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Deng J, Yang L, Wang Z, Ouyang H, Yu H, Yuan H, Pang D. Advance of genetically modified pigs in xeno-transplantation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1033197. [PMID: 36299485 PMCID: PMC9590650 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1033197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the standard of living improves, chronic diseases and end-stage organ failure have been a regular occurrence in human beings. Organ transplantation has become one of the hopes in the fight against chronic diseases and end-stage organ failure. However, organs available for transplantation are far from sufficient to meet the demand, leading to a major organ shortage crisis. To solve this problem, researchers have turned to pigs as their target since pigs have many advantages as xenograft donors. Pigs are considered the ideal organ donor for human xenotransplantation, but direct transplantation of porcine organs to humans faces many obstacles, such as hyperacute rejection, acute humoral xenograft rejection, coagulation dysregulation, inflammatory response, coagulation dysregulation, and endogenous porcine retroviral infection. Many transgenic strategies have been developed to overcome these obstacles. This review provides an overview of current advances in genetically modified pigs for xenotransplantation. Future genetic engineering-based delivery of safe and effective organs and tissues for xenotransplantation remains our goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Deng
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lin Yang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ziru Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Yu
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongming Yuan
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Hongming Yuan, ; Daxin Pang,
| | - Daxin Pang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Hongming Yuan, ; Daxin Pang,
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Shu S, Ren J, Song J. Cardiac xenotransplantation: a promising way to treat advanced heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 2020; 27:71-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s10741-020-09989-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Jang KS, Kim YG, Adhya M, Park HM, Kim BG. The sweets standing at the borderline between allo- and xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2013; 20:199-208. [PMID: 23551837 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Animal cells are densely covered with glycoconjugates, such as N-glycan, O-glycan, and glycosphingolipids, which are important for various biological and immunological events at the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. Endothelial α-Gal carbohydrate epitopes (Galα3Gal-R) expressed on porcine tissue or cell surfaces are such glycoconjugates and directly mediate hyperacute immunological rejection in pig-to-human xenotransplantation. Although researchers have been able to develop α1,3-galactosyltransferase (GalT) gene knockout (KO) pigs, there remain unclarified non-Gal antigens that prevent xenotransplantation. Based on our expertise in the structural analysis of xenoantigenic carbohydrates, we describe the immunologically significant non-human carbohydrate antigens, including α-Gal antigens, analyzed as part of efforts to assess the antigens responsible for hyperacute immunological rejection in pig-to-human xenotransplantation. The importance of studying human, pig, and GalT-KO pig glycoprofiles, and of developing adequate pig-to-human glycan databases, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Soon Jang
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Interdisciplinary Program for Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Naso F, Gandaglia A, Iop L, Spina M, Gerosa G. First quantitative assay of alpha-Gal in soft tissues: presence and distribution of the epitope before and after cell removal from xenogeneic heart valves. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:1728-34. [PMID: 21118731 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Decellularized xenograft heart valves might be the ideal scaffolds for tissue engineered heart valves as the alternative to the currently used biological and mechanical prostheses. However, removal of the alpha-Gal epitope is a prerequisite to avoid hyperacute rejection of untreated xenograft material. The aim of this study was to develop an ELISA soft-tissue assay for alpha-Gal quantification in xenograft heart valves before and after a detergent-based (TriCol) or equivalent cell removal procedure. Leaflets from porcine valves were enzymatically digested to expose the epitope and reacted with the alpha-Gal monoclonal antibody M86 for its recognition. Rabbit erythrocytes were used as a reference for the quantification of alpha-Gal. Native aortic and pulmonary leaflets exhibited different epitope concentration: 4.33×10(11) vs. 7.12×10(11)/10 mg wet tissue (p<0.0001). Sampling of selected zones in native valves revealed a different alpha-Gal distribution within and among different leaflets. The pattern was consistent with immunofluorescence analysis and was unrelated to microvessel density distribution. After TriCol treatment alpha-Gal was no longer detectable in both pulmonary and aortic decellularized valves, confirming the ability of this method to remove both cells and alpha-Gal antigen. These results hold promise for a reliable quantitative evaluation of alpha-Gal in decellularized valves obtained from xenograft material for tissues engineering purposes. Additionally, this method is applicable to further evaluate currently used xenograft bioprostheses.
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Abstract
The present historical review reports the clinical experiences of transplantations from animal to human. The first transplantation attempts were made without any knowledge of the species barrier. The pioneers of xenotransplantation realized xenotransfusions as early as the 16th century, then cell and tissue xenotransplantations in the 19th century. At the beginning of the 20th century, xenotransplantation of testicles became the latest craze. At the same time, and later in the 1960s, organ xenotransplantations were attempted, with disappointing results. Mathieu Jaboulay, Serge Voronoff, Keith Reemtsma, James Hardy, Denton Cooley, Thomas Starzl, Christiaan Barnard and Leonard Bailey were among the pionneers of xenotransplantation. Recent trials concerned above all tissue and cell xenotransplantations. Nowadays, with encapsulation, transgenesis, and cloning, great advances have been made for controlling xenograft rejection, but ethical questions linked to the risk of infections have become a major pre-occupation within the scientific community and the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack-Yves Deschamps
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immuno-Endocrinology, University of Nantes/Veterinary School of Nantes, ENVN, Atlanpole, La Chantrerie, BP 40706, 44307 Nantes Cedex 03, France.
