50 +/- 3.11 mmol/min/mg, P < 0.02) were all found to be significantly reduced when comparing pre-eclamptic placental tissue homogenates to gestational age-matched control placentae from non-pre-eclamptic pregnancies. The results of this study demonstrate a decreased enzymatic anti-oxidant capacity and increased oxidation in placental tissue from pre-eclamptic women, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of this complex disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vanderlelie
- School of Health Science, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD 9726, Australia
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Vanderlelie J, Venardos K, Perkins AV. Selenium deficiency as a model of experimental pre-eclampsia in rats. Reproduction 2004; 128:635-41. [PMID: 15509710 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies andin vitroanalysis demonstrate correlations between selenium status and human pre-eclampsia (PET). Selenium is an essential component in the anti-oxidant proteins glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase, which are produced in lower amounts in pre-eclamptic placenta. This study examined the effect of modulating dietary selenium content in pregnant rats. Rats were fed diets containing no selenium, 239 μg/kg selenium or 1000 μg/kg selenium, four weeks prior to and following conception. Significant pregnancy-specific increases in systolic blood pressure (116.4 ± 5.2 mmHg vs 108 ± 6.8 mmHg vs 111.4 ± 4.7 mmHg) and proteinuria (9.68 ± 2.12 μg/ml vs 5.93 ± 1.59 μg/ml vs 4.43 ± 0.96 μg/ml) were demonstrated in animals fed a selenium free-diet when compared with normal or high selenium diets. Placental weight and pup number were not affected by selenium deprivation, however a significant decrease in the pup weight was evident. Selenium deprivation caused dose-dependent decreases in liver glutathione peroxidase (28.55 ± 3.82 mmoles/min/mg vs 34.68 ± 8.64 mmoles/min/mg) and thioredoxin reductase (2.37 ± 1.25 U/mg vs 6.68 ± 1.82 U/mg) activity, whereas superoxide dismutase activity remained constant. Placental activity of these enzymes also decreased leading to oxidative stress as measured by increased lipid peroxides (17.92 ± 1.78 μmoles/mg vs 8.30 ± 5.52 μmoles/mg) and protein carbonyls in tissue extracts from selenium-free animals. These results suggest that selenium deficiency in pregnant rats leads to symptoms similar to those seen in human PET and may provide an experimental model for studying this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vanderlelie
- School of Health Science, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD 9726, Australia
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41
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MarÃn C, Hitos AB, RodrÃguez-González I, Dollet M, Sánchez-Moreno M. Phytomonasiron superoxide dismutase: a possible molecular marker. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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42
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Schott EJ, Pecher WT, Okafor F, Vasta GR. The protistan parasite Perkinsus marinus is resistant to selected reactive oxygen species. Exp Parasitol 2004; 105:232-40. [PMID: 14990317 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2003.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2003] [Revised: 12/10/2003] [Accepted: 12/12/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The parasite Perkinsus marinus has devastated natural and farmed oyster populations along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of North America. When viable P. marinus trophozoites are engulfed by oyster hemocytes, the typical accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) normally associated with phagocyte activity is not observed. One hypothesis to explain this is that the parasite rapidly removes ROS. A manifestation of efficient ROS removal should be a high level of resistance to exogenous ROS. We investigated the in vitro susceptibility of P. marinus to ROS as compared to the estuarine bacterium Vibrio splendidus. We find that P. marinus is markedly less susceptible than V. splendidus to superoxide and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), but equally sensitive to hypochlorite. Viable P. marinus trophozoites degrade H(2)O(2) in vitro, but lack detectable catalase activity. However, extracts contain an ascorbate dependent peroxidase activity that may contribute to H(2)O(2) removal in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Schott
- Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
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