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Rashid ST, Salacinski HJ, Hamilton G, Seifalian AM. The use of animal models in developing the discipline of cardiovascular tissue engineering: a review. Biomaterials 2004; 25:1627-37. [PMID: 14697864 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00522-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains one of the major causes of death and disability in the Western world. Tissue engineering offers the prospect of being able to meet the demand for replacement of heart valves, vessels for coronary and lower limb bypass surgery and the generation of cardiac tissue for addition to the diseased heart. In order to test prospective tissue-engineered devices, these constructs must first be proven in animal models before receiving CE marking or FDA approval for a clinical trial. The choice of animal depends on the nature of the tissue-engineered construct being tested. Factors that need to be considered include technical requirements of implanting the construct, availability of the animal, cost and ethical considerations. In this paper, we review the history of animal studies in cardiovascular tissue engineering and the uses of animal tissue as sources for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tawqeer Rashid
- Tissue Engineering Centre, University Department of Surgery, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London, NW3 2QG, UK
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Gambino A, Testolin L, Gerosa G, Feltrin G, Caforio AL, Iacona GM, Spagna E, Casarotto D. New trends in heart transplantation. Transplant Proc 2001; 33:3536-8. [PMID: 11750506 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(01)02644-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Gambino
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy
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Abstract
The pathology of cardiac xenografts has yielded critical insights into the mechanisms of xenograft rejection and the therapeutic procedures that might be applied to preventing or treating it. The conditions seen in rejecting cardiac xenografts include hyperacute rejection, acute vascular rejection, and cellular rejection. Hyperacute and acute vascular rejection of cardiac xenografts have features typical of humoral injury. Less is known about cellular rejection and only speculation can be offered about chronic rejection. Still, these features allow critical testing of pathogenetic mechanisms and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bustos
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Miniati DN, Robbins RC. Oxidative stress and graft coronary artery disease: Early factors contributing to late outcomes. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0955-470x(05)80005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Adams DH, Kadner A, Chen RH, Farivar RS. Human membrane cofactor protein (MCP, CD 46) protects transgenic pig hearts from hyperacute rejection in primates. Xenotransplantation 2001; 8:36-40. [PMID: 11208189 DOI: 10.1046/j.0908-665x.2000.00085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we and others have shown the prolongation of xenograft survival with the use of transgenic pigs bearing human CD 59 and DAF complement regulatory proteins (CRP). We now report heart transplantation using a new line of transgenic pigs bearing a different human CRP, membrane cofactor protein (MCP, CD 46). We transplanted three MCP transgenic and three wild-type porcine hearts into baboons suppressed with cyclosporine, methylprednisone, and rapamycin or cyclophosphamide. In addition, recipients were treated with extracorporeal plasma perfusion to remove alpha-Gal reactivity. The wild-type grafts were rapidly rejected at 60 to 80 min. Two functioning MCP hearts were removed after 5 and 46 h for histological examination. One MCP heart showed vigorous function until postoperative day 16. Immunohistochemistry of both wild-type and MCP-transgenic hearts showed strong deposition of IgM. In contrast, there was less MAC deposition in the transgenic graft as compared to the wild-type control. MCP is another CRP capable of decreasing the features of hyperacute rejection of cardiac xenografts in baboon recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Adams
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transplanted porcine hearts are hyperacutely rejected by human immunoglobulin M antibodies against a porcine vascular endothelial molecule, galactose alpha-1,3-galactose, with ensuing human complement activation and membrane attack complex deposition. It is unclear, however, whether porcine valve endothelium triggers a similar immune response. We sought to investigate whether fresh porcine valves implanted into primates are rejected. METHODS Wild-type porcine hearts before (n = 6) and after (n = 3) heterotopic transplantation into baboons underwent sectioning and were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry for galactose alpha-1,3-galactose, primate immunoglobulin M, and membrane attack complex. RESULTS Examination of untransplanted porcine hearts showed that although cardiac microvascular endothelium strongly expressed the galactose alpha-1, 3-galactose antigen, galactose alpha-1,3-galactose was not detected on the endothelium of porcine aortic and pulmonary valves. Porcine hearts transplanted into baboon recipients were hyperacutely rejected 60 to 80 minutes after implantation. Despite dramatic tissue damage associated with extensive immunoglobulin M and membrane attack complex binding on the microvascular endothelium, the aortic and pulmonary valves were entirely spared. Valves remained morphologically intact at explant and showed no signs of immunoglobulin M- and membrane attack complex-mediated damage. CONCLUSIONS The absence of galactose alpha-1,3-galactose expression may protect unfixed porcine valves from xenograft rejection in primates. Further investigation of viable porcine valves appears warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Chen
- Department of Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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